Shirreff entered the Navy in 1796, was promoted to lieutenant in 1804 and to captain in 1809. Between 1817 and 1821 he commanded the ANDROMACHE in the Pacific, at the time of the Chilean War of Independence. He also despatched Edward Bransfield (c 1783-1852), Master of the ANDROMACHE, in the hired ship WILLIAMS OF BLYTH to claim the South Shetland Islands, 1819 to 1820, for Britain. Between 1830 and 1837 Shirreff was Captain of the Port of Gibraltar under the Colonial Service. In 1838 he was appointed to Captain-Superintendent of Deptford Victualling Yard. He was promoted to rear-admiral in 1846.
Smith-Dorrien entered the BRITANNIA in 1870 and then went to the TRAFALGAR, which was the cadet training ship at that time. His first service was in the ENDYMION between 1872 and 1873, after which he joined the VOLAGE during an expedition, 1874 to 1875, to observe the transit of Venus at Kerguelen Island, Indian Ocean. He then served in the SULTAN, Channel Squadron, before taking his gunnery and Greenwich courses. In 1876 he was appointed to the SHAH on her commission as flagship in the Pacific and was present at the action with the Peruvian turret-ship HUASCAR. During the Zulu War of 1879 he was in the Naval Brigade and was also promoted to lieutenant. From 1880, he was in the ECLIPSE, East Indies Station, operating against the slave trade; he ended the commission by service in the Naval Brigade in Egypt, 1882. On his return home he was appointed Flag-Lieutenant to the Commander-in-Chief, Devonport. From 1884 to 1885 he served in the Mediterranean and then in China in the INVINCIBLE; from 1886 to 1887 he was in the Red Sea in the CONDOR; from 1887 to 1889 he was in the ESPIEGLE, in the Pacific and then from 1889 to 1893 was in the PHAETON on the Mediterranean Station. He was appointed commander in 1893, going to the BRITANNIA and in 1897 to the ALACRITY, Admiral's despatch vessel on the China Station. Having become a captain in 1900, in 1901 he commanded the RAINBOW. He retired in 1904 and was promoted to rear-admiral on the retired list in 1909.
Smithett joined the packet service in 1814 and was on the Dover Station from 1821 to 1825, when he went to the Port Patrick (SW Scotland) service. He returned to Dover in 1831 and was still there in 1837 when the operation of the mail steam vessels was transferred from the control of the Post-Master General to that of the Admiralty; he continued to serve at Dover until 1855, when another change in policy led to the substitution of contract packets; the naval connection was formally ended in 1860. Smithett subsequently held occasional employment as a pilot for the Royal Yacht but no record can be found of any further service after 1857. He was knighted in 1862.
The Society was founded in 1910 to encourage research into subjects of naval and maritime interest. It led the campaign to preserve the Victory in dry dock at Portsmouth in 1922 and similar projects, including the unsuccessful attempt to save the Implacable which was scuttled at sea in 1949. It played an important part in the foundation of the National Maritime Museum and of the Victory Museum, now the Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum. It publishes quarterly The Mariner's Mirror, an historical journal of nautical interest.
Sir Robert Southwell (1635-1702), who was appointed Clerk to the Commission of Prizes in 1664 and, as well as holding diplomatic posts, became Principal Secretary of State for Ireland in 1690. His son Edward Southwell (1671-1730) succeeded him in the latter post. There are also papers of William Blathwayt, Secretary at War (1649?-1717), whose daughter married Edward Southwell in 1717. Since the Southwells and Blathwayt were often abroad, many of these letters are from the Secretary of State at home, who was for the greater part of the time Daniel Finch, Earl of Nottingham (1647-1730), giving news of decisions reached by the Queen, and after her death in 1694, by the Lords Justices.
The Thames Sailing Barge Trust Exploratory Committee was formed in 1952 by a small group of enthusiasts who realized that sailing craft were disappearing from the trading life of Britain. Plans were made to raise public subscriptions to purchase a barge to be maintained perpetually in working condition under sail alone. The Trust was formed in 1954 and in 1956 acquired the sailing barge, MEMORY. At the same time the name of the Society was changed to the Sailing Barge Preservation Society to avoid confusion with other organizations. Trading proved difficult in 1959 because of lack of cargoes and also because the MEMORY sustained damage when run down in fog. In 1960 the Society decided to wind up its affairs and its assets were given to the Foudroyant Trust.
Stokes entered the Navy in 1824 and joined the BEAGLE the following year. He served in her for eighteen years, surveying first in South American and then in Australian waters. He was Assistant Surveyor under Robert Fitzroy (1805-1865) during the voyage of 1831 to 1836 and was promoted to lieutenant in 1837. When, in 1841, John Clements Wickham (1798-1864) was invalided during the Australian survey, Stokes took command of the BEAGLE and completed the commission, returning to England in 1843. He was promoted to captain in 1846. From 1847 to 1851 he commanded the ACHERON on the survey of New Zealand. His last employment was in the English Channel survey, 1859 to 1863. He was promoted to rear-admiral in 1864, vice-admiral in 1871 and admiral in 1877.
Robert Stopford, son of the Hon. Sir Robert Stopford, entered the Navy in 1825 and was promoted lieutenant in 1831. He was present at the siege of Acre, 1840, and was sent home with his father's despatches after the action. In 1841 he was promoted to captain and commanded the TALBOT in the Mediterranean for one year, employed for some of the time in surveying the Skerki Channel off Sardinia. He commanded the ASIA, 1848 to 1851, in the Pacific Squadron under Rear-Admiral (later Admiral) Sir Phipps Hornby. He was promoted to Rear-Admiral in 1860, Vice-Admiral in 1866 and Admiral in 1871.
Montagu Stopford, nephew of Admiral the Hon Sir Robert Stopford, entered the Navy in 1810. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1819 and to captain in 1825. After intermittent service on various stations he was promoted to rear-admiral in 1853. He was Captain of the Fleet during the Crimean War and between 1855 and 1858 was Superintendent of Malta Dockyard. He became a vice-admiral in 1858.
Charles Steevens entered the Navy in about 1720, was promoted to lieutenant in 1729, to commander in 1744 ELIZABETH; he was also promoted to rear-admiral in that year. In 1760 he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the station, moved to the Norfolk and undertook the blockade of Pondicherry, which surrendered in 1761.
See Nathaniel Steevens, 'The naval career Of Rear-Admiral Charles Steevens from 1720 to 1761' (published privately, 1874).
The South Western Steam Packet Company was incorporated in 1843 'to convey Passengers, Merchandize and Goods by means of Steam Packets between the Port of Southampton and the Port of Havre in the Kingdom of France and any other Ports in any of the Islands in the British Channel'. The Company had in 1842 purchased seven ships from the defunct Commercial Steam Packet Company, a competitor on the same service. In late 1846 a new company, the New South Western Navigation Company, was formed with the object of co-operating with the London and South Western Railway; it took over the South Western fleet. Development of the sea link continued to be bound up with the railway services; the London and South Western Railway Company became the dominant partner and in 1862 took possession of the New South Western's fleet under the terms of mortgage entered into in 1848 and 1849.
William Stewart, eldest son of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Houston Stewart (1791-1875), entered the Navy in 1835. He became a lieutenant in 1842, a commander in 1848 and a captain in 1854. In 1860 he joined the MARLBOROUGH as Flag-Captain to Sir William Fanshawe Martin (1801-1895), in the Mediterranean, where he remained for three years. The rest of his service was in administrative appointments. He was promoted to rear-admiral in 1870 and from July of that year was Admiral Superintendent of Devonport Dockyard until the end of 1871, when he was appointed in the same capacity to Portsmouth. From 1872 to 1881 he was Controller of the Navy, although without a seat on the Board of Admiralty. He became a vice-admiral in 1876 and admiral in 1881, when he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Devonport. Here he remained for the full period of three years and retired in 1885.
Edward Thompson, Commodore ([1738]-1786);Thompson, son of a merchant, appears to have gone to sea at the age of 12. He is said to have made a voyage to Greenland in 1750. He served on board the STIRLING CASTLE, Hon East India Company, in 1755 and in 1757 was promoted as Lieutenant of the JASON. In 1758, he was moved to the DORSETSHIRE in which he took part in the blockade of Brest and the Battle of Quiberon Bay. He was on board the BELLONA from 1760 to 1763 and then on half pay. In 1771, he was promoted to Commander and served in the North Sea on preventive service. He moved to the RAVEN later that year. He was again on half-pay from 1772 until 1778, when he was appointed to the HYENA and went out to the West Indies, accompanied by his nephew, Thomas Boulden Thompson.
In 1783 he was appointed to the GRAMPUS in which he went to the west coast of Africa as Commodore of a small squadron there. He died there of a fever on board the GRAMPUS in 1786. Edward Thompson was a master of poetry and verse, which later earned him the nickname 'Poet Thompson'. He was a friend of David Garrick and John Wilkes. There is a detailed biography entitled 'Poet Thompson' in the papers of Lady Ellinor Thompson, written by her.
Thomas Boulden Thompson, Vice-Adm, 1st Bt (1766-1828). Thomas Boulden took the surname Thompson from his uncle, Edward Thompson, when he came under his guardianship at an early age. He went to sea with his uncle in 1778. In 1783 he was appointed, again with his uncle, to the GRAMPUS and, on his uncle's death, was promoted by a senior officer to Commander, which was later confirmed. In 1787 he went on half-pay. He was advanced to post rank in 1790 but had no employment until 1796, when he was appointed to the LEANDER, and in 1798 was sent as part of a squadron to the Mediterranean to reinforce Nelson. He took part in the Battle of the Nile and later, on board the LEANDER, fell in with the GENEREUX when he was wounded and then captured. He was acquitted at a court-martial and praised for his defence of the ship. He was knighted and awarded a pension. In 1799 he was appointed to the BELLONA and stayed in her until 1801 at Copenhagen when the ship stuck fast on a shoal within range of the Danish guns. Thompson was amongst the wounded and lost his leg. In 1806 he was created a baronet and was appointed Comptroller of the Navy, apost he held until 1816. He was then appointed Treasurer of Greenwich Hospital and Director of the Chest. He became a Rear-Admiral in 1809, and Vice-Admiral in 1814. He was Member of Parliament for Rochester, 1807-1818. He died at his home at Hartsbourne, Hertfordshire in 1828.
Thomas Raikes Trigge Thompson, Vice-Adm, 2nd Bt (1804-1865) Thompson was the son of Vice-Adm Thomas Boulden Thompson, and entered the Navy in 1818 after going to the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth in 1816. He became Lieutenant in 1825 and promoted in 1828 to the command of the CADMUS along the coast of Brazil and Patagonia, 1828-1830. He became a Captain in 1837.
Thursby entered the Royal Navy in 1874, was promoted to Lieutenant in 1883 and to Commander in 1895. Made up to Captain in 1901, he was given command of HMS KING ALFRED and then HMS SWIFTSURE, stationed in Asia-Minor and Crete. Promoted to Rear-Admiral in 1911, Thursby took part in the Dardenelles campaign and was in charge of landing the ANZAC forces at Gaba Tepe, Gallipoli in 1915. After this he was given command of the British Adriatic Squadron in 1916, then, as Vice-Admiral, was given the Eastern Mediterranean Squadron in 1917. Towards the end of his career, Thursby was commanding Coastguard and Reserves, followed by an appointment to Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth, before retiring as Admiral in 1920.
Mr E J Tyler was a professional writer who had been interested in paddle steamers since he was a child. In 1949, he undertook a detailed investigation into those steamers still remaining since the building of the last paddle Cunarders in 1862, which was an area of study that had been ignored by textbooks. He travelled on them extensively, taking copious notes and photographs, forming an extensive collection of material including excursion bills issued by the various companies. Having given a talk to the Paddle Steamer Preservation Society in 1962, he decided that there was no public audience for the material that he had collected, and he carried on collecting without publishing it.
Entered the navy as a cadet in 1908, passing at Royal Naval College at Osborne and Dartmouth, became midshipman in 1912. He took part in the action off Dogger Bank and at Jutland and became lieutenant in 1916. The following year he was appointed to motor boats in which he remained until the armistice. Troubridge took a course in gunnery and then served as gunnery officer in the QUEEN ELIZABETH between 1922-4. He later took the naval staff course in 1924 after which he served in the Atlantic Fleet as staff officer, operations. Troubridge was appointed to the royal yacht VICTORIA AND ALBERT in 1928 and promoted commander in 1929; later being promoted captain in 1934 at the age of thirty-nine. In that rank he was appointed naval attache in 1936. On 1 January 1940, Troubridge was appointed commander of the aircraft-carrier FURIOUS in the Home Fleet. In June 1941 Troubridge was appointed to command the battleship NELSON at Gibraltar. Troubridge later took command of the aircraft-carrier INDOMITABLE, taking part in the assault and capture of the base of Diego Suarez in Madagascar in 1942. Troubridge was promoted to rear-admiral in 1943 and in 1944 appointed to command a force of nine British and American escort-carriers to cover forces invading the south of France. For his distinguished service in this operation he was appointed CB. On 1 May 1945 Troubridge was made fifth sea lord on the Board of Admiralty, with special emphasis on the naval air service. Later in that year he was promoted KCB. In 1947 he was promoted vice-admiral.
Vernon, popularly referred to as 'Old Grog', became a lieutenant in 1702, a captain in 1706 and saw service in the Mediterranean, West Indies and the Baltic. At the outbreak of war with Spain in 1739 he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, West Indies, and was successful in capturing Portobello and at the bombardment of Cartagena, although unsuccessful in attempts to land at Cartagena and at Santiago de Cuba Vernon returned to England in 1742. In 1745, at the threat of a French invasion, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief at the Downs but fell foul of the Admiralty, was superseded and later struck off the list. He was Member of Parliament for Penryn, 1722-1734, Portsmouth, 1741, and Ipswich, 1741-1757. Among the biographies is G H Hartmann The angry Admiral, the later career of Edward Vernon, Admiral of the White (London, 1953). Many of the papers have been published by B McL. Ranft The Vernon papers (Navy Records Society, 1958).
JR Woodriff, second son of Daniel Woodriff, entered the Navy in 1802, became a lieutenant in 1811 and served on the Channel and Cape Stations between 1812 and 1814. From 1836 until 1848, when he was promoted to commander, he was attached to the Weymouth District of the Coast Guard.
The Museum has been a publisher throughout its history, producing scholarly monographs and catalogues, expedition reports, periodicals, study guides, popular guidebooks, notes for collectors, posters, wallcharts and postcards. A bookshop opened for the sale of guidebooks and postcards in 1921, and was opened on Sundays after consultation with the Archbishop of Canterbury, as Principal Trustee. From the 1930s editing was the responsibility of the Keepers, permission to publish was recommended by the Trustees' Publications Sub-Committee, and arrangements for printing and the preparation of illustrations was in the hands of the Museum Accountant. When Richard J Drumm (1889-1965) retired as Accountant in 1954 he was retained as a part-time Publications Officer.
At the same time a review of publications policy led to preparation of a series of popular handbooks in addition to the Museum's scholarly output. Arthur E Baker (b 1910) was appointed the first full-time Publications Officer in 1962, and was responsible for liaison between the science departments and the Director on one hand, and printers and illustrators on the other. By 1967 there was a publications staff of ten, who included clerical officers, printers and retail sales staff. The Section was incorporated into the newly formed Department of Public Services in 1975.
The British Museum was founded in 1753 by Act of Parliament (26 George II c.22), and a Board of Trustees established. The Board consisted of Crown and Government nominees as well as elected members and representatives of the families of the founders and benefactors of the Museum. The Board met fortnightly at first, and then from 1761 four times a year at what were called 'General Meetings', which became purely formal. The Board delegated the day-to-day business of the Museum to a Standing Committee, which was established in 1755. Sub-Committees were set up by the Standing Committee from time to time as the need arose. The Chairman of the Board was always one of the three 'Principal Trustees': the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Chancellor and the Speaker of the House of Commons.
From 1871 extracts from the Standing Committee minutes relating to the natural history departments were copied for the use of the departments (DF902), and from 1884, once the departments had moved, the Standing Committee met at South Kensington to transact business connected with the British Museum (Natural History) (DF900). General Meetings of the Board were likewise held at this Museum from time to time, and their minutes are held here, together with the minutes of the sub-committees concerned with natural history (DF901).
In 1963 the British Museum (Natural History) was separated from the British Museum by Act of Parliament, and a newly constituted Board of Trustees met for the first time on 11 October 1963.
The Ray Society was founded in 1844 by a group of British Naturalists which included Thomas Bell, George Johnston and Richard Owen, and it commemorates the great English naturalist John Ray (1627-1705).
The purpose of the society as then stated, was 'the promotion of Natural History by the printing of original works in Zoology and Botany; of new editions of works of established merit; of rare tracts and manuscripts; and of translations and reprints of foreign works; which are generally inaccessible.' The main object of the society remains the publication of learned books on natural history, with special emphasis on the British fauna and flora.
In its earlier days, the society was heavily reliant upon foreign, and in particular German research and material, which was regarded as the leading authority in the fields of Zoology and Botany. In an age when the advancement of science was very much in vogue, the society became an instant success, and within a year it had enrolled some 650 members. It reached a peak of 868 in 1847.
The officers of the society consist of a President, six Vice-Presidents, four Honorary Vice-Presidents, with a Treasurer, Foreign Secretary, Secretary and Assistant Secretary. Council meets twice a year.
In the eighteenth century the office of the Clerk of the Acts was responsible for drawing up Navy Board contracts, although it was noted in 1786 that it was the duty of the two assistants to the Surveyor of the Navy 'to examine and correct all contracts for building and repairing in the merchant yards'. In 1796 the Secretary's Office continued to draw up the contracts, but in 1803 an Order-in-Council created a Contract Office with two clerks from the Secretary's office. This office continued after the abolition of the Navy Board in 1832. See Bernard Pool, Navy Board contracts 1660-1832 (London, 1966).
Commissioners for the care of sick and hurt seamen were first appointed during the Dutch wars. Between 1692 and 1702 and between 1713 and 1715 their duties were performed by the Commissioners of the Register Office and from 1715 until 1717 by two Commissioners of the Navy Board. One Commissioner each from the Sick and Hurt Board and the Navy Board then conducted the business from the Navy Office until 1740, when at least two Commissioners of the Sick and Hurt Board were appointed during peace and up to five in wartime. This Board appointed ships' surgeons and their assistants, ensured that they were equipped and supplied with medicines, superintended the dispensers who issued medicines, supervised the furnishing and equipment of hospitals and hospital ships, examined and cleared accounts and made returns of the sick and wounded to the Admiralty and Navy Boards. In 1743 the Board was also made responsible for the care of prisoners of war. In 1796 this duty was transferred to the Transport Board which in 1806 also became responsible for caring for the sick and wounded seamen.
Various
Edward Bates (d 1896) spent a number of years in India where he established himself as a merchant in Bombay. In 1848 he left this business in charge of an agent, returned to England and opened an office in Liverpool as an importer of Indian produce. He also began a regular service to Bombay with chartered vessels, and in 1850 he started building up a fleet of sailing ships. Trading was soon extended to include first Calcutta and then the Far East and, when the gold rush began, passenger ships sailed direct to Australia and returned via India or South America. In 1870 the firm was renamed Edward Bates and Sons. Edward went to live in Hampshire and the eldest of his four sons, Edward Percy Bates (d 1899), took over the management of the Liverpool office. The next year Edward became an MP and a regular attender at the House; in 1886 he received a baronetcy. In earlier years Bates had bought steamers and converted them into sailing vessels, but from 1870 the partners began adding steamers to their fleet. They continued to acquire sailing ships as well up to 1884, but in 1886 they had a steel-screw steamer built to their own design, which heralded a change of direction to a smaller number of large modern steamships engaged in general tramping. The Bombay office was closed in 1898 and the business there amalgamated with Killick Nixon and Co. When Edward Percy Bates died in 1899 his son Edward Bertram Bates (d 1903) succeeded to the title and the management of the family business. He in turn was succeeded by Percy Elly Bates (1879-1946), who in 1910 joined the board of the Cunard Company. In 1911 he and his two brothers joined the board of Thomas and John Brocklebank and exchanged their largest vessel for half of the Brocklebank family's shares. By 1916 Sir Percy Elly Bates was running the Commercial Services branch of the Ministry of Shipping and his two brothers had gone to the war; as there was no one in the office to manage their ships they sold them to Brocklebank's. This was the end of their shipowning activities, but the partnership of Edward Bates and Sons continued in business as merchants and private bankers. In 1916 Bates and Brocklebank's both moved their offices into the new Cunard Building and in 1919 Cunard bought all the shares in the Brocklebank Line owned by the Brocklebank and Bates families. Sir Percy Bates became deputy chairman of the Cunard Shipping Co in 1922 and was chairman from 1930 until his death in 1946. His brother Denis (1886-1959) became chairman of Brocklebank's when Sir Aubrey Brocklebank died in 1929. The remaining Brocklebank shares (owned by the Anchor Line) were bought by Cunard in 1940.
The Batt Family were Surgeon Apothecaries, of Witney, Oxon.
Nicholas Carlisle was an antiquarian.
Henry Lee was naturalist to the Brighton Aquarium and a Fellow of the Linnean, Geological and Zoological Societies.
William Ackland (c 1791-1867), William Henry Ackland (c 1825-1898), Charles Kingsley Ackland (1859-1940) and the latter's nephew Martin Wentworth Littlewood (1888-1972) were four generations of general practitioners who had a practice in Bideford, Devon.
The firm of Corbyn and Co., wholesale, retail and manufacturing chemists and druggists, was founded by Thomas Corbyn (1711-1791), who used his connections as a member of the Society of Friends to build up an extensive overseas trade. After successive changes of name, the firm became known as Corbyn, Stacey and Co. It was liquidated in 1927.
General Apothecaries Co. Ltd was in active operation from 1856. It claimed (in 1941) to be 'the only company that is run by medical men for the benefit of the medical profession'.
The Hunterian Society was founded in 1819 as a general medical society for physicians, surgeons and general practitioners, serving the City and eastern districts of London. Many of its prominent members were based at the London Hospital, or at Guy's or St Thomas's Hospital.
The pharmacy, at 20 Fore Street, Taunton, Somerset was run by R Woollatt until 1906, and thereafter by J Boyd.
Thomas Hodgkin was born in London in 1798, the son of John Hodgkin (1766-1845), a private tutor. The family were strong Quakers and originated in Warwickshire. He trained in medicine at Edinburgh University, taking his M.D. in 1823. After travels in Europe he became Curator of the Medical Museum and Inspector of the Dead at Guy's Hospital, London. His pathological work led him to the first description of what is now known as Hodgkin's Disease in his honour. He left Guy's Hospital following his failure, in 1837, to be appointed Assistant Physician and after a short period at St. Thomas's Hospital devoted himself to private practice and to his other interests. He had a keen interest in the world beyond Europe and in particular in the societies there that were threatened with cultural extinction by the spread of European commercial, political or cultural dominion; his works in this area included playing a moving role in the foundation and functioning of the Aborigines Protection Society. In 1850 he married Sarah Frances Scaife, a widow, from Nottingham. The couple had no children of their own but there were two sons from her first marriage. He died in 1866 at Jaffa while on a journey with his friend Sir Moses Montefiore (1784-1885) to negotiate for better treatment for Jewish residents in Palestine.
Born, 1855; attended school in Jersey, graduated MB CM at Aberdeen University in 1876, and in 1880 proceeded MD (Aberdeen) and took the diploma of public health at Cambridge; medical officer of health at Aberdeen, 1881; medical officer of health for Calcutta, 1886; chair of hygiene at King's College, London, 1898-1923; co-founder of the London School of Tropical Medicine; lectured on tropical hygiene at the London School of Tropical Medicine, 1898-1923; taught hygiene at the London School of Medicine for Women, 1900-1914; member of a commission to inquire into dysentery and enteric fever among the troops in South Africa, 1900; commissioner to investigate plague in Hong Kong, 1902; investigated sanitation in Singapore, 1906; investigated plague on the Gold Coast, and public health in Sierra Leone, the Gold Coast, and Southern Nigeria, 1908; reported on plague and public health in east Africa, Uganda, and Zanzibar, 1913, member of a yellow fever commission in west Africa; studied sanitation and plague in the mines and mining villages in the Gold Coast and the Asante kingdom, 1924; co-founder of the Ross Institute and Hospital for Tropical Diseases at Putney, where he became the first Director of Tropical Hygiene, and physician to the attached hospital, 1926; visited Chester-Beatty group of copper mines in Northern Rhodesia, 1929; died, 1931.
Sir Hermann Gollancz was a rabbi and Goldsmid Professor of Hebrew at University College, London, 1902-1923.
Henry Vandyke Carter was born in 1831. He studied medicine at St George's Hospital, and became a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and a Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries in 1853. He was a student of Human and Comparative Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons, working with Richard Owen and John Thomas Queckett, from 1853-1855. He was a Demonstrator in Anatomy at St George's Hospital until 1857. He worked for Henry Gray on the illustrations of Gray's Anatomy (London, 1858). Carter joined the Bombay Medical Service in 1858, where he served as Professor of Anatomy and Physiology at Grant Medical College, and Assistant-Surgeon in the Jamsetjee Jheejeebhoy Hospital. He was Civil Surgeon at Satara from 1863-1872. He was sent to Kathiawar in 1875, to research leprosy. He was appointed in charge of the Goculdas Tejpal Hospital in Bombay in 1876. He was appointed acting Principal of Grant Medical College, and Physician of the Jamsetjee Jheejeebhoy Hospital in 1877. During his time in India, Carter made a number of contributions to tropical pathology including studies in leprosy, mycetoma and relapsing fever. Carter retired in 1888, and was appointed Honorary Deputy Surgeon-General and Honorary Surgeon to the Queen. He died in 1897.
Born, 1816; Lecturer on Physiology and Comparative Anatomy, Guy's Hospital, 1846-1856; Physician to Guy's Hospital, 1858-1868; President of the Clinical Society, 1871-1872; Physician to the Prince of Wales, 1871; Physician in Ordinary to Queen Victoria, 1887-1890; died, 1890.
Born, Colchester, Essex, 1816; educated privately; assistant in a school at Lewes; student at Guy's Hospital, in 1837; M D, London University, 1846; medical tutor, [1841], Lecturer on Natural Philosophy, 1843-1847, Lecturer on Physiology and Comparative Anatomy, 1846-1856, Guy's Hospital; Fellow, Royal College of Physicians, 1848; Fullerian Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institution, 1847-1849; Assistant Physician, 1851, Physician, 1856-1868, joint Lecturer on Medicine, 1856-1865, Consulting Physician to Guy's Hospital, 1868-1890; member of the London University Senate; censor of the College of Physicians, 1859-1861, 1872-1873; Fellow, Royal Society, 1869; member, General Medical Council, 1871-1883, 1886-1887; Physician to the Prince of Wales, 1871; created a baronet, 1872; Physician Extraordinary, 1872, Physician in Ordinary to the Queen, 1887-1890; died, 1890.
Publications include: An oration delivered before the Hunterian Society (London, 1861); Clinical Observation in relation to Medicine in modern times (1869); The Harveian Oration delivered at the Royal College of Physicians (J Churchill and Sons, London, [1870]); 'Alcohol as a Medicine and as a Beverage. Extracts from the evidence given by Sir W. G. ... before the Peers' Select Committee on Intemperance (London, [1878]); A Collection of the Published Writings of W. W. Gull, Edited and arranged by T D Acland, 2 volumes (London, 1894, 1896); many papers in Guy's Hospital Reports.
Charles Hall was an army surgeon from 1758-1783, and served in the American War of Independence. He took an MD from Marischal College, Aberdeen, in 1782. He settled in Shrewsbury, where he published The medical family instructor in 1785, based partly on lectures by William Hunter. He is confused in the DNB and elsewhere with Charles Hall (1745?-1825?), and MD of Leiden.
James Brocklehurst (fl 1835-1845) was a chemist and druggist in Hyde, Cheshire.
Born, Aberdeen, 1736; educated, school at Fouran, University of Aberdeen; trained with his his uncle, Dr John Fordyce of Uppingham, [1851-1855]; medical student, University of Edinburgh, 1855; M D, 1758; studied anatomy under Albinus at Leyden, 1759; commenced a course of lectures on chemistry, 1759; added courses on materia medica and the practice of physic, 1764, and continued to teach for nearly thirty years; licentiate of the College of Physicians, 1765; Physician, St Thomas's Hospital, 1770-1802; Fellow, Royal Society, 1776; 'speciali gratia' fellow of the College of Physicians, 1787; important part in compiling the new 'Pharmacopeia Londinensis,' issued 1788. assisted in forming a Society for the Improvement of Medical and Chirurgical Knowledge, 1793; died, 1802.
Publications include: Elements of Agriculture and Vegetation, [Edinburgh, 1765]; Elements of the Practice of Physic third edition (J Johnson London, 1771); A Treatise on the digestion of food (London, 1791); A Dissertation on Simple Fever, or on fever consisting of one paroxysm only (J Johnson, London, 1794); A second dissertation on fever; containing the history and method of treatment of a regular tertian intermittent (London, 1795); A third dissertation on fever Containing the history and method of treatment of a regular continued fever, supposing it is left to pursue its ordinary course (London, 1798-99); A Fourth Dissertation on Fever. Containing the history of, and remedies to be employed in irregular intermitting fevers (J Johnson, London, 1802); A fifth dissertation on fever, containing the history of, and remedies to be employed in, irregular continued fevers edited by W C Wells (J Johnson, London, 1803).
Born, 1840; apprenticed in 1856 to his great-uncle, William Robinson Martindale; Martindale went to London to gain further experience for two years he worked with James Merrel, 1862; attended the Pharmaceutical Society's school of pharmacy at Bloomsbury Square, passed the 'minor' examination in 1864 and the 'major' 1866; assistant at the pharmacy and manufacturing house of T. N. R. Morson in Southampton Row; pharmacist to the University College Hospital, where also he taught pharmacy in the medical school and became demonstrator in materia medica, 1868-; carried out original research, such as that on carbolic acid plaster and dressings with Joseph Lister, and he improved excipients for pills, and bases for pessaries and suppositories; took over the New Cavendish Street pharmacy of Hopkin and Williams, 1873; examiner for the Pharmaceutical Society, 1873-1883; Elected to the Pharmaceutical Society's council in 1889, treasurer in 1898 and then president for the year 1899–1900; died, 1902.
Publications: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (1883)
Alfred Bertheim was associated with Paul Ehrlich at the G Speyer-Haus in Frankfurt am Main from 1906 to 1914, in research which culminated in the discovery of salvarsan.