The Kibbo Kift Kindred was founded in 1920 by John Hargrave and some of his fellow scoutmasters as an alternative to Scouting. Their emphasis on woodcraft training and recapitulation theories of education had the support of a number of radical thinkers. John Hargrave's growing interest in social credit resulted in the gradual development of the Kibbo Kift into a political party. From 1932 it became known as the Green Shirt Movement of Social Credit and in 1935 it became the Social Credit Party. The Party was badly affected by the Public Order Act of 1936, which prohibited the wearing of uniforms by political movements. It carried on after World War Two but was dissolved in 1951. The Kibbo Kift Foundation was formed by John Hargrave in 1977, with the primary task of acting as permanent owner of the archives and regalia of the Kindred of the Kibbo Kift and its successors, The Green Shirt Movement for Social Credit and The Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The general aim and purpose of the Foundation is to revive and publicise the political, social, educational and cultural principles first laid down by John Hargrave (White Fox) when he founded the Kindred of the Kibbo Kift in 1920.
Sir Arthur Knight began his working life as a clerk at Sainsbury's, taking evening classes at the London School of Economics and graduating with a first class degree in commerce. He spent a year in the Department of Business Administration before joining Courtaulds as a junior economist in 1938. During World War Two, Knight served in the Army, returning to Courtaulds after his service and becoming finance director in 1961. He was a key player in the opposition to ICI's takeover of Courtaulds during the 1960s. Knight became deputy chairman in 1970 and Chairman in 1974. After leaving Courtaulds, Knight became Chairman of the National Enterprise Board but resigned in 1980 after only one year. During his career Knight took a keen interest in management education and helped to set up the Manchester Business School, serving on its council for several years.
After retirement Knight served on several Government committees and the executive committee of the National Institute of Economic and Social Research. He was a member of the LSE Court of Governors from 1971-1994 and became an honorary fellow in 1984 and pursued his interests in business history, management education and industrial policy.
Lilian Charlotte Anne Knowles, 1870-1926, (nee Tomn) was born in Truro and educated at Truro High School, on the continent, and at Girton College Cambridge. At Cambridge she took a History Tripos, First Class in 1894 and a Law Tripos (Part 1), First Class in 1894. She also obtained a Litt.D from Trinity College, Dublin in 1906. Knowles was a lecturer in modern economic history at the London School of Economics in 1904, Reader in Economic History at the University of London in 1907, and Dean of the Faculty of Economics at the University of London from 1920 to 1924. She was also a member of the Royal Commission on Income Tax, 1919-1920, a member of the Council of the Royal Economic Society, and a member of the Council of the Royal Historical Society.
No further information available at present.
The Liberal Democratic Party, known as the Social and Liberal Democratic Party until 1989, is a political party formed in 1988 from the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party. The two latter had previously formed a loose union (1981-1987) for electoral purposes, but failure in the 1987 General Election led to both parties voting for an official merger. The party operates separate but parallel English, Scottish, Welsh, and Federal party structures. In policy making, the Federal Conference, which meets twice a year, is formally sovereign, though much of the decisive influence over policy proposals put before conference is wielded by the Federal Policy Committee. The Policy Committee also has control over the process by which the party's election manifestos are drafted. It consists of the party leader, the party president, and representatives of the parliamentary party, the national parties, the local councillors, and the grass-roots organizations. The Federal Executive, chaired by the party president, oversees the party's general affairs. It consists of the party leader, the vice presidents, members of Parliament, local councillors, representatives of the national parties, members elected by the Federal Conference, and various other members. The rank and file party members have the right to elect the party leader and president, the right to vote in any consultative policy referendum called by the Federal Executive, and the right to vote for parliamentary candidates.
The Liberal Movement was formed in February 1988 as a forum for the maintenance for Liberal principles in British politics following the merger of the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party (SDP) to form the Social and Liberal Democrats (SLD). The Liberal Movement was not a political party and did not promote candidates for election. Its membership included individuals from the SLD, the re-launched Liberal Party and the Green Party. The founding conference on 20 February 1988 elected an interim steering committee to initiate the work of the group, which was replaced by an Executive Committee in summer 1988. The Liberal Movement has a commitment to regional organisation which was reflected in the development of local groups; the Devon Liberal Movement was formed in March 1988. The Liberal Movement's stated aim was to 'begin a longterm re-evaluation of liberal principles', and to this end it organised assemblies and publications, including a range of briefings and discussion papers.
The London School of Economics and Political Science was officially opened in the autumn of 1895. It owed its existence to the will of Henry Hunt Hutchinson, a provincial member of the Fabian Society, who had left a significant sum of money in trust for 'propaganda and other purposes of the said [Fabian] Society and its Socialism and towards advancing its objects in any way they [the trustees] deem advisable'. Sidney Webb, named as one of Hutchinson's trustees, believed the money should be used to encourage research and study of economics. His proposal to establish a Central School of Economic and Political Science in London was accepted by the Trustees in February 1895. The Trust was to provide the School, in its early years, with a stable source of finance, although money was also raised through private subscriptions and the London County Council. Sidney Webb was the driving and organising force in the establishment and early years of the School, acting as Chairman of the Hutchinson Trust, the School Trustees, the Administrative Committee and the Library Committee, as well as being Treasurer and Acting Librarian, and making most of the decisions concerning the choice of Director of the LSE.
The first choice of Director was W.A.S. Hewins, who was appointed in March 1895 and played a huge part in the early success of the School. He was responsible for arranging the opening, the syllabus, teaching accommodation and students for the new enterprise, a task which took him less than 6 months. The printed prospectus for the London School of Economics and Political Science offered various applied social science courses, including economics, statistics, commerce, commercial geography, history and law, banking, taxation and political science.
Hewins rented two ground floor rooms in 9 John Street, and managed to procure lecture space at the Society of Arts and the Chamber of Commerce. All lectures and most classes were held in the evening from 6-9 pm, and were open to both men and women. Fees were £3 a year, and though students were not prepared for any degree, the courses were useful for members of the civil service, as well as those employed in banking and commerce. Over the course of its first three years of existence, the School increased the number of students to over 300.
In 1896, the Trustees rented 10 Adelphi Terrace to house the growing School. The same year, a Library Appeal was launched, with donations made by the Webbs, Charlotte Payne-Townshend (later Shaw) and various of the Trustees. The British Library of Political Science (later renamed the British Library of Political and Economic Science in 1925) was opened in November 1896, with Hewins as its Director and John McKillop as Librarian (1896-1910).
Sidney Webb's position on the London County Council stood him in good stead when he managed to acquire for the ever expanding School a plot of land in Clare Market following the Kingsway redevelopment. A grant from the philanthropist John Passmore Edwards in 1899 allowed the building of Passmore Edwards Hall, which was opened in 1902. During this period the LSE became a School of the newly created teaching University of London (1900), which led to its incorporation as a limited company, and the establishment of a University Faculty of Economic and Political Science. In 1901, a BSc (Econ) and an DSc (Econ) were established, becoming the first university degrees in the country devoted to social sciences. The School was now composed of over 1,000 students, with a large proportion of women and foreign students, and the creation of a purpose built building allowed lectures to be given during the day as well.
When Hewins resigned in 1903, he was replaced by Halford Mackinder (1903-1908) and later, William Pember Reeves (1908-1919). The School experienced a steady growth in numbers during this period, and Passmore Edwards Hall was expanded to include a Refectory and Common Rooms. In 1906/7, the LSE received its first Treasury Grant, which provided its first permanent source of income since opening. Though numbers declined during World War One, the post-war expansion in commercial education (industry, marketing, finance, transport etc) was considerable.
The appointment of Sir William Beveridge in 1919 marked a period of rapid expansion in all areas of the School's activity. The Commerce Degree (BCom) was instituted, attracting both applicants and finance. The School was able to expand the Clare Market site into Houghton Street, building the 'Old Building' (1920) and the Cobden Library Wing, and expanding the Passmore Edwards Building to incorporate the Founder's Room. Beveridge also used new funding from the Cassel Fund and the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Fund to make numerous academic staff full-time and permanent, and create chairs in subjects including Political Economy, Social Anthropology and Statistics. New departments were created, notably International Studies, and emphasis placed on social science research.
During World War Two, the School, presided over by Alexander Carr-Saunders (1937-1956), moved to Cambridge University, where it was housed at Peterhouse College. Though the numbers of teachers and male students declined, the LSE managed to carry on teaching the whole range of its subjects. Though Clare Market survived the Blitz unscathed, the LSE buildings were only slowly returned by the government departments which had occupied them. Despite this, the School opened again on 29th October 1945. Immediately following the war, numbers of students doubled, mainly comprised of ex-servicemen. The LSE again expanded, purchasing Endsleigh Place in Bloomsbury to act as a student hostel (later known as Passfield Hall) and as a space for social research (Skepper House). Another innovation was the setting up of the Economist's Bookshop by the School and the Economist newspaper in 1946.
Sydney Caine (Director 1956-1967) presided over the conversion of the St Clement's Building, which was opened in 1962. A block of property north of Portugal Street was also added and known as the Island Site. It was in this period that evening teaching was finally ended. The 1960's at the LSE were notable for the student unrest which erupted in 1967 and 1968, initially as a protest against the appointment of Walter Adams as the next LSE Director, and due to a desire for the students to have greater representation on the governing committees of the School. Walter Adams (1967-1973) duly took over as Director, overseeing the completion of Connaught House, the St Clement's Building extensions, the Clare Market Building and a new hall of residence in Rosebery Avenue. The Library, following the purchase of Strand House in 1973, raised the funds to convert it into the Lionel Robbins Building, and moved in 1978.
The last decades of LSE have seen enormous growth in the number of students and further expansion into the buildings surrounding Clare Market. Successive Directors (Ralph Dahrendorf 1973-1984, Indraprasand Gordhanbhai Patel 1984-1990, and Dr John Ashworth, 1990-1997 and Anthony Giddens, 1997-present), have increased the number of research units housed by the School, such as STICERD, the Business History Unit, the Development Research Group and the Financial Markets Group.
Most of the oral history interviews were organised by the LSE History project for the School Centenary History, or collected by the project. The interviews conducted by Nadim Shehadi were taped in the early 1980s as part of his research on the development of Economics at LSE in the interwar period, and were transcribed by the LSE History Project in 1991.
The Organisation for Comparative Social Research consisted of a group of social scientists from seven European countries, first brought together in 1951 by the Oslo Institute for Social Research as an international seminar for the planning of a common research programme. The purpose of the OCSR was to encourage co-operation among social scientists of different countries, to increase training facilities and to carry out studies of cross-national differences in respect of group behaviour. The British office of the OCSR was based at the LSE.
Born in New Zealand, 1891; educated at Christchurch Boys' High School; political cartoonist, Spectator and Canterbury Times; joined Sydney Bulletin, 1911,and became resident cartoonist, 1914; cartoons published in The Billy Book (Sydney, 1918); arrived in London, 1919; political cartoonist, The Star, 1919-1926; Evening Standard, 1926-1949; joined Daily Herald, 1950-1953; Manchester Guardian, 1953; created "Colonel Blimp"; knighted, 1962; died 1963. Publications: Lloyd George and Co. (Allen and Unwin, London, 1922); Low and I (Methuen and Co, London, 1923); Low and I holiday book (Daily News, London, 1925); The best of Low (Jonathan Cape, London, 1930); Low's Russian sketchbook (Victor Gollancz, London, 1932); Low and Terry (Hutchinson and Co, London, 1934); The New Rake's Progress (Hutchinson and Co, London, 1934); Ye Madde Designer (The Studio, London, 1935); Political Parade (Cresset Press, London, 1936); Low Again (Cresset Press, London, 1938); A Cartoon History of our Times (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1939); Europe since Versailles (Harmondsworth, 1939); Europe at War (Allen Lane, Harmondsworth, 1940); Low's War Cartoons (Cresset Press, London, 1941); The World at War (Harmondsworth, New York, 1942); C'est la Guerre (New Europe Publishing Company, London, 1943); Válka Zaeala Mnichovem (New Europe Publishing Company, London, 1945); Years of Wrath (Victor Gollancz, London, 1949); Low's company (Methuen and Co, London, 1952); Low Visibility (Cresset Press, London, 1953); Low's Autobiography (Michael Joseph, London, 1956); The Fearful Fifties (Bodley Head, London, 1960); British Cartoonists, Caricaturists and Comic Artists (William Collins, London, 1942).
Born 1874; educated at Northampton School of Science, Oxford Central School, St Paul's College in Cheltenham, and the London School of Economics and Political Science; one of the founders of the Oxford City Branch of University Extension, 1893-1894, the Parish Register Society, 1896, and Phillimore's Marriage Registers Series, 1896; Member of Educational Staff, Hornsey, 1896-1934; also Lecturer in History, Economics, and Social Subjects, City of London Day Training College, 1897-1900, the London County Council Literary and Commercial Institutes, 1900-1932, and the Adult Education Movement, 1923-1930; served World War One, 1914-1918; 2nd Lt, The Buffs (East Kent Regiment), 1919; Member of Mosely Education Commission in USA and Canada, 1906; Editor of the British Record Society, 1900-1902, and London and Middlesex Archæological Society, 1921-1923; Member of Council, London Topographical Society, 1936-1939, and Society of Antiquaries, 1938-1940 (Library Committee 1938-1945); Donor of Carey Centenary Bell, Moulton, 1934, and St Alban Memorial Bell, St Albans Cathedral, 1935; FSA, 1923-1952; Honorary Assistant Keeper of the Department of Printed Books, British Museum, 1943; died 1961. Publications: Abstracts of Gloucestershire Inquisitiones Post Mortem returned into the Court of Chancery in the reign of Charles the First (British Record Society, London, 1893-1914); Abstracts of Inquisitiones Post Mortem relating to the City of London returned into the Court of Chancery during the Tudor period (British Record Society, London, 1986-1908); The early records of Harringay, alias Hornsey, form prehistoric times to 1216 AD (Hornsey, 1938); The medieval records of Harringay, alias Hornsey, from 1216-1307 (Hornsey, 1939); The origin of the name of Hornsey (London, 1936); The registers of Moulton, Northamptonshire (London, 1903); Blisland Church and its patron saints (Bodmin, 1950); Church wardens' accounts of Washfield Parish, Devon (1948); Collections relating to crown lands (Purley, 1929); Dr Madge's gift to Moulton: a memorial bell to William Carey (Purley, Surrey, 1950); England under Stuart rule (City of London Book Depot, London, 1898); Legends of Trevillet glen and waterfall (London, 1914); Materials for a history of Moulton (Campion and Sons, Northampton, 1903); Moulton Church and its bells (Elliot Stock, London, 1895); Notes on the family name of Madge (Purley, 1948); Oxford and Oxfordshire bells and bellfries (Oxford, 1894); Records of Tintagel (1867); The chapel, kieve and gorge of St Nectan, Trevillet Millcombe, Tintagel (Bodmin, 1950); The Oxford mark book (J Oliver, Oxford, 1893); editor of The Borzoi County Histories (A A Knopf, London, 1928); The church and Parish of Saints Protus and Hyacinth, Blisland, Cornwall (Liddell and Son, Bodmin, 1947); The Domesday of Crown lands: a study of the legislation, surveys and sales of Royal estates under the Commonwealth (Routledge and Sons, London, 1938); Worcester House in the Strand (Oxford, 1945); Mosely Education Commission to America and Canada, 1906-1907 (1907); editor of Gloucestershire Notes and Queries (London, 1881).
Violet Rosa Markham, 1872-1959, grew up near Chesterfield and maintained links with the town throughout her life. Her independent income allowed her to devote much of her time to public service, both locally and nationally, and to travel extensively. Markham's first interest was education. She was a member of the Chesterfield Education Authority from 1899 to 1934, and in 1902, she was the founder President of the Chesterfield Settlement, an educational foundation for the local community. At the outbreak of World War I, the National Relief Fund was established to alleviate distress caused by the war. The fund dispensed aid to service families and dependents, as well as civilians. The experience of serving on the Executive Committee of this organisation left Violet Markham with a lifelong interest in reducing the effects of poverty and unemployment, especially with regard to women. In 1934, she became a member of the Unemployment Assistance Board and she also worked on the Central Committee on Women's Employment. Markham was also active politically. She stood as an Independent Liberal for the Mansfield Division of Nottinghamshire in the 1918 general election, was elected as a town councillor for Chesterfield in 1924, and served as Mayor of Chesterfield in 1927.
Born 1936; educated High Wycombe School and St Anne's College, Oxford University; graduate student in sociology, University of California at Berkeley; Assistant Research Officer, Home Office Research Unit, 1961-1963; Assistant Lecturer, 1963-1965 and Lecturer, 1965-1968, in Sociology, University of Leicester; founded Leicester Campaign for Racial Equality; Member, Executive Committee, British Sociological Association, 1967-1971 (Teaching Committee, 1975-1977); Senior Lecturer in Sociology, Borough Polytechnic (now South Bank University), 1968-1972; Founder Member, National Deviancy Conference, 1968-1975; Research Fellow, Nuffield College, Oxford University, 1972-1975; active member of Women's Liberation Movement; Founding Member of Editorial Board and first Editor, Economy and Society, 1972-1978; active member of the Gay Liberation Front, [1970-1973]; Lecturer, 1975-1980, and Senior Lecturer, 1980-1996, in Sociology, University of Essex; Head of Sociology Department, 1986-1989, and member of Senate, 1977-1980 and 1994, University of Essex; Member, Policy Advisory Committee to the Criminal Law Revision Committee, 1976-1985, on matters relating to sexual offences; Founding Member, Editorial Collective, Feminist Review, 1978-1994; Member, Board of Directors, Lawrence and Wishart (Publishers), 1981-1985; Visiting Professor, Carleton University, Ottowa, Canada, 1985; Visiting Lecturer, University of Kuopi, Finland, 1993. Publications: editor of Deviance and social control (Tavistock, London, 1974); editor of Sex exposed: sexuality and the pornography debate (Virago, London, 1992); co-writer of The anti-social family (NLB, London, 1982); The organisation of crime (Macmillan, London, 1975);
Professor Robert Trelford McKenzie (1917-1981) was a political affairs presenter and the author of a well-known series of election studies. The video taping was undertaken for a series of political programmes [by Vincent Hanna - possibly A week in politics] broadcast [on Channel 4] during the General Election campaign of 1992.
Michael James (Lynham) was born in Northern Ireland in 1941. Following his move to London, he worked as a window dresser, an antiques dealer and a coffee shop manager. He was an active member of the London Gay Liberation Front in the early 1970s, participating in the Media Workshop which produced Come Together, and in several well publicised demonstrations including the disruption of the Festival of Light in 1971. He was also involved with radical drag and lived in the Colville House commune, which he left in 1973. Following a prison sentence, Michael James worked from 1984 onwards for Body Positive, an HIV/Aids counselling organisation, undertaking full-time hospital visiting and becoming co-ordinator of the Hospital Visitors Group. He left the organisation in 1990, but returned later that year as a centre volunteer and worked for the Gay Switchboard until 1994. He now lives in Brighton.
Born 1928; educated Ruskin College and St Catherine's College, Oxford University, and the University of Manchester; former schoolmaster and university lecturer; parliamentary candidate (Labour & Co-op), Liverpool Garston 1951; Labour MP, Manchester Wythenshawe 1964-1997; Private Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1964-1967, and the Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons 1968-1970; Member, General Advisory Council of the BBC, 1968-1974 and 1983-1997; Chairman, Parliamentary Labour Party Food and Agriculture Group 1971-1974 (vice chm 1970-1971); Britain's first minister for the disabled 1974-1979; Chairman, World Planning Group (appointed to draft Charter for the 1980s for disabled people worldwide) 1979-1980; Opposition front bench spokesman on social services 1970-1974 and 1979-1981, and for the disabled, 1981-1992; Chairman, Co-operative Parliamentary Group, 1982-1984; Chairman, Anzac Group of MPs and Peers, 1982-1997 (President 1997-); Joint Treasurer, British-American Parliamentary Group 1983-1997; piloted Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act (1970) through Parliament as a private member, also the Food and Drugs (Milk) Act (1970) and the Police Act (1972); first recipient of Field Marshal Lord Harding Award for distinguished service to the disabled, 1971; Louis Braille Memorial Award for outstanding services to the blind, 1972; Trustee, Crisis at Christmas and Earl Snowdon's Fund for Handicapped Students; Chairman, Managing Trustees of the Parliamentary Contributory Pension Scheme, and the House of Commons Members' Fund 1983-1997; appointed to Select Committee on Privileges, 1994-1997; President, Co-op Congress 1995; President, Society of Chiropodists and Podiatrists 1998; Chairman, Haemophilia Society, 1999. Publications: The growth of Parliamentary scrutiny by Committee (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1970); Needs before means: an exposition of the underlying purposes of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act, 1970 (Co-operative Union, Manchester, 1971); No feet to drag: report on the disabled (Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1972).
Herbert Stanley Morrison, 1888-1965, left school at fourteen and had a variety of jobs, including errand boy, telephone operator, shop assistant, and deputy circulation manager of the "Daily Citizen". He became part-time secretary of London Labour Party in 1915 and entered local government in 1919, becoming Mayor and later Alderman of Hackney. He was also a member of the London County Council, 1922-1945 and leader of the council 1934-1940. Morrison entered Parliament in 1923 as the Labour member for South Hackney, and served as Minister of Transport from 1929-1931. Following the outbreak of the Second World War, he became Minister of Supply in 1940, Home Secretary and Minister of Home Security, 1940-1945, and a member of the War Cabinet, 1942-1945. After the war, Morrison served as Deputy Prime Minister, 1945-1951, Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons, 1945-1951, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1951, and Deputy Leader of the Opposition, 1951-1955. He was also president of the British Board of Film Censors 1960.
Florence Nightingale, 1820-1910, was born in Florence and educated in nursing by the Protestant Sisters of Mercy at Kaiserwerth on the Rhine. She went to the Crimea in 1854, and made her reputation in the military hospitals there. When she returned to England she devoted a £50,000 testimonial to the foundation of the Nightingale home for the training of nurses. She spent much of the rest of her life writing and lecturing.
The National Network for Teaching and Learning Anthropology was originally based at Sussex and then moved to Birmingham. It later merged into a wider network with Sociology and Politics.
T H Oakley was a stockbroker of 2 Copthall Buildings, London, c 1885. The Company became known as Oakley Norris Bros (same address), c 1888-1966; then Norris Oakley Richardson and Glover. John Kenneth Ritchie, third Baron Ritchie of Dundee (1902-1975) and chairman of the London Stock Exchange, 1959-1965, was a senior partner of the company.
Michael Oakeshott was born in Chelsfield, Kent, on 11 December 1901, the second of three sons of Joseph Francis Oakeshott, a civil servant and member of the Fabian Society, and his wife, Frances Maude Oakeshott (nee Hellicar). He was educated at St George's School Harpenden, a progressive co-educational school, and then read history at Gonville and Caius College Cambridge, graduating in 1923. He went on to study in Germany, including the universities of Marburg and Tubingen. He also worked briefly as an English teacher at Lytham St Anne's Grammar School. In 1925 he was elected/appointed Fellow of Gonville and Caius College. He enlisted as a gunner in the British Army in 1940 and by [1944] was in command of a squadron of GHQ Liaison ('Phantom') Regiment attached to the Canadian Second Army in Holland. He returned to Cambridge when the war ended in 1945. In 1949 he went to Oxford as a fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford, and in 1951 he was appointed to the chair of political science at the London School of Economics. In the early 1960s he established a one-year Master's degree seminar at the London School of Economics (LSE) on the history of political thought. He retired from the LSE in 1969, although he continued to preside over the history of political thought seminars until his late seventies.
In 1927, he married Joyce Margaret Fricker. They had one son, Simon, born in 1931. The marriage was dissolved in 1938 and in the same year he married Katherine Alice Burton. They divorced in 1951. In 1965, Oakeshott married Christel Schneider. He died at his home in Acton, near Langton Matravers, Dorset, on 18 December 1990.
The creation of the London Passenger Transport Board (known as London Transport or LT) in 1933 brought all bus, tram, trolleybus and Underground services under a single body. The 1937 strike was protesting about conditions of work for the bus drivers and conductors, notably hours of work, rates of pay and a proposed speed-up of London buses.
A report dealing with life and labour in West Ham, with particular emphasis on the problems of unemployment and casual labour. The 'Inquiry' was initially planned to extend to other areas of the East End once the West Ham survey was complete. However, funding was only just sufficient to produce the survey of West Ham. The findings were published as a book: West Ham: A Study in Social and Industrial Problems (J.M. Dent and Co, London, 1907), by Howarth and Wilson. Unlike Booth's investigation, there is no actual household survey. The inquiry relied upon rent books, obtained from house agents, and contains no actual survey data, being a collection of indirectly related material, including examples of analysis drawn from other surveys.
The Political Economy Club was founded in 1821 to support the principles of free trade. The prime mover for the formation of the society appears to have been Thomas Tooke (1774-1858), economist, perhaps at the instigation of David Ricardo. The first meeting, on 18 April 1821, took place at the house of Swinton Holand, a partner in Baring and Co, and James Mill was given the task of preparing a draft set of rules for consideration. The first full meeting of the Club took place on 30 April at the Freemason's Tavern.
From the beginning, the Club was composed mainly of businessmen, followed by politicans, civil servants and professional economists. Each meeting was to discuss 'some doubt or question on some topic of political economy' and no official record was kept of the discussion. At first the rules of the Club stated that the remarks of the opening and subsequent speakers should not be written down, although later on opening speakers were allowed to circulate a printed synopsis of their argument. Eventually the practise of reading a written paper became the norm.
The Political Economy Club continues to meet to the present day.
Playing the China Card was made in 1999 by Brook Lapping Productions Ltd in conjunction with Channel 4 and PBS.
Raymond William Postgate was born in Cambridge, 6 November, 1896, the eldest son of Professor J P Postgate, a classical scholar. He was educated at Perse School Cambridge and Liverpool College and attended St John's College, Oxford. During World War One he sought exemption from military service as a conscientious objector but without the defence of a religious objection, was jailed for two weeks during 1916. In 1918, he married Daisy Lansbury, daughter of Labour politician George Lansbury. They later had two sons John and Oliver. Postgate formed socialist connections through the Lansbury family and also through his sister Margaret, who married the Socialist economist and historian G D H Cole. Postgate became a founding member of the Communist Party of Great Britain in 1920, but broke from the party in 1922 to join the Labour Party. Postgate started his career in 1918 as a journalist and writer, working on the Daily Herald, and Lansbury's Weekly, where he covered the General Strike of 1926. He became department editor for Encyclopaedia Britannica from 1927-1928, was a European representative for Alfred A Knopf publishers from 1929-1949 and edited Tribune from 1940-1942. He used his socialist beliefs to write mystery novels within a social and economic context, and his crime novel Verdict of Twelve became a best-seller in 1940. Among Postgate's other works were three detective stories, a novel, short stories, many articles about labour and radical history and biographies including one of his father-in-law George Lansbury. From 1942 to 1949, Postgate worked at the Board of Trade and Ministry of Supply. In 1949, due to his life-long passion for good food and wine, Postgate decided to make an effort to raise standards by editing the reports of a band of volunteers on their visits to British hotels and restaurants. The highly influential Good Food Club was born as a result, of which he was president. He became editor of the Good Food Guide and wrote many articles and books as a food critic and wine writer. He was awarded the OBE in 1966. Raymond Postgate died on March 29, 1971.
Educated at Whitgift School; London School of Economics (BSc (Econ). Temporary Civil Servant, 1940-1942; RA, 1942-1946; commissioned 1943; served in Italy and Austria, 1944-1946. Student at LSE, 1946-1949; Member, staff of Transport and General Workers' Union, Assistant to Legal Secretary; in charge of Union's Advice and Service Bureau, 1950-1957. Labour MP: East Ham N, May 1957-1974, Newham NE, 1974-October 1977; Conservative MP: Newham NE, October 1977-1979; Daventry, 1979-1987; Minister of State, Department of Education and Science, 1964-1966; Minister of Public Building and Works, 1966-1967; Minister of Overseas Development, 1967-1969; Opposition Spokesman on Employment, 1972-1974; Section of State for Education and Science, 1974-1975; Minister for Overseas Development, 1975-1976; Minister of State (Minister for Social Security), DHSS, 1979-1981. Executive Member Committee, National Union of Cons. Assocs, 1988-1990. Alderman, GLC, 1970-1971. JP County Borough of Croydon, 1961-1964.
His publications include: Right Turn (1978).
The RCCP was set up in 1978 to examine the duties and powers of the police and the rights and duties of suspects in respect of the investigation of criminal offences and the procedure for prosecution in criminal cases. The Commission reported in 1981.
Margaret Helen Read, 1889-1991, was educated at Roedean and Newnham College, Cambridge. In 1919, she travelled to India, where she was involved in social work in hill villages and developed an interest in social anthropology. After her return to England in 1924, she embarked upon a career lecturing in international affairs in both Britain and America, and entered the London School of Economics to study anthropology in 1930. She studied under Malinowski and was influenced by his theories of functional anthropology. She embarked on ethnographic fieldwork in east central Africa and was appointed as assistant lecturer at LSE in 1937. In 1940 she left the LSE to join the staff at the Colonial Department of the Institute of Education where her main interest was the effect of Western education in Africa. In 1949, Read was appointed as the first Professor of Education "with special reference to colonial areas" at the Institute of Education. Here she played an important role in shaping post war attitudes in Whitehall towards colonial education policy. She retired in 1955 and was appointed to the University of Nigeria at Ibadan as a Visiting Professor of Education. She became a consultant to the World Health Organisation in 1956, and chairman of the World Health Organisation committee of experts on the training of medical and auxiliary staffs.
Born 1927; educated at Eton; served in Welsh Guards, 1946-1948, as a Lieutenant; worked for ICI Ltd; contested Pontypridd, 1959, and Ebbw Vale, 1960 and 1964; Assistant director, Spastics Society, 1962-1963; Consultant, Management Selection Ltd, 1963-1971; Conservative MP for Kensington South, 1968-1974 and Kensington, 1974-1988; Member, British Delegation to the Council of Europe, 1970-1972; Nominated Member, European Parliament, 1973-1979; Member of the European Parliament for London South-East, 1979-1984; Vice-Chairman, European Parliament Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee, 1973-1979; died 1988. Publications: The new social contract (Conservative Political Centre, 1967); More power to the shareholder (1969); 'Redistributing income in a free society' from Economic Age, Sep 1969. Stepping stones to independence: national insurance after 1990 (Aberdeen University Press, 1989) was published after his death.
No further information available at present.
Section F of the British Association for the Advancement of Science was founded in 1833 by the British Association, which had itself been founded in 1831. The idea of a section of the British Association which could concentrate on economic and social problems was developed principally by Charles Babbage, Thomas Malthus and Adam Sidgwick. The first meeting was held in 1834 under the presidency of Sir Charles Lemmon.
At its inception the Section became known as the Statistical Section, and became known in addition as Section F in 1835. In 1856 its title was changed from the Statistical Section to the Section of Economic Science and Statistics. Finally in 1948 Section F became the Economics Section of the British Association.
The principal focus of Section F was the annual conference of the British Association and, from 1966 onwards, the publication of its proceedings at these conferences, although it has in the past run its own research projects through standing committees.
Section F is currently still extant. The principal officers in Section F are the President, the Vice President and the Recorder. The president is appointed annually by the Council of the British Association and is not eligible for re-election. The president has been the editor of the proceedings of Section F at the annual conferences of the British Association since they began to be published.
Born 1913; educated Croyden High School, Newnham College at Cambridge University, and the London School of Economics and Political Science; Personnel Officer, C & J Clark Ltd, 1936-1946; seconded as part-time member of staff, Production Efficiency Board, Ministry of Aircraft Production, 1943-1945; Teacher of, and Reader in, Personnel Management, LSE, 1946-1978; contested Hornchurch, 1950 and 1951, Truro, 1955 and 1959, Epping, 1964, Rochdale, 1966, and Wakefield, 1970, as a Liberal; President, Liberal Party, 1964-1965; President, Fawcett Society, 1970-1985; Top Salaries Review Board, 1971-1984; created Life Peer, 1971; Member of Council, Industrial Society, 1972-1984; President, British Standards Institute, 1974-1977; President, Women's Liberal Federation, 1974; Hansard Social Commission on Electoral Reform, 1975-1976; President, Institute of Personnel Management, 1977-1979; Visiting Professor of Personnel Management, City University, 1980-1987; Leader of the Liberal Party, House of Lords, 1984-1988; Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats, House of Lords, 1988-1997; died 1997. Publications: Women in the penal system (Report for the Howard League for Penal Reform, 1986); Training: the fulcrum of change (British Association for Commercial and Industrial Education, London, 1976); Interdependence and survival: population policies and environmental control (Wyndham Place Trust, London, 1976); A career for women in industry (Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 1964); Policies for incomes (Liberal Publication Department, London, 1967); Education: a quantum leap? (Hebden Royd Publications, Hebden Bridge, 1988).
George Bernard Shaw was born in Dublin in 1856; attended a Weslyan school, but was largely self educated through visits to the National Gallery of Ireland and wide reading; worked as a cashier, 1872-1876; moved to London in 1876 to join his mother and sister; wrote but failed to publish five novels, 1878-1883; joined and became a leading member of the Fabian Society, 1884, and edited Fabian Essays in Socialism (1889); worked as a book, drama and music critic for the Pall Mall Gazette, 1885-1888, the World (1886-1889), the Star (1888-1890), and the Saturday Review (1895-1898); published The quintessence of Ibsenism, 1891; wrote Widowers' Houses for performance by Independent Theatre, 1892, attacking slum landlords and allying Shaw with a realistic and political movement in the theatre; this was followed by The Philanderer (1893), Mrs Warren's Profession (1893, concerning prostitution and banned until 1902), Arms and the Man (1894), Candida (1897) and You Never Can Tell (1899); obtained first successful production of a play with The Devil's Disciple, New York, 1897; married Charlotte Payne-Townshend, 1898; wrote Captain Brassbound's Conversion for Ellen Terry, 1900; completed Caesar and Cleopatra, 1899, which was produced by Mrs Patrick Campbell in 1901; established as a playwright of international importance, with the completion and performance of Man and Superman (1901-1903), John Bull's Other Island (1904), Major Barbara (1905) and The Doctor's Dilemma (1906), which were produced by Harley Granville-Barker for the Royal Court Theatre; wrote his most popular play, Pygmalion, in 1913 (he later adapted it for the screen, winning an Academy Award in the process); during World War One, made numerous anti-war speeches; his postwar plays include Heartbreak House (1920), Back to Methuselah (1922), and St Joan (1923); won the Nobel Prize for Literature, 1925, but refused the award; established the Anglo-Swedish Literary Foundation for the translation of Swedish literature into English; wrote extensively on social, economic and political issues, notably The intelligent women's guide to socialism and capitalism (1928), and Everybody's political what's what (1944); his later plays, produced at the Malvern Festivals, included The Apple Cart (1929), Too True to be Good (1932) and Geneva (1939); retired, 1943; left residue of his estate to institute a British alphabet of at least 40 letters; died 1950.
The Committee of Inquiry into Statutory Smallholdings was established by the Ministry of Agriculture in July 1963. Its members were: Professor Michael Wise (chairman), Professor of Geography at the London School of Economics, Alfred W H Allen, General Secretary of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers, D Ll Carey Evans, farmer and member of the National Farmers' Union County Executive, Major D J Cowen, land agent, W A Shail, Treasurer of the Metropolitan Borough of Paddington and Hugh T Williams, Vice-Principal and Bursar of the Seale-Hayne Agriculture College, Devon. H W Durrant was appointed as Secretary, D J Palmer as Assistant Secretary and D A Hole as Assessor. The Committee's terms of reference were to report on the working of existing legislation relating to smallholdings provided by County Councils and other smallholdings authorities and to investigate the economic position of smallholdings estates. It was also asked to advise on the future provision that should be made for smallholdings, on the form of future financial support and on the division of administrative responsibility between central and local government or other smallholdings authorities. The Committee's enquiry included an investigation of the origins of smallholdings policies and the results of smallholdings legislation; a study of the financial position of the smallholdings authorities based mainly on questionnaires; a study of the management costs of smallholdings estates; a survey of the social and economic position of smallholders; a study of the geographical distribution of the smallholdings estates; visits to the smallholdings estates of 14 local authorities; a critical review of written and oral evidence submitted.
The Committee's First Report (First Report: Statutory smallholdings provided by local authorities in England and Wales, HMSO, Cmnd 2936, 1966) dealt with statutory smallholdings managed by the County Councils. Their Second Report (Final Report Statutory Smallholdings provided by the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, HMSO, Cmnd 3303, 1967) was concerned with the cooperative smallholdings of the Land Settlement Association.
No information available at present.
William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, acted as Secretary (1558-1572) and Lord Treasurer (1572-1598) to Queen Elizabeth I.
Born 1795 of humble parentage; received private tuition; contributed to Newcastle Magazine and other periodicals; published philosophical works (1831 and 1833); produced Newcastle Liberator, 1838, Northern Liberator and Champion newspapers, 1840; studied philosophy in France and Belgium; Professor of Logic and Metaphysics, Queen's College, Belfast, 1849; died 1878. Publications: History of moral science (James Duncan, London, 1833); Angling: or, how to angle, and where to go (G. Routledge & Co, London, 1854); Christian Hermits: or, the lives of several distinguished solitaries, from the earliest ages of the Christian Church, until the eighth century (London, 1845); Cottage Politics; or letters on the new Poor-law Bill (A. Cobbett, London, 1837); Historical sketch of Logic, from the earliest times to the present day (James Nichol, Edinburgh, 1851); History of the Philosophy of Mind (T. W. Saunders, London, 1848); The history of political literature from the earliest times (Richard Bentley, London, 1855).
No information available at present.
Walter Stern was a student at the London School of Economics and Political Science from 1946-1949. He then became a member of staff at LSE, teaching economic history. Publications: Ed Essays in European economic history (Edward Arnold, London, 1969); Britain yesterday and today: an outline economic history from the middle of the eighteenth century (Longmans, London, 1969); The porters of London (Longmans, London, 1960).
'Survival Programmes' was a Gulbenkian funded project to document inner city environments and lives in the later 1970s. The original photographs were used in a travelling exhibition, and are kept by the Side Gallery, Newcastle upon Tyne. A book based on the project, Survival Programmes: in Britain's Inner Cities by the Exit Photography Group (Nicholas Battye/Chris Steele-Perkins/Paul Trevor) was published in 1982.
Possibly the Unicorn Bookshop in Brighton, owned and run by Bill Butler, a US beat poet and occultist.
Richard Scurrah Wainwright born April 11 1918, the son of Henry Scurrah and Emily Wainwright; attended the independent boys school at Shrewsbury; through an open scholarship Wainwright was able to attend Clare College Cambridge, where he gained a BA (Hons) in History in 1939; whilst studying at Cambridge Wainwright developed his interest in the Liberal Party, as a member of the Cambridge University Liberal Club; during the 1930s he was deeply affected by the social conditions in Britain at the time particularly on the housing estates in Leeds, which shaped his future political views; at the outbreak of war in September 1939 he registered as a conscientious objector and joined the Friends Ambulance Unit (FAU), a Quaker organisation providing a voluntary ambulance service; Between 1939 and 1946 he served with the Unit in France, Holland, Germany and the blitz cities; after the war he trained to become a Chartered Accountant and became a partner first at Beevers and Adgie in 1950 and then Peat Marwick Mitchell and Co; later left this profession to focus on his political aspirations; stood, unsuccessfully, as the Liberal Party candidate for the constituency of Pudsey, Yorkshire in the General Election of 1950, and again in 1955; Liberal candidate for Colne Valley, also in Yorkshire, 1956, winning the seat at the General Election of 1966; at the following General Election he lost his seat to the Labour MP David Clark but was successful in both the February and October elections of 1974; remained Colne Valley's MP until his retirement in 1987; was an active member of the Liberal Party, working as Chairman between 1970 and 1972; his particular areas of interest were employment, trade and public finance; elected to serve on the Liberal Party Executive, 1953; concentrated his work on local government at Liberal headquarters from 1961; a central spokesman for the Liberal Party on finance (representing his party on the Finance Bill Committee in 1968), trade and industry (1970-?), the economy (1966-1970; 1979-1985) and employment (1985-1987); Chairman of the Liberal Party Research Department, 1968-1970; focused on the financial management of the party after 1974; politically active after retirement in 1987, working for the Electoral Reform Society; Deputy Chairman of the Wider Share Ownership Council, 1986-1997; when the Liberal Party merged with the Social Democratic Party to become the Liberal Democrats Wainwright became a member, working as President of the Yorkshire Federation of Liberal Democrats, 1989-1997; Active in his community, he was a dedicated Methodist Preacher and served on the Leeds Group B Hospital Management Committee, and was Chairman of the Arthington Hospital and Thorp Arch Hospital Committees, 1948-1958; served on the Committee for the Leeds, Skyrac and Morley Savings Bank Board of Managers and Leeds Library Committee; other roles included Treasurer of the Leeds Invalid Children's Aid Society and the Bethany House Free Church Probation Home; member of the Joseph Rowntree Social Services Trust Limited (now the Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust), 1959-1984; Fellow of the Huddersfield Polytechnic, later Huddersfield University, in 1988; he died on January 16 2003; His wife Joyce, who he married in 1949, was an active member of the Yorkshire Women's Liberal Federation, fulfilling roles as both Chairman and President, and Chairman of the Colne Valley Women's Liberal Council (1959-1987); she was also a member of the Executive of the National Women's Liberal Federation.
The Ancient Order of Foresters was founded in 1834 although it originated as the Royal Foresters in the previous century. The order is a friendly society devoted to assisting members in need. It expanded rapidly and reached Canada, the United States, South Africa, the West Indies, Australia and New Zealand: "courts" were branches. The primary court was in Leeds. The Foresters Friendly Society continues its work to this day.
Thomas Grieve, the elder son of John Henderson Grieve, was trained by his father and worked with him at Covent Garden and elsewhere from 1817. From 1846 to 1859, he worked at Drury Lane, Covent Garden and at Her Majesty's Theatre, but is perhaps most notable for his leading role he played among the team of scene-painters who supplied Charles Keen's regime at the Princess' Theatre, Oxford Street, from 1850 to 1859, particularly in the Shakespearean revivals of that period. Thomas Grieve also painted famous exhibition hall panoramas with William Telbin and others, including The Overland Mail (to India) from 1852, which is perhaps his most reknowned. He died in Lambeth in April 1882.
Thomas Walford Grieve, the son of Thomas Grieve and the grandson of John Henderson Grieve, was born in 1841 and trained and worked with his father from around 1862. He worked at Covent Garden with him and also at the Lyceum. He never achieved the acclaim received by his father or his older contemporary William Roxby Beverley, and died (apparently of cancer) after a long illness which for some years previously had forced him to give up work.
Herbert Somerton Foxwell was born on 17 June 1849 in Somerset, the son of an ironmonger and slate and timber merchant. He received his early education at the Weslyian Collegiate Institute, Taunton. After passing the London Matriculation examination at the minimum age, he obtained a London External BA Degree at the age of 18. He went to St. John's College, Cambridge in 1868. He was placed senior in the Moral Sciences Tripos in 1870 and was associated with the College for the rest of his life. He was made a Fellow in 1874 and held his College lectureship for sixty years. In the University he was largely responsible for the honours teaching of economics from 1877 to 1908. Foxwell was assistant lecturer to his friend Stanley Jevons who had held the Chair of Economics at University College London from 1868 and then succeeded Jevons as chair in May 1881, holding the post until 1927. At the same time, Foxwell was Newmarch Lecturer in statistics at University College London and a lecturer on currency and banking from 1896 at London School of Economics. In 1907 he became joint Professor of Political Economy in the University of London. In addition to these appointments, Foxwell gave extra-mural lectures for Cambridge University from 1874 and for London from 1876 to 1881 in London, Leeds, Halifax and elsewhere. He also held the following appointments: external examiner for London, Cambridge and other universities; first Dean of the Faculty of Economics at the University of London; vice-president and president of the Council of the Royal Economic Society; member of the Councils of the Statistical Society and the British Association for the Advancement of Science; and secretary and later president of the University (Cambridge) Musical Society and the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. He also provided a course of lectures at the Institute of Actuaries. Foxwell was a dedicated book-collector and bibliophile and concentrated on the purchase of economic books printed before 1848. He described his library as a collection of books and tracts intended to serve as the basis for the study of the industrial, commercial, monetary and financial history of the United Kingdom as well a of the gradual development of economic science generally. Foxwell's library provides the nucleus of the Goldsmiths' Library of Economic Literature. When The Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths purchased the library of economic literature from Foxwell in 1901 for £10,000 it contained about 30,000 books. The Company also generously provided Foxwell with a series of subventions following the purchase of the Library to enable him to make further acquisitions prior to the gift of the Goldsmiths' Library of Economic Literature to the University of London in 1903. From the sale in 1901, Foxwell kept back duplicates that formed a second collection which he sold to Harvard University for £4,000 in 1929. From the termination of dealings with the Goldsmiths' Company in 1903, he began creating a second major collection. By his death, on 3 August 1936, Foxwell had amassed a further 20,000 volumes that were sold to Harvard University creating the focus for the Kress Library.
Hans van Marle was born Adrianus van Marle in Baarn, Holland in 1922. During the Second World War, he joined the Dutch resistance and operated under a false name from 1943. He was deeply interested in Indonesia, having travelled to the Dutch East Indies in 1946: a lengthy article by van Marle on the new republic of Indonesia was published in a student newspaper in 1948. The first of numerous articles by van Marle on Joseph Conrad, a note on Lingard, was published in 1960. Van Marle also edited two volumes on Indonesian history. From 1957-1975 van Marle was involved in editing Delta: A Review of Arts, Life and Thought in the Netherlands. He was awarded an honorary life membership of the Joseph Conrad (UK) Society in 1996.
The London Schools and Colleges Dining Club was founded in 1926 for the heads of London University schools and colleges and the heads of "secondary schools in London and the neighbourhood". Among the orginal members on the University side was Sir William Beveridge, Director of the London School of Economics. The Club was wound up in 2011.
Augustus de Morgan was born at Madura, India in 1806. On returning to England, de Morgan was educated at various schools. In February 1823 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1827. In 1828 he was appointed Professor of Mathematics at University College London. De Morgan resigned his post in 1831, on account of a disagreement with the University Council who claimed the right of dismissing a professor without assigning reasons. He resumed his chair in 1836 on assurance that the regulations had been altered so as to preserve the independence of professors, remaining Professor of Mathematics at UCL until he resigned in November 1866.
No information was available at the time of compilation.