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Born 1903; educated Queen's University, Canada; Queen's University Travelling Fellowship at Harvard University, USA, 1926-1927; Sir George Parkin Scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge University, 1927-1929; Rockefeller Fellowship, Berlin University and Freiburg-im-Breisgau University, Germany, 1929-1930; Instructor in History and Tutor, Harvard University, 1930-1936; successively Assistant, Associate and Professor of History, Queen's University, Canada, 1936-1946; Guggenheim Fellowship to the USA, 1941; Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve, 1942-1945; Lecturer and Reader in History, Birkbeck College, University of London, 1946-1948; Rhodes Professor of Imperial History, King's College London, 1949-1970; Member of Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, USA, 1952; Kemper Knapp Visiting Professor, University of Winsconsin, USA, 1961, and University of Hong Kong, 1966; Visiting Professor of Strategic Studies, University of Western Ontario, 1970-1972; Visiting Montague Burton Professor of International Relations, University of Edinburgh, 1974; Fellow of King's College London, 1981; died 1988.

Publications: A concise history of Canada (Thames and Hudson, London, [1968]); A concise history of the British Empire (Thames and Hudson, London, 1970); Britain and Canada (London, 1943); British policy and Canada, 1774-1791 (Longmans and Co, London, 1930); Canada: a short history (Hutchinson's University Library, London, 1950); Empire of the North Atlantic: the maritime struggle for North America (University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1950); Great Britain in the Indian Ocean: a study of maritime enterprise 1810-1850 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1967); Imperial finance, trade and communications 1895-1914; In defence of the ivory tower (New Brunswick, 1967); Le development de l'Union Britannique (1958); Peculiar interlude: the expansion of England in a period of peace, 1815-1850 (University of Sydney, Sydney, 1959); Sea power and British North America, 1783-1820 (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1941); The politics of naval supremacy: studies in British maritime ascendancy (University Press, Cambridge, 1965); editor of The Walker Expedition to Quebec, 1711 (Toronto and London, 1953); Tide of Empire: discursions on the expansion of Britain overseas (McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal and London, 1972); editor of West African History series (Oxford University Press, London, 1958-); editor of The Navy and South America, 1807-1823 (London, 1962); The China Station: war and diplomacy 1830-1860 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1978); The Royal Navy in the War of American Independence (HMSO, London, 1976).

Born 1914; educated Furnstin Bismarck School, Berlin, Germany, and Bedford College, Cambridge, 1935-1939; postgraduate student, 1939-1941, and Amy Lady Tate postgraduate student, 1941-1943, Bedford College, Cambridge; Supervisor, Newnham College, Cambridge, 1942-1945; part-time Assistant Lecturer, Queen Mary's College, Cambridge, 1942-1946; Assistant Lecturer, 1946-1949, and Lecturer, 1949-1951, University College London; part-time teaching at King's College London, 1954-1957; Lecturer, 1957-1965, and Reader, 1965-1975, at King's College London; Professor of German at King's College London, 1975-1979.

Publications: Goethe: portrait of the artist (Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1977); Goethe: schauen und glauben (Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York, 1988); Heinrich von Kleist. Word into flesh: a poet's quest for the symbol (Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1977); Goethe and Lessing: the wellsprings of creation (Paul Elek, London, 1973); Schiller: a master of the tragic form. His theory in his practice (Duquesne University Press, Pittsburgh, [1975]; Schiller's drama: talent and integrity, (Methuen, London, 1974).

Mrs Graham lived in Harrow and then Maidenhead.

Sir James Robert George Graham was born in Cumberland in 1792. He was educated at Westminster School and at Christ Church, Oxford. He succeeded to his father's baronetcy in 1824. He originally entered parliament in 1818 as MP for Hull, later serving as MP for St Ives, Carlisle, Cumberland, East Cumberland, Pembroke, Dorchester and Ripon, before becoming MP for Carlisle for a second time. Originally a Whig, he became First Lord of the Admiralty under Earl Grey; in 1837 he joined the Conservatives and subsequently served as a cabinet minister under Sir Robert Peel, Lord Aberdeen and Lord Palmerston; as a Peelite he often voted with the Liberals/Whigs in the House of Commons.

Graham became professor at Andersonian University, Glasgow, 1830-1837, and at University College, London, 1837-1855. He was Master of the Mint, 1855 to his death. For further information see the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

Thomas Graham was born in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, and studied medicine at Edinburgh University from 1835 (MD 1838). In 1841 he was appointed an assistant naval surgeon by the Board of Admiralty, serving initially at Melville Hospital, Chatham, then aboard HMS Warspite in home waters, in the Atlantic, American waters, and the Mediterranean between 1841 and 1846. In that year he was commissioned as assistant surgeon of HMS Madagascar, serving mainly in the west of Ireland, where he took a prominent part in assisting the relief of distress during the Famine. In 1849 he was commissioned with the same rank to HMS Hastings, based in Hong Kong, travelling out to meet her aboard the troopship Apollo. In March 1850 he was promoted surgeon, to serve on HMS Phlegethon at Whampoa (now Huangpu), but died a few weeks later on 13 July 1850 from malaria. He is buried on Dane's Island, near Canton (Guangzhou).

A large number of Grahams companies, registered in Glasgow, were trading individually in Glasgow and elsewhere, including Portugal and India, as early as the late 18th century. Grahams Trading Company Limited, however, was incorporated on 29 July 1924, as general merchants and manufacturers all over the world, with a registered office at 7 St Helen's Place, EC3. It was an amalgamation of several of the older Grahams companies and the newly acquired "Portuguese companies". The latter, Abelheira Paper Mills Limited, Boa Vista Spinning and Weaving Company Limited and Braco de Prata Printing Company Limited, had all begun in the late 19th century and were registered in Glasgow but traded in Portugal through William Graham and Company, William and John Graham and Company, and William Graham Junior and Company, who acted as their agents and held title to the real estate in Portugal.

The Portuguese business of Grahams Trading Company Limited was held through West European Industries Limited. In 1947, the "Portuguese companies" went into voluntary liquidation, and the various mills and factories were gradually closed down and sold off in the 1950s. Grahams Trading Company Limited was taken over by Camp Bird Limited in 1957 and went into voluntary liquidation in 1960.

A large number of Grahams companies, registered in Glasgow, were trading individually in Glasgow and elsewhere, including Portugal and India, as early as the late 18th century. Grahams Trading Company Limited, however, was incorporated on 29 July 1924, as general merchants and manufacturers all over the world, with a registered office at 7 St Helen's Place, EC3. It was an amalgamation of several of the older Grahams companies and the newly acquired "Portuguese companies". The latter, Abelheira Paper Mills Limited, Boa Vista Spinning and Weaving Company Limited and Braco de Prata Printing Company Limited, had all begun in the late 19th century and were registered in Glasgow but traded in Portugal through William Graham and Company, William and John Graham and Company, and William Graham Junior and Company, who acted as their agents and held title to the real estate in Portugal.

An assets company was also formed in 1924, known as the Reserved Assets Company Limited. Its registered office also was 7 St Helen's Place. It was wound up in 1936 on the reduction and reorganisation of the capital of the trading company. West European Industries Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary, was incorporated on 26 March 1930. Its registered office was 7 St Helen's Place, moving to 5 St Helen's Place in 1947. The Portuguese business of Grahams Trading Company Limited was held through West European Industries Limited. In 1947, the "Portuguese companies" went into voluntary liquidation, and the various mills and factories were gradually closed down and sold off in the 1950s. Grahams Trading Company Limited was taken over by Camp Bird Limited in 1957 and went into voluntary liquidation in 1960.

Born, Birmingham, 1797; educated in medicine by his father Edward Grainger, a surgeon of Birmingham; student at the united hospitals of St Thomas's and Guy's, 1816; dresser to Sir Astley Cooper; opened an anatomical school at St Saviour's Churchyard, Southwark, 1819; the school was successful, rivalling the hospital schools, and soon after opening moved to larger premises; built a theatre in Webb Street, 1821; joined by Dr John Armstrong and Richard Phillips, a chemist, 1821; built a larger theatre, and had nearly three hundred pupils, 1823; died from consumption at 26, 1824.

Publications include: Medical and Surgical Remarks; including a description of a ... method of removing Polypi (London, 1815)

'World in Action', produced by Granada Television, is one of Britain's longest running current affairs programmes. First launched in 1963, World in Action was the first weekly current affairs programme in Britain to pioneer pictorial journalism on film and to risk taking an independent editorial stance. Guyana achieved independence in 1966, the 1968 General Election was won by the People's National Congress, led by Forbes Burnham.

World in Action, produced by Granada Television, is one of Britain's longest running current affairs programmes. First launched in 1963, World in Action was the first weekly current affairs programme in Britain to pioneer pictorial journalism on film and to risk taking an independent editorial stance.
British settlement in Rhodesia began in the 1830s, and Cecil Rhodes' British South Africa Company assumed control in 1890s. Britain took over administration from the Company in 1923 and granted self-government to white colonists. Southern Rhodesia federated in 1953 with Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland with a view to achieving independence as a unified country. The Federation dissolved in 1963, and the three constituent countries pursued separate paths to independence. Britain rejected independence for the white Southern Rhodesia regime 1964, and the government unilaterally declared independence (UDI) in 1965 as Rhodesia. British colonial rule was briefly reimposed in 1979 in order to achieve a settlement, and independence was granted in 1980 under black majority rule as Zimbabwe.

In 1986, Granada Television Ltd screened a series of four programmes on the history and current state of Apartheid in South Africa. The four parts covered successive periods of time, and each was individually produced.

Work on the Grand Junction Canal was begun in 1793, to provide a london link with the rest of the UK canal system. The construction was overssen by William Jessop as Chief Engineer, and the Chairman of the Company was William Praed. The Canal opened as a through route in 1805, though sections of it had been opened earlier. In 1929 the Grand Junction Canal merged with the Regent's Canal and the Warwick Canal to become the Grand Union Canal Company.

The Grand Junction Water Works Company was incorporated in 1811 to exercise the water supply rights vested in the Grand Junction Canal Company by virtue of their Act of 1798. The original source of supply was the canal itself which was fed by the rivers Colne and Brent. Following an agreement between the Grand Junction and Regent's Canal companies and the water company for an exchange of water, an intake and pumping station by the Thames were constructed for the water company in 1820. The intake pipe for drawing water from the river was unfortunately laid almost opposite the mouth of the Ranelagh sewer (or Westbourne Brook). This was pointed out in a pamphlet called "The Dolphin" in 1827. This caused a considerable outcry and a campaign led by Sir Francis Burdett, M.P. for Westminster, resulted in the appointment of the first Royal Commission to inquire into the quality of the water to be supplied by the metropolitan water companies. It was not until 1835, however, that powers were granted to open a new intake at Brentford, near Kew Bridge. A pumping station there containing a beam engine by Maudslay, and a thirty inch main five and a half miles long to carry the water to Paddington were completed in 1838. This was the first long trunk main to be laid by any of the companies.

The Paddington works were abandoned in 1845 when a new reservoir was completed on Campden Hill, Kensington. In the same year slow sand filtration on similar lines to that used at the Chelsea waterworks was introduced at the Kew Bridge works.

In conformity with the Metropolis Water Act of 1852 the company again moved their intake, this time to Hampton where deposit reservoirs and a pumping station were completed in 1855. Additions were made to the Hampton works during the remainder of the century and in 1882 the company began to filter part of the supply there, thus relieving the Kew Bridge works.

A large open reservoir for filtered water was inaugurated on Hanger Hill, Ealing, in 1888. Acts of 1852, 1861 and 1878 enlarged the area of supply and by the turn of the century the company's boundary stretched from Mayfair to Sunbury.

In 1904 the functions of the Grand Junction Water Works Company were assumed by the Metropolitan Water Board following the Metropolis Water Act 1902.

The Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of England was also known as the Antient Grand Lodge of England. It was founded in 1751 as a rival to the Premier Grand Lodge of England. In 1813 the two lodges united to form the United Grand Lodge of England.

The Grand Order of Israel Friendly Society was inaugurated by Henry Angel and friends on 9 September 1896. Their aim was "to establish a Lodge in every town and city where our co-religionists reside". Membership involved a permanent allegiance to the Jewish cause and service for one's co-religionists and believed that co-operation among Jewish people helps to foster the Jewish conscience and one's obligation to fellow Jews by supporting Communal Institutions and endeavours.

In 1901 17 lodges had been established (13 in London and 4 in the provinces) with 1,856 members and funds totalling £2,733. By 1914 there were 81 lodges, 9,474 members and funds totalling £23,425.

The Grand Order of Israel became the first Jewish approved Society in the country after the introduction of the National Insurance Act in 1912 and full time staff were appointed. London was the centre of activity for the Order but lodges were set up in all the large cities of Great Britain and Ireland. During the two World Wars the Order gave assistance to 'aliens' and succour to refugees. The Order was the first Jewish Approved Society under the National Health Insurance Scheme. At the time of the merger with the Order Shield of David in 1935 there were 54 lodges, 5,871 members and funds totalling £59,000

The Order Shield of David was established in 1896 and was originally known as the Hebrew Order of Druids. By 1903 it had ten lodges in London. The first General Secretary was Frank W Woolf who held the post for more than 30 years. In 1913 the Order Shield of David became an approved Society under the National Insurance Act 1912. At the time of the merger with the Grand Order of Israel there were 41 lodges, 3,578 members and funds totalling £19,000.

The Grand Order of Israel and the Order Shield of David merged in 1935. Details of the merger were agreed at conferences in 1932 and formally confirmed on 26 August 1934. Branksome Dene Convalescent Home was opened in 1951 in Bournemouth. Members were given two weeks at the home to recover from serious illness or after hospital treatment. The stay was covered by the benefit paid by the member. It closed after 30 years and instead members received grants from the Convalescent Fund.

The 'Messenger' was established in the early 1950s was a means of communicating with Order members and increase the profile generally in the Jewish community. The Messenger was replaced by 'Achov' which was published twice a year.

The introduction of the National Health Act resulted in a decline in membership as the National Health Service provided for the medical needs of people. The Order adapted to the changing needs of its members and the focus turned to social activities, which has lead to an increase in membership. The Society ran a number of schemes from which members and their dependents benefited. These include death and sickness funds, the private patients scheme and the holiday scheme. The Order also ran a number of social events and conferences including the annual dinner and ball, quiz evenings and the annual conference.

List of Grand Masters:

Grand Order of Israel:-
1896 - 1904 H Goodman
1904 - 1907 S Ginsberg
1907 - 1910 I Kutner
1910 - 1913 P M Phillips
1913 - 1917 M Levy
1917 - 1919 H Chesney
1919 - 1922 E Goldman
1922 - 1925 J Smith
1925 - 1928 E Moss
1928 - 1934 E Goldman
1931 - 1932 A J Jacobs
1932 - 1934 J Goldberg

Order Shield of David:-
1896 - 1906 H Harris
1906 M Appleby
1906 - 1907 C F Isaacs
1907 - 1910 J W Coevorden
1910 - 1917 H Harris
1917 - 1920 M Clapper
1920 - 1923 M Goldberg
1923 - 1926 J P Grossman
1926 - 1927 A Lazarus
1928 - 1931 A Ogus

Grand Order of Israel and Shield of David Friendly Society:-
1935 E Goldman
1935 - 1936 J Goldberg
1936 - 1939 J Wilks
1939 - 1942 J Slutsky
1942 - 1949 J F Sager
1949 - 1951 S Cohen
1951 - 1952 L L Tobin
1952 - 1954 J Solomons
1954 - 1955 L L Tobin
1955 - 1957 Dr K Jessel
1957 - 1958 M Simms
1958 - 1959 Dr K Jessel
1959 - 1961 L Davis
1962 - 1964 M Simms
1964 - 1965 L Davis
1965 - 1966 H C Goodman
1966 - 1969 J Brand
1969 - 1971 J Gold
1972 - 1974 W Phillips
1975 - 1979 B Steel
1979 - 1982 N Bloom
1982 - 1985 J Sampson
1985 - 1988 M Levine
1988 - 1990 S Cross
1990 - 1993 M Birnbaum
1993 - 1996 D Collins.

Secretaries of the Orders:

Grand Order of Israel:-
A Harries 1897 - 1915
E Moss 1916 - 1920
J Solomon 1921 - 1934.

Order of Shield of David:-
H Richland 1896 - 1897
F Woolf 1897 - 1930
M Lipton 1930 - 1934.

Grand Order of Israel and Shield of David:-
J Solomon 1935 - 1948
A Richmond 1948 - 1953
J Solomon 1953 - 1959
M Pliskin 1960 - 1978
J Lindsey 1978 - 1981
S Merrin 1981 - 1984
R Meth 1984 - 1993
R Salasnik 1993.

The Grand Surrey Canal was the chief London canal south of the Thames, extending from Surrey Commercial Docks to Camberwell and was originally intended to go as far as Mitcham when it was first authorised in 1801. Ralph Dodd was the first engineer and the entrance lock into the Thames was opened in 1807. The canal's use for transport ceased in 1836 and it became a line of wharves. The company combined with the Commercial Docks Company to take over Surrey Commercial Docks in 1864, but in 1908 it was transferred to the Port of London authority who closed it in 1971 when it was subsequently drained.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

Born Georgetown, Guyana, February 1944, educated at St Joseph's RC, Sacred Heart and Ituni Government Schools, and at St Stanislaus College; analyst in the Demerara Bauxite Company, Guyana; moved to Britain in 1963; employed as a railway clerk, then enrolled at Tottenham Technical College, 1965-67, studied Mining Engineering at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, 1967-1969; international telephonist, including work for the Union of Post Office Workers, 1969-1978; full time Area Officer for NUPE, responsible for its local authority and health workers, 1978-1981; helped establish the Black Trades Unionists Solidarity Movement (BTUSM), and worked for it, 1981-1984; joined the Tottenham Labour Party, 1973; elected a councillor, 1978; Leader of Haringey Council, London, 1985, and in this position achieved national recognition during the disturbances on Broadwater Farm Estate in 1985; elected to Parliament in 1987 as one of the first Black MP's in modern times; founded the Parliamentary Black Caucus, and took up a leading role in establishing contacts with black people and politicians throughout the world; accompanied the Reverend Jesse Jackson to South Africa, greeting Nelson Mandela on the day of his release in 1990; Chairman of the All Party Group on Race and Community, and of the British Caribbean Group; member of the Select Committee on International Development, 1997, and the Home Secretary's Race Relations Forum, 1998; founded the Standing Conference on Racism in Europe in 1990; established the Africa Reparations Movement in Britain; founded the Global Trade Centre, 1995; died, 2000.

F W G Grant, Shoreham Pilot and Captain, born 8th March 1905, at Southwick, Sussex, son of Frederick Grant (born 1866, discharged Ebenezer in 1890) and Ellen Grant (formerly Sayers). His Father was a Trinity House Pilot licensed for the London Outports District of Shoreham-by- Sea, Sussex. Captain FWG Grant was appointed a Trinity House Pilot. A former master of the Tug "Harold Brown" owned by the Shoreham Harbour Trustees in 1971. Mr Grant had a varied life as a deck boy before qualifying as a master.

The depositor was the grand-daughter of Feodor Schweitzer, the subject of some of the documents. The family came to Great Britain, 1938-1939. The relationship of the individuals referred to in the earlier documentation to the depositor is unknown. It appears that one of the depositor's ancestors was a court photographer in Berlin in the 1860s.

Peter Dundas Grant worked for the Government Medical Service, Tanganyika (Tanzania), 1954-1962.

Robert Grant was born in Edinburgh on 11 November 1793. He was educated at Edinburgh High School and at the University of Edinburgh, graduating M.D. in 1814. From 1815 to 1820 Grant studied medicine and natural history in Paris and at many continental universities. He returned to Edinburgh in 1820 and devoted himself to natural history. In 1824 he gave lectures on comparative anatomy of the invertebrate for his friend Dr John Barclay, and he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He believed in the transformation of species and the Darwinian theory of natural selection. Charles Darwin was his intimate companion in study. Grant wrote numerous original papers during this period. In June 1827 he was elected Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Zoology at University College London and became absorbed in teaching for the next 46 years. He also lectured at other institutions. In 1836 he became a fellow of the Royal Society. Grant died on 23 August 1874 at the age of 80.

Robert Grant was born in Edinburgh on 11 November 1793. He was educated at Edinburgh High School and at the University of Edinburgh, graduating M.D. in 1814. From 1815 to 1820 Grant studied medicine and natural history in Paris and at many continental universities. He returned to Edinburgh in 1820 and devoted himself to natural history. In 1824 he gave lectures on comparative anatomy of the invertebrate for his friend Dr John Barclay, and he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He believed in the transformation of species and the Darwinian theory of natural selection. Charles Darwin was his intimate companion in study. Grant wrote numerous original papers during this period. In June 1827 he was elected Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Zoology at University College London and became absorbed in teaching for the next 46 years. He also lectured at other institutions. In 1836 he became a fellow of the Royal Society. Grant died on 23 August 1874 at the age of 80.

These case cards of patients first seen for vascular disease of the heart (VDH) between 1919-1921, were brought together by R D Grant for his study of this condition. The results of his research were published in Heart, Vol VI, June 1933, as 'After histories for 10 years of 1000 men suffering from heart disease: study in prognosis'. It is said that it was for this work that Grant became an FRS: for further biographical details see Who's Who.

Grant, son of an Aberdeen merchant, entered naval service as a clerk in 1778. In 1794 he was appointed to the LUTINE as Purser, and in 1795 to the DIDO. Two years later he was appointed to the GOLIATH and was present at the Battle of the Nile. In 1799 he applied for an exchange to home service for health reasons and returned with the GOLIATH at the end of the year. He remained in England until 1801 when he rejoined his ship and went to the West Indies. His health became so bad that he was invalided back to England.

Not known

Grant, Chambers and Company were tobacco brokers of 37 Fenchurch Street.

African Guyanese-born Cyril Ewart Lionel 'Cy' Grant served as a Flight Lieutenant Navigator in the Royal Air Force (RAF) in the Second World War, later becoming a barrister, actor, singer/songwriter, artistic director, broadcaster, writer, multi-ethnic arts community organiser and activist.

He was born on 8 November 1919, Beterverwagting, British Guiana (which later became Guyana) the son of Reverend Henry William Wadsworth Grant and Ann Marion Bayley (of Antigua) who had married in Barbados in 1910. His father was a Moravian Minister and his wife also known as 'Annie' and 'Annabelle', taught some music. For further details on the family see LMA/4709/F/01/02/005 and LMA/4709/J/05/009.

Cy Grant paid his own way to Britain in 1941 to serve as a Flight Lieutenant and Navigator in the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War. On his third mission in 1943, Cy Grant's plane was shot down over Netherlands [Holland]. Cy Grant was captured and spent the following two years as a Prisoner of War in Germany.

By the 1950s Cy Grant was living in London and initially trained to become a barrister. He was called to the Bar in 1951, however he unfortunately failed to secure his desired job at this time. Cy decided to pursue a career in acting, first on stage and then on screen. In the early 1950s he successfully auditioned and toured with Laurence Olivier's Festival of Britain company. Throughout his career he had many stage and screen highlights including 'Man from the sun' with Errol John in 1956, 'Sea Wife' with Richard Burton and Joan Collins in 1957, 'Home of the Brave' in 1957, playing the lead role in Othello in 1965 and he voiced Lieutenant Green in the show 'Captain Scarlett and the Mysterons' from 1967. Later in his career he turned back to stage acting and created a one man performance of Aime Cesaire's poem 'Return to my native land' at the National Theatre in 1976, subsequently touring the show for a further 2 years.

While Cy Grant pursued his career in acting, it was his singing that really made him a household name. He became the first Black person to appear regularly on British television, appearing regularly on the 'Tonight' show singing topical calypsos, from 1957 and continued to tour his own live music show for many years after.

In 1956 his press advertisement stated 'Cy Grant stage, films, cabaret, radio and television records'.

He campaigned for human rights and against colonialism. In the 1970s Cy Grant wanted to encourage a positive change for black actors and artists in Britain. Together with John Mapondera, he created Drum Arts Centre Limited in 1974. The organisation championed black playwrights and actors and led to residencies in venues such as the Institute of Contemporary Arts and the Commonwealth Institute. In 1978 Cy decided to stand down as director of Drum and set his sights on his next venture. In the 1980s Cy Grant focused on promotion of artists in all minority ethnic groups, which led to the creation of Concord Festival Trust in 1981. This organisation delivered 22 cultural festivals across the United Kingdom until 1985.

In the later years of his life, Cy Grant dedicated himself to spirituality and writing. His first book 'Ring of Steel: pan sound and symbol, was published in 1999. His memoir of his Prisoner of War experience 'A Member of the Royal Air Force of Indeterminate Race' followed in 2007, and 'Blackness and the Dreaming Soul' in 2007 and his poetry collection 'Rivers of Time' in 2008.

Cy Grant had a son, Paul from his first marriage. In 1956 Cy Grant married secondly Dorith Kastner and had three children Dana, Dominic and Samantha (Sami) Grant.

Cy Grant died on 13 February 2010 at University College Hospital, London.

Cuthbert Grasemann (d 1962) was a railwayman who rose to be Public Relations Officer of the Southern Railway, and later of the Southern Region of British Railways. He had a particular interest in the cross-channel ships and was co-author, with G.W.P. McLachlan, of English Channel Packet Boats (1939).

Born 1903; commissioned into Royal Engineers as 2 Lieutenant, 1923; attached to Bengal Sappers and Miners, Roorkee, India; Lieutenant, 1925; worked on the placement of airfields in Burma, 1929-1930; Captain, 1934; assisted in the reconstruction of Quetta, India, after earthquake, 1935-1939; Major, 1940; served with Gazelle Force in Eritrea, 1940; served in Paiforce, Iraq and Saudi Arabia, 1941-1944; Commander, Royal Engineers (CRE) at Kineton, UK; Gibraltar and Minden, Germany, 1944-1952; Lieutenant Colonel, 1949; Chief Engineer, Rheindahlen project, Germany, 1952-1955; retired with rank of Honorary Colonel, 1955; died 1997.

Beatrice Mary Graves (-1950) née Leake was the daughter of Robert Leake MP of The Dales, Whitefield, Lancashire. In 1882 she married the Hon W Spencer Paget Graves, a Commander in the Royal Navy, and was widowed in 1909. She was, from 1910, Honorary Treasurer of the London Society for Women's Suffrage. She died in 1950.

Born in Dublin, 1806; undergraduate at Trinity College, Dublin; distinguished himself in science and classics; a contemporary and friend of Sir William Rowan Hamilton; researches respecting exponential functions led him to important results, 1826; graduated BA, 1827; printed in the Philosophical Transactions the discovery of two arbitrary and independent integers in the complete expression of an imaginary logarithm, and considered it a solution for various difficulties that had perplexed mathematicians, believing that he had elucidated the subject of the logarithms of negative and imaginary quantities, 1829; removed to Oxford and became an incorporated member of Oriel College, 1830; entered the King's Inns, Dublin, 1830; MA, Oxford, 1831; MA, Dublin, 1832; called to the English bar as member of the Inner Temple, 1831; for a short time went on the western circuit; since his mathematical conclusions were not at first universally accepted by contemporaries such as Sir John Herschel, he communicated to the British Association a defence and explanation of his discovery, supported by Sir William Rowan Hamilton's paper published in the British Association's Report, 1834; corresponded for many years with Hamilton, also interested in algebraical science and imaginaries, who communicated his discovery of quaternions to Graves first of all, and acknowledged his debt to his friend for his stimulus in 1843; Graves continued his mathematical investigations; stimulated Sir William Rowan Hamilton in the study of polyhedra, and received from him the first intimation of the discovery of the icosian calculus; contributed various papers on mathematical subjects to the Philosophical Magazine, London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and others, 1836-1856; member of the committee of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; elected a member of the Royal Society, 1839; subsequently sat on its council; Professor of Jurisprudence, University College London, 1839-1843; elected an examiner in laws in the University of London; twelve lectures on the law of nations were reported in the Law Times from 1845; a member of the Philological Society and of the Royal Society of Literature; appointed an assistant Poor Law Commissioner, 1846; appointed a poor-law inspector of England and Wales, 1847; died, 1870. Publications: articles on Roman law and canon law for the Encyclopædia Metropolitana; articles in Sir William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography (3 volumes, London, 1844-1849), including lives of the jurists Cato, Crassus, Drusus, Gaius, and an article on the legislation of Justinian; various scientific papers.

John Thomas Graves was born in Dublin in 1806. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and Oriel College, Oxford. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1831 and practised law for several years until his appointment as Professor of Jurisprudence at University College London in 1839; in the same year he was made a fellow of the Royal Society. He became a poor law commissioner in 1846. Alongside his legal research, Graves was an acclaimed mathematician and a collector of mathematical books, pamphlets and manuscripts. On his death, his library of some 15,000 items was bequeathed to University College London.

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is a literary fraud alleging a Jewish and Masonic plot to achieve world domination. The writing has been revealed to be originally an antisemitic, and subsequently an anti-Zionist, plagiarism and hoax first published in 1903 in Russian, in Znamya.

Graves was promoted to commander in 1709 and captain in 1713 In the summer of 1711 he was in command of the WINCHESTER for a few months. From 1711 to 1714 he commanded the DUNWICH, stationed mainly in home waters but was sent in 1713 to take news of the conclusion of the Treaty of Utrecht to Bermuda and the American colonies He was unemployed from 1714 to 1728, in which year be took command of the ASSISTANCE, guardship, at Plymouth In 1733 he was appointed to command the SWALLOW and the next year was with Sir John Norris (c 1670-1749) at the Tagus. In 1738 he was Captain of the PRINCESS LOUISA and in November of the same year commissioned the NORFOLK. In 1740 he was sent to the West Indies and took part in the attack on Cartagena. Still in the NORFOLK, he was ordered to the Mediterranean in 1742 where he transferred to the MARLBOROUGH. After 1743 he had no further service and became a rear-admiral in 1747.

See Sub-fonds level descriptions for biographical histories.

Graves was the second son of Rear-Admiral Thomas Graves and first cousin to Admiral Samuel Graves (1713-1787) He was with his father in the NORFOLK at the attack on Cartagena in 1741 and went with him to the Mediterranean and transferred into the MARLBOROUGH in 1742. In 1743 he was appointed Lieutenant of the ROMNEY and was present at the action off Toulon in February 1744. In 1746 he was in the PRINCESSA at the attack on L'Orient and he then served in the MONMOUTH under Anson and Hawke in the Channel. Between 1751 and 1754 he made two voyages to Africa. In 1754 he was given command of the HAZARD in home waters. He was made a captain in 1755 and appointed to the Sheerness, but in 1757 was court-martialled for refusing an engagement with an enemy ship, which appeared to be of superior force, and sentenced to be reprimanded. Graves was appointed to the UNICORN in 1758 and served in the Channel under Anson and Rodney. In 1761, as Captain of the ANTELOPE, he was Governor and Commander-in-Chief, Newfoundland. On his arrival he found there had been a French invasion and he organized a relief expedition which drove them from the island. On his return home he was made Captain of the TEMERAIRE in 1764 and in 1765 was sent to the west coast of Africa to investigate charges of maladministration in the British forts. He served as Member of Parliament for East Looe, January to May, 1775. In 1778 he commanded the CONQUEROR in North America and the West Indies, returning home the next year on his promotion to rear-admiral when he served as second-in-command of the Channel Fleet. He was sent to America as Commander-in-Chief in 1780 and led the British fleet at the action off the Chesapeake in March 1781 which resulted in the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. Graves sailed for home from the West Indies in 1782 but lost several ships in a storm He was made a vice-admiral in 1787 and in 1788 Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth. He hoisted his flag in the CAMBRIDGE in 1790. In 1793 he was appointed second-in-command of the Channel Fleet under Lord Howe. He was promoted to admiral in 1794. He was raised to the Irish peerage for his part in the battle of the First of June 1794 but received a wound which forced him to give up his command and he saw no further service.

Born 2 Oct 1911; educated at King Edward VII School, Sheffield; Bachelor of Laws (LLB Honours), 1932, and Master of Laws (LLM), 1933, University of Sheffield; Gregory Scholar in International Law, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1934; awarded Harvard Doctorate of Juristic Science, 1936; Assistant Lecturer, King's College London, 1938; served with the Royal Army Service Corps, 1940-1946; PhD (Laws), University of London, 1941; called to the Bar by Gray's Inn, 1945; Reader in English Law, University College London, 1946-1947; Professor of Law, King's College London, 1947-1974; LLD, University of London, 1951; Dean of the Faculty of Laws, University of London, 1951-1954, 1972-1974; Dean of the Faculty of Laws, King's College London, 1951-1970; LLD, University of Sheffield, 1955; Master of the Bench of Gray's Inn, 1965; Queen's Counsel, 1966; Commander of the Order of the British Empire, (CBE), 1972; Professor of Private International Law, King's College London, 1974-1978; retired, 1978, Professor Emeritus of Private International Law; died 5 January 1991.

Publications: Examination note-book of the English legal system, including a history of judicial institutions (Sweet & Maxwell, London, 1939); The conflict of laws (Sweet & Maxwell, Stevens & Sons, London, 1948) (7th edition, 1974); Cases on the conflict of laws (Sweet & Maxwell, Stevens & Sons, London, 1949); Status in the common law (Athlone Press, London, 1953); A century of family law (1857-1957) with Francis Roger Crane (Sweet & Maxwell, London, 1957); The comparative evolution of principles of the conflict of laws in England and the USA (1960); Comparative aspects of the general principles of private international law (1963); Law: an outline for the intending student (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1967); The Uniform Laws on International Sales Act 1967 with E. J. Cohn and Diana Graveson (Butterworths, London, 1968); Problems of private international law in non-unified legal systems (1975); One law: on jurisprudence and the unification of law (North-Holland Publishing Co, Amsterdam, Oxford, 1977); Comparative conflict of laws (North-Holland Publishing Co, Amsterdam, Oxford, 1977); general editor of Problems in private international law (1977).

Benjamin Gray was a watchmaker and clockmaker, of Pall Mall (in 1727).

Dr. Edward Whitaker Gray (1748-1806) was a doctor who was also appointed curator of the natural history collections at the British Museum.

An extensive search in Ruskin's Diaries and in various Lives has failed to reveal the identity or place of residence of 'Dr. Gray'; he is presumably related to the Dr. Gray of the diploma, and is perhaps a relation of Ruskin's wife, Euphemia Gray.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

John Temperley Gray was ship's surgeon to the P and O Company.

Mary Rogers, was born on 11 Jan 1854, near Wokingham, Berkshire, the daughter of John Rogers and his wife Elizabeth Alnut. In 1876, she married Willie Gray, a stonemason. She joined the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) in 1890, and is credited with founding the first Socialist Sunday School at Battersea. Her daughter Florence Gray, was born 1879.

Born in Rockferry, Birkenhead, England, 1883; trained at Didsbury theological college; ordained as a Wesleyan Methodist minister; served the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society at Chipembi, northern Rhodesia (later Zambia), 1910-1915; chaplain to the armed forces, 1915-1917; returned as missionary to northern Rhodesia, 1917; instrumental in the development of Chipembi mission station and its circuit, although his treks in the Luano Valley did not result in permanent missionary endeavour there owing to shortages of money and manpower; served the Selukewe, Salisbury, Broken Hill, Lusaka, Nambala and Kafue circuits; reduced the language of the Bene-Mukuni to writing, translating part of the Bible and producing a vernacular hymnbook; began the first girls' secondary school in northern Rhodesia at Chipembi, 1928; supernumerary from 1951; subsequently served at Chingola; MBE; married, firstly, Louie (née Barrett) and, secondly, Dorothy Mabel Christian (née Hicks); died, 1963. Publications: articles and books on missionary subjects.

Born, 1850; educated at Rugby; Ceylon Civil Service, 1871-1875; joined the Hakluyt Society, 1877; called to the Bar, 1879; Council of the Hakluyt Society, 1887; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1892-1928; Chancellor of the Diocese of Ely, 1894; Counsel of the Chairman of Committees at the House of Lords, 1896-1922; President of the Hakluyt Society, 1908-1926; member of the RGS Council, 1912; Inner Temple Bencher, 1914; died,1928.

Publications: The Voyage of François Pyrard de Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas, and Brazil translated by Albert Grey, assisted by H.C.P. Bell (1888)

The firm was established in 1865 by Sir William MacKinnon (founder of British India Steam Navigation Company, W. MacKinnon and Company, and MacKinnon, MacKenzie and Company) as a merchant partnership for Archibald Gray, his nephew and Edwin Sandys Dawes. Its shipping agency, charter and insurance work included handling the regular passenger and cargo traffic of British India Steam Navigation Company in London, though before the First World War its activities on behalf of the Company were rather overshadowed by the Glasgow firm W. MacKinnon and Company.

Among secretarial and management activity, it represented, from 1873, the British India Underwriters' Association, formed to insure British India Steam Navigation Company vessels and those of the associated Netherlands Steam Navigation Company. It acted as a confirming house for Smith, MacKenzie and Company and Binny and Company inter alia, and purchased stores for them. During the 1920s, it also acted as buying and selling agent for the Mesopotamia Persia Corporation Limited.

The partnership invested in several firms subsequently associated with the Inchcape group (see introductory note to the Inchcape Group for details of formation of the group, CLC/B/123), among them the Australasian United Steam Navigation Company, Gray, Paul and Company, Gray, MacKenzie and Company, Smith, MacKenzie and Company, and Gibb, Livingston and Company. In c 1900 James Lyle MacKay, the future first Earl of Inchcape, became a partner, and by 1922 Lord Inchcape, together with his sons and sons-in-law, held approximately 75% of its shares.

By the time the partnership was converted into a private limited company in 1952, the third earl, his brothers Alan and Simon and Lord Craigmyle (son-in-law of the first Earl), known collectively as the Seniors, were sole shareholders. In the preparations for the launch of the Inchcape Group in 1958, it was via Gray, Dawes and Company that Inchcape family shareholdings in certain other firms, Binny and Co (London) Limited, Binny and Company (Madras) Limited, Smith, MacKenzie and Company and Gray MacKenzie and Company, for example, were increased.

During the 1960s, the firm lost its shipping agencies and in 1967 its mercantile department was transferred to Inchcape Export Limited. In their place, banking activity was developed. By 1973 the Company was fully fledged as Gray Dawes Bank. It was sold in 1983. The firm had offices at 13 Austin Friars, 1865-1893; 23 Great Winchester Street, 1894-1917; 122 Leadenhall Street, 1918-61; and 40 St. Mary Axe, 1961-83.

If a person died intestate (without a valid will) their money, goods and possessions passed to their next of kin through an administration (or letters of administration) which had the same form in law as a will.

Gray, Dawes and Company, London agents of the British India Steam Navigation Company Limited, established Gray, MacKenzie and Company as a partnership in Basra, Iraq, in 1869. In common with its associated firm, Gray, Paul and Company (launched by Gray, Dawes in Bushire, Persia, in 1865), Gray, MacKenzie and Company acted as shipping agent for British India steamers plying between India, the Gulf ports and Europe. In fact, the two partnerships acted as one company, maintaining one set of accounts and a close correspondence.

Their business quickly expanded into the import of British and Indian goods (including cotton, coffee, guns and rice) and the export of silk, wood, specie, oilseeds and, especially, dates. They also operated as insurance agents, lighterage contractors and ship repairers. From the 1860s onwards, branches of Gray, Paul and Company opened at Lingah, Bander Abbas (both in Persia) and Bahrein, while Gray, MacKenzie and Company established an off-shoot at Mohammerah (modern Khorramshahr) in Iraq.

In 1920, it was decided to continue more closely earlier cooperation with the shipping agents Lynch Brothers Limited, by combining the resources of all three firms (Gray, MacKenzie and Company, Gray, Paul and Company, and Lynch Brothers Limited) as the Mesopotamia Persia Corporation Limited. Earlier joint activity had included the formation of the Persian Transport Company to operate a concession on the River Karun in Persia and proposals to launch the Ottoman River Navigation Company on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Iraq. The new corporation took over the entire operations of Lynch Brothers Limited and secured a monopoly of navigation rights on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers from the Imperial Ottoman government.

Mutual cooperation ended in 1936 when the component firms reverted to their separate identities. Gray, MacKenzie and Company and Gray, Paul and Company were thereupon transformed into one limited liability company registered in Britain: Gray, MacKenzie and Company Limited.The new firm increased the number of its branches and its dealings in local produce and mail. It was also heavily involved in the expanding oil industry of the region. An appreciation at this time that existing dock facilities were inadaquate prompted the establishment of 2 subsidiaries: Busreh Slipway Company Limited and Bahrein Slipway Company Limited.

In July 1957, in the period of company restructuring engineered by the third Earl Inchcape prior to the launch of Inchcape and Company Limited (see the Inchcape Group introductory note in CLC/B/123), Gray, Dawes and Company Limited increased its shareholding in the firm to 50.42%. Gray, MacKenzie developed as an important port manager and operator in the Gulf into the 1970s, providing technical engineering services for oil field supply bases.

In London, the firm shared the offices of Gray, Dawes and Company: 122 Leadenhall Street (1936-61) and 40 St. Mary Axe (1961-88).