Peachey entered the Navy in 1914. He became a midshipman in the KING GEORGE V in 1915 and was present at Jutland. He joined the PRINCESS ROYAL in 1917 and in 1918 became acting Flag-Lieutenant to Vice-Admiral Sir John de Robeck (1862-1928). He became a lieutenant in 1918 and spent several years in China and the Mediterranean before becoming a lieutenant-commander in 1927. After serving in several ships he was promoted to commander in 1933 and then spent some time at the Admiralty. From 1936 to 1938 he was in the ROYAL OAK, Home Fleet, and on the staff of Rear-Admiral L.D.I. Mackinnon (1882-1948). In 1938 he was appointed Operations Officer, Coast of Scotland. He was promoted to captain in 1940 and commanded the DELHI, Mediterranean, from 1941 to 1944. From 1947 to 1948 he was Commodore, Palestine and Levant. He retired in 1950.
The Peace Pledge Union was founded in 1934, initially as a male-only organisation. Women joined from 1936. Members pledged to renounce war. The Peace Pledge Union has also provided for the victims of war such as Basque child refugees from the Spanish Civil War.
The Peabody Trust:
The Peabody Trust has its origins in gifts totalling £500,000 made by an American Citizen, George Peabody, for the benefit of the people of London, the city where he spent much of his adult life. The gift, -which became known as the Peabody Donation Fund - was put into the hands of selected trustees who were to ensure that it should be used to 'ameliorate the condition of the poor' of London. No other stipulations were made, but it was agreed that the provision of cheap, clean housing would best fulfil the intention of the gift. The significance of this gift may be seen in the fact that many claim for Peabody the honour of 'founder of modern philanthropy'. The first housing estate was opened at Spitalfields in 1864 and consisted of 57 dwellings and 9 shops, and today, Peabody estates are an established feature of London life.
The 1830 Housing Society / The Society for the Improvement of the Labouring Classes:
In 1830 Benjamin Wills founded the Labourer's Friend Society. The aim of this society was to promote the granting of small allotments of land to labourers for cultivation in their spare time. Eventually the Society's scope embraced loan funds, clothing clubs and so on. Lord Ashley encouraged the enlargement of the Society into a more powerful body and at a public meeting on 11th May 1844 The Society for the Improvement of the Labouring Classes was formed. Queen Victoria transferred her patronage to this new society which had the Prince Consort as its President and Lord Ashley as a Chairman. The Society declined after 1862 following the completion of the last 'model' as work had been taken over by other organisations in the field. In October 1959, with the grant of a new charter the Society became the 1830 Housing Society, and in 1965 was taken over by the Peabody Trust.
The Westminster Housing Trust Limited:
WHT Ltd was registered as a Public Utility Society for the purpose of erecting 180 flats in Pulford Street, Westminster. The greater part of the site was saved from use for commercial purposes as a result of the activities of the Pulford Street Site Committee. The £32,000 needed for the purchase was almost entirely subscribed by Westminster residents, while grants were made by the Ministry of Health and Westminster City Council. The LCC sold the land below the market price in view of the proposed use of the site. The resulting estate was called the Tachbrook Estate. The WHT was taken over by the Peabody Trust in 1972.
The Polytechnic of Central London (PCL) was designated on 1 May 1970 as a result of the White Paper, 'A Plan for Polytechnics and Other Colleges' (Cmd 3006), published in 1966. This outlined the arrangements for implementing the government's policy for a dual system of higher education, divided by the binary line, first outlined by Anthony Crosland, Secretary of State for Education, in a speech at Woolwich Polytechnic in 1965. The polytechnics in the public sector would provide vocational, professional and industrially-based courses, some for degrees awarded by the Council of National Academic Awards (CNAA), some at sub-degree level, and some to provide a second chance for those who had missed the opportunity for further education on leaving school.
PCL was the result of a merger of Regent Street Polytechnic with Holborn College of Law, Languages and Commerce. The new institution was structured as a limited company, incorporated on 22 April 1970. The memorandum and articles of association (1970) defined the responsibilities and constitutional framework, including the powers of the Court of Governors and of the Academic Council. London polytechnics continued to be funded and to an extent managed by the Inner London Education Authority (ILEA). Degrees were awarded by the Council for National Academic Awards (CNAA) which both validated new courses and carried out a more general quinquennial review of institutions.
By 1970 the plan to turn Regent Street into a tri-partite federal college, first announced by the LCC in 1960, was finally implemented when the buildings on the two new sites at Marylebone Road and New Cavendish Street were finished. At a ceremony on 21 May 1971, Lord Hailsham, Lord Chancellor and grandson and namesake of the founder Quintin Hogg, combined opening the new buildings with the formal presentation of the Instrument of designation to PCL. Marylebone Road housed architecture, building, civil engineering, surveying and town planning, together with a separate block for management studies; electrical and electronic engineering, life sciences, mathematics and physics, and mechanical engineering moved to New Cavendish Street. In the early 1970s the extension building between Riding House Street and Little Titchfield Street was refurbished for the School of Communication, and Languages moved to a newly acquired building in Euston Centre in 1978. The Sidney Webb College of Education was amalgamated with PCL in 1975 and closed in 1980. In 1990 Harrow College of Higher Education merged with PCL.
Between 1970 and 1988 PCL expanded and developed to provide industrial, commercial, professional and scientific education, training and research for students at all levels of higher and technical education. By 1988 there were roughly 5,000 students on full-time and sandwich courses, the majority of whom were following CNAA degree and post-graduate courses; 6,000 students followed part-time and evening courses. PCL ran Europe's largest programme of short courses, with 17,000 people every year engaged in mid-career and personal development. Among a number of innovations was the development of one-year foundation programmes leading to degrees in engineering and science, which were subsequently adopted nationwide as a way of widening participation. Research activity increased. In 1988, PCL was awarded a total value of £3.2 million in external research awards (compared with £30,000 in 1970), although it was excluded from applying for the public research funding available to universities.
The Education Reform Act of 1988 removed polytechnics from the control of local authorities and transferred their funding to a new body, the Polytechnics and Colleges Funding Council (PCFC), which was itself replaced in 1992 when the Higher and Further Education Act created a single Higher Education Funding Council, abolishing the binary line by removing any remaining distinctions between polytechnics and universities. PCL became the University of Westminster in 1992.
In 1988 PCL celebrated the 150th anniversary of its predecessor, the Royal Polytechnic Institution, with a programme of special events. The Polytechnic Institute, representing the sports and social clubs characteristic of Regent Street Polytechnic, continued to function during this period, though its activities declined considerably as pressure for educational use in the buildings increased.
Willliam Condell was a linen draper based on Bond Street, with a country house at Greenford, then outside London in Middlesex.
Payne was a merchant, with premises successively in Lombard Street and Rood Lane, Eastcheap. These accounts were taken over in 1704 by the parish of St Margaret Pattens, after Payne died insolvent in April 1699, and administered by the parish for Payne's widow.
The firm of Pawsons and Leafs Limited, ladies' clothing wholesale warehousemen of 9 St Paul's Churchyard, was formed in 1892 by the amalgamation of Pawson and Company Limited with Leaf and Company Limited.
William Leaf had opened the first wholesale silk warehouse in London in 1780. After its foundation, the firm was known successively as:
Leaf and Howgate;
Leaf and Severs;
Leaf, Son and Coles;
Leaf, Coles, Son and Company;
Leaf, Coles, Smith and Company;
Leaf, Smith, Leaf and Company, and
Leaf, Sons and Company. In 1888 the firm became a limited liability company known as Leaf and Company Limited. It traded from: 110 Fleet Street, 1780-early 19th century; Old Change, early 19th century-1892.
John F. Pawson commenced trading at 5 and 9 St Paul's Churchyard in 1832, dealing in the wholesale supply of textiles, clothing and piece goods. The business traded as: John F. Pawson, 1832-73; Pawson and Company Limited, 1873-92.
Pawsons and Leafs traded from 9 St Paul's Churchyard from 1892 until circa 1964. From circa 1965-8 the firm operated from premises at 32/43 Chart Street, London N1, but appears to have ceased trading some time after 1968.
The Pawnbroking Parliamentary Reform Association was established in Nottingham in 1868 by representatives of the pawnbroking trade from English and Scottish towns in order to draft and promote a parliamentary bill to amend the law regulating pawnbrokers. Its action resulted in the passing of the Pawnbrokers' Act of 1872, which regulated the amount of interest that pawnbrokers could charge, established guidelines and protected pawnbrokers who sold stolen items without knowledge of the theft.
G A Pavlovsky was a PhD student at SSEES in the 1920s.
There were five Devis family artists: Arthur Devis ([1711]-1787), his half-brother Anthony Devis, (1729-1816), the two sons of Arthur, Thomas Anthony Devis (1757-1810), and Arthur William Devis (1762-1822), and Arthur Devis' son-in-law Robert Marris (1750-1827). Arthur Devis was a pupil of Peter Tillemans. He exhibited twenty paintings at the Free Society of Artists, largely portraits, 1762-1780, (he specialised in portraits of landed familes), and also restored Sir James Thornhill's paintings in the hall at Greenwich. Anthony Devis produced largely landscapes. His original work provided material for some of the engravings used by Wedgwood to decorate Catherine the Great's 'Frog Service'. Little is known of Thomas Anthony Devis, and almost none of his work can be identified. Arthur William Devis was appointed draughtsman on the Antelope, in about 1783, and was shipwrecked. He travelled onto Bengal, India, and painted portraits of English society and local people during his stay there, 1784-1795. On his return to England in 1795, he continued his work, including 'The Death of Nelson', 1805 (at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich). He exhibited sixty-five pictures at the Royal Academy during his professional career between 1779-1821. Robert Maris married Arthur Devis' daughter Frances. His work is not well known, but comprises largely landscape drawings. Whilst a young man he lived and travelled with Anthony Devis, who very probably influenced his work.
Sydney Herbert Pavière (1891-1971), was Art Director and Curator, Harris Museum and Art Gallery, Preston, Lancashire, 1926-1959. The collection of Devis family art held by the gallery almost certainly inspired Pavière's interest, leading him to produce a number of publications about them.
Not given.
Charles Ingoldsby Paulet was educated at Eton and at Clare College, Cambridge, before pursuing a military career. He served as MP for Truro from 1792 to 1796. Previously known by the courtesy title of Earl of Wiltshire, Paulet succeeded his father as Marquess of Winchester in 1800. From 1812 until 1837, when the position was abolished, he was Groom of the Stole to the monarch. In 1839, Winchester adopted the surname of Burroughs-Paulet, as specified in the will of Sarah Salusbury (née Burroughs), whose property he inherited.
Denis Paul was an author and philosopher with a strong interest in the philosopher Wittgenstein, on whom he wrote and number of articles and books, and contributed to websites which represented the authors work. Paul was given the job of editing and compiling Wittgenstein's last work after the philosopher's death. He corresponded with many individuals regarding philosophy, including the author Iris Murdoch to whom he wrote for many years, philosopher Isiah Berlin, and members of the Tolkein family.
Not given.
The Patriotic Assurance Company of Dublin was established in circa 1824. It merged with the Sun Insurance Office in 1906.
Patrick Sarsfield Byrne was born on 17 April 1913 in Birkenhead, son of John Stephen Byrne, butcher, and Marie Ann Byrne. He attended St Edward's College, Liverpool, between 1923-1930, having won one of two Birkenhead Town scholarships. In 1930 he won a state scholarship, to study at the University of Liverpool. In 1936 he graduated MB, ChB. During his time at Liverpool he was awarded a gold medal in surgery, won several clinical prizes, and was the first holder of a cup for debating. Byrne never lost his debating skills and in later years this, along with his political awareness, kept him ahead of his colleagues on the many committees on which he sat. After a locum tenens post with Dr Caldwell in August 1936, Byrne became a General Practitioner in Milnthorpe, Westmorland, where he practised until he moved to Manchester in 1968. He continued working as a General Practitioner, although on a much smaller scale due to other commitments, until his retirement in 1978, at the Darbishire House Teaching Health Centre.
Byrne began lecturing at Manchester University Medical School in 1965, and in 1968 became the Director of the newly created Department of General Practice, the establishment of which had been largely Byrne's responsibility. The pioneering work in medical education, initiated in the Department, led his discipline into education and training. He was the first to run courses for general practitioner teachers in 1966, and worked at emphasising the needs of medical teachers themselves. His last book, 'Doctors Talking to Patients' (1976), written jointly with B.E.L. Long, was an extremely significant piece of work which provided a scientific analysis based on a multitude of real consultations in real general practice. At the time the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners predicted that the book would act as a springboard for new discoveries for the doctor/patient relationship. In 1972 he became Chair at Manchester and so the first Professor of General Practice in England. He retired, and was made Professor Emeritus, in 1978.
Patrick Byrne was a founder member of the College of General Practitioners in 1952 (the Royal College of General Practitioners from 1967) and was Chairman and Provost of the North-West England Faculty, between 1966-68 and 1968-70 respectively. He Chaired the Education Committee of Council for six years, between 1964-70, and was subsequently Vice-Chairman of Council, 1965-66, and Chairman of the Board of Censors and Chief Examiner, 1967-73. Byrne served as President of the College from 1973 to 1976.
Byrne was arguably one of the most influential general practitioner authors in the world, producing a proliferation of articles, published in a variety of medical journals, discussing and evaluating the various teaching methods employed at the Department of General Practice. He was a member of the College Working Party which wrote the important work 'The Future General Practitioner - Learning and Teaching' (1972, RCGP). He co-authored several books, including 'The Assessment of Postgraduate Training for General Practice' (1976) and 'The Assessment of Vocational Training for General Practice, Reports from General Practice No. 17' (1976), both with J. Freeman, and 'Learning to Care' (1976), written jointly with B.E.L. Long. In addition to this he co-edited 'A Handbook for Medical Treatment' (1976, Proctor and Byrne) and 'A Textbook of Medical Practice' (1977, Fry et al.).
Byrne was also Chairman of the Working Party of the Leeuwenhorst Group, which had a membership of 11 European countries. The Group's aim was to create a definition of the role of the General Practitioner which would be acceptable to doctors in the eleven countries the group represented, and would serve as a basis for training programmes. The Working Party produced several important statements defining general practice, and more precisely the role of the General Practitioner. The definition has stood the test of time, remaining the best-known one in most European countries. Byrne was also advisor in General Practice to the DHSS in 1972, and took on the role of advisor to the British Council and many foreign governments, advising on medical education and the establishing of Departments or Colleges of General Practice, during his visits abroad.
Byrne received many awards in later life and gave numerous eponymous lectures. He delivered the first William Pickles Lecture at the Royal College of General Practitioners, and the Gale Memorial Lecture, in 1968, and in 1971 gave the W. Victor Johnston Memorial Oration, to the College of Family Physicians of Canada. Byrne was also the first general practitioner to give the William Marsden Lecture at the Royal Free Hospital London, in 1974, whilst in 1975 he was the David Lloyd Hughes Memorial Lecturer at Liverpool.
He was also honoured overseas by the awarding of the Hippocratic medal of the SIMG (International Society for General Practice) in 1963, and the Sesquicentennial medal of the Medical University of South Carolina, 1974. He was made Honorary Fellow of the College of Medicine in South Africa in 1975, and given Honorary Membership of the College of Family Physicians of Canada in 1976. At home he was appointed OBE in 1966, and CBE in 1975.
In 1937 he married Dr Kathleen Pearson, a fellow student from Liverpool University. Between 1938 and 1952 they had 2 sons and 4 daughters. Byrne died suddenly at his home, barely 18 months after he had retired, on 25 February 1980.
Paton and Charles, soap manufacturers, were based at 148 High Street, Bow Common. The company was purchased by D. and W. Gibbs, Ltd, a soap manufacturer established in 1712.
George Lindor Brown was born in Liverpool on 9 February 1903, son of George William Arthur Brown, schoolmaster in Warrington, and Helen Wharram. He attended Boteler Grammar School in Warrington, and entered the University of Manchester on a scholarship to study medicine, where A V Hill, the Nobel Prize winner, was his Professor of Physiology. He took an honours B.Sc. in physiology in 1924, then won the Platt Physiological Scholarship which enabled him to do research with B A McSwiney, earning an M.Sc. (1925). He qualified in Medicine in 1928 (MB, Ch.B Manch.), winning the Bradley Prize and medal for operative surgery. He joined McSwiney as lecturer in physiology at Leeds University in 1928, taking six months' leave to work in Sir C S Sherrington's laboratory at Oxford, and collaborating with J C Eccles. In 1934 Sir Henry Dale offered, and Brown accepted, a post at the National Institute for Medical Research in Hampstead, where he worked with (Sir) John Gaddum and W S Feldberg establishing the cholinergic theory of chemical transmission. In 1942 the Royal Naval Personnel Research Committee was established, and he became involved very successfully with diving and underwater operations, remaining Secretary to the RNPRC until 1949, and then its chairman until 1969. In 1949 he accepted the Jodrell Chair of Physiology at University College London, where he strenghthened the physiology and biophysics departments under (Sir) Bernard Katz and worked with J S Gillespie on adrenergic transmission. He served on various Royal Society committees, becoming Biological Secretary, 1955-1963. In 1960 he accepted the Waynflete chair of physiology in Oxford, becoming a Fellow of Magdalen. He also became a member of the Franks Commission of Inquiry into the working of Oxford University. In 1967 he resigned his chair to be elected Principal of Hertford College Oxford, although he continued with his research group in the pharmacology department. He was responsible for inaugurating the College's major apeal, negotiated two senior research fellowships, and dealt lightly with student restiveness. He married in 1930 Jane Rosamond, daughter of Charles Herbert Lees, FRS, Professor of Physics in the University of London and Vice-Principal of Queen Mary College, and had one daughter and three sons.
William Drummond Macdonald Paton was born in Hendon, London, 5 May, 1917, and died 17 October, 1993. Son of a clergyman, Paton was educated at Winchester House, Brackley, and at Repton. At New College, Oxford, he obtained first class honours in Animal Physiology (1938). He proceeded to study at University College Hospital (UCH) where he qualified as a physician (1942), marrying, in the same year, Phoebe Margaret Rooke.
His subsequent appointments were: Pathologist, Midhurst Sanatorium (1943); Member of Scientific Staff, National Institute for Medical Research (1944-52); Reader in Applied Pharmacology, UCH (1952-54); Vandervell Chair of Pharmacology, Royal College of Surgeons, London (1954-59); Professor of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, and Fellow of Balliol College (1959-84).
Other offices held include: Secretary of the Physiological Society (1951-57); Chairman, MRC Committee on Non-Explosive Anaesthetic Agents (1960-69); Member of the Medical Research Council (1963-67); Member of the Council of the Royal Society (1967-69); Delegate of the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1967-72); Chairman, MRC Working Party on Biochemical and Physiological Aspects of Drug Dependence (1968-75); Chairman, Editorial Board, British Pharmacological Society (1969-74); President, Institute of Animal Technicians (1969-74); Member, Central Advisory Council for Science and Technology (1970-71); Chairman, Committee on the Scheme for the Suppression of Doping in Horse-Racing (1970-71); Chairman, Research Defence Society (1972-77); Member, (Hunter) Independent Scientific Committee on Smoking and Health (1978-79). In addition, Paton served as a Rhodes Trustee from 1968, and as a Wellcome Trustee from 1978. From 1953, Paton was consultant and adviser to the Director of Naval Physical Research, and was appointed as Civil Consultant in Underwater Physiology to the Navy in 1978, retiring from the role in 1982 on attaining the age of 65 years.
Amongst his many honours and awards were: FRS (1956), JP (1956), CBE (1968), FRCP (1969), FFARCS (Hon) (1975), and Knight bachelor (1979). He shared the Cameron Prize (1956) and the Gairdner Foundation Award (1959) with Eleanor Zaimis for their work on methonium compounds, and received the Gold Medal of the Society of Apothecaries (1979).
George Paterson matriculated at Leyden University in 1763.
Pataling Rubber Estates Limited was registered in 1920 to reconstitute Pataling Rubber Estates Syndicate Limited (registered in 1903) and to acquire estates on the Klang River near Kuala Lumpur, Malaya. Harrisons and Crosfield Limited (CLC/B/112) acted as secretaries from 1903.
Pataling Rubber Estates Limited acquired Pernambang Rubber Estates Limited (in 1933), Ulu Ayer Tawar Company Limited (1936), Anglo Malay Rubber Company (1952), Bikam Rubber Estate Limited (1952), Strathisla (Perak) Rubber Estates Limited (1956) and Jugra Land and Carey Limited (1959/60). In 1977 the company became resident in Malaysia for tax purposes, and was acquired by Harrisons Malaysian Estates (CLC/B/112-079). In April 1982 it became a private company.
Pataling Royalties Limited: This tin company was registered in 1933 to take over the tin interests of Pataling Rubber Estates Limited, previously leased to a local company for tin dredging, near Klang River, Malaya.
Manuel Andrade y Pastor was born in Mexico in 1809 and qualified as a surgeon and physician in Mexico in 1831-1833. He travelled to study in Paris in 1833-1836. On his return to Mexico he was appointed Director of the Hospital of Jesus. In 1838 he was made Director of the Escuela Nacional de Cirugía, which was incorporated later that year into the Establecimiento de Ciencias Médicas founded in 1833. He held the chair of anatomy here until his death in 1848.
Pasteur's research on fermentation and rabies led to his discovery that most infectious diseases are caused by germs, the 'germ theory of disease'. He invented pasteurisation and his work became a key influence on developments in bacteriology and microbiology as well as in gerenal medical practise; The Pasteur Institute was founded in 1887 by Louis Pasteur; Louis Pasteur's grandfather was Jean Henri Pasteur, and his aunt Jeannette Pasteur, were both of Vuillafans, near Besançon. A cousin, Maximien Buchon, was of Salins; Magnan family correspondence includes letters Marie and Louise Pasteur, Jules Raulin, Eugène Magnan, and Mathilde Magnan (afterwards Fournery); Jules Raulin (1836-1896), was Pasteur's first assistant, afterwards Sous-Directeur of Pasteur's Laboratoire de Chimie Physiologique at the Ecole Normale and Professor of Chemistry at Lyons. 1862-84 and n.d; Louis Pasteur's assistant Fernand Boutroux, was the brother of Jeanne Pasteur; Henry Debray (1827-1888) and Eugène Viala were also assistants to Pasteur; Jules Vercel was a school friend of Pasteur's from Arbois.
Pasteur's research on fermentation and rabies led to his discovery that most infectious diseases are caused by germs, the 'germ theory of disease'. He invented pasteurisation and his work became a key influence on developments in bacteriology and microbiology as well as in gerenal medical practise; The Pasteur Institute was founded in 1887 by Louis Pasteur; Louis Pasteur's grandfather was Jean Henri Pasteur, and his aunt Jeannette Pasteur, were both of Vuillafans, near Besançon. A cousin, Maximien Buchon, was of Salins;
Magnan family correspondence includes letters Marie and Louise Pasteur, Jules Raulin, Eugène Magnan, and Mathilde Magnan (afterwards Fournery); Jules Raulin (1836-1896), was Pasteur's first assistant, afterwards Sous-Directeur of Pasteur's Laboratoire de Chimie Physiologique at the Ecole Normale and Professor of Chemistry at Lyons. 1862-1884 and n.d; Louis Pasteur's assistant Fernand Boutroux, was the brother of Jeanne Pasteur; Henry Debray (1827-1888) and Eugène Viala were also assistants to Pasteur; Jules Vercel was a school friend of Pasteur's from Arbois.
Mary Ward:
Mary Ward was born Mary Augusta Arnold in June 1851. Her father Thomas Arnold was a school inspector, the son of Dr Thomas Arnold, headmaster of Rugby school, and brother of Matthew Arnold the poet. In July 1871 Mary married journalist Humphry Ward. They had three children: Dorothy (1874-1964), Arnold (1876-1950) and Janet (1879-1956). From the 1880s Mary began to establish herself as a writer and journalist: her novel Robert Elsmere was published in 1888. It was a bestseller and secured Mary's reputation, earning her a £7000 advance on her next book. Mary Ward continued to write throughout her life, producing novels as well as works of a religious nature including biblical criticism. She also went on lecture tours (including in America, where she befriended Theodore Roosevelt) and devoted much time to philanthropic causes. In 1904 her daughter Janet married the historian G.M Trevelyan. From June 1908, and to much opposition from friends and family, Mary agreed to become the head of the Women's Anti-Suffrage Association, who campaigned against the suffragette movement. She began to produce anti-suffrage fiction which was not successful. During the First World War her reputation was improved by her contribution to the war effort. She was asked by Roosevelt to produce propaganda to be sold in America: England's Effort (1916) is credited with helping to involve the United States in the war and was followed by two more books. In 1919 Mary Ward was made a CBE and in 1920 was asked to become one of the country's first woman magistrates. However, over work caused her health to deteriorate, and she died in March 1920.
The Settlement:
Mary Ward's highly successful novel Robert Elsmere featured a young Anglican priest undergoing a spiritual crisis, who eventually decides that if faith is to be effective it must meet the needs of the community through good works; in his case through involvement with the "New Brotherhood", a settlement in the East End of London. The idea caught the attention and conscience of many readers and inspired much debate. Mary Ward was encouraged to attempt to found a Settlement which would give practical expression to the ideas in her novel, along the lines of the Toynbee Hall in East London. She began to raise funds for the project. Premises in Gordon Square were rented and named the "University Hall Settlement", with the aim of providing "improved popular teaching of the Bible and of the history of religion", and to secure for residents of the Hall "opportunities for religious and social work".
There were some religious disagreements among the residents of the Hall and in 1891 a small group secured a separate building east of Tavistock Square, called Marchmont Hall. They ran programmes and clubs for local men and boys, including talks, debates and concerts. To Mary Ward's disappointment, these clubs proved more popular than the Biblical and religious lectures at University Hall, and she decided to launch an appeal to provide a more spacious building which could accommodate the activities of both institutions. In 1894 John Passmore Edwards, a publisher and philanthropist, offered a considerable sum towards the building of a new Settlement. The Duke of Bedford, who owned most of the land in the Bloomsbury area, was approached and agreed to grant land on Tavistock Place, which was considered suitable as it was on the edge of an area of great poverty, Saint Pancras. Architects Dunbar Smith and Cecil Brewer won a competition to provide the design of the building and construction began in 1896. The building was opened in February 1898, named the Passmore Edwards Settlement after its main benefactor. In her speech at the opening of the Settlement Mary Ward defined its purpose as providing "education, social intercourse, and debate of the wider sort, music, books, pictures, travel". She continued: "it is these that make life rich and animated, that ease the burden of it, that stand perpetually between a man and a woman and the darker, coarser temptations of our human road".
In 1899 the Settlement expanded to include one of England's first day schools for the physically disabled, the Invalid Children's School. Mary Ward was heavily involved in the movement to provide greater care for the disabled, including the provision of better meals and training for employment. In 1902 the Settlement opened a Vacation School, a holiday club intended to keep children off the streets and occupied during the summer. This idea developed into after school clubs, called Evening Play Centres. Both Mary Ward and her daughter Janet were campaigners for the provision of after school activities, and persuaded the Board of Education to provide grants to such organisations, so that by the 1930s around 40 such play centres were open across London. Similarly, both Mary Ward and her daughters were involved in the appeal to preserve part of Coram's Fields, the site of the Foundling Hospital, as a children's playground. The Settlement also ran very popular youth clubs for teenagers.
During the First World War the Settlement was used by Belgian refugees and the Red Cross. A School for Mothers was founded which aimed to provide pre and ante natal advice; and was complemented by a nursery. The Settlement also became involved in the training of teachers and social workers, domestic economy classes, and help for the unemployed.
Mary Ward died in 1920 and in 1921, with the agreement of Passmore Edwards' family, the name of the Settlement was changed to the Mary Ward Settlement (changed to the Mary Ward Centre in around 1970). In the same year a Dramatic Arts Centre was formed at the Settlement, which developed into the St Pancras People's Theatre and the Tavistock Little Theatre. From the 1930s a greater emphasis began to be placed on the provision of adult education and training courses. In the 1940s a Legal Advice Centre was opened, providing legal aid, and later financial advice, to those on lower incomes.
In the 1930s the Settlement felt that the increasing gentrification of the Tavistock Place area meant that their original purpose of outreach to the poor was not being met. It was decided to sell the lease of Mary Ward House and move to a new Centre in South Islington, which was considered a area of greater social deprivation. The Second World War interrupted these plans and the move did not take place. The monies made from selling the lease became the South Islington Mothers and Babies Fund, providing grants to mothers in need living in the South Islington area. The Settlement also supported the Elizabeth Whitelaw Reid Youth Club in Islington.
The Settlement was then put in the position of renting back what used to be its building, and found that rents were increasingly too expensive. For a period between 1960 and 1980 the main part of Mary Ward House was rented by the National Institute for Social Work Training; while the Centre sub-let rooms in the former Cripple School at 9 Tavistock Place. The arrangement was unsatisfactory and cramped, and in 1982 the Centre made a deal with the London County Council to move into nearby 42/43 Queen Square, in the former Stanhope Institute.
In 1990 the Mary Ward Centre was declared a 'Special Designated Institution' by Act of Parliament. Mary Ward Legal Centre was set up as separate subsidiary charity of the Settlement and moved to nearby Boswell Street. The Mary Ward Education Centre has been given Beacon status as recognition of the high standard. The Centre runs a wide variety of adult education course and community outreach programmes.
In 1897 the foundations of Saint Michael Bassishaw were severely damaged when the crypt was cleared of human remains; the church was demolished and the parish united to the parish of Saint Lawrence Jewry the same year.
William Barnes Passmore was Churchwarden of St. Michael Bassishaw.
No information was discovered at the time of compilation.
Alderman Partridge entered St Thomas's Hospital. London, as a pupil in 1812.
PartiZans are a campaign group who aim to raise awareness of the affect mining and other related industial practices have on local communities (especially indigenous populations) lations) and environments.
Born, 1854; educated at Rugby; read law and qualified as a solicitor, but never practised; voyage in the Pacific, 1879-1881, where he visited Fiji, Tonga and Samoa and collected a large number of artefacts - he thus became interested in ethnography; worked as a supernumerary in the Ethnological Collections of the British Museum; second Pacific voyage, 1895; died, 1930.
Publications:
An Album of the Weapons, Tools, Ornaments, Articles of Dress of the Natives of the Pacific Islands, Drawn and Described from examples in public and private collections in England
1911-1914 Demonstrator in Zoology, Birkbeck College London
1914 B.Sc London
1914-1918 Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
1918 Awarded Gedge Prize for essay 'On the Reaction of the Blood in the Body'
1919 Michael Foster Studentship
1919-1925 Demonstrator in Physiology, University of Cambridge
1921-1922 Acting Professor of Physiology, St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School
1923 Fundamentals of Biochemistry in Relation to Human Physiology
1925-1927 Assistant Professor for Medical Research (Biophysics), McGill University, Montreal
1927-1929 Working under Professor Krogh in Copenhagen
1929 Returns to teaching and supervising physiology in Cambridge
1930 The Materials of Life
1934 Lectures, Reading and Examinations
1939-1945 Civilian Lecturer to HM Forces
1948-1954 Professor of Physiology, University College of Ibadan, Nigeria
1954 Part-time Lecturer in Physiology, Regent Street Polytechnic and Chelsea College.
Born, 1851; studied physical science, chemistry and engineering at Trinity College, Dublin; partner, Kitson & Co, Leeds; took an active role in the development of the Yorkshire College (later University of Leeds), 1880-1887; partner of J F La Trobe Bateman, 1887-1889; Engineer, Congested Board of Ireland, 1893-1895; Engineer, Consolidated Waterworks Company of Rosario, and Montevideo Waterworks Company; Director, Mersey Railway Company; Treasurer and Deputy Chairman, Delegacy of King's College University of London; Governor, Imperial College, 1915-1923; died, 1923.
Publications: include: On the working of Punkahs in India as at present carried out by coolie labour, and the same operation effected by machinery (London, 1878).
Rev. Harry Parsons was born on 26 November 1878 in Barnstable and entered the Ministry of the Bible Christian Church in 1899. He served in China from 1902 to 1926. He married Edith Bryant on 24 April 1906 in Yunnanfu. In 1907 the Bible Christian Church united with other sections of Methodism to form the United Methodist Church. He died on 8 July 1952.
Edith Annie Kate Parsons was born on 13 December 1876 near Tiverton. She and Harry Parsons were engaged in 1899 and the Bible Christian Church subsequently accepted her as a lay missionary. She sailed for China in 1904. The Parsons had three children, Elsie, born in Zhaotong in 1910 and the twins, (Richard) Keith and (Philip) Kenneth, born in Zhaotong on 17 September 1916.
Both Philip Kenneth Parsons and Richard Keith Parsons became ordained ministers of the Methodist Church, who served at home and overseas. Philip Kenneth served in the Hupeh Central China District, 1940-1946, South West China District, 1946-1950, and later in Kenya, 1953-1965. Richard Keith served in Hupea District, China, 1942-1950, and later as Educational Secretary, United Christian Council, Sierra Leone District, 1953-1958.
From c.1904, Rev. and Mrs Parsons and Rev. Samuel Pollard (also a missionary in Yunnan with the United Methodist Church) went to live among the Hua Miao tribe at Shimenkan, 25 miles east of Zhaotong. They learnt the Hua Miao language and used a simple phonetic script to reduce it to writing. Philip Kenneth and Richard Keith Parsons continued this work with the Hua Miao language. In 1949, they were approached by Mr Wang Ming-ji regarding the possibility of their compiling a Hua Miao-English Dictionary. Wang Ming-ji had already done a considerable amount of work in grouping Miao words written in the Pollard script, and the Parsons translated and annotated these words and phrases.
Frederick William Parsons was born on February 9 1908. After studying Classics at Marlborough College, he went to Magdalen College, Oxford, where he gained a first class honours degree in Classical Moderations. He entered the Colonial Administrative Service in the early 1930's and spent 13 years in the northern provinces of Nigeria. In 1946, Parsons was appointed as Lecturer in Hausa at the School of Oriental and African Studies, assisting the Reverend George Percival Bargery in the provision of language training for colonial officials. He was appointed Reader in Hausa in 1965, a position he held until he retired in 1975. He is universally recognised as the pivotal figure in Hausa linguistic studies during the post-Second World War period. He died in 1993.
Parsons is probably best known for his influential publications on the Hausa verbal system: Afrika und Ubersee 44(1): 1-36, 1960; Afrika und Ubersee 55(1/2): 44-96; Afrika und Ubersee 55(3): 188-208, 1971/2; Journal of African Language, 1(2): 253-72, 1962, and also on the operation of grammatical gender: African Languages Studies, 1960/61/63, 1: 117-36, 2: 100-24, 4: 166-207. His earlier (1959) translation into Hausa of the Northern Nigerian Penal Code is also widely recognised as an outstanding piece of scholarship.
Publications on Parson's work include Writings on Hausa Grammar: the Collected Papers of F. W. Parsons (Graham Furniss & Ann Arbor, ed., University Microfilms, 1981), and Studies in Hausa Language and Linguistics (Graham Furniss & Philip J. Jaggar ed., Kegan Paul International, London, 1988).
Frederick Gymer Parsons was born 1863. He was educated at St Thomas's Hospital, obtaining DSc London, FRCS, FSA. Parsons served as Demonstrator and Lecturer at St Thomas's Hospital; Lecturer at London School of Medicine for Women; Hunterian Professor at Royal College of Surgeons; Senior Warden, Apothecaries' Hall; Examiner at the University of Oxford, Cambridge, Aberdeen, London, Birmingham, National University of Ireland, University of Wales, Royal College of Physicians, Royal College of Surgeons, Apothecaries Hall, and other bodies; President Anatomical Society; Vice-Pres. Royal Anthropological Institute; President Section H British Association.
He was appointed Research Fellow in Anthropology at St Thomas's Hospital; late Professor of Anatomy, University of London; Lecturer at St Thomas's Hospital and at Bethlem Royal Hospital. Parsons was also editor of the St Thomas Hospital Gazette. He married Mary Parker (died 1915), He died on 11 March 1943.
Publications: The History of St. Thomas's Hospital, Methuen & Co: London, 1932-1936.
Specialist in tropical medicine, serving with the RAMC in western and southern Africa in the early 1900s; author of a chapter on Malaria in The Practice of Medicine in the the Tropics edited by W Byam and R G Archibald, 1922 (London: Henry Frowde and Hodder and Stoughton) and Report on encephalitis lethargica: being an account of further enquiries into the epidemiology and clinical features of the disease, including an analysis of over 1,250 reports on cases notified in England and Wales during 1919 and 1920, together with a comprehensive bibliography of the subject with contributions by A Salusbury MacNalty and J R Perdrau, 1922 (London: HMSO).
Born in Santos, state of Sao Paolo, Brazil, 1919; attended medical school, Rio de Janeiro, 1936-1943; worked in anaesthetic medicine in Brazil; intern in Chicago, USA, 1946; anesthesia residency, Madison, Wisconsin, under Ralph Waters, 1946-1948; returned to Santos and worked there, 1948-1952; returned to Madison, 1952-1954; worked in Sao Paolo from 1954; returned to Madison, 1963; returned to Sao Paolo and worked there until he retired; involved in organising the Third World Conference of Anaesthesiology, Sao Paolo, 1964; member of the World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists (WFSA) Committee on Education and Scientific Affairs, 1964; elected to WFSA Executive Committee, 1972; Vice-President, WFSA, 1980; President, WFSA, 1984.
Sir (William) Edward Parry: b 1790; entered Royal Navy 1803; Lt 1810; in 1818 he commanded the ALEXANDER, a hired brig under the orders of Captain John Ross in his expedition to the Arctic; in 1819 he was appointed to the HECLA, in command of an expedition to discover the north-west passage; promoted Commander, 1820 and Captain 1821; led a further three expeditions to the Arctic, 1821-1825; Hydrographer to the Admiralty, 1825; led a further expedition to the North Pole, 1827, reaching further north than any previous expedition; knighted 1829; Commissioner, Australian Agricultural Company, 1829-1834; Assistant Poor-Law Commissioner in Norfolk, 1835-1836; controller of steam department of the Navy , 1837-1846; Captain-Superintendent, Haslar Hospital, 1846-1852; Rear Admiral, 1852; Lt Governor of Greenwich Hospital, 1853; died 1855.
The Australian Agricultural Company was established by charter in 1824, with a grant of one million acres in New South Wales, and the object of breeding fine-woolled sheep and employing a large number of convicts. The directors of the company appointed Robert Dawson as chief agent, and appointed a local committee to supervise him. Dawson chose Port Stephens, an inlet about 100 miles from Sydney for the Company's grant. In time much of this land was pronounced unsuitable for sheep and Dawson was dismissed. Sir William Edward Parry was appointed Commissioner in 1829, with the task of finding better grazing land, and to arrange for the exchange of at least part of the grant.
Sir Hubert Parry, born Bournemouth, 27 Feb 1848; educated Twyford School, near Winchester, Eton College; B Mus, 1866; read law and modern history, Exeter College, Oxford; studied in Stuttgart with Henry Hugo Pierson, 1867; worked at Lloyd's of London as an underwriter; took lessons with William Sterndale Bennett and Edward Dannreuther; composed works for piano for concerts at Dannreuther's home during the 1870s; engaged by George Grove as sub-editor for the Dictionary of Music and Musicians, to which Parry contributed more than 100 articles; appointed by Grove as Professor of Musical History, Royal College of Music (RCM), 1883; during the 1880s created four symphonies and a symphonic suite and an unsuccessful attempt at opera; the success of his ode 'Blest Pair of Sirens' brought commissions from provincial festivals for choral music, including 'Judith' (1888), 'Ode on St Cecilia's Day' (1889), 'L'Allegro ed Il Pensieroso' (1890), 'The Lotos-Eaters', (1892), 'Job' (1892) and 'King Saul' (1894); worked with Robert Bridges for the Purcell bicentenary on the ode 'Invocation to Music', 1895; composed a setting of the Magnificat in celebration of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, 1897; succeeded Grove as Director of the RCM, 1895; knighted, 1897; collaborated with Bridges on 'A Song of Darkness and Light' (1898); appointed Heather Professor of Music, Oxford, 1900 (held until 1908); created a baronet, 1902; composed 'ethical oratorios' 'Voces clamantium' (1903), 'The Love that Casteth out Fear' (1904), 'The Soul's Ransom' (1906), 'The Vision of Life' (1907); composed settings for Dunbar's 'Ode on the Nativity' (1912) and Bridges' 'The Chivalry of the Sea' (1916), and the motets 'Songs of Farewell' (1914-1915); died Rustington, Sussex, 7 October, 1918. Publications: these include, as well as his numerous articles for journals and for the Grove Dictionary, Studies of Great Composers (London, 1886); The Art of Music (London, 1893; enlarged as The Evolution of the Art of Music, London, 1896); Summary of the History and Development of Mediaeval and Modern European Music (London, 1893); Johann Sebastian Bach: the Story of the Development of a Great Personality (New York and London, 1909); Style in Musical Art (London, 1911) [collected Oxford lectures].
No information was discovered at the time of compilation.
Parr was born on 14 June 1849 and entered the Royal Navy in 1863. He served in the 1875-1876 Arctic Expedition under Captain Sir George S Nares, and was promoted to Commander. In 1882, he participated in the Egyptian War (3rd Class Medjidie). Parr became a Captain in 1887, acted as Aide-de-Camp to Queen Victoria, 1900-1901, and was promoted to Rear-Admiral in 1901. From 1903-1905 he served as Vice-President of the Ordnance Committee, also gaining the rank of Vice-Admiral in 1905. Parr retired from the Navy in 1906, and was made Admiral (retired list) in 1908. He died on 20 February 1914.
Sir John Parnell (1744-1801), Chancellor of the Irish Exchequer, was a student of Lincoln's Inn 1766, and a bencher at King's Inns, Dublin, 1786. From 1761 to 1768 he was MP for Bangor in the Irish Parliament, and for Inistioge 1776-1783. He became Chancellor of the Irish Exchequer in 1785. He opposed the liberal policy of the English government, and in consequence of his opposition to the Union was removed from his post in 1799. In 1801 he entered the first parliament of the United Kingdom as MP for Queen's County.
By his will dated 29 February 1682, Thomas Parmiter, silk merchant of Bethnal Green, directed that, after the death of his wife, his property should be vested in trustees who were to build six almshouses and a free school on the waste of Bethnal Green. Elisabeth Parmiter died in 1702 and on 7 April 1705 an order in Chancery instructed the trustees to carry out the provisions of the will. Unfortunately the income of the charity, which derived from farms at Withersfield and Clare in Suffolk, proved insufficient. A bequest from the first treasurer, Thomas Lee, of £100 and of a £10 rent charge to be paid each year by the Dyers Company, together with the gift by Mrs Elizabeth Carter of a site in St John Street and an annual rent charge of £10, allowed for the erection of the almshouses and school. The first almsmen were admitted in 1722 and the school opened in the same year. By 1730 thirty boys were being educated.
The financial position of the charity was assured by the purchase in 1722 of four and a half acres of land on Cambridge Heath with a loan from Edward Mayhew. The rents from this land provided the greater part of the charity's income until the sale in 1870 of most of the land to the Great Eastern Railway Company for £27,000. Part of the remainder was occupied by Chandler's Wiltshire Brewery in Hackney Road. The Governors subsequently purchased freehold land in Lewisham, which was sold again in 1921, and ground rents in Ilford.
The original school and almshouses were compulsorily purchased by the Eastern Counties Railway in 1838. A new school and almshouses designed by Sir William Tite were built in Gloucester Street, later renamed Parmiter Street. The charity benefitted from several bequests at this period, most notably from a legacy of £500 from Peter Renvoize who was Treasurer of the Charity from 1794 with one short break until his death in 1842.
By the 1870s 70 boys aged between 8 and 14 were being educated at Parmiter's School. The trustees decided to rebuild the school and purchased a site in Approach Road, near Victoria Park. The Charity Commissioners insisted that there should be a new scheme to regulate the Charity whereby two thirds of the income should be allocated to the school. The school was to offer a wider education for boys aged mostly from 7 to 16. There was to be an entrance examination and fees would be charged, but forty foundation scholarships were to be reserved for boys from Bethnal Green. Despite strong opposition from the trustees, the scheme was approved on 13 May 1884. The Charity Commission hoped that when funds permitted a girls' school should be provided, but this never happened.
The old school closed in 1885 and the new school opened in Approach Road in September 1887, initially for about 150 boys. From 1889 it received grants from the London County Council who in 1894 secured the right to appoint representative governors and from 1913 awarded scholarships to the School. The School was extended in 1898 and in 1920 land was purchased in Highams Park, Walthamstow to provide a sports ground.
In February and March 1913 fresh schemes for Parmiter's Foundation were approved by the Board of Education and the Charity Commission. These split the Foundation into three, the School Branch, the Almshouses and Charities Branch, and the Estates Branch. The trustees of the Estates Branch were representatives of both the other two sections and, as before, two thirds of the income were to be paid to the school and one third to the almshouses and pensioners.
On the outbreak of war in September 1939 the school was evacuated to North Walsham in Norfolk. From there it moved to Leek in Staffordshire in June 1940. Meanwhile the school buildings were used to accommodate the NE London Emergency School for Boys under the headship of a teacher from Parmiter's School. The school reopened in Approach Road on 8 September 1943. After the passing of the 1944 Education Act the governors applied for and were granted Voluntary Aided Status.
From 1965 to 1968 the Governors were involved in a fierce and successful fight against proposals to amalgamate Parmiter's School with St Jude's Church of England Secondary School and to make it comprehensive. In 1981 Parmiter's School moved out of London and is now situated at New High Elms, Watford. The school buildings in Approach Road are now occupied by Raine's Schools Foundation, the records of which have also been deposited here (Acc 1811).
When the school moved to Approach Road in the 1880's, the almshouses in Parmiter Street remained in use. The old school house was converted to an additional alsmshouse. From the early 19th century pensions were given to elderly residents of Bethnal Green as well as to the occupants of the almshouses. At one time only men were admitted to the almshouses and, on the death of their husbands, widows were forced to leave and lost their pensions. To alleviate this hardship Mrs Jemima Thomas left £200 in 1854 to establish a Widows Fund.
The almshouses were destroyed by a V2 bomb in February 1945 and the site was sold to the London County Council in 1959. Pensions continued to be paid, and in 1952, the trustees of Parmiter's Almshouse and Pension Charity were made responsible for administering the Bethnal Green Philanthropic Pension Society.
The Parliamentary Recruiting Committee (PRC), was set up following the outbreak of war in August 1914. This was a cross-party organisation chaired by the Prime Minister, Herbert Asquith. It utilised the party infrastructure in parliamentary constituencies to support recruitment - party activists were called upon to distribute leaflets, and organise rallies, processions and public meetings. The PRC commissioned some 200 posters, mostly published before the introduction of conscription, Jan 1916. In Jul 1915, the PRC became the Parliamentary War Savings Committee.
According to the History of the County of Middlesex: "Small areas of the waste and village greens were inclosed from the early 16th century onwards. By 1700 there is evidence that the old pattern of open-field arable cultivation was being replaced by inclosure for pasture and hay farming. ... A further 700 acres were inclosed in 1835 under an Act of 1825, and the transition to large-scale hay farming continued slowly".
From: 'Northolt: Introduction', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4: Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood with Southall, Hillingdon with Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow with Pinner (1971), pp. 109-113. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22426&strquery=clos. Date accessed: 25 August 2010.
A History of the County of Middlesex notes that "in the Middle Ages most of [Stanwell] lay in open fields, but nearly all the land west of Stanwellmoor and that around Hammonds Farm was inclosed by the mid-18th century. Borough Field, to the north and west of the manor-house, and another small field nearby were inclosed in 1771 by the lord of the manor, when he diverted a footpath across them away from his house. Most of the area south of Stanwell and West Bedfont villages remained open until 1792. ... The remaining open fields and commons were inclosed in 1792, and orchards and marketgardens began to spread over the parish in the second half of the 19th century".
From: 'Stanwell: Introduction', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3: Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell, Sunbury, Teddington, Heston and Isleworth, Twickenham, Cowley, Cranford, West Drayton, Greenford, Hanwell, Harefield and Harlington (1962), pp. 33-36. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22238&strquery=clos Date accessed: 25 August 2010.