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Gene Adams was a teacher who became a Museums Education Advisor. Adams received a BA in Fine Arts (Hons) from the University of Natal in South Africa in 1953. Soon after graduating she travelled to London and from 1956 to 1957 was employed as Assistant Curator at the William Morris Gallery, Walthamstow. During her return to South Africa from late 1957 she worked at temporary experimental museum educational projects at the South African National Gallery in Cape Town. She moved to London permanently in May 1959 to take up part time educational work at the Geffrye Museum.

After qualifying as a teacher in 1963 at the Institute of Education, Gene Adams taught at various London schools as an art teacher. In 1970-1974 Adams was seconded to the Geffrye Museum as a part time teacher and became the Teacher in Charge of the Art Room. After a series of activities at the Geffrye in 1974 looking at the history and architecture of the Spitalfields area, Adams helped formed the 'Save our Spitalfields' group who created an independent exhibition in 1979 promoting the Spitalfields area and highlighting the architecture which was at risk of demolition. The exhibition later toured museums in the south east.

In 1975 Gene Adams was appointed the Art and Museum Education Advisory Teacher at the Inner London Education Authority (ILEA). Here she developed educational activities in museums and art galleries, including school visits, holiday activities, in-services training courses for ILEA teachers, and general information leaflets for teachers on museums education mostly based at the historic houses of the Greater London Council (GLC). In 1978 she became the ILEA Museum Education Advisor.

When the ILEA was abolished in 1990 there was no place for her role in the new London authorities and she became a freelance museums education advisor. She was also a member of the education committee of Museum of Moving Image (MOMI), (later the NFT/MOMI education committee/South Bank Education Committee.) Adams also wrote articles on museums education for 'Questions' magazine, and ran a course for staff at the Museum Department of Kraftangan, a Malaysia crafts organisation, to help them establish an education service.

As well as her career in museum education, Gene Adams was also actively opposed corporal punishment in schools. She was a member of the National Council for Civil Liberties and in 1968 formed an anti-corporal punishment pressure group, known as the Society of Teachers Opposed to Physical Punishment (STOPP). She also served on the NCCL Executive and its Children's Rights Committee for several years. In 1973 Gene Adams resigned from the STOPP Committee.

No information available at present.

Born 1906; educated Sussex Grammar School and University College London; Lecturer in History, University College London, 1926-1934; Rockefeller Fellow in USA, 1929-1930; Organising Secretary, Second International Congress of the History of Science and Technology, 1931; Secretary, Academic Assistance Council, 1933-1938; Secretary, London School of Economics, 1938-1946; Deputy Head, British Political Warfare Mission, USA, 1942-1944; Assistant Deputy Director-General, Political Intelligence Department, Foreign Office, 1945; OBE, 1945; Secretary, Inter-University Council for Higher Education in the Colonies, 1946-1955; CMG, 1952; Principal, University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, 1955-1967; Director, London School of Economics, 1967-1974; Kt, 1970; died 1975.
Publications: joint-editor of The Diary of Robert Hooke, 1672-1680 (Taylor & Francis: London, 1935).

Born 1906; educated Sussex Grammar School and University College London; Lecturer in History, University College London, 1926-1934; Rockefeller Fellow in USA, 1929-1930; Organising Secretary, Second International Congress of the History of Science and Technology, 1931; Secretary, Academic Assistance Council, 1933-1938; Secretary, London School of Economics, 1938-1946; Deputy Head, British Political Warfare Mission, USA, 1942-1944; Assistant Deputy Director-General, Political Intelligence Department, Foreign Office, 1945; OBE, 1945; Secretary, Inter-University Council for Higher Education in the Colonies, 1946-1955; CMG, 1952; Principal, University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, 1955-1967; Director, London School of Economics, 1967-1974; Kt, 1970; died 1975.
Publications: joint-editor of The Diary of Robert Hooke, 1672-1680 (Taylor & Francis: London, 1935).

Ford Bridge Road is probably Fordbridge Road in Ashford, Surrey, running between Church Road and the Staines Bypass. Acton Hill is now the High Street, Acton.

Born at Quintero, Chile, 1821; came to London, 1826; worked in the carriage works of his father, William Bridges Adams, and uncle, c1836-1846; became manager of the London Works, Birmingham, 1846; in business with George Alcock, 1846-1850; began his own business, 1850; member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers; presented papers on railway carriages and wagons, 1850, 1852; formed the Midland Wagon Company, 1853; elected Associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 1865; a director of Muntz's Metal Company; introduced into the USA the purchase lease system of letting railway wagons, 1874; formed the Union Rolling Stock Company for financing wagons on that system in the USA, 1875; presented to the Institution of Civil Engineers a paper on railway rolling stock capacity, 1876; director of the Birmingham Joint Stock Bank; Justice of the Peace and Deputy Lieutenant for Herefordshire; died at Gaines, Herefordshire, 1896. Publications: Twenty-six years Reminiscences of Scotch Grouse Moors (H Cox, London, 1889); Bores and Loads for Sporting Guns for British game shooting (H Cox, London, 1894).

Samuel Vyvyan Trerice Adams was born on 22 April 1900 and was drowned at Helston in Cornwall on 13 August 1951. He was educated at the Kings School, Cambridge and then went on to Kings College, Cambridge, where he took the Classical Tripos, parts 1 and 11. He was called to the Bar in 1927 and worked as lawyer until 1931 when he was elected as the Conservative MP for the Leeds West Constituency, defeating a large Liberal majority. During World War II he was in the army, reaching the rank of major and continuing his duties as an MP. After being defeated in the 1945 elections he worked as a manager in industry for some time and then became the Conservative prospective parliamentary candidate for the East Fulham Constituency 1947 - 1950. After failing to win election he worked as a political researcher for Conservative Central Office and was prospective candidate for Ormskirk, Lancashire and Darwen, Lancashire. He also supplemented his income by writing articles reviews and books. Under the pseudonym "Watchman" he wrote Right Honourable Gentlemen.

Samuel Vyvyan Trerice Adams was born on 22 April 1900 and was drowned at Helston in Cornwall on 13 August 1951. He was educated at the Kings School, Cambridge and then went on to Kings College, Cambridge, where he took the Classical Tripos, parts 1 and 11. He was called to the Bar in 1927 and worked as lawyer until 1931 when he was elected as the Conservative MP for the Leeds West Constituency, defeating a large Liberal majority. During World War II he was in the army, reaching the rank of major and continuing his duties as an MP. After being defeated in the 1945 elections he worked as a manager in industry for some time and then became the Conservative prospective parliamentary candidate for the East Fulham Constituency 1947 - 1950. After failing to win election he worked as a political researcher for Conservative Central Office and was prospective candidate for Ormskirk, Lancashire and Darwen, Lancashire. He also supplemented his income by writing articles reviews and books. Under the pseudonym "Watchman" he wrote Right Honourable Gentlemen.

The Addictions Research Unit was set up in 1967 with funding from the Ministry of Health, housing together the Alcoholism team (founded in 1963) and the newly formed Drug research team. The Tobacco research team (originally named Smoking Studies) was added in Jul 1969. In later years further research teams were formed including the Self-help Groups research team, the Natural History team (studying the natural history of narcotic dependence and alcoholism) and the Epidemiological studies of Barbiturate and Poly-drug use. The Addictions Research Unit is part of the Department of Psychiatry within the Division of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry. It works hand in hand with the Addictions Division (part of the Specialist Services Directorate) of South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) to improve understanding of addiction to drugs, alcohol and tobacco, and to develop effective preventative and treatment interventions. Together, they are known as The National Addiction Centre (NAC). Over the last 30 years, the NAC has developed a body of research evidence that has informed the development of new treatment services for alcohol, smoking and drug problems in the UK. This work ranges from trials of new therapies and preventative treatments to studies seeking to understand the genetic and biological basis of addictive behaviour.

Robina Addis was one of the earliest professionally trained psychiatric social workers in Britain, qualifying in 1933. She went on to have a varied career, first in child guidance and then for the National Association for Mental Health, from which she retired in 1965.

Charles Stewart Addis was born in Edinburgh on 23 November 1861, the youngest son of the Reverend Thomas Addis, a minister of the Free Church of Scotland. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy. Between 1876 and 1880 he worked for Peter Dowie and Co., Grain Importers of Leith.

In 1880 he joined the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) in London. In 1883 he was posted to Singapore, then to the HSBC head office in Hong Kong. In 1886 he became one of the first western bankers to reside in Peking, when he was posted there as Acting Agent. During this time, he also began his experience as a writer when he was invited to contribute material to the Chinese Times by its editor, Alexander Michie. After Peking, Addis undertook assignments in Tientsin (1889), Shanghai (1889-1891), Calcutta (1891) and Rangoon (1892). While on home leave in 1894 Addis met and married Eba McIsaac, the daughter of the Provost of Saltcoats, a small town in Scotland. They were to have thirteen children.

Following his marriage, Addis was posted to Shanghai. He was appointed Agent in Hankow (1896), Calcutta (1897), and served as Sub Manager in Shanghai (1898 and 1900). In 1905, he was appointed to the HSBC London Office as Junior Manager and also to the Board of Directors of the British and Chinese Corporation and the Chinese Central Railways. In 1908, he received his first official government appointment as British Censor of the State Bank of Morocco, a post he held until 1944. In 1911 he was appointed Senior Manager of the HSBC London Office. From 1912, he began his work to bring competing national banking syndicates together to form the Six Power China Consortium, transforming the policy of competition for loans to one of co-operation. The height of the Consortium's success came in 1913 when it issued a Reorganisation Loan to Yuan Shih-Kai's Republican Government. The British Government awarded Addis's efforts with a knighthood in that year. In 1917 he was appointed to the Cunliffe Committee on Currency and Foreign Exchanges After the War. In 1918 he became Director of the Bank of England, and in 1919 a member of the Bank's Committee of Treasury upon which the Governor of the Bank of England relied for advice. In that year he was also appointed to the Council of the Institute of Bankers and the India Currency Committee. In 1920, he served on the War Relief and China Famine Relief Committees, and visited New York to organise the Second China Consortium, which included banking groups from the USA, France, Japan and Great Britain. He was awarded a K.C.M.G. in 1921. In that year he retired as London Manager of the HSBC, but continued as Manager of the British Group of the China Consortium and Director on the Boards of the British and Chinese Corporation and the Chinese Central Railways. He was also elected President of the Institute of Bankers. In 1922, he was appointed Chairman of the London Committee of the HSBC, and attended the British Alternate Genoa Conference as the British financial expert. In 1923, he became Chairman of the Exchange Committee, Imperial Economic Conference. In 1924 he became a member of the Montagu Mission to Brazil; was appointed to the Colwyn Committee on National Debt and Taxation; gave evidence to the Chamberlain-Bradbury Committee and was appointed British representative on the General Council of the Reichsbank. In 1925, he served as a member of the China Advisory Committee, Boxer Indemnity, and in 1926, on the US Debt Committee. In 1929 he was the British Delegate on the Committee of Experts for Reparations in Paris. In 1930 he was appointed Vice-Chairman of the Bank for International Settlements, and also attended meetings of the Cabinet Economic Advisory Sub-Committee on China.

He retired from the HSBC London Committee in 1933, and in the same year became a member of the Royal Commission on Canadian Banking. In 1944 he resigned as Manager of the British group of the China Consortium and from directorships of the British and Chinese Corporation and Chinese Central Railways. He died at Frant, Sussex on 14 December 1945.

John Mansfield Addis was born on 4 June 1914. He was the twelfth child and fifth son of Sir Charles and Lady Addis. He was educated at Rugby from 1928 to 1932 and then at Christchurch College, Oxford. He joined the Diplomatic Service in 1938 and served for a while as Assistant Private Secretary to the Permanent Under-Secretary, Sir Alexander Cadogan. Between 1942 and 1944 he worked as Civilian Liaison Officer at the Allied Force Headquarters in the Mediterranean, London, Algiers and Caserta, and in 1944 as Second Secretary, HM Embassy Paris. Between 1945 and 1947 he served as Assistant Private Secretary to the Prime Minister, Clement Attlee.

In 1947, he began his service in China, as First Secretary and Head of Chancery, HM Embassy Nanking and then in 1950, HM Embassy Peking. He remained in Peking for the next seven years and his postings included Assistant in the China and Korea Department, Foreign Office (1951-1954), Member of the UK Delegation to Geneva Conference on Korea (1954) and Counsellor and Consul General, HM Embassy Peking (1954-1957). He left China in 1957. Subsequent postings included Head of Southern Department, Foreign Office (1957-1959); HM Ambassador Vientiane, Laos (1960-1962); Fellow at the Harvard University Centre for International Affairs (1962-1963); HM Ambassador, Manila (1963-1969); and HM Ambassador, China (1970-1974). He retired in 1974.

In 1975 he was elected as Senior Research Fellow in Contemporary Chinese Studies at Wolfson College, Oxford, and held this position throughout his retirement. He was also a member of the Advisory Council of the V&A Museum, a Trustee of the British Museum, Board Member of the Hong Kong Shanghai Bank, Adviser to the Barclays International Bank and Great Britain China Centre. He died on 31 July 1983. He never married.

Mary Winifred Addison trained at King's College Hospital, London, 1928-1931, (gaining General Nursing Council registration 1932) and subsequently served as a Sister there. On the outbreak of war, she became Sister Tutor to the Nurses Training Centre in Oxford, and during this time taught first aid to Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent (1906-1968).

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The Anglican chaplaincy at Adelboden was opened to cater for the many tourists visiting this area. The English church has now closed and since 1983 has been used as a local museum.

George Cuthbert Adeney was born in 1879. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School and St Thomas' Hospital, where he was house physician and clinical assistant in the throat department. He obtained MRCS in 1903, and FRCS in 1911. During World War One he served in the Royal Army Medical Corps with the rank of Major. He became medical officer for the Ministry of Health in c 1928. Subsequently he was regional medical officer for the Ministry at Norwich. He was also a member of the Medical Society for Individual (Alderian) Psychology. He died in 1958.

The papers in this collection document the fate of a Jewish mixed race family in Vienna during the Nazi era. The depositor's father, Alwin Goldschmied, was arrested in April 1938 by the Gestapo and eventually perished in Auschwitz having reached there via Drancy. The daughter, the depositor, Ellinor, came to England in 1939 with the assistance of the Quakers. Maria Goldschmied, the depositor's mother, seems to have spent the majority of the war in a small town called Stiefern with relatives some 90 km from Vienna. In August 1946 she came to England.

Born in Prague, 1910; PhD, Charles University, 1935; sent to do forced labour 1941-1942; Theresienstadt concentration camp, 1942-1944; Auschwitz concentration camp, 1944-1945; emigrated to London, 1947; wrote and published novels, poetry and a number of important works on the Holocaust; died 1988. Publications:
Theresienstadt (1955)
Der verwaltete Mensch (1974)
Die Freiheit des Menschen (1976)
Eine Reise (1962, second edition 1999)
Panorama (1968)

Hermann Adler was born in Hanover in 1839 and was brought to live in England as a small child when his father became Chief Rabbi. He was educated at University College London, in Prague, where he was ordained, and in Leipzig where he gained a doctorate. In 1864 he became minister of the Bayswater Synagogue in London. He worked to extend the provision of Jewish religious education particularly in the east end of London and spoke out in defence of the Jews against hostile and prejudiced critics.

From 1879 until his death in 1890 Chief Rabbi Nathan Adler suffered ill health and his son carried out many of his duties for him. By the time of Nathan Adler's death it was widely assumed that Hermann Adler should succeed him. He was installed as Chief Rabbi on 23 June 1891.

Like his father Hermann Adler wished to establish religious conformity as far as possible and saw his Chief Rabbinate as a focus for Jewish unity. He preferred to avoid, not always successfully, the sharpening of religious discord in Anglo-Jewry. It was noted that in 1905 he attended the memorial service for F.D.Mocatta at the Reform Synagogue. His personal admiration for the scholar Claude Montefiore (1858-1938) survived their theological differences. Montefiore was kept on the Board of Jewish Religious Education despite the fact that he as a co-founder of the Liberal Jewish movement, which was to the "left" of the Reform and of which Adler was a sharp critic. Adler authorised some small modifications to religious ritual at the request of some synagogues under his jurisdiction.

Hermann Adler continued to work for the amelioration of conditions for Jews in Britian and abroad, in particular for Jews in Russia. He was very much at home within the upper echelons of late Victorian and Edwardian society: he was Vice-President of the Society of the Prevention of Cruelty to Children; a governor of University College London; and a committee member of the King Edward VII Hospital Fund and the Metropolitan Hospital Sunday Fund. Edward VII referred to him as "My Chief Rabbi" and made him a Companion of the Royal Victorian Order. Adler decided (as his father had done) that his ministers should be styled as "reverends" rather than "rabbis": there was only one rabbi and he was the Chief Rabbi. It was some time before he authorised the use of the rabbinic title to ministers within the United Synagogue. Hermann Adler had great admiration for things English. He was less than comfortable with the newly settled Jews from eastern Europe and they with him. Adler himself advised the lay leadership of the United Synagogue that his successor should be a rabbi more acceptable to east-end congregations than he had been.

Hemann Adler died on 18 July 1911.

Born, 1947; PhD, Westfield College, University of London, 1977; lecturer in German, Westfield College, University of London, 1970-1989; Reader, Queen Mary and Westfield College, 1989-1991; Professor of German, Queen Mary and Westfield College, 1991-1994; Professor of German, King's College London 1994-2003; Emeritus Professor of German, 2003.
Publications: Eine fast magische Anziehungskraft (1987)Text als Figur with Ulrich Ernst (1987) Also published several books of poetry and edited several publicatons on German poets and the work of his father, H G Adler.

Nathan Adler was born in 1803 in Hanover, Germany and was the grand-nephew of Chief Rabbi David Tewele Schiff. He was educated at the universities of Gottingen, Erlangen, Wurzburg and Heidelberg and was ordained in 1828. In 1829 he was elected Senior Rabbi of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg and in 1830 appointed to the office in Hanover in his father's stead. In 1844 Nathan Adler succeeded Chief Rabbi Soloman Hirschell and was installed on the 9th of July 1845.

Nathan Adler worked to establish uniformity of religious practices. In 1847 he issued a code of Laws and Regulations which underlined the supremacy of the Chief Rabbi. He visited provincial congregations and took an active interest in settling or preventing communal disputes. In 1855 he founded Jews College in Finsbury Square, London. It was opened as a school and college, but the attraction of good schools outside the Jewish community and the movement of Jews from the area of the City led to the school being closed in 1879.

Many changes to the composition and administrative framework of Anglo-Jewry took place during this Chief Rabbinate. Important Jewish institutions such as the Jewish Board of Guardians and the Anglo-Jewish Association were founded. In the 1860s Adler encouraged proposals for the union of Ashkenazi congregations under one management and the United Synagogue was created by Act of Parliament in 1870. It was also a period when some Jews examined their approach to their faith; some broke away from traditional observance to worship at the newly formed West London Synagogue, the first Reform congregation in Britain. The number of Jews in the country grew, especially from 1881 with the arrival of thousands of refugees fleeing from pogroms in Russia and Eastern Europe. In 1850 the Jewish population in Britain as around 35,000; in 1914 it stood at 300,000.

In the last decade of his life Nathan Adler had poor health and retired to Brighton. His son Hermann Adler acted for him as Delegate Chief Rabbi until his death on 21st January 1890.

The administration of the Navy 1688-1832 was controlled by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty and the Navy Board. With occasional exceptions, the number of Lords Commissioners varied between five and seven. According to the Admiralty patent, orders had to be signed by at least 3 members of the board, that number having authority "to be everything which belongs to the office of our Lord High Admiral". Sometimes for greater speed, an order was signed and dispatched by the secretary, but it was followed by an order in due form as soon as the board met, back dated to cover action which had taken place on the secretary's order.

The Navy Board, which was set up by Henry VIII in 1546, was responsible for the building and repair of ships and the maintenance of the dockyards, as well as the appointment of warrant and junior officers. Its responsibilities were divided between four principal officers, resident in London. These were the Comptroller, the Surveyor and the Treasurer and the Clerk of the Acts, and the three dockyard commissioners at Portsmouth, Chatham and Plymouth. Extra commissioners were sometimes appointed. Within the organisation of the Navy Office, there were several departments, such as the Ticket Office, the Slop Office, the Office for Stores and the Marine Office, some of them being housed in separate buildings. In 1788 the staff of the Navy Office was five times as large as that of the Admiralty.

The pressure of business caused by war was responsible for the creation of further departments, some of which were retained in the eighteenth century even in times of peace. A Board of Commissioners for Victualling was set up in 1683 and this body which usually consisted of seven commissioners remained responsible for the victualling of the navy until the reforms of 1832. The Commissioners for taking care of the sick and wounded seamen continued to function after the peace of 1714, though their number was reduced from four to two, and in the subsequent wars of the eighteenth century were also responsible for prisoners of war. In 1788 the latter function was transferred to the Transport Board, which had operated from 1690-1724 and was revived in 1794. This board took over the remaining duties of the commissioners for sick and wounded seaman in 1806, the number of its commissioners being increased then from four to six.

The administration of public offices were made the subject of an inquiry in 1786 but the reports were not published until 1806. Some alterations were made at the end of the century and for a time the Navy Board was organised on the committee system, but this was found to be unsuccessful. In 1817 the number of boards was reduced to three, by the absorption of the Transport Board into the Victualling Board. The Admiralty Act of 1832 abolished the three boards, the Admiralty Boards, the Navy Board and the Victualling Board, and concentrated all authority in the Board of Admiralty. The dockyard commissioners were replaced by superintendents.

The Admiralty Compass Observatory (ACO) was formed in March 1842 to improve the Mariners compass, following the recommendations of the Compass Committee, set up in July 1837. This committee comprised Captain (later Rear- Admiral Sir) Francis Beaufort (1774-1857), Captain (later Rear- Admiral Sir) James Clark Ross (1800-1862), Major (later General Sir) Edward Sabine (1788-1883), Samuel Hunter Christie (1784-1865), Captain Thomas Best Jarvis and Commander Edward John Johnson (1794-1853). All bar Jarvis were fellows of the Royal Society. The committee examined specimens and conducted experiments and in April 1838 it stressed the need for accurate information on VARIATION. The committee perfected what became the Pattern 1 Admiralty Standard Compass (in service from 1840-1944), being adopted by foreign navies. In March 1842 the committee submitted a set of 'Practical Rules', which went through eleven editions up to 1889. Captain Johnson was appointed to implement the findings of the committee. Johnson initially was the sole member of the new branch and was responsible for instructing officers of the fleet in the operation of swinging ship, assisting the Master Shipwrights in determining the most advantageous position for the pillar, examining and testing the new Standard Compasses and implementing the Practical Rules.

In 1845, a set of 'safe distance rules' was published also known to many as CD pamphlet 11. In 1855, Commander Frederick Evans was appointed to the ACO when iron was being more widely used in ship construction and deviations of the compass where increasing. The status of the Compass Department rose rapidly after the publication of Evans and Archibald Smith produced a number of papers for the Royal Society, British Association and other learned bodies, including the publication of a number of manuals at advanced and popular levels. The papers dealt with the theory of the causes of magnetic deviation, its analysis and practical application. Evans won the department at the International Exhibition of 1862 for his effort in designing a binnacle to correct quadrantal deviation. In the five years up to 1860, the Liverpool Compass Committee produced three excellent reports on the subject of ships magnetism and the management of their compasses, tackling the problem of heeling error and the adoption of a 'Flinders bar'. In 1869, the Compass Department was moved to Deptford and an office created in London. In 1869 Rear Admiral Ryder proposed that every ship should have the compass fitted on her bridge. Sir William Thompson's patents of 1876-1879 greatly improved the azimuth device, which he invented. In 1868, Lieutenant E. W. Creak was appointed Assistant Superintendent of Compasses and Superintendent in 1887. In the 1870's the binnacle for the first time provides a simple means of adjustment to meet the inevitable changes in deviation. Electricity when introduced, posed a threat to the stability of compass readings. In 1881, the navy installed a two-wire system into HM ships leaving the dynamo as a remaining principal cause of disturbance. Mayes subsequently conducted test in 1884, in the troopship EUPHRATES. ACO moved to Ditton Park, Slough in 1917, costing the Admiralty £20,000. In 1971 the ACO was absorbed into the Admiralty Surface Weapons Establishment (ASWE) as its navigation division. For further information about the history of the ACO refer to: Fanning, A. E. Steady As She Goes: A History of the Compass Department of the Admiralty, 1986, HMSO.

The Advice Services Alliance, established in 1982, is the umbrella body for independent advice services in the UK. Its members are national networks of not-for-profit organisations providing advice and help on the law, access to services and related issues.

The Committee consisted of the economist John F V Vicars (b 1899), the MP John Hammond (1900-1997) and Sir Roger Swynnerton (b 1911).

The Advisory Service for Squatters is a non-profit collective of volunteer workers who provide practical advice and legal support for squatters and homeless people. Established in 1975, the organisation grew out of an earlier group called the Family Squatters Advisory Service (founded in the late 1960s).
Since 1976 ASS has published The Squatters Handbook, the 13th edition of which was published in 2009. Over 150,000 copies have been sold since 1976. The Handbook offers advice on how to find property to squat in, what to do in confrontations with the police, how to maintain the property and set up temporary plumbing, and generally how to survive while squatting. According to the Advisory Service website, the Squatters' Handbook is in high demand, which speaks to the rising number of squatters in this current [2014 at the time of writing] period of global recession.
ASS also has links with squatters' rights organisations worldwide.
After having a base at 2 St Paul's Road in Islington for many years, ASS moved to premises at Angel Alley (84b Whitechapel High Street, London E1 7QX), in the same building as Freedom Press.

AEGIS (Aid to the Elderly in Government Institutions) was a pressure group set up by Barbara Robb (d 1975) to campaign about the treatment of elderly people in the psychiatric and geriatric wards of British hospitals, following her personal involvement in the case of Amy Gibbs, a patient at Friern Barnet Hospital. AEGIS was founded in November 1965, and the publication of Sans Everything: a case to answer (Nelson, London, 1967) by Robb led to government debates and the setting up of Committees of Inquiry into the conditions at several hospitals in Great Britain. The first reading of the NHS Reorganisation Bill took place in 1972, and a Health Ombudsman was appointed in 1973. Robb died in 1975.

The Aerated Bread Company Limited was incorporated on 28 October 1862 as bakers, confectioners and light refreshment contractors. The first bakery was in Islington, with offices at 17 Camden Road, until it moved at the turn of the 20th century to Soho. A factory was built in Camden Road in 1930. By 1923 it had 150 branch shops in London and 250 tea rooms. The firm was taken over by Allied Bakeries Limited in 1955 which became in turn a subsidiary of Associated British Foods Limited. It is believed that it ceased trading in the early 1980s.

The Aeronautical Engineers' Association (AEA) was founded in 1943. It was formerly part of the Amalgamated Engineering Union.
J H Stevenson (b 1915) was General Secretary of the AEA, 1944-1958.

The author obtained his MD at Edinburgh in 1869, and was elected FRCP in 1875, and was Professor of Clinical Medicine at Edinburgh University in 1885. He was knighted in 1911 [Cf. B.M.J. 1922, i, pp. 617, 618.]

Africa95 was founded in 1992 to initiate and organise a nationwide season of the arts of Africa to be held in the UK in the last quarter of 1995. The wide-ranging events included the visual and performing arts, cinema, literature, music and public debate, and programmes on BBC television and radio. Africa95, a registered company with charitable status, was formed in 1993. It was granted patronage by HM the Queen, President Nelson Mandela of South Africa, and President Leopold Sedar Senghor of Sengal. The centrepiece of the season was the Royal Academy of Arts exhibition, 'Africa: the Art of a Continent'.

The policy and decision-making body was an Executive Committee chaired by Sir Michael Caine. The offices, with around 10 permanent staff, were at Richard House, 30-32 Mortimer Street, London. Over 20 co-ordinators and consultants were engaged in the project. Funding was provided from over 150 sources, with major grants being made by the European Development Fund, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the British Council, and the Baring Foundation. Company sponsors included British Airways and Blue Circle Industries.

Following the 1995 season of African arts, Africa95 continued in a minor way, with offices at Windsor House, 83 Kingsway, London.

The African Banking Corporation was established in 1890 as a British limited company, based in London, to provide banking services in British South Africa. It took over much of the staff, premises and business of the former Cape of Good Hope Bank. During 1891 and 1892 the Corporation absorbed three local banks, the Western Province Bank, the Kaffrarian Colonial Bank and the Worcester Commercial Bank. The Corporation itself was taken over in 1921 by the Standard Bank of South Africa.

The offices of the Corporation were at 43-46 Threadneedle Street, 1891-1905, and 63 London Wall, 1906-20.

In the late 1990s Professor Harry Goulbourne, Eric and Jessica Huntley, Professor Preston King and Toks Williams attempted to set up a publishing and bookshop Co-operative in London which would 'cater to the public needs of the minority ethnic communities' on both sides of the Atlantic (LMA/4462/S/001).

The Co-operative was intended to promote African, Caribbean, Native American and African-American concerns and have an international remit. However due to funding difficulties the Co-operative project did not progress beyond the developmental stage.

Globe Telegraph and Trust Company Limited was incorporated in 1873 by John Pender, a Liberal MP, who also founded the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group. Globe was formed in order to spread the short term risk of cable laying over a number of companies, and shares in Globe were offered in exchange for shares in submarine telegraph and associated companies. The Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group, meanwhile, was built up by Pender over a number of years in the late 19th century.

The African Direct Telegraph Company Limited was formed in 1885 by John Pender to link the main British ports on the west coast of Africa with each other and with England. The company was renamed in 1957 as African Direct Telegraph and Trust Company Limited and in 1965 as Electra Investments Limited.

The African National Congress (ANC) was formed in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress (it changed its name to the ANC in 1923) with the aim of replacing tribal opposition to white rule with a united African force. At first its membership was narrow - its leaders drawn from among traditional chiefs and wealthy Africans, its aims were limited and its activities were law-abiding. An attempt by J.T. Gumede to create a mass anti-imperialist movement was defeated by the moderates in 1930, following which the ANC lapsed into inactivity.
With an enlarged membership, a new President-General, Dr A.P. Xuma, and the adoption in 1943 of a new constitution and political programme - calling for full political rights for the first time - the ANC began its transformation into mass movement. It began to co-operate with other organisations, like the Communist Party and the South African Indian Congress. The Congress Youth League, formed in 1944, played an increasingly powerful role within the ANC: in 1949, its Programme of Action, with mass opposition to apartheid at its heart, was adopted as ANC policy. The Defiance' campaign of 1952 was the result and, though eventually broken by the state forces, it did give the ANC a mass membership. Under the Presidency of Albert Lutuli and the leadership of Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and others, the ANC became the leading resistance force in South Africa. The alliances it developed with other organisations, including the South African Indian Congress and the Congress of Democrats, led to the formation of the Congress Alliance, whose delegates adopted the Freedom Charter at the Congress of the People in 1955. This was adopted as the ANC's programme in 1956. In the same year, the Charter was used as the basis of a charge of treason against 156 members of the Congress Alliance. All of the accused in the 'Treason Trials' were acquitted, but in April 1960 the ANC was forced underground when it was banned as anunlawful organisation' following the pass law campaign and the Sharpeville massacre.
Many leaders went into exile and an external mission under Oliver Tambo and a military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), under Mandela were formed. After the arrest at Rivonia in 1963 of Mandela, Sisulu and other leaders and their imprisonment, ANC activities were for a while based mainly on the work of the external mission and the development of MK. However, following the rise of mass opposition among workers and students in the 1970s and 80s, the ANC's position as the leading anti-apartheid force was confirmed after the release of Nelson Mandela in 1990 and his and the ANC's subsequent victory in the election of 1994.
The South African Indian Congress was formed when the Natal, Transvaal and Cape Indian Congresses merged in 1920. Like the ANC, it was at first a moderate organisation until the rise of radical leaders like Dr Yusuf Dadoo and Dr G.M. Naicker in the 1940s. As well as organising passive resistance and strikes by Indian workers from 1946 onwards, they developed links with other resistance movements, first through the Non-European Unity Movement, then with the ANC. In 1947 Dadoo, Naicker and Xuma of the ANC agreed a pact for joint action by the South African Indian Congress and the ANC. The SA Indian Congress joined the Defiance Campaign in1952 and then the Congress Alliance in 1953. It had members among the Treason Trial defendants and in MK when it was formed in 1961. Though never banned, its leaders and membership were broken by state repression in the early 1960s. The Natal Indian Congress was revived in 1971 and the Transvaal Indian Congress in 1983. Both were prominent in the establishment of the United Democratic Front in the mid-1980s.

The African National Congress (ANC) was formed in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress (it changed its name to the ANC in 1923) with the aim of replacing tribal opposition to white rule with a united African force. At first its membership was narrow - its leaders drawn from among traditional chiefs and wealthy Africans, its aims were limited and its activities were law-abiding. An attempt by J.T. Gumede to create a mass anti-imperialist movement was defeated by the moderates in 1930, following which the ANC lapsed into inactivity.
With an enlarged membership, a new President-General, Dr A.P. Xuma, and the adoption in 1943 of a new constitution and political programme - calling for full political rights for the first time - the ANC began its transformation into mass movement. It began to co-operate with other organisations, like the Communist Party and the South African Indian Congress. The Congress Youth League, formed in 1944, played an increasingly powerful role within the ANC: in 1949, its Programme of Action, with mass opposition to apartheid at its heart, was adopted as ANC policy. The Defiance' campaign of 1952 was the result and, though eventually broken by the state forces, it did give the ANC a mass membership. Under the Presidency of Albert Lutuli and the leadership of Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and others, the ANC became the leading resistance force in South Africa. The alliances it developed with other organisations, including the South African Indian Congress and the Congress of Democrats, led to the formation of the Congress Alliance, whose delegates adopted the Freedom Charter at the Congress of the People in 1955. This was adopted as the ANC's programme in 1956. In the same year, the Charter was used as the basis of a charge of treason against 156 members of the Congress Alliance. All of the accused in the 'Treason Trials' were acquitted, but in April 1960 the ANC was forced underground when it was banned as anunlawful organisation' following the pass law campaign and the Sharpeville massacre.
Many leaders went into exile and an external mission under Oliver Tambo and a military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), under Mandela were formed. After the arrest at Rivonia in 1963 of Mandela, Sisulu and other leaders and their imprisonment, ANC activities were for a while based mainly on the work of the external mission and the development of MK. However, following the rise of mass opposition among workers and students in the 1970s and 80s, the ANC's position as the leading anti-apartheid force was confirmed after the release of Nelson Mandela in 1990 and his and the ANC's subsequent victory in the election of 1994.

Jean Louis Rudolphe Agassiz, was born on the 28 May 1807 in Môtier, Switzerland, where his father was the local pastor. Between 1824-1829, Agassiz studied medicine at the Universities of Zurich, Heidelberg and Munich, during which he developed an interest in zoology, particularly the study of European freshwater fishes. In 1828 he published his first paper on the subject - a description of a new species of the genus Cyprinus (carp) -but the following year saw the issue of 'Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX …' which contained descriptions of the species of fish found by the German naturalists Johann Baptist von Spix and Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius during their expedition to Brazil between 1817-1820. On Spix's death in 1826, Martius had commissioned Agassiz to complete the work. However, it would be during Agassiz's research for his next planned work, a natural history of the freshwater fishes of Europe, when he began to compare the fossil forms found in Oeningen and Glarus, in Switzerland, and at Solnhofen, in Bavaria, that he would develop his lifetime's fascination with fossil ichthyology.

Louis Agassiz arrived in Britain during the autumn of 1834, having already received a welcome prize fund from the Geological Society to support him in his fossil fish researches, which he had been working on for two years (notably with the blessing of Georges Cuvier who had given Agassiz his research on the subject). George Bellas Greenough, the President of the Society, eager to help with such an important palaeontological and geological work, issued a call to the Society's Fellows to send examples of fossil fish to aid Agassiz and a room was set aside for the specimens to be copied. Agassiz's principal artist, the Austrian born Joseph Dinkel (c.1806-1891), spent his first few years in London splitting his time between the Society and the British Museum. Slavish copying was not the aim of the work. Instead the intention was to show the structure of fossil fish and, as Agassiz's classification system was primarily based on dermal features and appendages, the artist would emphasise the scales and fins in his drawings.

For the next decade, Agassiz continued to visit the palaeontological collections of Britain and Europe seeking out new specimens for his work. Those which were not sent to the holding centre of the Society or his publishing base at Neuchatel, Switzerland, were drawn in situ by one of Agassiz's commissioned artists. The cost of the research involved in such a major work, combined with the expensive colour printing techniques saw Agassiz accepting help from various friends and scientific figures of the time. Wealthy collectors such as Lord William Willoughby Cole (1807-1886), later the Earl of Enniskillen, and Sir Philip de Malpas Egerton (1806-1881) defrayed some of Agassiz's costs by having specimens from their fossil cabinets drawn by Dinkel at their own expense - the drawings becoming their property once Agassiz had had them copied onto lithographic stones. Despite this, Agassiz still had to sell his own natural history collection to the local authorities at Neuchatel to meet the high production costs, and with nothing left apart from the original artwork, which was of no further use once converted to lithographic images, these were next marked to be sold. Egerton originally approached the British Museum (Natural History) on Agassiz's behalf, but apparently meeting with little interest instead persuaded his brother, Lord Francis Egerton, later 1st Earl of Ellesmere, to purchase most of the drawings and paintings for £500 in 1843.

By the time the follow up volume 'Monographie des Poissons Fossiles du Vieux Grès Rouge' (1844-1845), had been issued Agassiz's interest had switched to other subjects such as his studies on glaciers and the ice age. In 1846 he left Europe for the United States where he widely lectured at the Lowell Institute, Harvard and Cornell Universities. Following a bout of ill health, Agassiz did briefly return to the study of Brazilian fish in the 1860s.

Agassiz died on 14 December 1873, aged 66.

Notes on artists: The majority of the drawings were undertaken by Agassiz's principal artist Joseph Dinkel, however there are a large number of drawings in the collection by others such Charles Weber (active 1831-1835) and his first wife Cécilie Agassiz née Braun (active 1831-1835). These other artists' contribution were usually of shorter duration than Dinkel's, for instance Sixtus Heinrich Jarwart and G A H Köppel appear to have worked for Agassiz only between 1836-1838, which is likely to coincide with the period when Dinkel had left Agassiz's service to pursue an opportunity to purchase a company in Munich which designed carriages. He changed his mind and returned to Agassiz's publishing base in Neuchatel in October 1837.

In 1766 Lewis Agassiz was granted naturalization by a private act of Parliament (7 George III c.4). In 1769 he went into partnership with Joseph Lieutand and their business first appears in the trade directories in 1771 under the name of Lewis Agassiz and Company. Agassiz was a Swiss merchant, dealing in cotton, silk, sugar, cocoa, coffee, tobacco, cochineal and other tropical goods. He had trading connections not only throughout Europe (France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland), but also in Russia, North and South America and the East and West Indies. There is a large component of private and family papers kept with the business records.

Samuel Grellet joined the company sometime before 1772 and the name was changed to Agassiz, Grellet and Company. On Grellet's death in 1776, Francis Anthony Rougemont joined the partnership under the name of Agassiz, Rougemont and Company. Lewis Agassiz left the company in 1784 to retire to Margate in Kent. He had two sons, Arthur David Lewis Agassiz (who took over the family business) and James John Charles Agassiz. In 1792 the name was changed to Agassiz and Wilson when Thomas Wilson joined the business. From 1802, the company was listed as Wilson, Agassiz and Company. Around 1818 the company split. Thomas Wilson and Richard Blanshard traded from 4 Jefferies Square, St Mary Axe under the name Wilson and Blanshard, while Agassiz, Son and Company moved to 15 New Broad Street. After 1825 the Agassiz firm no longer appears in the trade directories.

The company was based at 92 Little St Helen's (1771-92), 36 Fenchurch Street (1793-1812), 4 Jefferies Square, St Mary Axe (1813-19), 15 New Broad Street (1820-4) and 6 Finsbury Square (1825).

The Aged Pilgrims' Friend Society was founded in 1807, providing pensions and almshouses for elderly Christians. A residential care home was opened in Hornsey Rise in 1871. By 1928 the charity had homes at Camberwell, Stamford Hill, Brighton, and Gerrards Cross. The Society is now known as the Pilgrims' Friend Society and continues to manage residential care homes and sheltered accommodation across England.

The Aged Poor Society was established in 1708 as a benevolent Catholic charity to give permanent relief to poor Catholics of 'good character', at a time when it was a capital offence for a priest to say Mass. The Annual Report for 1820 reminded its supporters that 'The Aged Poor Society has met with the approbation and support of many persons equally distinguished for piety and learning, among whom our venerable and illustrous prelates have held first rank'. Other Catholic societies were also established in London during the 18th century which provided pensions and other support to aged poor, for example the Benevolent Society for the Aged and Infirm Poor, founded in 1761.

In 1851, the Aged Poor Society founded Saint Joseph's Alms Houses on the same plot as the new Catholic church at Brook Green, Hammersmith. The first foundation stones were laid by the Countess of Arundel and Surrey. In 1852 Miss J Molineux, of Curzon Street, Mayfair left a bequest of £1,740 to the Society, setting up the Molineux Trust and Pension Funds, which was used to complete building work at Brook Green, and later donations from the family were distributed as pensions among aged poor cared for by the Society. Donations also came from anonymous donors and T J Eyre.

Relief of the poor was achieved by:
a) the payment of pensions or making of allowances,
b) the provision of almshouses or other accommodation,
c) the maintenance and support of beneficiaries,
d) other charitable means.

In 1915 the Society reported that 130 weekly pensioners were receiving payments of £4 for men and £3 for women, and that 'among other benevolent works, the society grants pensions of £26 per annum to 40 aged and necessitous Catholics who must be persons "reduced from a superior station of society." The same condition applies to those who are admitted to almshouses conducted by the society at Hammersmith, some of whom are also eligible for an endowment of £20 a year'.

The Society was run by the following:
Governors: persons who have given not less than £20 in one payment to the Society, or an annual subscription payment
Officers: the President, not more than five Vice Presidents, and the Treasurer (all appointed by the Governors)
Directors: the President, Vice President, and Treasurer and five other members elected by the Governors Secretary (appointed by the Directors).

The Duke of Norfolk became President of the Society from 1874 and Patrons included the Archbishop of Westminster (1916), the Bishop of Southwark (1916), and the Bishop of Brentwood (1930).

During the 19th and 20th centuries, the Society had offices at the following premises:
37 Gerrard Street (1861)
Room 18, 82 Victoria Street (1916-1920)
60 Victoria Street (1930)
38 Eccleston Square (1931-1936)
39 Eccleston Square (1937-1956).

In circa 1980, the name of the Society was changed, and the organisation began work in Liverpool.

In 2002 London Catholic charities were running homes for the aged poor at Nazareth House, Hammersmith, and the convent of the Little Sisters of the Poor at Notting Hill and almshouses at Brook Green, Chelsea, and Ingatestone.

Agence France Presse, named in 1944, is a French news agency with its headquarters in Paris, supplying world news. It is the successor of a news agency founded in 1835.

Sir Francis Arthur Aglen (1869-1932) joined the Chinese Maritime Customs in 1888. He was Acting Inspector-General in 1910 before succeeding Sir Robert Hart in 1911, serving as Inspector-General until his retirement in 1928.

Cecil Arthur Verner Bowra (1869-1947) joined the Chinese Maritime Customs and served in China from 1886 until 1923, including a period as Chief Secretary in Peking under Sir Francis Aglen, 1910-1923. He was subsequently employed in the London Office of Chinese Maritime Customs.

Friendly societies comprised a group of people contributing to a mutual fund so that they could receive benefits in times of need. The concept had been popular for hundreds of years, but in the 1800s, their role was acknowledged by the government and membership was encouraged. The early meetings were often held as a social gathering when the subscriptions would be paid. Prior to the Welfare State they were often the only way a working person had to receive help in times of ill health, or old age.

Born in Hackney to Jewish parents of Spanish descent, Grace Aguilar was a novelist and writer on Jewish history and religion. She had delicate health from infancy and was chiefly educated at home, developing a great interest in the history of the Jewish race, and an aptitude for music. She began writing at an early age; in her twelfth year she wrote a drama entitled 'Gustavus Vasa' and at fifteen began a series of poems that was published in the collection Magic Wreath in 1835. In the same year she was attacked by a severe illness from which she never completely recovered. Her health also declined when, as a result of her father's death, she was forced to depend on her writings for a portion of her livelihood until her death twelve years later. Her chief work on the Jewish religion was Spirit of Judaism, first published in America in 1842. Other works include: The Jewish Faith, The Women of Israel and Sabbath Thoughts and Sacred Communings. Grace Aguilar is, however, better known for her novels which, with the exception of Home Influence, a tale for mothers and daughters, were published after her death. Her novels, A Mother's Recompense, Vale of Cedars, Woman's Friendship, Days of Bruce, a story from Scottish history, and Home Scenes and Heart Studies, are highly sentimental, intensely religious, and mainly deal with the ordinary incidents of domestic life.

The survey was undertaken by the Centre for Social and Economic Research at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, and the Division for Urban and Rural Planning at Kaduna Polytechnic.