Walker entered the Navy in 1812, became a lieutenant in 1820, a commander in 1834 and a captain in 1838. With Admiralty permission he entered the Turkish navy in 1838, returning to England in 1845. He was appointed Surveyor of the Navy in 1848 and held this office for twelve years, during which time the change from sail to steam was largely effected. He had become a rear-admiral in 1858 and on leaving the Admiralty was appointed, in 1861, Commander-in-Chief at the Cape of Good Hope. In 1865 he was promoted to vice-admiral but had no further employment and became an admiral in 1870.
Yates entered the Royal School of Naval Architecture, South Kensington in 1871. His first appointment was as draughtsman and assistant foreman at HM Dockyard Portsmouth. In 1875 he was appointed supernumerary draughtsman at the Admiraly. Yates was then appointed foreman of Pembroke Dockyard 1878-1884. During this time, he was involved in the building of the turret battleship HMS EDINBURGH. In 1884 Yates became Principal Admiralty Overseer for the building of HMS BENBOW. On appointment to the rank of Constructor, Yates was appointed to Chatham Dockyard, where he remained until 1888, when he was transferred to Devonport Dockyard, being made Chief Constructor there in 1892. In 1892-93 he served as Admiralty Inspecting Officer, for the ships being fitted out for the "Special Service Squadron", under the Northbrook programme. In 1893 he was appointed Chief Constructor, Chatham Dockyard and then transferred to Portsmouth in 1895. During these years Yates launched 11 important vessels, including some built under the Fisher programme. In 1902 he was appointed Civil Assistant at Chatham and in 1906 he went to Glasgow as Senior Constructive Officer for the Clyde and Barrow districts. He retired in 1912, but was recalled to the Admiralty, 1916-1918, for special duties in connection with shipbuilding for World War One.
Charles Yorke entered Parliament in 1790 and was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty in 1810, holding office until his resignation through ill-health in 1812.
Sir Arthur William Hill was born on the 11 Oct 1875, the only son of Daniel Hill. Daniel Hill was a keen amateur horticulturalist and inspired his son from an early age to learn sound practical knowledge about gardening.
Hill attended Marlborough School from 1890 until 1894. It was at school that Hill began to take an active interest in field botany, inspired by his teacher [who was an amateur naturalist] Edward Meyrick. Hill later talked of the Marlborough Downs as the place where he first found orchids to examine. Hill showed his appreciation to the College by bequeathing them money.
From Marlborough School Hill continued his education at Kings College Cambridge in October 1894 on an award. His success in gaining the award was due to an appeal from Marlborough School based on his botanical knowledge, enthusiasm and promise. At Cambridge Hill studied Natural Sciences, for which he obtained a 1st in 1897. Hill continued to study at Cambridge but specialised in Botany and received a 1st in 1898. At this time the Chair of Botany was Henry Marshall Ward who had a great influence on Hill; Ward introduced him to Walter Gardiner [Cambridge lecturer until 1898]. Gardiner invited Hill to collaborate with him on research on plant histology for the Royal Society. This led to Hill being offered a post at Cambridge University as a Demonstrator in Botany in 1899. Hill was successful in his post and was awarded a fellowship in 1901, a lectureship in 1904 and the position of Dean of Kings College in 1907. As a lecturer he contributed much through his travels as he would return to Cambridge and describe the flora and fauna he had observed in its natural ecosystem. He helped to modernise the Botany School through his use of field trips, which took students out of the classroom to the plants in their natural environment. This achievement was acknowledged by Kings College in 1932 when he was granted an honorary fellowship.
In 1907 Hill left Cambridge to become the Assistant Director of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew to the then Director Sir David Prain. Prain wrote that he chose Hill because of his travelling experiences [especially Hill's trip to the Andes which Hill financed himself], his businesslike mind and ability to work at any level. One of Hill's prime duties as Assistant Director was to attend meetings and trips to Imperial countries at the government's behest. Hill was very interested in the spread of knowledge and relished these trips, where he could gather specimens and in return offer advice to the host nations. Thus, under him the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew developed its worldwide network of associates. He was also concerned that the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew should develop its research side and improve in everyway possible.
In 1922 Prain retired leaving Hill to take over the Directorship of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Hill took full advantage of the opportunities offered to the Gardens by the British Empire and he successfully campaigned for the government to view Kew as a national asset that could be used to improve colonial relationships. Hill was concerned that the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew should continue and extend its economic links within the Empire. For example, he created a greenhouse in which bananas on route to Jamaica could be quarantined in. Hill's commitment to commercial activities of this nature led the government to ask the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in 1931 to officially disseminate information on economic plants and their sources around the Empire. This led to the first inventory of plants in the British Empire. Hill was also much concerned with the Gardens on a domestic scale and under his guidance the number of plants that were exhibited was increased. He was a keen amateur landscape gardener and had a tremendous knowledge of plants which he used to enrich the Gardens as a visitor attraction. He was especially keen to see plants growing in as natural and beautiful a setting as possible and so changes were made to planting methods. Hill toured the gardens every morning and would order any changes he felt necessary to enhance artistic effect. Major alterations included: a new vista to the lake, the extension of the rock garden and the improvement of the avenue from the lake to the pagoda. In addition to this, Hill constructed the Sherman Hoyt Cactus House in 1935. Perhaps most significantly though, was Hill's extension in 1930 of the Herbarium so that scientific study could be extended into new areas.
Much of Hill's horticultural and botanical knowledge was informed by his travels abroad. On his travels Hill would collect material for study. Thus, he obtained grants from the Empire Marketing Board from 1927 onwards that allowed him to travel more than any other Director before him.
Sir Arthur William Hill died in the Deer Park in Richmond the 3 Nov 1941. His death is recorded by a number of obituaries all of which lament the passing of Britain's most accomplished botanist.
William Arnold Bromfield was born in the New Forest on the 4th July 1801, the only son of the priest, John Arnold Bromfield (c.1770-1801) and the grandson of the physician and Royal Society fellow, Robert Bromfield (d. 1786). Aged 20 he entered Glasgow University studying medicine. In this period anyone wishing to practise medicine had to be licensed by the Society of Apothecaries and for this knowledge of herbs and medicinal use was essential. In order to attain this knowledge Bromfield studied under the then Professor of Botany of Glasgow, Sir William Hooker.
Upon his father's death, Bromfield gained an inheritance that would fund his subsequent botanic research and travel, which lead to him not pursuing a career in medicine. After graduating in 1826 he travelled on the Continent in France, Germany and Italy before returning and setting up home with his sister. The pair finally settled in Ryde in 1836.
A preliminary version of Bromfield's Flora Hantoniensis was published in the New Physiologist between 1848 and 1850, though he never considered his flora for the Isle of Wight, the Flora Vectensis to be ready for publication. He continued to travel widely, visiting Ireland in 1842, the West Indies in 1844 and North America in 1846. His observations on climate and plant life in the USA were in fact used in Hooker's Journal of Botany (1848-1849). Finally in 1850 Bromfield journeyed East, to Egypt and Syria. Letters written to his sister from this period were posthumously published, following Bromfield's death from typhus in Damascus on October 9th 1851.
George Bentham was born on 22 September 1800 at Stoke, near Portsmouth. His father was the well-known naval architect Samuel Bentham. His mother was the daughter of Dr. George Fordyce, F.R.S., and an amateur botanist. In 1805 his father was sent to St. Petersburg by the English government, where the family resided until 1807. At this time George became fluent in Russian, French and German, showing his great aptitude for languages. The family returned to England for a time, and then moved to France in 1814, where they would reside for the next twelve years. Bentham never attended school in his youth, being educated at home by his mother and private tutors.
Bentham studied at the Protestant Theological College for two years beginning 1818, when the family lived in Montauban, S W France. It was during this time that his intense interest in botany developed, prompted by a study of de Candolles' edition of Lamarck's Flore francaise. Bentham was fascinated by the analytical tables for the determination of plants in the book, which fell in with the methodical and tabulating ideas he acquired while studying the works of his uncle, the philosopher and jurist Jeremy Bentham, and greatly influenced his bias towards Classificatory Botany. Bentham began frequent excursions to the French countryside to collect plants which he would then preserve and classify, forming the start of what would become his extensive herbarium. In late 1820 Samuel Bentham purchased an estate near Montpellier and put George in charge of operations. Bentham continued to devote time to botany and extending his herbarium while managing the estate. He studied plants with John Stuart Mills, a guest of his father. In 1823 he visited England to investigate agricultural methods and implements, while also acquainting himself with British botanists. By 1825 he had collected enough material to write his Catalogue des Plantes Indigènes des Pyrénees et du Bas Languedoc. Bentham's first botanical work firmly established him as a serious botanist.
In 1826 the Bentham family returned to England. In London, to ensure financial stability Bentham pursued law and entered Lincoln's Inn while assisting his Uncle Jeremy each morning. In 1927 he published his Outline of a New System of Logic, with a Critical Examination of Dr. Whaltey's 'Elements of Logic'. Bentham was disappointed with its response, and it was not until an 1850 article in the Athenaeum that Bentham's innovation was recognized. He continued to devote large amounts of time to botany, assisting other botanists and writing articles for botanical magazines. Bentham worked with Dr. Nathaniel Wallich in the distribution of his enormous Indian collection and his elaboration of the order Labitae, demonstrating his insight and great skill for taxonomic work. He became a member of Council of the both the Linnean and Horticulture Societies. He became Honorary Secretary of the Horticulture Society in 1829, a turbulent period for the organisation. With the aid of Assistant Secretary and friend John Lindley, Bentham returned the organisation to a financially and scientifically thriving state. He also instituted the first Chiswick Horticultural Fete in April, 1832.
In 1833 Bentham married Sarah Brydges, the daughter of a diplomat. At this time Bentham ended his career in law to pursue botany full time. Bentham further secured his place in the scientific world with the publication of his Labiatarum Genera et Species, 1832-36. In 1836 he toured the gardens and herbaria of Europe, settling in Vienna in the fall to prepare his first important work on Leguminosae, Leguminorarum Generibus Commentiones.
From 1842 to 1854 Bentham resided at Pontrilas House, Herefordshire where he diligently continued his botanical work. He added to his ever growing herbarium and elaborated on various orders of plants for De Candolle's Prodromus. By 1854 Bentham found the maintenance of his herbarium and library too demanding, and presented them to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. He returned to London for the final time, and was encouraged by Sir WJ Hooker, the Garden's Director, to continue his botanical studies at Kew. Bentham was accommodated with his own work space in the Kew Herbarium, where he worked almost every day for the next thirty years.
Bentham produced numerous important botanical works during these years. His Flora Hongkongensis was published in 1861. Bentham completed the Flora Australiensis (1863-1870) in seven volumes, describing around 7,000 species. This was the first time the flora of any large continental area had been finished, and was a remarkable achievement for Bentham. His most major work, however, was done in conjunction with Sir Joseph Hooker. The Genera Plantarum, a revision of the known genera of Phanerogams, was started in 1862 and completed in 1883. Bentham also published the illustrated Handbook to British Flora, a beginner's guide to flora of the British Isles. Bentham took on many other projects during his years at Kew. After Dr. Wallich's return to India he catalogued and distributed the last portion of Wallich's massive herbarium. He also catalogued, arranged and distributed plants collected by Robert and Richard Schomburgk in Guiana, Theodor Hartweg's collections from Columbia, Mexico and California, and Richard Spruce's specimens from Brazil and Peru. He also classified and named the 30,000 species constituting the herbarium of his friend C. Leman. This huge undertaking took ten years and earned Bentham an honorary degree from the University of Cambridge, where the Leman Herbarium was deposited.
Bentham was awarded a Royal Medal in 1859, and elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1862. He served as President of the Linnean Society from 1861 to 1874. During his presidency he developed a scheme for classifying books in the library, and later used same system to help Kew Gardens arrange its new library. Bentham passed away on 10 September 1884, working almost right up to his death. He made Joseph Hooker one of the executors of his estate and left Hooker to administer his greatly extensive collection of correspondence, diaries, papers and manuscripts, which form the Bentham collection at the Kew Gardens Archive.
Helen Faulkner was born in Yorkshire in June 1888. She studied art and painting in Paris. She married Major Faulkner in 1921 in Hampshire and moved to Tasmania where her husband owned a small farm. In 1924 they moved to Tanganyika where Major Faulkner was employed by Bird and Co. He then transferred to Wigglesworth and Co in Angola. Helen Faulkner was so impressed by the rich flora of the Alto Catumbela that she started to systematically paint water colour sketches of wild flowers. She became acquainted with the Government Botanist John Gossweiler who encouraged her to make herbarium specimens of the highest quality. In 1942 Major Faulkner was posted to the Namagoa Plantations at Mocuba in the Zambezia Province of Mozambique. Soon Helen Faulkner was collecting actively and corresponding with the National Herbarium, Pretoria, and the Government Herbarium, Salisbury.
In 1947 she visited Kew and began a long partnership with Edgar Milne-Redhead then in charge of the African Section. The collaboration started with three cases of Mozambique plants, bulbs and seeds as well as loan of notes and paintings. She continued to send specimens to RBGK until 1977.
In 1950 Major Faulkner returned to the Tanga area and managed sisal estates for Bird and Co at Bushiri (1950-1951), Kange (1951-1952) and Magunga until he retired in 1954. They then bought a house in Mwambani, where Helen Faulkner remained for the rest of her life apart from five years spent in Zanzibar (1959-1964) where Major Faulkner managed the English Club. Major Faulkner died in 1969. She died at her home on 26 January 1979. She had two sons Denis and Ian.
John Eliot Howard (1807-1883), quinologist, was born on 11 December 1807 at Plaistow, Essex, the youngest of three children of Luke Howard (1772-1864), meteorologist and chemist, and his wife, Mariabella, née Eliot (1769-1852). Both parents were members of the Society of Friends. With the exception of two years at Josiah Forster's school, Howard was educated at home. Apprenticed to his father's chemical business at Stratford in 1823, he was made a partner of the firm in 1828. In 1830 he married Maria (1807-1892), daughter of William D. Crewdson of Kendal. The couple moved into a substantial house in Tottenham, Middlesex, where they had five daughters and four sons.
As early as 1827 Howard showed interest in what would prove to be his life's work: the extraction of the anti-malaria drug quinine from the bark of the Cinchona (cinchonaceae) genus of South American tree. His first paper, a report on the collection of cinchona in the British Museum made by the Spanish botanist José Pavón (1754-1840), was published in 1852. In the following year Howard joined the Pharmaceutical Society, and in 1857 the Linnean Society. In 1858 he purchased Pavón's manuscript 'Nueva Quinologia' and his specimens of cinchona. Howard employed a botanical artist and published the well-received Illustrations of the 'Nueva Quinologia' of Pavon and Observations on the Barks Described in 1862. Howard's second major work, The Quinology of the East Indian Plantations (1869-76), was the result of his examination of the bark of all the forms of cinchona introduced into India from the Andes by Clements Markham, Richard Spruce, and Robert Mackenzie Cross. For this Howard received the thanks of her majesty's government in 1873. In 1874 his citation for election as a fellow of the Royal Society recognized the importance of his work: 'the name of Mr Howard is inseparably connected with his lifelong investigation respecting the identification and chemistry of the cinchona' (Kirkwood and Lloyd, 1).
Howard took considerable interest in gardening, and especially in hybridization as bearing upon cultivated cinchonas, and he was the author of numerous scientific papers, chiefly on quinine. He also gave addresses on both science and revelation at the Victoria Institute, of which he was a vice-president. Howard and his wife were both deeply religious and had been raised as Quakers. In 1836 they resigned from the Society of Friends and became Baptists. Howard published several religious tracts and was instrumental in establishing the Brook Street Chapel, Tottenham. He died at his house, Lord's Meade, Tottenham, on 22 November 1883, and was buried in Tottenham cemetery. The genus Howardia of the Cinchonaceae was posthumously dedicated to him.
Augustus Lovell Reeve (1814–1865), conchologist and publisher, was born at Ludgate Hill, London, on 19 April 1814, the son of Thomas Reeve, draper and mercer, and his wife, Fanny Lovell. After attending school at Stockwell he was apprenticed at the age of thirteen to a Mr Graham, a grocer of Ludgate Hill. The chance visit of a sailor to the family shop with a calico handkerchief full of cowry shells, which he purchased for a few pence, led to Reeve's becoming a lifelong student of conchology. In 1833 he attended the meeting of the British Association at Cambridge where he acted as conchologist to the natural history section on its excursion into the fens between Cambridge and Ely.
His apprenticeship over, Reeve visited Paris where he read a paper on the classification of the Mollusca before the French Academy of Sciences. He returned to London and began work on his first book, Conchologia systematica (2 vols, 1841–1842). The publication costs, however, used up all the moneys left to him by his father and compelled him to make a fresh start in life. An opportunity to make some money came from his purchase, at Rotterdam, of a large collection of shells amassed by the Dutch governor-general of the Moluccas, General Ryder. Its profitable sale enabled Reeve to open a shop in King William Street, Strand, where he established himself as a dealer in natural objects and as a publisher specializing in natural history books.
About 1848 Reeve moved his business to 5 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, the address which also became his home from 1864. As a publisher he dealt with eminent scientists such as the botanist William Jackson Hooker, the geologist Charles Lyell, and the traveller–naturalist Alfred Russell Wallace. He was considered the leading Natural History publisher of his time ‘one of the most eminent scientific publishers this country has produced’ said the Bookseller in Dec 1865. He was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society (1846) and of the Geological Society (1853), but, despite being sponsored by Charles Darwin, was unsuccessful in his attempt (1849) to become a fellow of the Royal Society. He married, on 12 October 1837, Eliza Baker, a relative of his former master, Mr Graham; after her death he married, on 9 January 1854, Martha Reeve (possibly the author of Edible British Molluscs (1867) under the pen name M. S. Lovell).
In 1845, as William Hooker and Samuel Curtis launched the Third Series of the Botanical Magazine, Lovell Reeve considered purchasing the publication. The magazine had a new sub-title which defined its limits ‘The plants of the Royal Botanical Gardens of Kew, and of other botanical establishment in Great Britain’. When Lovell Reeve finally acquired the magazine, he had a new vignette of the Palm House cut, designed by its Architect Decimus Burton, to emphasize the importance of its links with the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; he also asked William Hooker, who had by then become the first official Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, to write an advertisement to launch its new publication. In 1852, financial difficulties compelled Reeve to cut down on the colouring of illustration plates, which became only partly coloured. In May 1860, Reeve undertook to publish a new magazine, to run alongside the Botanical Magazine, the Floral Magazine, which was announced for publication in May 1860. The Botanical Magazine under Sir William Hooker, would continue ‘to represent the scientific department of Garden Botany’ whereas the Floral Magazine would be devoted ‘chiefly to meritorious varieties of such introduced plants only are as of popular character, and likely to become established favourites in the Garden, Hothouse or Conservatory’. The Floral Magazine ceased publication in 1881 and 14 years later the firm of Lovell Reeve was still trying to dispose of stocks of loose plates related to the magazine, offering them at 6d. or 1s., ‘for screens, scrap-books, studies in flower-paintings etc..’. However, this did not affect the Botanical Magazine, who pursued its traditional policy of reviewing new interesting species. The plants described by Sir William Hooker in the magazine, reflected the fruits of botanical exploration but also his own personal interest.
Reeve was a competent photographer and edited and published the Stereoscopic Magazine from 1858. He also issued several sets of stereoscopic pictures. The Stereoscopic Magazine came out monthly at a cost of 2 shillings and sixpence containing 3 stereo photos, with descriptive letterpress. The Stereoscopic Magazine was only published for seven years as Lovell Reeve died in 1865. Reeve died at his home in Henrietta Street on 18 November 1865. His wife, Martha, survived him.
When Lovell Reeve died, the management of the firm passed on to his partner, Francis Lesiter Soper, the editorship of the Botanical Magazine to Joseph Hooker, after his father’s death in Aug 1865. In the early 1900s, Joseph Hooker’s resigned, and his son in law, Sir William Thiselton-Dyer, who was also the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, took over the editorship of the magazine. A few years later, the post went to Sir David Prain, Curator of the Herbarium and Library at Kew. When Francis Soper died in the early 1910s, his son succeeded him, but the magazine was then running into trouble, because of the First World War, but also because of the lack of flair and imagination which the Hookers had brought in. The War brought on a shortage of staff and the magazine went from a monthly publication to a quarterly one.
In the 1920s, the magazine was running at a loss and Soper sought a new owner. In 1921, the magazine was finally bought by the Royal Horticultural Society, who also acquired the Company’s old stock. The tradition of Directors of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew being appointed as Editor was continued, with Sir Arthur Hill succeeding David Prain when the latter retired in 1922. The new owners of the Magazine formed a committee to decide on the format the magazine was going to take, choosing in the process scientific publishers H.F and G Witherby to publish it for three years. Lillian Snelling was appointed as Artist, succeeding the previous one, Matilda Smith who had retired in 1921. Despite the quality of the editorship and the excellence of the drawings, the Magazine was not breaking even nor making a profit and the Royal Horticultural Society had to commit £500 as annual subsidy. In the 1930s, another crisis faced the Magazine, as hand colouring, which had traditionally been used up to this date, was proving by then to be very expensive. As a result, the Royal Horticultural Society decided to cut down on the number of colour plates and also to make extra colour plates available in the form of a colour supplement for those wishing to pay extra.
The Second World War brought on its own set of problems, with the evacuation of the Library and Herbarium specimen rendering the taxonomic research needed for the Magazine impossible, as well a shortage of hand colourists. Hand colouring was abandoned in the late 1940s, and was changed, first to a system of half-tone plates, and later to photogravure; the content was also changed so that more plants likely to be of interest to the average Gardener and available through nurseries were included. In the 1950s, the publication was spread over two years, with only two volumes published per year. Lilian Snelling retired and Stella Ross-Craig was joined by Anne Webster and Margaret Stones as regular Artists. In 1966, Sir George Taylor, Director of the Gardens at Kew and Editor, succeeded in obtaining financial assistance for the magazine, from the Bentham-Moxon Trustees and in 1966 the Trustees helped with artists’ fees. In 1970, the copyright was transferred from the Royal Horticultural Society to the Bentham-Moxon Trust. In the later years of the Magazine, there was little change in style or content and in 1984, it was finally decided that it had to appeal to a wider audience as it had always been criticised as being ‘written by botanists for botanists’. It was therefore decided to incorporate it within the Kew Magazine. The first number appeared in April 1984 ‘Kew Magazine, incorporating Curtis’s Botanical Magazine’, subscribers being sought amongst botanists, ecologists, conservationists, gardeners and admirers of botanical art.
William Griffith was born in Ham Common, near Petersham, Surrey, on 4 March 1810. He was apprenticed to a surgeon in the West End of London, and completed his medical studies at University College, London, where he attended classes in botany by J Lindley. He continued his studies in anatomy under Charles Mirbel in Paris and in medical botany at the Chelsea Physic Garden. In 1832 he was appointed as an assistant surgeon with the East India Company and left for Madras.
Griffith was first based on the coast of Tenasserim, but in 1835 he was transferred to the Bengal presidency and served as botanist in an expedition exploring Assam. Between 1835 and 1841, he made many adventurous and dangerous journeys across the Company's territories and collected many specimens. He explored the Indian territory from Sadiya to Ava, then from Assam to Ava and Rangoon. In 1837 he was appointed surgeon to the embassy to Bhutan. In 1839 he was in Quetta, attached to the army of the Indus and penetrated into the eastern part of Afghanistan.
Griffith was appointed to Malacca as civil assistant surgeon in 1841, but recalled to Calcutta the following year to act as superintendent for the Royal Botanic Garden. He seized this opportunity to introduce his own concepts of a botanical garden and rearranged the plants according to a natural classification. At the end of 1844 the superintendent resumed his post and Griffith left Calcutta for Malacca. Shortly after his arrival, in January 1845, he contracted hepatitis and died on 9 February 1845. He was buried in Malacca. In September 1844 he had married Miss Emily Henderson. He was a friend of Sir W J Hooker and regularly sent specimens to Kew Gardens.
Griffith published very little in his lifetime, as he preferred to gather data for what he intended to be a comprehensive account of the Indian flora on a geographical basis. After his death, Griffiths' papers, which were not in a fit state for publication, were edited by his friend J McClelland, a geologist, and published by the East India Company.
Christopher 'Kit' Wood was born in 1901. He was educated at Marlborough College and studied architecture at Liverpool University. In 1921 he enrolled at the Academie Julian in Paris, then at the Grande Chaumire. He met a number of European artists, including Jean Cocteau (with whom he shared a studio) and Picasso, whilst in Paris and during visits to Europe and north Africa. In 1926 he met Ben and Winifred Nicholson in London and stayed with them in Cornwall, where he and Ben Nicholson discovered the work of the naive painter Alfred Wallis (in 1928). A member of the Seven and Five Society, he also exhibited with the London Group. His best work was completed in Brittany in the final two years of his life. He was killed by a train at Salisbury railway station in 1930. Frosca Munster, a Russian emigre, met Wood in Paris in 1928. They began a relationship and she stayed with him and the Nicholsons in Cornwall.
The first monograph on Wood was Eric Newton's Christopher Wood, 1901-30 (1938). The most recent biography is Richard Ingleby's Christopher Wood: An English Painter (1995).
The collection consists of meeting minutes, memoranda, and semi-official correspondence relating to US foreign policy with respect to Korea, 1945-1953. During this period, Korea went from Japanese occupation, to civil war between communist forces led by Kim Il-Jong and republican forces led by President Syngman Rhee, to partition under terms imposed by the United Nations.
In Apr 1968 political and military representatives from the United States, South Vietnam and North Vietnam began negotiations in Paris, France, to end the Vietnam War. Two months later, the talks were stalled over the inclusion of representatives from the Vietnamese National Liberation Front (Viet Cong), considered by the US an illegitimate political entity. In 1969, US Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (later US Secretary of State), Dr Henry Alfred Kissinger, once again began conversations with North Vietnamese officials. Backed by intensive US bombing of North Vietnam, and particularly its capital city Hanoi, Kissinger eventually persuaded North Vietnamese officials to negotiate the terms of a cease-fire. Throughout the lengthy negotiations, representatives from all sides sought what they considered an precipitous escape from the war. Finally, in 1972 Deputy Assistant to the President, Gen Alexander Meigs Haig Jr, met with South Vietnamese president Nguyen Van Thieu to discuss the final terms of 'Vietnamization', the process by which the American military presence in South Vietnam would be replaced with troops from the Republic of Vietnam. Also, the Viet Cong military adviser, Le Duc Tho, completed talks with Kissinger relating to the terms of a general cease-fire. On 27 Jan 1973, five years after the commencement of negotiations, a permanent cease-fire was signed between representatives from North Vietnam, the Viet Cong, South Vietnam, and the United States. Transcripts and Files of the Paris Peace Talks on Vietnam, 1968-1973 are the official transcripts of the Paris Peace Talks between political and military officials from the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the Viet Cong and the United States, 31 Mar 1968-26 Feb 1973.
Born 1897; educated at Methodist College, Belfast and Royal College of Science, Dublin; worked as a geologist for Burmah Oil Company Limited in Burma and India, 1920-1937; joined Burma Auxiliary Force and served as Trooper, 1920-1921; 2nd Lt, 1927; Lt, 1930; Capt, 1932; Maj, 1933; Lt Col, 1933; commanded Upper Burma Bn, Burma Auxiliary Force, 1933-1938; honorary Col, 1937; resigned, 1938; enrolled in Army Officer's Emergency Reserve and affiliated to 1 Bn, The Rangers, The King's Royal Rifle Corps, 1938; rejoined Army as 2nd Lt, Corps of Royal Engineers, 1940; attended Staff College, Senior Wing, Minley Manor, 1940; posted to War Office as Staff Capt, 1940; served in World War Two in Greece, Middle East, Burma, Tunisia and Sicily, 1939-1945; served on Staff of Gen Sir Archibald Percival Wavell, Commander-in-Chief, Middle East, 1941; awarded CBE, 1942; served in India and Burma, 1943-1945; Controller General of Military Economy, India, 1945; re-employed by Burmah Oil Company Limited, 1945; retired as Managing Director of Burma Oil Company Limited, 1955; Lay Member of Restrictive Practices Court, 1961-1970; National Chairman, Burma Star Association, 1962-1977; member of British Transport Consultative Committee; knighted, 1977; elected life Vice President of the Burma Star Association, 1977; died 1980. Publications: Time off for war: the recollections of a wartime Staff Officer [1982].
Born in 1933; educated at Rugby School and Royal Military College, Sandhurst; commissioned into Royal Engineers, 1953; Lt, 1955; assisted in preparation of nuclear tests on Christmas Island [1957-1958]; Capt, 1959; Maj, 1964; Military Assistant to the Chief of General Staff, 1965-1966; Lt Col, 1970; Col, 1974; served on General Staff of UK Land Forces 1974-1976; Deputy Director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies 1977-1986; died in 1986.
Born [1910]; acquired Civil Pilot's Licence, 1933; commissioned into the RAF, 1935; converted to RAF Service Flying at 4 Flying Training School, Abu Sueir, Egypt, [1935]; posted to 6 Sqn RAF at Ismailia, Egypt, and was engaged in operations in Palestine, where he was awarded the DFC for gallantry in the air, 1936-1938; appointed RAF Flying Instructor at RAF College Cranwell and then Chief Flying Instructor at 21 RAF Flying School at Kumalo, Rhodesia, [1939-1941]; commanded 27 RAF Elementary Flying School at Induna, Rhodesia, [1941]; commanded RAF Station, Cardington, taught at RAF Staff College, Hampshire, and was posted to Organisation Planning at the Air Ministry, [1942-1946]; commanded 1 Group, Royal Pakistan Air Force, and was responsible for supply dropping operations in Kashmir, [1947-1948]; assumed position of Chief of Staff, Royal Pakistan Air Force, during the absence of Commander in Chief AVM Richard Llewellyn Roger Atcherley in Australia, 1949; Director of Air Training, Air Ministry, [1951]; awarded CBE, 1951; died Mar 1979.
Born 1900; Indian Army, 1919; Adjutant and Quarter Master, Small Arms School India, 1930-1931; second in command of 1 Battalion, 14 Punjab Regiment, 12 Dec 1941-9 Jan 1942; killed in Malaya, 1942.
John Archer, often known as Jack, was born 1871; enlisted with Rifle Brigade, 1889; joined 2 Battalion, Rifle Brigade; stationed in Ireland, 1890-1895; Sergeant, 1894; appointed Armourer Sergeant, Mounted Infantry, 1896; posted to Mashonaland, 1896-97; returned to 2 Battalion, Rifle Brigade and posted to Malta, Egypt, the Sudan and Crete, 1897-1899; fought in the Battle of Omdurman, 1898; Colour Sergeant, 1899; fought in the Second Boer War, South Africa, 1899-1902, including Siege of Ladysmith; posted to Egypt, the Sudan and India, 1902-1908; appointed Regimental Sergeant Major, 1 Battalion, King's African Rifles, 1908; posted to Nyasaland (Malawi) and Somaliland, 1908-1914; Sergeant Major, A Company, 1 Battalion Rifle Brigade, British Expeditionary Force, 1914; wounded and captured at Battle of Cambrai, Aug 1914; POW, Merseburg Camp, Germany and Scheveningen Camp, Holland, 1914-1918; retired from Army, 1919; worked for the prison service, Nyasaland (Malawi), 1919-1939; commissioned as 2 Lieutenant, East African Army Service Corps, 1939; worked in training and recruitment; retired with rank of Honorary Captain, 1947; died 1954.
Born 1906; educated at City and Guilds College, London and the Royal Naval College, Greenwich; Assistant Electrical Engineer (Civil Officer), Electrical Engineering Department, Admiralty (Submarine design), 1932-1937; Visiting Lecturer in electrical machinery design, Royal Naval College, Greenwich, 1934-1937; Electrical Engineer (Civil Officer), Electrical Engineering Department, Admiralty (Battleship design), 1937-1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Fleet Electrical Engineer, Staff of Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, 1939-1940; Superintending Electrical Engineer, Admiralty (Supply and Production), 1940-1945; Superintending Electrical Engineer, HM Dockyard, Hong Kong, 1945-1948; Superintending Electrical Engineer, Admiralty Engineering Laboratory, West Drayton, Middlesex, 1948-1949; Cdr, HMS MONTCLARE, 1950-1951; Capt (Electrical), RN, 1951; Admiralty (Weapon Control Design), 1951-1953; served in Electrical Engineering Department, Admiralty, 1953-1954; Electrical Engineering Manager, HM Dockyard, Devonport, 1954-1958; Chairman, South Western Sub-Centre, Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1957-1958; Aide de Camp to HM Queen Elizabeth II, 1958-1960; Ship Design Department, Admiralty, 1959-1960; R Adm, 1960; Deputy Director of Electrical Engineering Division, Ship Department, Admiralty, 1960-1963; awarded CB, 1962; retired 1963; Fellow, Institution of Electrical Engineers; died 1998.
Born in 1912; educated at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, joined Royal Navy in 1925; served in China, 1930-1932 and South Africa, 1935-1937; commanded destroyers during World War Two on various stations; served in the Mediterranean, 1948; Far East, 1949-1950 and USA, 1951-1953; Capt (D), 2 Destroyer Flotilla, 1956-1958, Director of Officer Appointments, 1958-1959 and Senior Naval Member, Imperial Defence College, 1960-1963; retired in 1963.
Born in 1868; 2nd Lt, Norfolk Regt, 1888; Lt, 1890; served in Burma, 1891-1892; Chitral, 1895; Tirah, 1897-1898; Capt, 1898; Station Commandant, South Africa, 1899-1900; Staff Officer, Mounted Infantry Corps Mobile Column, South Africa, 1900-1902; Transport Officer, Somaliland Field Force, 1903-1904; Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General, Ceylon, 1905; Deputy Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General, Ceylon, 1905-1908; Maj, 1908; General Staff Officer Grade 2, 2 London Div, 1909-1910; General Staff Officer, Staff College, 1911-1913; Lt Col, 1913; Commander, 1 Norfolk Regt and later 7, 95 and 14 Infantry Bdes, BEF, France and Belgium, 1914-1916; Commander, 57 Infantry Bde, British Armies in France, 1916-1917; Military Attaché, Romania, 1917-1918; Officer Commanding No 2 District, Scottish Command, 1919-1920; publication of Russia in rule and misrule (John Murray, London, 1920); President, Allied Police Commission, Constantinople, 1920-1923; retired, 1923; publication of Napoleon, an outline (Duckworth and Co, London, 1924), Military genius of Abraham Lincoln (Oxford University Press, London, 1926), The great Earl of Peterborough (Skeffington and Son, London, 1926); Kitchener (Faber and Faber, London, 1930), Smith-Dorrien (Constable and Co, London, 1931); died in 1941.
Born in 1905; joined WAAF, 1939; served with WAAF in World War Two; in charge of WRAF personnel at RAF Mediterranean Command, Caserta, Italy, [1945]; Inspector, WAAF, 1948; Deputy Director, WAAF, 1949-1952; Officer Commanding RAF Hawkinge, 1952-1956; Director, WRAF, 1956-1960; died in 1985.
Alexander Dumaresq Bennett was born, 1887; 2 Lt, 1906; Indian Army, 1907; Lt, 1908; Capt, 1915; Maj, 1921; Lt-Col, 1932; retired, [1938]; died 1975.
Edward Claude Pine-Coffin was born, 1895; commissioned in India 1915; Colonel in the 14 Punjabi Regiment; died 1978.
John Trenchard Pine Coffin was born, 1921; Royal Military Academy Sandhurst; joined Devonshire Regiment, 1939; Kings African Rifles, serving in North Africa and Burma; returned to UK and joined the Parachute Regiment, service in Germany, Cyprus, Egypt and the Suez Campaign; Staff Officer, Joint Headquarters, Nassau; retired from the Army, 1969; High Sheriff of Devon, 1974; died 2006.
Born in 1889; educated at Eton College and Oxford University; joined 9 Lancers, 1909; ADC to Viceroy of India, 1913-1914; Adjutant, 9 Lancers, 1914-1915; 1 Canadian Div, France, 1916; 59 (North Midland) Div, Ireland, 1916; Cavalry Corps, France, 1916; General Staff Officer Grade 3, Central Home Defence and British Armies in France, 1916-1917; General Staff Officer Grade 2, 1917-1919; Liaison Officer, British Military Mission, Groupe des Armées du Nord, 1917-1918; Liaison Officer, British Military Mission, Grand Quartier Général, 1918; Military Secretary to Governor of Bombay, 1921-1922; served in France Army, 1939-1940; Military Attaché, Washington, USA, 1941-1944; died in 1968.
Born in 1907; educated at Stonyhurst College, Bedford School and Emmanuel College, Cambridge; research at Davy Faraday Laboratory, 1923-1927; lecturer and later Assistant Director of Research in Crystallography at Cambridge University, 1934-1937; Professor of Physics, 1937-1963; Professor of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London, 1963-1968; Emeritus Professor, 1968-1971; died in 1971. Publications: The world, the flesh, and the devil (Kegan Paul and Co, London, 1929); The social function of science (G Routledge and Sons, London, 1939); The freedom of necessity (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1949); The physical basis of life (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1951); Marx and science (Lawrence and Wishart, London, 1952); Science and industry in the nineteenth century (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1953); Science in history (Watts and Co, London, 1954); World Without War (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1958); A prospect of peace (Lawrence and Wishart, London, 1960); The extension of man: a history of physics before 1900 (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1972).
Born in 1895; served World War Two as Superintendent in the WRNS; in charge of HMS PEMBROKE V at Bletchley Park decoding centre and outstations, 1944-1945; died in 1979.
Born in 1889; served in Royal Field Artillery Special Reserve, 1916-1920; 2nd Lt, 1916; served with Royal Field Artillery, 12 Div and X/12 Trench Mortar Battery in France, 1916-1918; Lt, 1917; died in 1969.
Born in 1873; educated at Winchester College, Exeter College, Oxford and Ely Theological College; ordained in 1897; served at St Agnes, Kennington, 1897-1902, St Andrew's, Worthing, 1902-1904, St Cyprian's, Marylebone, 1902-1905 and St Mary's, Graham Street, 1905-1922; appointed as Chaplain to the Forces and served on the Western Front, 1916-1918; Vicar of St Saviour's, Hoxton, 1922-1927; died in 1928.
Born in 1913; educated at Winchester College and Magdalene College, Cambridge; on staff of The Countryman, 1936-1937; Director, School Prints Ltd, 1937-1939, 1945-1960; served with Royal Berkshire Regt and Intelligence Corps, 1939-1945; farmed in West Somerset, 1947-1959; historian of Dartington Hall Estate, Devon, 1951-1966; on staff of Society of Authors, 1963-1982; partner, Exmoor Press, 1969-1989; published numerous books and articles on country life and on authorship matters, especially Public Lending Right; died 2007.
Born in 1913; educated at Downside, Royal Military Academy Woolwich and Trinity College, Cambridge; commissioned into the army in 1933; served in Palestine, 1936; India, 1937-40; Middle East, 1940-42; and India and Burma, 1942-46; British Military Mission to Greece, 1947-1950; UK, 1951-1955; Commander, Royal Engineers, 17 Gurkha Division, Malaya, 1955-1958; Col, General Staff, War Office, 1958-1961; Brig and Chief Engineer, Far East Land Forces, 1961-1964; Brigadier General Staff, Ministry of Defence, 1964-1965; Engineer-in-Chief, 1965-1968; Col, Gurkha Engineers, 1966-1971; Col Commandant, Royal Engineers, 1968-1973; died 1998.
Born, 1912; educated, King Edwards Grammar School, Birmingham, 1924; journalist at Birmingham Mail; entered the Prison Service, 1938; Territorial Army; 6 Cavalry Brigade, 1939; Palestine, 1940; Western Desert Force, 1940; attached to the Sudan Government, survey of overland routes from Uganda to Sudan; Inspector of Prisons, Eritrea, 1941-1944; British Army on the Rhine, 1945; Prison Service; died, 1987.
Born in 1921; served in Merchant Navy, 1939-1945; Instructor, HMS COLLINGWOOD, 1946-1949; served in Korean War as Deputy Electrical Officer, HMS KENYA, 1950-1952; worked at Admiralty Surface Weapons Establishment, 1953-1955; Base Electrical Officer and Staff Electrical Officer on staff of Cdre in Charge, Hong Kong, 1955-1958; Deputy Electrical Officer, later Electrical Officer, HMS EAGLE, 1958-1959; in charge of naval section of Post-Design Division, Admiralty Surface Weapons Establishment, 1959-1962; on staff of Director of Fleet Work Study and Management Services, 1962-1965; Technical Application Commander, Admiralty Surface Weapons Establishment, 1966-1968; Capt, 1968; Head of Weapon Systems Tuning Group and Assistant Director General Weapons (Naval) Department, 1968-1971; Deputy Director of Fleet Maintenance, Ministry of Defence, 1971-1972, and Director of Fleet Maintenance, 1972-1973; Capt, HMS DEFIANCE and Chief Staff Officer to Flag Officer, Plymouth, 1973-1976; retired list, 1976; died in 1991.
Born in 1837; cadet in Bengal Infantry, 1855; 2nd Lt, 1 European Bengal Fusiliers, 1856; Lt, 1857; transferred to Indian Staff Corps, 1865; Maj, 1875; Lt Col, 1881; died in 1895.
Born 1893; educated at Framlingham College; mobilised with York Troop, East Riding of Yorkshire Yeomanry, 1914; commissioned into the East Yorkshire Regiment, 1914; served World War One, 1914- 1918 on Western Front, Egypt and India; service with 12 (Service) Bn (3 Hull), East Yorkshire Regiment, 1914-1917; Lt, 1916; awarded MC, 1916; transferred to Indian Army, 1917; served with 7 Gurkha Rifles and 18 Royal Garwhal Rifles, 1917-1943; acting Capt, 1918; Third Afghan War, 1919; Capt, 1919; Brevet Maj, 1930; Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General, General Staff, India, 1936; Brevet Lt Col, 1938; Assistant Military Secretary to Commander-in-Chief, India, 1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Brig, 1941; Maj Gen, 1942; Director of Staff Duties, General Staff, India, 1942-1943; Head of Indian Army Liaison Mission to the Middle East, 1944-1945; awarded CIE, 1944; organiser of India's Victory Celebrations, New Delhi, 1946; Chief of Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Baroda State Forces, India, 1946; awarded CSI, 1946; retired 1949; Area Controller, Civil Defence, North East Essex, 1950-1964; raised and commanded North East Sector, Essex Home Guard (5 Bns), 1951; Chairman, Lexden and Winstree Rural District Council, 1959-1963; died 1977.
Born in 1889; qualified as an accountant, 1912; joined RN, 1914; served on HMS PARTRIDGE and HMS ST GEORGE; saw action at Gallipoli, 1915; served in Salonika, Greece, 1916-1918; served on staff of Adm Ernest Charles Thomas Troubridge, Serbia, 1918-1919; Treasurer, Interallied (later International) Commission on the Danube, Hungary, 1919-1920; worked for the Admiralty in Shipping Casualties Section, Trade Division, interviewing survivors of sunk and damaged ships, [1939-1945]; died in [1979].
Served in various RAF fighter and bomber squadrons, 1930-1935; Ferry Pilot, RAF Stations Henlow and Cardington, 1935-1939.
Born 1908; educated at West Buckland School, Devon; employed by W E Hinde Shipping Company, Cardiff, Glamorgan, 1925; employed by Gaumont British Cinemas, London and Birmingham [1930]; Lt, Royal Corps of Signals, Territorial Army and Supplementary Reserve, 1931; service with 53 (Welsh) Div Signals, Cardiff, Glamorgan, 1931-1933; Manager, News Reel Cinema, Bristol, Gloucestershire, 1933; Manager, Forum Cinema, Bath, Somerset, 1934; employed by Howard Tenens, London, 1938; Lt, 44 (Home Counties) Div Signals, Royal Corps of Signals, Territorial Army, London, 1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Capt, 1941; temporary Maj, 1942; Officer Commanding Madras Signals Company, India, 1942; service in Diksal, Jhansi and Gwalior, India, 1942-1943; War Substantive Maj, 1943; Commanding Officer, 70 Div Signals, India, 1944; Chief Signals Officer, Chindits, Burma, 1945; demobilised as Hon Lt Col, 1945; awarded TD, 1949; Ship Broker and Member of Lloyds of London; died 1998.
Born, 1860; educated, Wellington College, Royal Military College Sandhurst; Royal Army and Wigtown Militia, 1877-1878; served with HM 40 Foot, 1879-1882; Queen's Own Corps of Guides, 1882-1895; Hazara Expedition, 1888; Chitral Relief Expedition, 1895; Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, Musketry, 1891-1895; Second in Command, Malakand campaign, North West Frontier, 1897; operations in Mamund country, North West Frontier, 1897-1898; Commanding Officer, Guides Infantry, Buner, North West Frontier, 1898; Commander, 40 Pathans, 1899-1906; Assistant Adjutant General, Musketry, Army Headquarters, India, 1906-1908; Commanded a Brigade, 1908-1915; Commandant, 40 Pathans, operations at Gyantse, Tibet, 1904; Younghusband Expedition to Lhasa, Tibet, 1904; Commander, 1 Peshawar Div, 1915-1919; retired, 1920; died, 1943.
Born in 1861; commissioned into Royal Engineers, 1880; employed on military and public works, India and Burma, 1883-1899; served in South Africa, 1899-1902; Commandant, Balloon School, 1903-1910; Commandant, School of Military Engineering, 1911-1914; Deputy Inspector General, Lines of Communication, 1914; Chief Engineer, 3 Corps and 3 Army, 1915; General Officer Commanding 24 Div, 1915-1917; Director General, Tank Corps, 1917; Director General, War Office, 1917-1918; commanded 64th Div, Forces in Great Britain, 1918-1919; Commander, No 1 Area, British Troops in France and Flanders, 1919; Lt Governor and Commanding Troops in Guernsey, 1920-1925; retired in 1925; died in 1955.
Born 1895; educated at Ampleforth and University College, Oxford; commissioned into C Battery (14 Lancashire), Royal Field Artillery, Territorial Force, (3 West Lancashire Bde), 1915; served in World War One, 1914-1918; Lt, 1916; attached to Royal Flying Corps, 1916-1917, and served in Aden and Salonika; temporary Capt, 1919-1921; service in Egypt and Palestine to assess educational requirements of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, 1919-1921; Royal Army Educational Corps, 1921-1956; Capt, 1921; General Staff Officer 3, General Headquarters, Egyptian Expeditionary Force, 1921-1922; Education Officer, London District, 1923-1931; visit to the Army of the Irish Free State, 1926; Education Officer, Headquarters Presidency and Assam District, India, 1931-1938; Brevet Maj, 1935; tour of Tibet, 1937; Education Officer, Headquarters Home Counties, 1938-1939; Maj, 1939; served World War Two, 1939-1945; posted to Royal Army Educational Corps Depot, Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, 1939- 1940; Staff Capt, War Office, 1940-1941; Education Officer, Headquarters Edinburgh Area, 1941-1943; Lt Col, 1943; Chief Education Officer, British North Africa Force and Central Mediterranean Force, 1943-1945; General Staff Officer 1 (Education), Headquarters Northumbrian District, 1945-1947; Chief Education Officer, British Troops in Egypt, 1947-1949; Col, 1947; Commandant, Army College, Wellbeck Abbey, Nottinghamshire, 1949-1951; Chief Education Officer, Headquarters Northern Command, 1951-1953; temporary Brig, 1953; Chief Education Officer, Headquarters, Northern Army Group, British Army of the Rhine, 1953-1956; Honorary Brig, 1956; retired, 1956; member of Claro Divisional Education Executive, 1956-1960; awarded CBE, 1957; examiner for the First Class Army Certificate of Education, 1957; Honorary Secretary of the United Services Catholic Association; died 1970.
Born in 1966; studied political science at the University of Winnipeg, Canada; awarded Master's degree on Soviet and Canadian military policy and nuclear weapons doctrine by Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1990; employed as analyst and historian for Air Command Headquarters, Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg, Canada, 1991-1992; former PhD student in the Department of War Studies, King's College London, 1993-1996; employed by the National Defence Headquarters, Ottawa, Canada.
Publications: Canadian nuclear weapons (The untold story of Canada's Cold War arsenal) (Dundurn Press, Toronto, Canada, 1998).
Born in 1874; educated at Harrow School and Royal Military College, Sandhurst; 2nd Lt, Grenadier Guards, 1893; Lt, 1897; served in Nile Expedition, 1898, and South Africa, 1899-1902; Capt, 1900; passed Staff College, 1903-1904; General Staff Officer, War Office, 1905-1909; Maj, 1909; General Staff Officer, London District, 1910-1914; head of British missions, General HQ, France, 1915-1918; Military Governor, Cologne, 1918-1919; commanded 1 Infantry Bde, Aldershot, 1920; British Military Representative, League of Nations, Geneva, 1920-1922; Military Attaché, Paris, 1924-1927; Director of Personal Services, 1928-1930; Military Secretary to Secretary of State for War, 1930-1934; retired, 1934; died in 1959.
Born in 1895; educated at Sherborne School; 2nd Lt, 9 King's Own (Royal Lancashire) Regt, 1914; joined Royal Flying Corps, 1915; served in France, 1915; POW, 1915-1918; served in Northern Russia, 1919; served on the Control Commission in Austria and Hungary, 1920-1922; Air Adviser to the Estonian Army, 1928; studied at RAF Staff College, 1931; commanded No 12 (Bomber) Sqn, 1934; Air Attaché, Moscow, 1934-1937; Deputy Director of Plans, Air Ministry, 1938; Senior Air Staff Officer, Advanced Air Striking Force, France, 1940; Director of Allied Air Cooperation, Air Ministry, 1940; Head of Air Section, British Military Mission to Moscow, 1941; Air Officer in charge of Administration, Army HQ, India, 1942-1943; Deputy Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Transport Command, 1943-1945; Air Officer Commanding No 3 Group, Bomber Command, 1946; AVM, 1946; Director General of Technical Services, Ministry of Civil Aviation, 1946-1947; Controller of Technical and Operational Services, Ministry of Civil Aviation, 1947-1948; died in 1986.
Born 1892; educated at Massachusetts Institute of Technology; served in World War One, 1914-1918; commissioned into 1 Wessex Field Company, Royal Engineers, Territorial Force, 1915; service with 3 West Riding Field Company, Royal Engineers, Territorial Force, and 461 Field Company, Royal Engineers, Western Front, 1915-1918; awarded MC, 1915; Lt, 1916; Capt, 1918; Superintending Engineer, Maintenance Command, Northern Area, 1938; service with RAF in World War Two, 1939-1945; awarded CBE, 1945; Deputy Director of Works (Civil Aviation), Air Ministry, 1945-1947; Director of Works (Civil Aviation), Air Ministry, 1947-1952; died 1979.
Born, 1925; Cadet, Royal Navy, 1943; Midshipman, 1944; Lieutenant, 1945; Destroyer Gunnery Officer, 1949; Lieutenant Commander, 1953; Commander, 1959; died 2007.
Born in 1920; educated at Wellington College, Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and Trinity College, Cambridge; 2nd Lt, Royal Engineers, 1940; Lt, 1941; Capt, 1946; Maj, 1953; Lt Col, 1961; Defence Adviser, British Mission to the UN, 1964-1966; Brig, Engineer Plans, Ministry of Defence (Army), 1968-1970; Chief Executive, Cumbernauld Development Corporation, 1970-1985.
Born 1907; educated at Fonthill, East Grinstead, Sussex, the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, Devon, and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; commissioned into the Royal Artillery, 1927; service with 19 Bde Royal Artillery, British Army of Rhine, Germany, 1927-1929; Aide de Camp to Lt Gen Sir William Thwaites, General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, British Army of the Rhine, 1929; Lt, 1930; served with 19 Field Bde, Royal Artillery, 1930-1934; Capt, 1938; served in World War Two, 1939-1943; served in Belgium and France and commanded 29 Battery, 19 Field Regt Royal Artillery, 3 Infantry Bde, 1 Div, BEF (British Expeditionary Force), 1939-1940; temporary Maj, 1940; evacuated from Dunkirk, Operation DYNAMO, Jun 1940; Lt Col, 1942; Commander, Royal Artillery, 1 Airborne Div, 1942; killed in action during Operation FUSTIAN, the glider assault on the Ponte Grande bridge by 1 Air Landing Bde, 1 Airborne Div, Sicily, Jul 1943.
Born 1892; educated at Wellington and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst; commissioned into 7 Queen's Own Hussars, 1911; Lt, 1913; served in World War One, 1914-1918; Aide de Camp to Div Commander, Home Forces, 1914-1915; Staff Capt, France, 1917-1918; Capt, 1918; Bde Maj, France, 1918-1919; General Staff Officer 3, British Army of the Rhine, 1919; Adjutant, 7 Queen's Own Hussars, 1919-1922; Maj, 15/19 The King's Royal Hussars, 1924; Bde Maj, Southern Command, 1927-1929; General Staff Officer 2, War Office, 1929-1931; Brevet Lt Col, 1931; Lt Col, 1934; Commanding Officer, 15/19 The King's Royal Hussars, 1934-1938; Col, 1938; General Staff Officer 1, Senior Officers' School, Sheerness, Kent, 1938-1939; Inspector, Royal Armoured Corps, War Office, 1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; acting Maj Gen, 1939-1940; General Officer Commanding 7 Armoured Div, Western Desert, 1939-1941; temporary Maj Gen, 1940-1941; Maj Gen, 1941; created KBE, 1941; commanded 3 Armoured Group, 1941-1942; commanded Hampshire and Dorset District, 1942; retired 1944; UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), 1944-1946; Deputy Chief of Mission to Greece; Chief of Emergency Supply Unit, European Regional Office; Chief of European Regional Office Voluntary Society Liaison Unit.died 1970.
Born 1873; educated at St Faughnan's College, Roscarbery and Queen's College, Cork; entered Royal Army Medical Corps, 1897; employed with Egyptian Army, 1899-1909; took part in Nile Expedition, 1898; served in the Sudan, 1900-1904; awarded the Ottoman Imperial Order of Osmanieh, 1907; worked as Professor, Royal Army Medical College, Feb-Aug 1914; Assistant Director of Medical Services, 16 Division, British Armies in France, Jul-Sep 1917; Assistant Director of Medical Services, British Armies in Italy, Oct 1917-Apr 1918; Professor of Pathology, Royal Army Medical College, Jul 1919; retired from Army, 1921; David Davies Professor of Tuberculosis, Welsh National School of Medicine, 1921-1938; died May 1949.
Born 1919; RAF College, Cranwell, 1937-1938; Pilot Officer 1938; School of Air Navigation, Manston, Jan-Apr 1939; 75 (Bomber) Squadron, Apr-Jul 1939; Met Flight, Mildenhall, Jul-Sep 1939; School of Air Navigation, St Athan, Glamorgan, Sep 1939-Jul 1940; Flying Officer 1940; BAT & DU, WIDU & 109 Squadron, Boscombe Down Wilts, Jul 1940-Aug 1941; Flight Lt 1941; Acting Sqn Ldr 1941; Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, Jan 1942-Apr 1943; AFC 1942; 109 Squadron, Wyton, Apr-Jun 1943; Sqn Ldr 1943; Acting Wg Cdr 1943; commanded 105 Squadron, Marham & Bourn, June 1943-Sep 1944; DFC 1943; Acting Gp Capt 1944; DSO 1944; RAF Staff College 1944; Air Headquarters, India, 1945-1946; Officer Commanding RAF Agra, 1946-1947; Headquarters, Flying Training Command, 1948-1950; Officer Commanding Flying, Hullavington, 1950-1952; Wg Cdr 1950; Air Ministry, 1953-1955; Officer Commanding BCDU, Wittering, 1955-1956; Gp Capt 1957; Gp Capt Ops HQ Middle East Air Force, 1957-1959; Officer Commanding 24 AD Wing, Watton, 1960-1961; CBE 1960; retired 1961; died, 29 Dec 2001.