Thomas Wallace (1680-1763) was a physician practising in Whatfield, Suffolk. He is listed as a medic in P J and R V Wallis, Eighteenth Century Medics (1988).
Ward names are indicated in the volume, and research conducted by E Muirhead Little in 1928, for an article in the British Medical Journal, shows that the wards are in St Thomas's Hospital, London.
No biographical information was available at the time of compilation.
Sir Albert James Walton was born in 1881. He was educated at Framlingham College and the London Hospital, where he gained many scholarships and prizes, qualifying in 1905. In the BSc examination in 1906, he obtained honours in anatomy and morphology, and on taking the MB, BS degrees he secured honours in midwifery, gynaecology and pathology. At the London Hospital he held appointments as emergency officer, house physician, receiving room officer, resident anaesthetist, house surgeon, assistant director of the Institute of Pathology, surgical registrar and demonstrator of anatomy, before being elected to the honorary staff in 1913. Other hospitals to which he was attached were the Poplar Hospital for Accidents; the Evelina Hospital for Children; the Seamen's Hospital, Greenwich; and the Victoria Hospital, Kingston. During the World War One he served as Captain RAMC(T) attached to the 2nd London General Hospital and also at the Endsleigh Hospital for Officers, the Palace Green Hospital for Officers and the Empire Hospital for Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord. In World War Two he was a temporary Brigadier attached to the Army Medical Service. At the College he was a Hunterian Professor, 1919; a member of Council, 1931-1947; and Vice-President, 1939-1941. He was an extra surgeon to the Queen, having been surgeon to King George V, King George VI and to the Royal Household. An honorary member of the Academie de Chirurgie of Paris, he was a past President of the Association of Surgeons, the Medical Society of London, and the surgical section of the Royal Society of Medicine. He was awarded the diploma with distinction of the Gemmological Association of which he became President, and he was chairman of the National Association of Goldsmiths. These two bodies established at their headquarters in the city the Sir James Walton Memorial Library, containing models of minerals made by Sir James himself. He was the first medical man to appreciate the importance of the atomic structure of minerals in the causation of chest diseases. He died in 1955.
Alexander Walker was born in 1764. He became a cadet in the service of the East India Company in 1780. In 1782 he became an ensign and in the same year took part in campaigns against the forts of Haidar Ali Khan on the Malabar Coast. Walker was also present at Mangalore during the siege by Tipu and its subsequent surrender in 1784. In 1788, after a period in enemy hands, and after taking part in an expedition to the north-west coast of America undertaken by the Bombay government, he was made a lieutenant and was sent with the expedition to relieve the Rajah of Travancore in 1790. In 1791, he was an adjutant. On the conclusion of this stage of the war against Tipu, a commission was nominated to regulate the affairs of Malabar, and Walker was appointed as an assistant. On the arrival in Malabar of General James Stuart (d 1793), commander-in-chief of the army in Bombay, he became his military secretary. In 1797, Walker was made captain, and the same year he became quartermaster-general of the Bombay army with the rank of major. In 1799, he took part in the last war against Tipu and was present at the fighting at Seedaseer and at the siege of Seringapatam during which Tipu Sahib was killed. In 1800, Walker was sent to the Mahratta states with the intention of pacifying and reforming the region and the Mahratta confederacy. Discontent in Baroda culminated in the insurrection of Mulhar Rao in 1801, though this was put down by 1802. In June 1803, Walker was appointed political resident at Baroda and he succeeded in establishing an orderly administration there. His career continued in India, and he attained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1808. In 1810 he returned to Britain, doubtless to his estate of Bowland in Edinburgh and Selkirk, and he retired from service in 1812. Ten years later in 1822 he was called back from his retirement to the government of St. Helena which was under the administration of the East India Company. There he had the rank of brigadier-general. While in St Helena, he improved the island's agriculture and horticulture. Brigadier-General Alexander Walker died in Edinburgh, in 1831.
Sir Cecil Pembrey Grey Wakeley was born near Rainham, Kent, in 1892. He started attending King's School, Rochester in 1904, later attending Dulwich College, and King's College Hospital in 1910. He qualified in 1915 and joined the Royal Navy for the next four years as Surgeon-Lieutenant, spending most of his time aboard the hospital ship Garth Castle at Scapa Flow. His link with the Navy lasted all his life, first as a consultant and in World War Two as Surgeon Rear-Admiral when he worked at the Royal Naval Hospital, Haslar. He was appointed to the staff at King's in 1922, and was senior surgeon by the age of 41, remaining so for the next quarter of a century. He was consultant to the Belgrave Hospital for Children, the Royal Masonic and the Maida Vale Hospital for Nervous Diseases. In addition he was a member of Council of the College and eventually President from 1949-1954. This was a period of immense importance since it witnessed the completion of the College's very ambitious rebuilding programme, the establishment of the Faculties of Dental Surgery and Anaesthesia, and the setting up of the academic units and their laboratories. He was also President of the Association of Physiotherapy, Hunterian Society, Medical Society of London and the Royal Life Saving Society. He examined for both the Primary and Final Fellowship examinations as well as the medical degrees at many universities in the UK and overseas. He was also a Hunterian Orator, Hunterian Professor five times and Erasmus Wilson, Bradshaw, and Thomas Vicary Lecturer. He was Chairman of the Trustees of the Hunterian Collection and received the College's Gold Medal for his services. For twenty years he edited the British Journal of Surgery and in 1947 he founded the Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England which he continued to edit until 1969. He was for a long time editor of the now defunct Medical Press and Circular.
John Herbert Hicks was born in Bristol in 1915. He studied medicine at Birmingham University, obtained his Fellowship in 1942 and served as a ship's surgeon in the Merchant Navy, 1942-1946. He became surgical registrar and resident surgical officer at Birmingham General Hospital. He obtained the MCh (Orth) from Liverpool in 1950. He was appointed surgeon to the Birmingham Accident Hospital in 1951, where he proved to be an innovative exponent of accident surgery. Hicks' outstanding contribution was in the rigid fixation of fractures, and his work on the composition of metallic implants and the dangers of corrosion; the management of infected fractures; the treatment of non-union; and elucidation of the structure and function of the foot. He was a teacher, a botanist of distinction (he joined an expedition to Bhutan and had two plants named after him) and the author of provocative articles in medical journals. He died in 1992.
The Artificial Limb Centre was set up in 1948 as part of Command Hospital, an Indian Army Hospital in Poona (now Pune), India. The centre is one of the oldest and largest of its kind in India.
No biographical information relating to Lieutenant General B Hawkins was available at the time of compilation.
The Krishnarajendra Hospital was opened in Mysore (now Mysuru), India, in 1876. It was re-constructed in 1918 with accomodation for 250 in-patients. The hospital aimed to offer free treatment for the poor, regardless of caste, creed or colour. An out-patient department endowed by Hajee Sier Ismail Sait was opened in 1928. An Eye Department and a Children's Ward were opened in 1934. By 2004 the hospital was a Tertiary Referral Centre and Teaching Hospital attached to Mysore Medical College. The hospital has a total bed capacity of around 1330 beds.
The Mysore University Medical College was established first at Bangalore in 1924, and moved to new buildings at Mysore (now Mysuru) in 1930. In the 1930s, some graduates of the College went on to become Members of the Royal College of Physicians (London) and the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Some went on to further study and practice in the United States of America, and others stayed to practice in India. The College is attached to the teaching hospitals, Krishnarajendra Hospital and Cheluvamba Hospital.
No biographical information relating to G Shankar was available at the time of compilation.
John Hunter was born in East Kilbride, in 1728. He received little formal education. He moved to London in 1748, with his elder brother William Hunter (1718-1783) who was a midwife and physician, and a private lecturer in surgery and anatomy. Initially John made dissections and prepared specimens for William's lectures, and he started attending lectures in 1749. He became a surgeon-pupil at St George's Hospital in 1754, and started to give lectures for William. By 1750 John was so proficient at dissection that he was able to make the first set of preparations for his brother's comprehensive study of pregnancy, The Anatomy of the Human Gravid Uterus, published in 1774. John was commissioned as an army surgeon in 1761, and joined the British military expedition to Belle Île, off the northern coast of France. He was posted to Portugal in 1762. While serving with the army he laid the foundations for future work by studying the regeneration of the tails of lizards. He also carried out researches on the treatment of venereal disease and gunshot wounds. On his return to London he taught practical anatomy and operative surgery, and worked with the dentist James Spence. The latter resulted in two major publications: The Natural History of Human Teeth (1771) and A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Teeth (1778) which included important accounts of the transplantation of teeth in people, as well as the more famous experiment of the transplantation of a human tooth into a cock's comb. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1767 and became a Member of the Company of Surgeons in 1768. He was appointed surgeon at St George's Hospital. He gave lectures in anatomy at the Incorporated Society of Artists in 1769-1770. Shortly afterwards he started to lecture in surgery to his pupils from St George's Hospital. In 1775 Hunter began to advertise a course of lectures on 'The Principles and Practice of Surgery', and he continued to stage these each year until his death. His surgical achievements were recognised by his appointment as Surgeon-extraordinary to George III and as Croonian lecturer at the Royal Society. He was elected a Member of the American Philosophical Society and received the Copley Medal of the Royal Society. He was elected a Member of the Court of Assistants of the Company of Surgeons in 1789. Hunter had been appointed Assistant Surgeon-General to the armed forces in 1785, and Surgeon-General and Inspector General of Regimental Hospitals in 1790. He drew up a scheme for training army medical staff which he successfully put into practice. Hunter was also one of the first vice-presidents of the London Veterinary College, established in 1791. He died in 1793.
John Hunter kept many manuscript notes of his dissections, cases, and research. Hunter employed a number of amanuenses so that fair copies of his rough manuscripts could be taken, the rough manuscripts often being destroyed after this had been done. There still remained a great deal of unpublished material after Hunter's death in 1793 and these manuscripts were kept at Hunter's house under the care of William Clift. Over the next six years, Clift copied many of the manuscripts for his own reference. Hunter wanted his collection of specimens to be offered to the British Government. In 1799 the collections were offered to The Company of Surgeons, which became The Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1800. A museum was purpose built to incorporate these collections in Lincoln's Inn Fields. In 1799, Sir Everard Home ordered that all the Hunterian manuscripts should be transferred to his own house. Home, a Hunterian Trustee, Hunter's brother-in-law, and one of Hunter's executors, was entrusted by the Board of Trustees for the Hunterian Collections, to use the manuscripts to compile a catalogue of the specimens. However, this catalogue never appeared. In 1823, Home spoke to Clift of a fire at his home resulting in the fire brigade being called, which was caused by his burning of Hunter's manuscripts in the fireplace. The Hunterian Trustees began to worry about the catalogue being completed and elected a committee to consider the catalogue at their meeting in Feb 1824. The Board of Curators of the Museum requested on 5 Mar 1824 that the Hunter manuscripts be transferred to the College as soon as possible. Home responded that Hunter did not consider his manuscripts to be seen by the public due to their imperfect state and that they should instead be destroyed. Home claimed that he had spent the last 30 years using the papers for the benefit of the museum, but due to his own ill health could not continue this, and ended his executorship by destroying them. The Board of Trustees were astonished and correspondence followed between the Trustees, the Board of Curators, and Home. This resulted in Home presenting the Board of Trustees with a sealed parcel containing some of Hunter's descriptions of specimens, in 1824. Home claimed these were all the records of Morbid Anatomy by Hunter. The Board of Curators reported that the records were incomplete and Clift revealed that the records, when he had looked after them between 1793-1799, had been much more numerous. Home did not respond to the questions asked of him about these records, but presented the 'Cases in Surgery' manuscripts to the Board of Trustees in 1825. The reasons behind Home's destruction of the Hunterian Manuscripts has been discussed on numerous occasions, with several theories being proposed. Sir Arthur Keith suggested for example that Home destroyed the manuscripts out of piety due to the heretical content of some the papers. This explanation has been considered limited due to minority of papers that might be considered of a heretical nature. The theory now more generally accepted to explain the destruction of the majority of the Hunterian manuscripts is that Home was using the contents of the manuscripts in his own publications. Evidence used to back up this argument includes comparisons between some of Hunter's works and those of Home, which contain striking similarities; the extent of publications produced by Home between 1793-1823, including an incredible amount of original work for such a short time period; and the fact that Home destroyed the Hunterian manuscripts a few days after receiving the final proofs of his work Lectures on Comparative Anatomy. Following the presentation by Home of the manuscripts of records in morbid anatomy and cases in surgery, Clift began to transcribe them. These transcriptions were completed by 1825, and were added to the transcriptions of other Hunterian Manuscripts undertaken by Clift before the originals were destroyed. Other Hunterian manuscripts have been added to the collections over the years from various sources.
Thomas Hamilton was a surgeon in Glasgow, and was Professor of Anatomy and Botany at the University of Glasgow. He retired in 1781 and died in 1782. His son was William Hamilton.
William Hamilton was born in Glasgow, in 1758. His father was Thomas Hamilton, a surgeon, and Professor of Anatomy and Botany at Glasgow University. William Hamilton studied his MA in 1775. He then studied medicine at Edinburgh under William Cullen and Joseph Black, although returned to Glasgow early due to his father's ill health. William Hamilton continued his studies in London under William Hunter. He then returned to assist his father in his lectures, and in 1781 was nominated as his father's successor in the professorship. After the death of his father in 1782, William was left with a successful practice. He died in 1790. He had two sons, William and Thomas.
John Hunter was an anatomist and surgeon working in London until his death in 1793. Please see MS0189 for a biographical account.
William Irvine was born in Glasgow in 1743. He worked as a chemist in Scotland and was assistant to Joseph Black. He died in 1787.
John Hunter was born in East Kilbride, in 1728. He travelled to London to join his elder brother William Hunter (1718-1783) in 1748. John assisted William by carrying out dissections and preparing specimens. John began attending lectures by leading surgeons in 1749, and by 1754 John was a surgeon-pupil at St George's Hospital, London. Soon afterwards he began to take some of William Hunter's lectures. John Hunter carried out research into a variety of areas, many of which were published later in his life. John Hunter was commissioned as army surgeon to the British Army in 1761. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1767. He became a member of the Company of Surgeons in 1768. John Hunter married Anne Home in 1771, with whom he had two children, John Banks Hunter and Agnes Hunter (two further children died in infancy). John Hunter built up his private practice and continued to give lectures in surgery. He remained an active teacher and researcher until his death in 1793. For a further biographical information see MS0189.
William Hunter was also born in East Kilbride in 1718. He studied medicine at Edinburgh. By 1746 had embarked on a successful private career in London as a midwife and physician and a private lecturer in surgery and anatomy. He died in 1783.
John Campbell was 4th Earl of Loudoun, a British nobleman and military leader, born in 1705. He was the great grandson of Sir John Campbell, who was created 1st Earl of Loudoun in 1637. He apparently paid a great deal of attention to detail, a characteristic that made him often late to many battles. Lord Loudoun was not a very successful military leader and many of his regiments were lost in battles. He was sent to North America, where he is said to have ignored the advice of the local colonials like George Washington, who anticipated the onslaught of French and Indians, and did nothing to strengthen the remaining western forts. He was generally considered incompetent, arrogant and tyrannical. He died in 1782.
"Mr Eyles" cannot be specifically identified, but he is possibly either Albert Eyles, born in 1740, and an apothecary in Cirencester, Gloucestershire; or John Eyles, an apprentice surgeon in 1769. Both these men are listed in Wallis and Wallis, Eighteenth Century Medics (1988).
Dr Joseph Adams, who wrote the original manuscript from which this version was copied, was a pupil of John Hunter. He lived at Hatton Garden, Holborn, and published Life of John Hunter in 1817. Joseph Adams was a corresponding member of the Faculty of Medicine in Paris, a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in London, and the author of Observations on Morbid Poisons. He died before 1823.
John Whitsed studied at Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals in London, and became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1805. He sold his practice in Peterborough to Dr Thomas Walker in 1819, and went to Edinburgh to study his doctor of medicine, graduating in 1823. He became a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in 1830. For a number of years Dr Whitsed was a Senior and Consulting Physician at the General Dispensary, London. He was also President of the Cambridge and Huntingdon Branch of the British Medical Association. He was the author of a work on Diseases resembling Syphilis, published in 1813, and a contributer to Remarkable Case of Foetal Monstrosity.
Thomas Keate was born in 1745. He studied as a pupil at St George's Hospital, London, and then became an assistant to John Gunning, surgeon to the Hospital. In 1792, the position of surgeon became available to succeed Charles Hawkins, which was sharply contested by Keate and Everard Home. Keate was elected as surgeon. In 1793 he succeeded John Hunter as surgeon-general to the Army, he was an examiner at the Royal College of Surgeons from 1800, and Master of the College in 1802, 1809, and 1818. As a surgeon he was the first to tie the subclavian artery for aneurysm. However, his reputation at St George's Hospital for not being punctual and being negligent in his duties, caused him to resign his post in 1813. Keate was surgeon to the Prince of Wales (later George IV), and also surgeon to the Chelsea Hospital, where he died in 1821. Keate published Cases of Hydrocele and Hernia (London, 1788), and several controversial papers such as Observations on the Fifth Report of the Commissioners of Medical Enquiry (London, 1808).
Joseph Pearce was from Newbury, as noted at the front of his notes of John Hunter's lectures. No further biographical information was available at the time of compilation.
Henry Nathaniel Rumsey was a surgeon practising at Chesham, Buckinghamshire. Rumsey had taken shorthand notes of John Hunter's lectures in 1786-1787, which were printed by James F Palmer in his edition of Hunter's works. They were admired for their completeness, including examples and illustrations.
Charles Dagge Seager was born in 1779. He was educated at Warminster Grammar School. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1801, and was one of the 300 founding members. He practised for many years in Cheltenham, c 1810; he appears also to have practised or resided in Guernsey. He retired to Clifton, c 1840. He became a Fellow of the College in 1843. Seager made a careful transcript of John Hunter's Lectures on Surgery, c 1800, originally taken down and arranged into aphorisms by John Hunter's friend, Charles Brandon Trye.
W Waller was a surgeon at Gosport, Hampshire, reported to be a pupil of John Hunter together with his brother, also W Waller, a surgeon at Portsmouth. The name Waller appears in the Hampshire Directory for 1784 under Surgeons in Gosport.
Charles Wilkinson was a surgeon practicing at Pulteney Street, Bath, in c1846. He was a member of the Company of Surgeons in 1791, and last appeared in the Medical Directory in 1849.
Thomas Wilson, of the Oaks, Tenterden, Kent, was a medical student at one of the London Hospitals in the late 18th century. A note at the front of the volume states that he had two daughters who died unmarried, and a brother, Edward Wilson, DD.
James Finlayson was born in Glasgow in 1840. He studied his MB at Glasgow in 1867 and also became a Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh that year. He received his doctor of medicine in 1869, also from Glasgow, and became a Fellow of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons, Glasgow in 1771. During his career he was a physician and lecturer on clinical medicine at the West Infirmary, Glasgow; Consultant Physician at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow and for the Glasgow Hospital for Diseases of the Ear; Medical Adv[ocate] at the Scotland Amicable Life Assurance Society; President and Honorary librarian of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow; President of the Glasgow Pathological and Clinical Society; member of the Royal Philosophical Society, Glasgow; and House Surgeon to the Clinical Hospital and Dispensary for Children, Manchester. He died in 1906.
No biographical information was available at the time of compilation.
William Hunter was born in Long Calderwood, Lanarkshire, Scotland, in 1718. Intended for the church, he attended the University of Glasgow from 1731-1736 where he was exposed to the philosophical teachings of Francis Hutcheson which turned him against the rigid dogmas of Presbyterian theology. An acquaintance with the physician William Cullen (1710-1790) interested him in the medical profession, and he studied with Cullen for three years. Eager to widen his experience, he went to London in 1741 where he worked as an assistant to William Smellie MD (1697-1763) and then from 1741-1742 with James Douglas, both of whom fostered his interest in obstetrics and gynaecology. Between 1741-1749 he was tutor to William George Douglas. In 1750 he was awarded an MD by the University of Glasgow. In 1749 he was appointed as a surgeon at Middlesex Hospital, England, before transferring for a brief time to the British Lying-in Hospital. He was particularly interested in obstetrics and in 1762 was called to attend Queen Charlotte on the birth of her first child. Two years later, he was appointed as Physician Extraordinary to Queen Charlotte and rapidly became the most sought after physician in London. His research, embodied in his Anatomical Description of the Human Gravid Uterus (1774) and his practical example, including the establishment of specialist training for both physicians and midwives, did much to establish obstetrics as a respectable branch of medicine for the first time, though he took a perverse pleasure in continuing to describe himself as a despised 'man-midwife'. He died in 1783.
William Allison was born in c 1762. He practised at Darlington, possibly studying medicine in London or Edinburgh. He died in 1832 at the age of 70. His grandson F B Allison noted that his grandfather was devoted to science and astronomy.
William Jeremiah Allison, son of Wiliam Allison, practised in Ilford, Essex, during the early 19th century. His son, F B Allison, noted that his practice extended seven miles from Ilford, over the Hainault and Epping Forests.
David Davies married Susannah Saunders, daughter of Erasmus Saunders, and took the name Saunders-Davies. With the marriage came the Pentre estate in Pembrokeshire, which had been in the Saunders family since 1698. The Davies family also owned other land in Llanedi, Carmarthenshire, Wales. David Saunders-Davis died in 1829.
Henry Gore Clough probably attended lectures given by William Hunter, and also John Hunter in 1779, as is evidenced by the lecture notes held in this collection and in the Wellcome Trust's manuscript collection. Clough is listed as a member of the Corporation of Surgeons from 1781 to 1798, residing first at Compton Street, and later at Berner's Street. From 1800 to 1824, Clough is listed as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons residing at Berner's Street. (From 1821 another Henry Gore Clough is listed as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, residing at Norton Street. Presumably this is the son of Henry Gore Clough.) Sir Robert Drew's Commissioned Officers of the Medical Services of the British Army 1660-1960 Volume 1 lists Henry Gore Clough as an Assistant Surgeon to the 3rd Regiment of Foot Guards from the 25 Dec 1796, and Surgeon to the Light Infantry Battalion of the Brigade of Foot Guards from 14 May 1801. He is listed as being on half pay from 25 Jun 1802 and as having died on the 20 Apr 1838.
Matthew Baillie was born in Shotts manse, Lanarkshire, in 1761. He was the son of James Baillie (c 1722-1778) and his wife, Dorothea (c 1721-1806). They also had two daughters, the younger was Joanna Baillie the poet. Dorothea Baillie's father was John Hunter of Long Calderwood, near East Kilbride, Lanarkshire; and her brothers were the anatomists William Hunter and John Hunter. Matthew Baillie was educated at the English school in Hamilton, 1766-1768; the Latin school in Hamilton, 1768-1774; and at the University of Glasgow, 1774-1779. He matriculated at Oxford in 1779. He went to live with his uncle, William Hunter, in London in 1780. He still attended Oxford, and graduated BA in 1783, and MA in 1786. He attended dissections and lectures at William Hunter's anatomy school and museum in Great Windmill Street. He also went to courses in chemistry, medicine, surgery, and obstetrics given by his uncle John Hunter; George Fordyce; Thomas Denman; and William Osborne. When William Hunter died in 1783 he left Baillie in control of the anatomy school, the freehold of the premises, thirty years' use of the museum, and about £5000. The small Hunter family estate of Long Calderwood also passed to Baillie, but he renounced it in favour of John Hunter. Baillie soon became an anatomy lecturer at Great Windmill Street, working in increasingly uneasy partnership with William Hunter's former partner William Cruikshank, until 1799. He also completed his broader medical training as a pupil at St George's Hospital, where he was appointed physician in 1787. In mid-1788 he made a four-month tour of France, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, and the Netherlands, visiting many hospitals and anatomy schools, recording critical observations on conditions and techniques. He graduated BM at Oxford in 1786; DM in 1789; and was elected FRCP (London) in 1790. William Hunter's posthumous An Anatomical Description of the Human Gravid Uterus and its Contents (1794) was edited for publication by Baillie. Two papers in Philosophical Transactions in 1788 and 1789 were followed by his election FRS in 1790 (FRSE in 1799); many medical societies gave him the professional accolade of honorary membership. He was Croonian lecturer of the Royal Society (1791), and of the Royal College of Physicians of London (1796-1798), for whom he was also Goulstonian lecturer (1794); he gave the Harveian oration in 1798. In 1805 he was a founder member (and second president, 1808-1810) of the Medical and Chirurgical Society of London, forerunner of the Royal Society of Medicine. Also in 1810 he was appointed physician-extraordinary to George III, visiting the deranged king several hundred times during the regency, and was present at his death in 1820. He was physician-in-ordinary to Princess Charlotte, and had overall responsibility for the management of her confinement in 1817. His brother-in-law, Sir Richard Croft, 6th baronet (1762-1818), was principal accoucheur. Tragically, the child was still-born, and Princess Charlotte died a few hours later. Croft shot himself a few months afterwards probably suffering from depression. Baillie also attended Lord Byron, Sir Walter Scott, and Edward Gibbon, and he examined Samuel Johnson's lungs post mortem. Baillie died in 1823.
No biographical information was available at the time of compilation.
John Abernethy was born in Coleman Street, London, in 1764. He was educated at Wolverhampton Grammar school, and at the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to Charles Blicke, surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Abernethy remained at Bart's for the rest of his career, being appointed assistant surgeon in 1787, and promoted to full surgeon in 1815. During the 1790s, Abernethy published several papers on a variety of anatomical topics. On the strength of these contributions he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1796. Between 1814 and 1817 he served as Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons. Abernethy also offered private lectures in anatomy in a house in Bartholomew Close, near to the hospital. The governors of Bart's then built a lecture theatre within the hospital to accommodate his classes. In 1824 Thomas Wakley, editor of the newly established journal The Lancet, published Abernethy's lectures without his permission. Abernethy sought an injunction but was unsuccessful, and remained resentful about the incident. Abernethy had himself attended the lectures of John Hunter, with whom he was also personally acquainted, and after Hunter's death he professed himself to be the spokesman for Hunter's physiological and pathological views. He died in 1831.
Peter Mere Latham was born in London, in 1789. He was educated at the free school of Sandbach, Macclesfield grammar school, and Brasenose College, Oxford. He graduated BA (1810) MA (1813), MB (1814), and MD (1816). He was admitted an Inceptor-Candidate of the College of Physicians in 1815; a Candidate in 1817; and a Fellow in 1818. He was Censor in 1820, 1833, and 1837; Gulstonian lecturer in 1819; Lumleian lecturer in 1827 and 1828; Harveian orator in 1839; and was repeatedly placed upon the council. He was physician to the Middlesex Hospital in 1815, and in 1823 was appointed by the government, in conjunction with Dr Roget, to take the medical charge of the inmates of the penitentiary at Millbank, then suffering from an epidemic of scurvy and dysentery. He was then appointed physician to St Bartholomew's Hospital in 1824. He lectured at the Hospital's medical school with Sir George Burrows on the theory and practice of medicine. Later he published some of his lectures titled Lectures on Subjects connected with Clinical Medicine (London, 1836) and Lectures on Diseases of the Heart (2 volumes, London, 1845). Latham left St Bartholomew's in 1841, He retired to Torquay in 1865 and died there in 1875.
William Cooke was born in Wem, near Shrewsbury, in c 1785. At age 13 he was apprenticed to Mr Gwynne, a general practitioner in Wem. He came to London in 1802 and studied at St Bartholomew's Hospital under John Abernethy. Cooke passed his MRCS Eng in 1806, settling to practice in Plaistow, and later moving to the City of London. He received his MD from St Andrews in 1822. Cooke was a founding member of the Hunterian Society, in 1818. He translated Morgagni's De Sedibus (1761), in 1822, which was re-titled On the Treatment and Causes of Diseases Investigated by Anatomy, Translated, Abridged and Elucidated by Copious Notes. He died in 1873.
Jacob Vale Asbury, of Enfield, Middlesex, became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, and a Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries in 1816. He was surgeon at the Government Union School in Enfield, and at the North Division Metropolitan Police. He was the inventor of an instrument for puncturing the Membrana Tympani, and the inventor and patentee of the Esse in Tuto railway carriage. Asbury published A treatise on epidemic cholera: illustrating a new theory of the disease, on which the principles of a systematic mode of treatment are established (London: Longman, 1833).
John Abernethy was born in Coleman Street, London, in 1764. He was educated at Wolverhampton Grammar school, and at the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to Charles Blicke, surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Abernethy remained at Bart's for the rest of his career, being appointed assistant surgeon in 1787, and promted to full surgeon in 1815. During the 1790s Abernethy published several papers on a variety of anatomical topics. On the strength of these contributions he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1796. Between 1814 and 1817 he served as Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons. Abernethy also offered private lectures in anatomy in a house in Bartholomew Close, near to the hospital. The governors of Bart's then built a lecture theatre within the hospital to accommodate his classes. In 1824 Thomas Wakley, editor of the newly established journal The Lancet, published Abernethy's lectures without his permission. Abernethy sought an injunction but was unsuccessful, and remained resentful about the incident. Abernethy had himself attended the lectures of John Hunter, with whom he was also personally acquainted, and after Hunter's death he professed himself to be the spokesman for Hunter's physiological and pathological views. He died in 1831.
John Abernethy was born in Coleman Street, London, in 1764. He was educated at Wolverhampton Grammar school, and at the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to Charles Blicke, surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Abernethy remained at Bart's for the rest of his career, being appointed assistant surgeon in 1787, and promted to full surgeon in 1815. During the 1790s Abernethy published several papers on a variety of anatomical topics. On the strength of these contributions he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1796. Between 1814 and 1817 he served as Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons. Abernethy also offered private lectures in anatomy in a house in Bartholomew Close, near to the hospital. The governors of Bart's then built a lecture theatre within the hospital to accommodate his classes. In 1824 Thomas Wakley, editor of the newly established journal The Lancet, published Abernethy's lectures without his permission. Abernethy sought an injunction but was unsuccessful, and remained resentful about the incident. Abernethy had himself attended the lectures of John Hunter, with whom he was also personally acquainted, and after Hunter's death he professed himself to be the spokesman for Hunter's physiological and pathological views. He died in 1831.
John Abernethy was born in Coleman Street, London, in 1764. He was educated at Wolverhampton Grammar school, and at the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to Charles Blicke, surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Abernethy remained at Bart's for the rest of his career, being appointed assistant surgeon in 1787, and promted to full surgeon in 1815. During the 1790s Abernethy published several papers on a variety of anatomical topics. On the strength of these contributions he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1796. Between 1814 and 1817 he served as Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons. Abernethy also offered private lectures in anatomy in a house in Bartholomew Close, near to the hospital. The governors of Bart's then built a lecture theatre within the hospital to accommodate his classes. In 1824 Thomas Wakley, editor of the newly established journal The Lancet, published Abernethy's lectures without his permission. Abernethy sought an injunction but was unsuccessful, and remained resentful about the incident. Abernethy had himself attended the lectures of John Hunter, with whom he was also personally acquainted, and after Hunter's death he professed himself to be the spokesman for Hunter's physiological and pathological views. He died in 1831.
Anthony Holbrow studied at St Bartholomew's Hospital, and practised at Stonehouse, Gloucestershire. He became a Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries in 1818, MRCS in 1819, and FRCS in 1862. He died in 1873.
John Abernethy was born in Coleman Street, London, in 1764. He was educated at Wolverhampton Grammar school, and at the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to Charles Blicke, surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Abernethy remained at Bart's for the rest of his career, being appointed assistant surgeon in 1787, and promted to full surgeon in 1815. During the 1790s Abernethy published several papers on a variety of anatomical topics. On the strength of these contributions he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1796. Between 1814 and 1817 he served as Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons. Abernethy also offered private lectures in anatomy in a house in Bartholomew Close, near to the hospital. The governors of Bart's then built a lecture theatre within the hospital to accommodate his classes. In 1824 Thomas Wakley, editor of the newly established journal The Lancet, published Abernethy's lectures without his permission. Abernethy sought an injunction but was unsuccessful, and remained resentful about the incident. Abernethy had himself attended the lectures of John Hunter, with whom he was also personally acquainted, and after Hunter's death he professed himself to be the spokesman for Hunter's physiological and pathological views. He died in 1831.
Sir Everard Home was born in Hull, Yorkshire, in 1756. He was educated at Westminster School, and became a surgical pupil of his brother-in-law John Hunter (1728-1793), surgeon at St George's Hospital, London. Home qualified through the Company of Surgeons in 1778 and was appointed assistant surgeon in the new naval hospital at Plymouth. In 1779 he went to Jamaica as staff surgeon with the army, but on returning to England in 1784 he rejoined Hunter at St George's as assistant. He was elected FRS in 1787, and in the same year he became assistant surgeon at St George's Hospital. In 1790-1791 Home read lectures for Hunter and in the following year he succeeded Hunter as lecturer in anatomy. Home joined the army in Flanders in 1793, but returned just before Hunter's sudden death in 1793. He then became surgeon at St George's Hospital and was also joint executor of Hunter's will with Matthew Baillie, Hunter's nephew. In 1793-1794 they saw Hunter's important work, On the Blood, Inflammation and Gun-Shot Wounds, through the press and in 1794 Home approached Pitt's government to secure the purchase for the nation of Hunter's large collection of anatomical and pathological specimens. After protracted negotiations the collection was purchased for £15,000 in 1799 and presented to the College of Surgeons. In 1806 the collection was moved from Hunter's gallery in Castle Street to form the Hunterian Museum at the new site of the college in Lincoln's Inn Fields. Home was chief curator and William Clift, who had worked with Hunter since 1792, was retained as resident conservator. Clift also had charge of Hunter's numerous folios, drawings, and accounts of anatomical and pathological investigations, which were essential for a clear understanding of the collection. In the years following Hunter's death Home built up a large surgical practice and published more than one hundred papers of varying quality, some very good, mainly in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. The society awarded him its Copley medal in 1807. He gave the Croonian lectures fifteen times between 1794 and 1826. As Hunter's brother-in-law and executor he had great influence at the Royal College of Surgeons where he was elected to the court of assistants in 1801, an examiner in 1809, master in 1813 and 1821, and its first president in 1822. Having, with Matthew Baillie, endowed the Hunterian oration, he was the first Hunterian orator in 1814, and again in 1822. He became Keeper and a trustee of the Hunterian Museum in 1817 and was Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the College from 1804 to 1813, and again in 1821. His Lectures on Comparative Anatomy were published in 1814 with a volume of plates from drawings by Clift. A further volume of lectures followed in 1823 accompanied by microscopical and anatomical drawings by Bauer and Clift. Two more volumes appeared in 1828. This work, although lacking in structure, is an important record of Hunter's investigations, especially the last two volumes. Home drew heavily on Hunter's work in the papers and books which he published after Hunter's death. Before the collection was presented to the Company of Surgeons in 1799 Home arranged for Clift to convey to his own house Hunter's folio volumes and fasciculi of manuscripts containing descriptions of the preparations and investigations connected with them. He promised to catalogue the collection, refusing help, but, despite repeated requests, only a synopsis appeared in 1818. B C Brodie says that Home was busily using Hunter's papers in preparing his own contributions for the Royal Society. Home himself later stated that he had published all of value in Hunter's papers and that his one hundred articles in Philosophical Transactions formed a catalogue raisonée of the Hunterian Museum. Home destroyed most of Hunter's papers in 1823. After his death in 1832, a parliamentary committee was set up to enquire into the details of this act of vandalism. Clift told this committee in 1834 that Home had used Hunter's papers extensively and had claimed that Hunter, when he was dying, had ordered him to destroy his papers. Yet Home, who was not present at Hunter's death, had kept the papers for thirty years. Clift also declared that he had often transcribed parts of Hunter's original work and drawings into papers which appeared under Home's name. Home produced a few of Hunter's papers which he had not destroyed and Clift had copied about half of the descriptions of preparations in the collection, consequently enough of Hunter's work survives to suggest that Home had often published Hunter's observations as his own. Although the full extent of Home's plagiarism cannot be determined, there is little doubt that it was considerable and this seriously damaged his reputation.
Charles Bell was born in Edinburgh, in 1774. He received his medical education from the University of Edinburgh between 1792-1799, attending courses on anatomy, botany, chemistry, and the practice of medicine and clinical lectures at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. He also assisted his brother John, also a surgeon, teaching anatomy and surgery in the Edinburgh extramural school. Charles Bell had a talent for drawing and developed his skills as an artist during this time. While still a student in 1798, he published a System of Dissections, illustrated by his own drawings. He was elected a fellow of the College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1799, and practised at the Edinburgh Infirmary. He published The Anatomy of the Brain, Explained in a Series of Engravings, in 1802. He left Edinburgh for London in 1804. He married Marion Shaw in 1811 and used the money from the dowry to buy a share in the Hunterian School of Medicine, in Great Windmill Street. He was appointed surgeon to the Middlesex Hospital in 1814, and became a member of The Royal College of Surgeons of London. He lectured as Senior Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at The Royal College of Surgeons of London in 1824, and then became a member of Council. He was knighted in 1831. He was appointed Professor of Anatomy, Surgery and Physiology at the London University in 1827. When the University Medical School finally opened in 1828, Bell gave the inaugural speech. There were some difficulties in the new Medical School and in 1830, Bell left to help establish a medical school at the Middlesex Hospital where he conducted his clinical lectures. The school opened in 1835, and Bell was to teach surgery and anatomy. However, at this time, Bell was offered the post of Professor of Surgery at Edinburgh University, which he accepted, returning to Edinburgh in 1836. In 1840 he made a three month tour of Italy to view works of art for one of his publications. He died in 1842.
John Bell was born in Edinburgh, in 1763. Aged 17 he was apprenticed to Alexander Wood, the leading surgeon at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, and attended the lectures of Joseph Black, William Cullen and Alexander Monro secundus. He was admitted freeman surgeon apothecary by the Royal College and Corporation of Surgeon Apothecaries of Edinburgh, in 1786. He began his own practice and also his own programme of lectures. He opened his own lecture theatre in Surgeon's Square, Edinburgh, in 1790. He published a series of textbooks on surgical anatomy and emphasised the practical experience of surgical techniques in training. He had a talent for drawing and produced his own illustrations for his The Anatomy of the Bones, Muscles and Joints (1793-1794) and Discourses on the Nature and Cure of Wounds (1793-1795). He died in Rome in 1825.
William Cheselden was born in Somerby, Leicestershire, in 1688. He probably attended the free grammar school in Leicester. In 1703 Cheselden became apprenticed for 7 years with James Ferne, surgeon in London. He also studied anatomy under William Cowper. He completed his apprenticeship, and passed the final examination of the Barber-Surgeons' Company in 1711. He started a successful course of thirty-five lectures on anatomy, comparative anatomy, and animal economy (physiology), combined with indications for surgical operations, publishing the syllabus in 1711. He was appointed assistant surgeon at St Thomas's Hospital in 1718, and was made a principal surgeon within a year, enabling him to develop his own operative techniques, especially for bladder stone extraction. He was also appointed surgeon for the stone at the Westminster Infirmary and St George's Hospital. His methods had a good record of success. He was made Fellow of the Royal Society in 1711. His reports in the Transactions of the Royal Society included an examination of a skeleton in a Roman Urn at St Albans in 1712, and the restoration of sight in a thirteen year old boy in 1728. Cheselsden, as well as being known for successful lithotomies, was also well known as an eye surgeon. He was appointed surgeon to Queen Caroline in 1727. He resigned his hospital appointments in 1737, to take up the post of resident surgeon in the Royal Hospital, Chelsea. Cheselden was involved in the negotiations towards the separation of surgeons from barbers. He was admitted to the court of assistants of the Barber-Surgeon's Company in 1739, he became an examiner in surgery and by 1744 was renter warden. In 1745 the Company of Surgeons was established with John Ranby as master and Cheselden as senior warden. He died in 1752.
Henry Cline was born in London in 1750. he was educated at Merchant Taylors' School. He was apprenticed to Thomas Smith, surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital, London, and during his apprenticeship he lectured for Joseph Else, lecturer on anatomy at the hospital. Cline obtained his diploma from Surgeon's Hall in 1774, and in the same year attended a course of John Hunter's lectures. Cline became a surgeon to St Thomas's in 1784. He was elected a member of the court of assistants of the Surgeons' Company in 1796. He became an examiner at the Royal College of Surgeons in 1810, and in 1812 resigned his appointments at St Thomas's. He was succeeded as surgeon by his son Henry (d 1820). He became master of the College of Surgeons in 1815, and in 1816 delivered the Hunterian oration, which was never published. He gave the oration again in 1824. In 1823 Cline was President of the College, the title having been changed from that of Master in 1821. He died in 1827.
William Newland was practising as a surgeon at Guildford in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Medical Registers for 1779, 1780 and 1783 all list him under Surgeons and Apothecaries in Guildford, Surrey. Apprenticeship records used by Wallis and Wallis in Eighteenth Century Medics, reveal that William Newland was Master to the following apprentices at Guildford: Richard Chance, 1767; William Parson, 1777; Caleb Woodyer, 1782; and Harry Baker, 1800. Wallis and Wallis also list Newland's practice in Guildford in 1800 as Newlands and Co Mssrs. An apprencticeship indenture held at the Wellcome Library adds James Rymer, 1810 to this list of apprentices of William Newland, and in this case Rymer was also apprencticed to Caleb Woodyer.
John Nichols Shelley was born in 1783. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1805, and was listed as residing in Epsom. He was Assistant Surgeon of the 35th Foot Regiment, in 1805; he was in Egypt in 1807; and he was Surgeon for the Greek Light Infantry Corps, in 1811. He retired on half pay in 1816. He died in Streatham in 1858.
Thomas Appleby was a surgeon at Castleton in the early 19th century. Further biographical information is currently unavailable.
George Ramsey Rodd was a surgeon who resided in Hampstead. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons from 1807-1827. No further biographical information is currently available.
George Ray of Milton near Sittingbourne, was apprenticed to Mr Beckingsall of Sarum (Salisbury), before entering Guy's Hospital in 1815. He was granted his certificate in 1816 and also became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. His last entry in the College membership lists is in 1853. During his career he was Medical Officer for Milton Union, and Union House.
Richard Wilson Brown of Bath, attained the MRCS in 1811, and the FRCS in 1843. He was one of the original 300 members admitted to the Fellowship in 1843. He was surgeon to the Bath United Hospital. He died in 1860.
Alexander Henry Bartlett was born in Ipswich in 1800. He became a student at Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals, where he was dresser to Sir Astley Cooper in 1822-1823. After qualifying he settled in Ipswich, where he was first elected to the Dispensary. He was appointed Surgeon to the Gaol in 1825. He had an important share in the establishment of the East Suffolk Hospital, and headed the poll at the election of surgeons in 1836. He served on the active staff of the Hospital for forty years and then became Consulting Surgeon. He died in 1887.
Possibly John Blackman, surgeon at Goudhurst, who obtained the MRCS in 1824. His last entry in the College membership lists is 1842. No further biographical information is known about John Blackman.
Sir Astley Paston Cooper was born in Brooke Hall, Norfolk, in 1768. He was educated at home. He was articled to his uncle, William Cooper, senior surgeon at Guy's Hospital in London, in 1784. He lived in the house of Henry Cline, surgeon at nearby St Thomas's Hospital, whom he became apprenticed to instead. He became Cline's anatomy demonstrator in 1789, and he shared the lectures on anatomy and surgery with Cline, in 1791. He attended lectures by Desault and Chopart in Paris, in 1792. Cooper taught at St Thomas's and worked in dissections and lectured in anatomy and surgery, during the 1790s. A compilation of notes based on his lectures was published in 1820 titled Outlines of Lectures on Surgery, which went through many editions. From 1793 until 1796 Cooper was also lecturer in anatomy at the Company of Surgeons (after 1800 the Royal College of Surgeons). In 1800 his uncle, William Cooper, resigned as surgeon to Guy's Hospital and Cooper was elected to the post. He was elected professor of comparative anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons in 1813-1815. He became a member of the court of examiners of the college in 1822, and he served as president twice, in 1827 and 1836. He was also a vice-president of the Royal Society, to whose fellowship he had been elected in 1802, and won the society's Copley medal. He was a member of the Physical Society at Guy's. the Medico-Chirurgical Society, and the Pow-Wow, a medical dining club started by John Hunter. He was created a baronet in 1821. He died in 1840.
