The present College was formed in 1989 by the merger of Queen Mary and Westfield Colleges by Act of Parliament. In the same year pre-clinical students from St. Bartholomew's Medical College and The London Hospital Medical College were taught for the first time. In 1995 the creation of St. Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry brought clinical medical teaching to the College. The nucleus of the College site is that of the People's Palace, predecessor of Queen Mary College, which has been extensively developed especially following the merger in 1989. The present day Queen Mary is the fourth largest college in the University of London.
Professor R S [Dicky] Clymo. Member of Botany Department at Westfield College 1961-1983, moved to Queen Mary College 1983, remained with Queen Mary and Westfield College after the merger and became, Dean of Faculty 1988-1991 and Head of School 1991-1995.
Taught Chemistry at Queen Mary College from 1948 to 1981.
Born in Mainz, 1873; confined to an orphanage in Mainz, 1883; transferred to a reformatory; bookbinder's apprentice; joined the Fachverein für Buchbinder and was inducted into the local German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 1890; became a member of the young left-wing oppositionists, the Jungen, and with them, was expelled from the SPD, 1891; joined the underground movement led by the German anarchist Johann Most; German police discovered that Rocker had been smuggling illegal propaganda into Germany and he escaped into France, 1892; increased anti-anarchist police operations in Paris forced Rocker to return to London, 1895; librarian of the first section of the Communist Workers Educational Union; led East End Jews against sweatshops in the London clothing trade; editor of the Yiddish political journal, the new Arbeter Fraint, 1898-1915; helped set up the Jubilee Street Club, 1906; interned as an 'enemy alien', 1914-1918; after a short stay in Holland, settled in Berlin; activist and writer involved in a marginalised syndicalist group; contributed many articles to the Syndikalist, 1920s; fled the Nazis and emigrated to New York, 1933; embarked on a final career both as a writer and coast-to-coast lecturer across the USA and Canada, addressing vast audiences on the dangers of racialism and especially of political authoritarianism; died, 1958.
Publications: Nationalism and Culture (1937).
The Westfield College Association was founded in 1900 to provide a means for Westfield College alumni to maintain contact with the College and each other as well as to raise the profile of and assist the College. The Association held regular meetings and also maintained a Benevolent Fund for its members. In 1952 the Association agreed to take the major part of the responsibility for the publication of Hermes, the College Newsletter for current and former students of Westfield College. The final meeting of the Association took place on 14 Sep 1991, after which the Association merged with Queen Mary College to form the Queen Mary and Westfield College Association.
Presidents of the Westfield College Association: 1900-1920 Lady Chapman 1921-1927 Anne Richardson 1928-1931 Frances Gray 1931-1933 Lady Chapman 1934-1936 Eleanor Lodge 1937-1941 Constance Parker 1942-1945 Dorothy Chapman 1946-1949 Lilian James (also Hon. Secretary 1900-1939) 1950-1955 Ellen Delf-Smith 1956-1958 Helen Ralph 1959-1964 Gertrude Stanley 1964-1970 Kathleen Walpole 1971-1974 Kathleen Chesney 1974-1977 Eleanor Carus Wilson 1977-1991 Rosalind Hill
The Advisory Service for Squatters is a non-profit collective of volunteer workers who provide practical advice and legal support for squatters and homeless people. Established in 1975, the organisation grew out of an earlier group called the Family Squatters Advisory Service (founded in the late 1960s).
Since 1976 ASS has published The Squatters Handbook, the 13th edition of which was published in 2009. Over 150,000 copies have been sold since 1976. The Handbook offers advice on how to find property to squat in, what to do in confrontations with the police, how to maintain the property and set up temporary plumbing, and generally how to survive while squatting. According to the Advisory Service website, the Squatters' Handbook is in high demand, which speaks to the rising number of squatters in this current [2014 at the time of writing] period of global recession.
ASS also has links with squatters' rights organisations worldwide.
After having a base at 2 St Paul's Road in Islington for many years, ASS moved to premises at Angel Alley (84b Whitechapel High Street, London E1 7QX), in the same building as Freedom Press.
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Born, 1922, educated at the Sir George Monoux Grammar School in Walthamstow; grew up in the East End of London, descended from a long line of blacksmiths, although his father was a horse fodder dealer; served with the Royal Air Force, World War Two; for many years a member of the Socialist Party of Great Britain. He has had various careers and has been a professional boxer, a labourer, a strip cartoonist, a schoolteacher and a sign-painter. Barltrop has also published widely and his books include: The Monument: Story of the Socialist Party of Great Britain (1975), Jack London: The Man, the Writer, the Rebel (1977), Muvver Tongue with Jim Wolveridge (1980) and A funny age (Growing up in North East London between the Wars) (1985).
Michael Barnes was born in September 1932, the son of Major C.H.R. Barnes OBE and Katherine Louise (nee Kennedy). After studying at Malvern and Corpus Christi, Oxford, he entered National Service, becoming a Second Lieutenant in the Wiltshire Regiment and serving in Hong Kong, 1952-1953. After unsuccessfully standing in Wycombe in 1964, Barnes was elected as Labour MP for Brentford and Chiswick in 1966. He served as Opposition spokesman on food and food prices (1970-1971), Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party Social Security Group (1969-1970), served on the ASTMS Parliamentary Committee (1970-1971) and was also a long serving member of the Public Accounts Committee (1967-1974). After losing the seat of Brentford and Isleworth in 1974, Barnes helped later in establishing the SDP, although rejoined the Labour Party between 1983 and 2001. Aside from politics, he was Legal Services Ombudsman for England and Wales (1991-1997), Director of the United Kingdon Immigrants Advisory Service (UKIAS) (1984-1990), member of the Council of Management of War on Want (1972-1977), Vice Chairman of the Bangabandhu Society (1980-1990) and has served in a variety of other official positions.
Noreen Branson was born Noreen Browne, a granddaughter of the 8th Marquess of Sligo. Her mother died of tuberculosis in August 1918. Her father, Lieutenant-Colonel Lord Alfred Browne, was killed in action just 11 days later, so she was left an orphan at the age of eight. Thereafter she and her siblings were brought up by her maternal grandmother at her house in Berkeley Square, London. At 18 she was presented at court. She was passionate about music and insisted on being allowed to study in London. She joined the Bach Choir, through which in 1931 she met her husband, Clive Branson. The son of an Indian Army officer, he was in a similar revolt against privilege. They met at a charity concert in the East End of London and were married in June 1931.
The young couple left the West End and set up home in Battersea. There they were able to use their private incomes to throw themselves into alleviating the wants of the poor of that area. Noreen Branson joining the Independent Labour Party and campaigned for Poor Law reform.
Meeting the veteran socialist leader Harry Pollitt, general secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain, she spent a number of years in the 1930s taking messages between the British party and other communist parties overseas. During her husband's absence overseas with the International Brigade in the Spanish Civil War she also began working for the Labour Research Department. Soon she was publishing articles on social issues in its magazine Labour Research, to which she continued to contribute for the next 60 years.
When the Second World War came, her husband joined the Army and was posted to the Far East. She continued writing for Labour Research, concentrating especially on the problems of the children of workers. Clive Branson was killed in action in Arakan in 1944, and she later published his letters under the title Letters of a British Soldier in India. In 1945 she became editor of Labour Research, continuing to write prolifically for almost every issue, covering the wide range of problems thrown up by the working of the welfare state in those early years of its existence. Her first book, Room at the Bottom, published in 1960 under the nom de plume Katherine Hood, was an analysis of its shortcomings as she perceived them. Britain in the Nineteen Thirties, written with Margot Heinemann and published in 1971 as part of E.J.Hobsbawm's History of British Society series, was a bleak analysis of, as the authors saw it, the failure of the Left to halt the slide to war in that decade.
Branson retired from the editorship of Labour Research in 1972, but continued writing for it and published further works on social history. Britain in the Nineteen Twenties (1976) was another volume in the History of British Society series. Poplarism, 1919-1925 (1979) was an account of the rates rebellion in the poverty-stricken East London borough of Poplar, led by its Labour Mayor, George Lansbury. Branson also contributed to the History of the Communist Party of Great Britain (1985), writing volume three, which covered 1927-1941 and Volume four (1997), covering 1941-1951. She continued as a reviewer until her death in 2003.
Tony Brierley founded the Oxford University Humanist Group in 1958. Often with more than 1,000 members, the OUHG held meetings with eminent speakers, organised weekly discussion meetings, publicised Humanism and opposed Christian missions to the University. It had its own small printing press and produced its own posters and termly cards as well as taking in business for other clubs. The OUHG folded in the early 1970s.
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The Cambridge and Bethnal Green Boys' Club started in 1924 as the Jewish Boys Club. It was founded by a group of Cambridge University graduates with the aim of helping underprivileged youngsters. The group was initially led by Joe and Harry Wolfe, Justin Richardson and Stuart Esinger. In 1938 the club became inter denominational and in 1955 changed its name to the New Cambridge Boy's Club, it continued to run until 1989. The club organised various athletic and cultural activities for the boys including football, swimming, dramatics and camping. Max Lea was a member and manager of the Club for 48 years, as well as serving as Club Registrar and Club Treasurer. He continues to be the Secretary and Treasurer of the Cambridge Reunion Committee and was awarded an MBE in 2000 for his services to youth work and amateur football.
The UK Committee for Freedom in Mozambique was formed in 1968 at the request of the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), which had launched an armed national liberation struggle against Portuguese colonial rule in 1964. It expanded a year later to cover Angola and Guine-Bissau, where armed struggle was also under way, renaming itself as the Committee for Freedom in Mozambique, Angola and Guine (CFMAG).
CFMAG operated as a campaigning pressure group, aiming to build broad based political support for FRELIMO, the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the African Independence Party of Guine-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC). It worked with all political parties, the labour and student movements, churches, NGOs and many others. It had close relations with the Anti-Apartheid Movement, and encouraged a regional perspective for the future of Southern Africa. It organised visits by liberation movement representatives and various specific political and material aid campaigns, culminating in the End the Alliance Campaign of 1972/3.
Following the 25 April coup in Portugal in 1974 and the subsequent negotiations between the new Portuguese government and the liberation movements, the right of the colonies to full and immediate independence was acknowledged. CFMAG organised a victory party at St Pancras Town Hall on 25 June 1975, Mozambique's Independence Day, and closed down, its objectives achieved.
During the following phase the Mozambique, Angola and Guine Information Centre (MAGIC) was established with support from the independent governments to carry out educational and information work. Political solidarity work continued through first the Angola Solidarity Committeee and then the Mozambique-Angola Committee, with particular emphasis on supporting MPLA during its second war of liberation against the South African army.
William J Fishman is a historian and author of several books on topics ranging from revolutionary advocacy in Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to the history of the East End of London. The son of an immigrant tailor, he spent his formative years in the East End of London. At 15, he was an eyewitness to the Battle of Cable Street. He was educated at the Central Foundation Grammar School for Boys, Wandsworth Teachers Training College and the London School of Economics. He served in the British Army in the Second World War, completing his service in the Far East. After the war, he worked as a teacher and was appointed principal of Tower Hamlets College of Further Education. In 1965 he was elected to a studentship at Balliol College, Oxford. In 1967 he was Visiting Professor of History at Columbia University, New York.
He was visiting professor of history at the University of Wisconsin, Madison from 1969-1970 and was awarded an Acton Society Fellowship. In 1972 he was appointed Barnet Shine Senior Research Fellow in Labour Studies with special reference to Jews at Queen Mary, University of London. He was made an honorary fellow of Queen Mary in 1999. He is currently Visiting Professor to the Centre for the Study of Migration at Queen Mary.
Holyoake, George Jacob (1817-1906), freethinker and co-operator, was born in Birmingham in April 1817, the second of thirteen children and eldest son of George Holyoake (1790–1853), a printer, and Catherine Groves (1792–1867), a horn-button maker. He received a basic education at a dame-school and Carr's Lane Sunday school. For thirteen years until 1839 he worked at the Eagle Foundry, becoming a skilled whitesmith, and in 1836 joined the Mechanics' Institute, where he developed an interest in arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and phrenology. On his marriage on 10 March 1839 to Eleanor (Helen) Williams (1819–1884), daughter of Thomas Williams, a small farmer from Kingswinford, he looked for a teaching post. Despite his experience as an assistant at the Birmingham Mechanics' Institute, he found promotion there and elsewhere blocked by his association with Robert Owen, to whom he had been attracted in 1836. He therefore sought employment from the Owenite Central Board, which appointed him stationed lecturer at Worcester in October 1840, moving him on to Sheffield the following May. The couple's first child, Madeline, was born in May 1840, and a second daughter, Helen (Eveline), followed in December 1841.
In November 1841, Charles Southwell, the Bristol social missionary, started a weekly atheistic publication, the Oracle of Reason. A month later he was arrested for blasphemy and Holyoake volunteered to edit the paper. On his way to visit Southwell in Bristol gaol in May 1842 he stopped in Cheltenham to lecture on Owenite socialism. A flippant reply to a question about the place of religion in the proposed socialist communities led to his prosecution for blasphemy at the assizes in August 1842, where he was sentenced to six months in Gloucester gaol. The death of Madeline in October 1842 put an emotional seal on his intellectual conversion to atheism.
On release Holyoake taught and lectured among the Owenites in London until May 1845, when he went to Glasgow for a year. Two sons were added to the family at this time, Manfred (1844) and Maltus (1846). As Owenism collapsed with the failure of the Queenwood community, remnants of the movement looked to Holyoake's obvious organizational talents to provide a new lead. He had already edited The Movement (1843–1845) and the Circular of the Anti-Persecution Union (1845) but his greatest achievement was The Reasoner, which ran weekly from June 1846 until June 1861 and intermittently thereafter. Around this paper he developed the social teachings of Owen into a new movement which in 1851 he called secularism.
Holyoake's public image at this time was far more extreme than the reality. In London he was moving among those advanced liberals who wrote for and supported Thornton Hunt's Leader and were associated with the free-thinking South Place Chapel. His acquaintances now included John Stuart Mill, George Henry Lewes, Francis Newman, and Harriet Martineau, while some former colleagues accused him of prevarication in religious and political matters. Although still an atheist, he wished secularism neither to deny nor assert the existence of God. Those who believed religion a barrier to progress thought this a betrayal of principle. For Holyoake the sole principle was individual freedom of thought and expression without interference from state, church, or society.
In 1849 Holyoake, with his brother Austin Holyoake, established a printing firm which in 1853 took over James Watson's publishing business, conducted by the brothers at 147 Fleet Street until 1862. Here in 1855, as members of the Association for the Repeal of the Taxes on Knowledge, they helped secure—through defiance of the law—the repeal of the Newspaper Stamp Act. The Reasoner collected funds to support European republicanism, and in 1860 Holyoake was secretary of the committee formed to send volunteers to assist Garibaldi in Italy. In politics he was a member of nearly every leading society for reform from the revived Birmingham Political Union in 1837 to the Reform League in 1867, including the last executive of the National Charter Association in 1852. Through his correspondence and personal acquaintance with Liberal MPs he began to build those bridges which created the popular Liberal alliance of the 1860s. Above all, collaborating with former Owenites and Christian socialists, he worked to establish the co-operative movement. His most effective propaganda, Self Help by the People (1858), told the story of co-operation in Rochdale since 1844 and largely created the myth of the Rochdale Pioneers.
In 1861, after twenty years of writing and provincial lecture tours, Holyoake was physically and emotionally exhausted. Many secularists were turning to the more vigorous leadership of Charles Bradlaugh. He had family responsibilities and social and intellectual aspirations beyond his limited means. His wife, who retained her religious beliefs and took little part in his public life, was bronchitic and in the mid-1860s moved out to Harrow, while her husband retained lodgings in London. They had three further children: Maximilian Robespierre (1848–1855), Francis George (b. 1855), and Emilie (b. 1861), of whom only the last was later to join him in his public work.
Increasingly Holyoake's life was spent in journalism, writing and lecturing for Liberalism and the co-operative movement. He offered himself for parliament in 1857 (Tower Hamlets), 1868 (Birmingham), and 1884 (Leicester), but each time withdrew before the poll. He was acquainted with most of the leading Liberals of the day, and in 1893 was made an honorary member of the National Liberal Club. As a consistent supporter of co-operation he was elected to the first central board in 1869, published a two-volume History of Co-Operation (1875, 1879), and presided over the Co-operative Congress at Carlisle in 1887. He was a staunch advocate of co-partnership in industrial production and of the international co-operative movement, attending the inaugural congresses of the French and Italian movements in Paris (1885) and Milan (1886) respectively. He also visited North America in 1879 and 1882 to collect information for a settlers' guide book.
Though no longer fully active in the secularist movement Holyoake continued to champion moderation against what he interpreted as Bradlaugh's dogmatic atheism, debating the subject with Bradlaugh in 1870 and reiterating his position in The Origin and Nature of Secularism (1896). When Bradlaugh republished the Fruits of Philosophy in 1877 Holyoake supported Charles Watts and the British Secular Union, and in 1899 became first chairman of Charles Albert Watts's Rationalist Press Association.
Holyoake died on 22 January 1906 in Brighton, Sussex.
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Born, 1756, Devon; married John Huxtable (1760-1838), South Molton, Devon, in November 1784; John Huxtable acquired Narracott, a farm in George Nympton parish, in 1806 and the family moved into the property in 1811; the couple had eight children, six sons and two daughters; Elizabeth Huxtable died in South Molton in July 1851, aged 94.
Born, October 1876, Barton in the Clay, Bedfordshire; by 1890, the family had moved to Luton, where the father worked as a corn and flour dealer; in 1894, just before his eighteenth birthday, Arthur began work as a footman for Clements Robert Markham of 21 Eccleston Square, London; in subsequent years, Arthur would work as a footman for many other gentlemen, including Sir Jabez Edward Johnson-Ferguson, Count Edmund de Baillet and Sir Arthur Otway.
Photographer Phil Maxwell has been photographing the East End of London, and in particular Brick Lane environs, since he moved to the area from Liverpool in 1981.
Diane Munday became involved in the campaign to reform abortion law in the 1960s, following her own experience with abortion. She was a member of the Abortion Law Reform Association and of the British Pregnancy Advisory Service until the 1990s, and frequently gave speeches and wrote articles on the topics of abortion, pregnancy and family planning. Later, she became interested in the question of voluntary euthanasia, and has also spoken and written on that subject.
Munday began questioning religion at the age of 8 or 9, and has been heavily involved with the British Humanist Association. She began a successful campaign for a state school in her village after her son was called a pagan in the local Church of England school. She was appointed as a magistrate in 1969, acting for many years as Chair of the Family Panel, and retired from the Bench in 2001.
Clive Murphy was born in Liverpool in 1935. He was educated and brought up in Ireland where he qualified as a solicitor. In 1958 he emigrated to London and settled in Spitalfields in the early 1970s. His 'Summer Overtures' was joint winner of Adam International Review's First Novel Award in 1972. 'Freedom for Mr. Mildew' and 'Nigel Someone' appeared to critical acclaim in one volume in 1975. A series of nine recorded autobiographies, as listed below, followed. Since 1999, Clive Murphy has published six books of comic, often ribald, verse. The eighth, 'On Pleasure Bent', was published in 2013. The 'Ordinary Lives' series, edited by Clive Murphy, includes: Deeds of a Good Woman by Beatrice Ali (1976); Born to Sing by Alexander Hartog (1978); Four Acres and a Donkey: the memoirs of a lavatory attendant by S.A.B. Rogers (1979); Love, dears! The memoirs of a former chorus girl by Marjorie Graham (1980); Oiky: the memoirs of a pigman by Len Mills (1984); At the Dog in Dulwich: recollections of a poet by Patricia Doubell (1986); A Stranger in Gloucester: recollections of an Austrian in England by Mrs Falge-Wahl (1986); Dodo by Dodo Lees (1993); Endsleigh: memoirs of a riverkeeper by Horace Adams (1994).
Andrew Roth was born in New York in April, 1919, to Jewish-Hungarian parents. He went on to study Far Eastern History and Chinese at Columbia University, pursuing his interest in the politics and development of the Far East. He went on to work as a researcher for the Institute of Pacific Relations before completing an intensive Japanese language course at Harvard at the behest of the US Navy. Roth completed his enlistment after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour, working as a Naval Intelligence Officer specialising in Japanese translations and code breaking. Before the end of his Navy career he was tried for pro-communist sympathies and leaking Naval documents to the Left-wing Amerasia Magazine, but was released without conviction. After the War Roth successfully published his first book, titled 'Dilemma in Japan', in 1945. He then left America and travelled extensively across Europe, the Middle East and the Far East, acting as a roving correspondent for The Nation Magazine, a left-leaning US publication. He also worked as a freelance journalist for various US and Canadian publications, as well as most of the major newspapers of Asia, including The Hindu, India; The Pakistan Times; The Palestine Post; and The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon syndicate. Writing on topical issues and the post-war political developments of the Far East, Roth worked with and wrote about most of the major political and journalistic figures of the time. The McCarthy anti-communist trials of the late 1940s prompted Roth to postpone returning to America, and he instead settled in England in 1950, remaining there until his death. He continued his journalistic outpourings, working predominantly for The Manchester Evening News (1972-1984), The New Statesman (1984-1997), and contributing regularly to The Guardian’s obituaries section. He continued to write for other foreign newspapers and magazines, and received regular speaking engagements to talk about his political views and experiences in post-war Asia. The focus of Roth’s work shifted towards European political research, resulting in the 'Parliamentary Profiles' series of political biographies, published from 1955 onwards. He also published seven books relating to various political figures, and created the weekly Westminster Confidential newsletter. Roth died on 12 August 2010 of prostate cancer, aged 91.
William Rogers was born in November 1819, was the son of William Lorance Rogers, a barrister of Lincoln's Inn and a London police magistrate, and his wife, Georgiana Louisa, daughter of George Daniell QC; sent to Eton College in September 1830; Oxford University, matriculating from Balliol College in 1837, and graduating BA in 1842 and MA in 1844. While at Oxford he obtained no academic distinction, but became well known as an oarsman. He had in May 1837 rowed in the Eton boat against Westminster. He took an active part in founding the Oxford University boat club, and rowed number four in the fourth race between Oxford and Cambridge in 1840; left Oxford and went with his mother and sisters on a tour abroad, staying mainly in Florence, and on his return entered the University of Durham (October 1842) for theological training; ordained to his first curacy--at Fulham--on Trinity Sunday 1843. In the summer of 1845, Rogers was appointed to the perpetual curacy of St Thomas's, Charterhouse, City of London; remained for eighteen years, and worked to improve the social conditions of his parishioners, particularly by establishing schools; exploited the influential friendships he had formed at Balliol with the likes of Lord Coleridge, Stafford Northcote, Lord Hobhouse, Dean Stanley, Jowett, and Archbishop Temple to carry through his schemes. He eternally dunned' his friends, as he admitted, for his great educational work, but never for his own advancement. Within two months of his arrival he opened a school for street children in a blacksmith's shed and, in January 1847, he opened a large school building, erected at a cost of £1750. In five years' time he was educating 800 parish children at the new school, but was determined to extend his operations. He was encouraged by the sympathy of the marquess of Lansdowne, president of the council, who in 1852 laid the foundation of new buildings in Goswell Street, completed in the following year at a cost of £5500. Rogers had obtained £800 from the council of education; the remainder he obtained by his private fund-raising. But before the debt was extinguished he had projected another new school, in Golden Lane, and contrived to extract nearly £6000 from the government for the purpose. This was opened by the Prince Consort on 19 March 1857. Before he left St Thomas's, Charterhouse, the whole parish was a network of schools, described in the official reports on the schools published by Rogers successively in 1851, 1854, 1856, and 1857; appointed by Lord Derby a member of the Royal Commission to inquire into popular education, June 1858; returned at the head of the poll as a representative of the London school board, 1870; appointed Chaplain-in-Ordinary to the Queen, 1857; prebdendary at St Paul's, 1862; presented to the rectory of St Botolph without Bishopsgate, June 1863. There he energetically set about founding what were calledmiddle-class schools': secondary schools catering for the sons (he later added provision for girls) of tradesmen and clerks, intended for white-collar occupations in the City. At a time when secondary education was under review by the Taunton commission, Rogers became a leading promoter of such schools. The Cowper Street middle-class schools in Finsbury, for which he raised £20,000, were a model of their type. His next important work was the reconstruction of Alleyn's great charity at Dulwich, of which he was appointed a governor at the behest of the prince consort in 1857. After becoming chairman of the governors in 1862, Rogers had a stormy relationship with the headmaster, A. J. Carver, who was intent on establishing a leading public school. Rogers wanted the endowment to be used to establish middle-class schools in London parishes, an aim partly achieved, after four schemes had been mooted, in 1882 when the Alleyn School was founded as a separate institution from Dulwich College. Rogers advocated secular education, leaving doctrinal training to parents and clergy. He was much attacked in the religious press for an outburst in October 1866 against the obstacles to middle-class schools: Hang economy, hang theology: let us begin' (Reminiscences, 167). This earned him the sobriquethang theology' Rogers. He supported the opening of museums and galleries on Sundays and was a founder of the non-sectarian Society for the Relief of Distress. In Bishopsgate, Rogers was active in the restoration of the church of St Botolph, and at all times, both in his own and adjoining parishes, the erection of baths, wash-houses, and drinking fountains, the extension of playgrounds, and the provision of cheap meals, industrial exhibitions, picture galleries, and free libraries had his heartiest support. His labours in his own parish culminated in the opening of the Bishopsgate Institute (24 November 1894). From the mid-1880s he was badly lame, which curtailed his activities. Rogers died Jan 1896.
Andrew Roth was born in New York in April, 1919, to Jewish-Hungarian parents. He went on to study Far Eastern History and Chinese at Columbia University, pursuing his interest in the politics and development of the Far East. He went on to work as a researcher for the Institute of Pacific Relations before completing an intensive Japanese language course at Harvard at the behest of the UN Navy. Roth completed his enlistment after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour, working as a Naval Intelligence Officer specialising in Japanese translations and code breaking. Before the end of his Navy career he was tried for pro-communist sympathies and leaking Naval documents to the Left-wing Amerasia Magazine, but was released without conviction.
After the War Roth successfully published his first book, titled Dilemma in Japan, in 1945. He then left America and travelled extensively across Europe, the Middle East and the Far East, acting as a roving correspondent for The Nation Magazine, a left-leaning US publication. He also worked as a freelance journalist for various US and Canadian publications, as well as most of the major newspapers of Asia, including The Hindu, India; The Pakistan Times; The Palestine Post; and The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon syndicate. Writing on topical issues and the post-war political developments of the Far East, Roth worked with and wrote about most of the major political and journalistic figures of the time.
The McCarthy anti-communist trials of the late 1940s prompted Roth to postpone returning to America, and he instead settled in England in 1950, remaining there until his death. He continued his journalistic outpourings, working predominantly for The Manchester Evening News (1972-1984), The New Statesman (1984-1997), and contributing regularly to The Guardian’s obituaries section. He continued to write for other foreign newspapers and magazines, and received regular speaking engagements to talk about his political views and experiences in post-war Asia. The focus of Roth’s work shifted towards European political research, resulting in the ‘Parliamentary Profiles’ series of political biographies, published from 1955 onwards. He also published seven books relating to various political figures, and created the weekly Westminster Confidential newsletter.
Roth died on 12 August 2010 of prostate cancer, aged 91.
The Raphael Samuel History Centre is a research and educational centre devoted to encouraging the widest possible participation in historical research and debate. The RSHC has a large programme of research, teaching, and public events. The Raphael Samuel History Centre is a four-way partnership between the University of East London (UEL), Birkbeck, University of London, Queen Mary, University of London and the Bishopsgate Institute.
The Swadhinata Trust is a London based non-partisan secular Bengali group that works to promote Bengali history and heritage amongst young people. The Swadhinata Trust has been operating since November 2000, offering seminars, workshops, exhibitions and educational literature to young Bengali people in schools, colleges, youth clubs and community centres in the United Kingdom. The Swadhinata Trust promotes Bengali history and culture to ensure its representation as an essential part of the history of Britain and by extension, our contemporary world.
The Co-operative Women's Guild was formed in 1883 following the first inclusion of a women's page in Co-operative News. Its aim was to spread the knowledge of the benefits of co-operation and improve the conditions of women with the slogan "co-operation in poor neighbourhoods"; changed its name to the Women's Co-operative Guild, 1885; Margaret Llewelyn Davies becomes General Secretary and Lilian Harris appointed Cashier to the Guild, 1889; under their direction the organisation expanded rapidly from 51 branches and a membership of 1700 in 1889 to a peak of 1500 branches and a membership of 72000 in 1933. By this time the name of the organisation had again been changed to the Co-operative Women's Guild.
Towards a Water Saving Trust Steering Group was established c 1996. Secretary Sean Creighton organised the Towards A Water Saving Trust Conference 1997.
The L and M series, and the Visitation records, represent the main collections of the College pre-dating the English Civil War, being mostly the work of Tudor heralds. Samson Lennard's 1618 list of the contents of the library indicates that these volumes were part of the collection then, although descriptions are usually somewhat too general to allow for precise identification. The volumes are listed in the 'Syllabus' of College of Arms' manuscripts, compiled in c 1780
The Albert Dock Seamen's Hospital was established in 1890 as a branch of the Dreadnought Seamen's Hospital, Greenwich, which was founded in 1821. The London School of Tropical Medicine was established in the Albert Dock Hospital in October 1899, by Philip Manson-Bahr, and remained there until moving to Euston in February 1920. The Hospital became part of Newham Health District under the City and East London Area Health Authority (Teaching) in 1974 and was converted from acute to orthopaedic use. It came under the direct control of Newham Health Authority in 1981 and subsequently became a homeward bound mental handicap unit.
The Accident Relief Society was founded in 1838. In 1868 it moved to offices in Great Winchester Street, London. Although the Society contrived to relieve a number of deserving cases every year, it was never able to achieve financial stability. In 1879 its remaining assets were transferred to the Samaritan Society by authority of the Charity Commission.
In 1994 a merger between The Royal London Hospital and Associated Community Services NHS Trust, St Bartholomew's Hospital and The London Chest Hospital resulted in the creation of The Royal Hospitals NHS Trust. In 1999 the Trust's name changed to Barts and The London NHS Trust. The Trust continued until a further merger with Whipps Cross University Hospital NHS Trust and Newham University Hospital NHS Trust in 2012. Management of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital for Children came under the Trust in 1995 and the hospital was formerly part of the Trust from April 1996 until the hospital's closure in 1998 whereupon services transferred to The Royal London Hospital.
The Trust initially came under the North East Thames Regional Health Authority and East London and The City District Health Authority more locally. From 1996-2002 it fell under NHS London Regional Health Authority and then North East London Strategic Health Authority until this was subsumed into NHS London Strategic Health Authority in 2006.
The East End Maternity Hospital was founded in 1884 as the Mother's Lying-in Hospital in Glamis Road, Shadwell. Its name was changed in 1928. In 1930 it had about 60 beds. During the Second World War the Hospital occupied premises at Hill Hall, Essex, and Tyringham House. With the advent of the National Health Service in 1948 it became part of the Stepney Group of Hospitals, which was merged in 1966 to form the East London Group. The Hospital was closed in 1968.
Mile End Hospital has it's origins in a workhouse built by the Board of Guardians of Mile End Old Town, London, on the Bancroft Road site in 1858-1859. A new Infirmary, erected under the powers conferred by the Metropolitan Poor Act, 1867, was opened in March 1883, and a Nurse Training School was established in 1892. The institution was taken over by the military authorities during the First World War and the facilities of the Hospital were considerably improved. In 1930, when the Hospital passed to the control of the London County Council, it had 550 beds. Between 1942 and 1948 Mile End Hospital hosted a Regional Preliminary Training School for Nurses giving initial training to pupils who trained at London County Council hospitals in all parts of London.
With the introduction of National Health Service in 1948, the Hospital became part of the Stepney Group of Hospitals. The Stepney Group Hospital Management Committee merged with the Central Group in 1966 to form the East London Group. In 1968, Mile End Hospital, together with St Clement's Hospital, was transferred to the management of the Board of Governors of the London Hospital. Its designation was changed to the London Hospital (Mile End). As a result of the re-organisation in 1974, it became part of Tower Hamlets Health District. In 1990, as part of the London Hospital Group, the Hospital was granted a Royal title, becoming The Royal London Hospital (Mile End). On the closure of Bethnal Green Hospital in June 1990, the Bancroft Unit for the Care of the Elderly opened at Mile End.
The Hospital was part of The Royal London Hospital and its Associated Community Services NHS Trust from 1991 to 1994. Following the recommendations of the government report "Making London Better" (1993), it was transferred to City and East London Family and Community Services (CELFACS), reverting to the name "Mile End Hospital". On the division of CELFACS in 1994 the Hospital came under the management of Tower Hamlets Community Health Services NHS Trust with The Royal Hospitals NHS Trust continuing to occupy two wards at Mile End until 1997. Tower Hamlets Community Health Services NHS Trust was reconfigured in 2001 as Tower Hamlets Primary Care Trust. The Trust was discontinued in 2013 and Mile End Hospital was incorporated into the newly formed Barts Health NHS Trust.
The London Hospital Pathological Institute was built in 1901 as the Sir Andrew Clarke memorial. The first Director of the London Hospital Pathological Institute was Redcliffe Nathan Salaman (1874-1955), from 1904 to 1906. He was succeeded by Hubert Maitland Turnbull (1875-1955), Director of the Institute from 1906 to 1946. Post-mortem examinations, previously performed by one of four Physicians, were henceforth conducted either by Turnbull himself, or by one of his Assistants. The whole body was dissected, and exact measurements and specimens taken for microscopic examination.
In March 1909 the Institute initiated a Surgical Department, in which material from operating theatres and the Out-Patient Department was examined. In 1919 Dr Turnbull was awarded the title of Professor of Morbid Anatomy in the University of London. In 1927 the Institute was enlarged and opened by Regius Professor Sir Humphrey Rolleston as the "Bernhard Baron" Institute. Turnbull's successor was Professor Dorothy Stuart Russell (1895-1983), who was Director until 1960. From the 1960s onwards the Institute kept records for autopsies and histological examinations carried out for other hospitals: Bethnal Green, Mile End, London Chest Hospital and St. Andrew's Hospital. The Institute opened a Cytology Department for analysis of body fluids under Christopher Brown in 1966. After 1990 the Institute was known as The Royal London Hospital Pathological Institute. The Institute conducted post mortem and surgical department examinations for Bethnal Green and Mile End Hospitals from 1969 to 1978.
Founded as West Ham Dispensary in 1861, a Hospital was opened as the West Ham and Eastern General Hospital in 1890. It first extended in 1895 and incorporated by Royal Charter in 1917 as Queen Mary's Hospital for the East End. It was administered as an acute hospital by Newham Health District until its closure with the transfer of acute services to Newham General Hospital, Glen Road, Plaistow.
This Committee was established by the North East Metropolitan Hospitals Board on the introduction of the National Health Service in July 1948. The Group consisted of the East End Maternity Hospital, the London Jewish Hospital, Mile End Hospital and St. George's-in-the-East Hospital, together with several clinics. St. George's-in-the-East was closed in September 1956. The Committee was dissolved in 1966 on the formation of the East London Group.
[In 1836 the parish of St George-in-the-East became a Poor Law parish, administered by 18 elected Guardians, who took over the workhouse between Prusom Street and Princes Street (later renamed Raine Street) which had been built about ten years earlier. In 1844 the workhouse was extended and, in 1871, an infirmary was added. In 1893 a Nurse Training School was established at the Infirmary. During WW1 patients were transferred to the St-George-in-the-East Infirmary from the Bethnal Green Hospital, when the military authorities took over the latter for the use of wounded servicemen. In 1925 the parish of St George-in-the-East joined the Stepney Poor Law Union. In 1930 the LCC took over control of the workhouse building and converted it into the St-George-in-the-East Hospital, with 406 beds. In 1948 the Hospital joined the NHS under the Stepney Group Hospital Management Committee, part of the North East Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board, but no records of the hospital are known to exist].
Originally founded 'for the reception of all poor Germans and others speaking the German language', the German Hospital also cared for the local English-speaking population in the case of emergencies. It was supported by subscriptions and donations, many from Germany or the German community in England, and was run by German nursing sisters and doctors.
It is estimated that in the 1840s some 30,000 Germans were living in England, making up by far the largest immigrant community. Many of them lived and worked in poor conditions in the East End of London, where poverty and the language barrier left them little chance to make use of the limited medical resources available at that time. The work of a German pastor and a doctor to establish a hospital for 'poor German sick' was taken up by the Prussian Ambassador, the Chevalier Bunsen. He succeeded in enlisting the support of the rich and influential in Germany and England, including both royal houses, so ensuring that the hospital was built. On 15 October 1845, the German Hospital opened with just twelve beds.
An early outstanding feature of the Hospital was the nursing care provided by the Protestant Deaconesses from the Kaiserswerth Institute near Wessendorf. It was their example at the German which prompted Florence Nightingale to visit the Hospital on two occasions and then to enrol for training at the Institute in Germany in 1851. New hospital buildings, constructed according to the highest standards in hospital design, were opened in 1864, and proved to be invaluable in the epidemics which swept London in the 1860s and 1870s. The German royal family took a keen interest in the Hospital, as did the von Schroder family who were often to provide funds for the Hospital over the years.
During the First World War, the German staff remained at the Hospital despite strong anti-German feelings in the country and a shortage of nurses and doctors in Germany. The period between the wars was one of great improvements and extensions to the buildings, the most important of which was the opening of a new wing in 1936. This housed maternity and children's wards, and the well-known and innovatory roof garden for convalescents, which provided a panoramic view of the entire city as far south as Crystal Palace. In May 1940, the staff of the German Hospital were interned on the Isle of Man. English staff assumed the running of the Hospital, which now became German in name only.
Before 1948, nursing matters at the German Hospital were dealt with by the Board of Household Management, later the Household Committee. When the Hospital was taken into the National Health Service in 1948, the newly formed House Committee took over from the Hospital Committee, the Household Committee and the Nursing Committee. The League of Friends of the Hospital was founded in 1956.
In 1974, the German became part of the newly-formed City and Hackney Health District. For its last thirteen years, the German Hospital cared for psychiatric and psychogeriatric patients. During this time it continued to develop its work, such as its provision of emergency night-shelter facilities for psychogeriatric patients from the community. However, it closed in 1987, as the services it offered were transferred to the new Homerton Hospital.
This Committee was formed on 5 July 1948. It was responsible for the Eastern, German, Hackney and Mothers' Hospitals. From 1963 to 1968, it was also responsible for the Queen Elizabeth Hospital for Children. During this period it was known as the Hackney and Queen Elizabeth Group Hospital Management Committee. In 1974, the Committee was absorbed by the City and East London Area Health Authority.
The beginnings of St Mark's Hospital were in a small room at No 11 Aldersgate Street where, in 1835, Frederick Salmon opened 'The Infirmary for the Relief of the Poor afflicted with Fistula and other Diseases of the Rectum'. There were just seven beds and in the first year 131 patients were admitted. Frederick Salmon was born in Bath in 1796 and served his apprenticeship in medicine there. He qualified at St Bartholomew's Hospital in 1817 and subsequently became a house-surgeon. In 1827, he was elected to a Surgeon's post at the Aldersgate Street Dispensary. However, Salmon resigned five years later, along with the rest of the medical staff, because of a dispute with the Management Committee about the method of choosing new staff. Tired of the restrictions of working within the establishment, Salmon decided to found his own institution to provide treatment for those conditions which were regarded as 'the most distressing that can afflict our common nature'. So the 'Fistula Infirmary', as it came to be known, was started. Much of the financial support came from the City of London. The Lord Mayor, William Taylor Copeland, was a grateful patient of Salmon's and became the first President. Another benefactor was Charles Dickens, who blamed his need for Salmon's surgical attentions on 'too much sitting at my desk'! There was an overwhelming need for such an institution giving specialist treatment free of charge to London's poor. Therefore, in 1838, when the number of patients had trebled, Salmon moved to larger premises at 38 Charterhouse Square, where there were fourteen beds and more space for treating out-patients. Thirteen years later, a site in City Road was purchased from the Dyers' Company and the almshouses that occupied it were converted to a twenty-five bed hospital. This was opened on St Mark's Day, 25 April 1854, and took the name of St Mark's Hospital for Fistula and other Diseases of the Rectum. The staff consisted of a surgeon, a Matron, a dispenser, nurses and servants. St Mark's was unique in not employing a physician until 1948. In 1859, Frederick Salmon resigned from his post as Surgeon. He is said to have performed 3,500 operations without a single fatality, a remarkable feat in an age when anaesthetics were only just beginning to be used and antiseptics were unknown. The Governors commissioned a portrait of him which was displayed in the entrance hall until the closure of the Hospital in 1995.
By the 1870s, ever-increasing demands on the Hospital caused rebuilding to be considered. The adjacent site, occupied by rice mills, was acquired but could not be developed for some years due to lack of funds. Eventually, building began and in January 1896 the 'New St Mark's' was opened. There was considerable difficulty in meeting the costs of maintaining the new building and it was the entertainment industry that finally came to the rescue. Lillie Langtry organised a Charity Matinee at her theatre in Drury Lane and the Hospital was saved. In 1909, the name of the Hospital was changed for a second time to St Mark's Hospital for Cancer, Fistula etc., reflecting the work and interests of J P Lockhart-Mummery, who was a pioneer in cancer surgery. The First World War seems to have made little direct impact, although ten beds were given over to servicemen. Despite the stringency of the times, the Governors purchased more land on the east side of the Hospital which gave room for expansion after hostilities had ceased. An Appeal Fund launched in 1920 was very successful and, in 1926, work began on a large extension which gave the Hospital a new appearance and provided two new wards, as well as new Out-Patient, X-ray, Pathology and Research Departments. A nurses' home was also provided for the first time. This was replaced by a self-contained home in 1936, when the former accommodation became a private wing named after Lockhart-Mummery, who had retired the previous year. A Samaritan Fund was established to assist patients, and meetings ceased in May 1949 when administration of the Fund officially passed to the Ladies Association. The Ladies Association became the Friends of St Mark's in June 1971.
St Mark's was taken over by the new National Health Service in 1948. It was administered jointly with Hammersmith Hospital until the NHS reforms of 1972, when it became attached to St Bartholomew's Hospital. After 1974, St Mark's was part of the newly-established City and Hackney Health District, which also included Hackney General, the Mothers', the German, the Eastern and St Leonard's Hospitals. During the 1980s, many of the hospitals in the City and Hackney District were closed and their services transferred to the new Homerton Hospital. The government introduced self-governing NHS Trusts and in 1992, Sir Bernard Tomlinson's Report of the Inquiry into the London Health Service proposed radical changes to the hospital groupings then in place. St Mark's remained part of the Barts NHS Shadow Trust (later Barts NHS Group) until April 1994, when the changes envisaged by the Tomlinson Report came into force. At this point, Bart's joined with the Royal London and the London Chest Hospitals to form the Royal Hospitals NHS Trust (later Barts and The London NHS Trust), while St Mark's became part of Northwick Park and St Mark's NHS Trust, based in Harrow. All services from St Mark's were transferred to Northwick Park in July 1995, and the Hospital closed.
Sir Aldo Castellani was born and educated in Florence; qualified in medicine in 1899, and after working in Bonn came to London to the School of Tropical Medicine in 1901. Through Manson's recommendation he joined the Royal Society Commission on Sleeping Sickness as its bacteriologist, and left London for Entebbe, Uganda with George Carmichael Low and Cuthbert Christie in 1902. His early observation of a trypanosome in the cerebro-spinal fluid of a sleeping sickness sufferer without initially realising its importance gave rise to a famous controversy involving Sir David Bruce and others.
In 1903 he was appointed Bacteriologist to the Government of Ceylon and was housed in the Central laboratory in Colombo where he carried on his research, notably in the virgin field of mycology and in bacteriology where he described several new species of intestinal bacilli and invented the absorption test for the serological identification of closely allied organisms. He left Ceylon in 1915 to take the Chair of Medicine in Naples.
Castellani became involved in the war in Serbia and Macedonia, 1915-1918, where he was a member of the Inter-Allied Sanitary Commission. In 1919 he came to London as Consultant to the Ministry of Pensions and set up in consulting practice in Harley Street. With Sir William Simpson, he began a movement to establish the Ross Institute where he became Physician and Mycologist. When the Institute became part of London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in 1934, Castellani became Director of Mycology and Mycological Diseases in the School, before his enthusiasm for Royal and potentially eminent patients (including Mussolini) further clouded his reputation. He finally followed the Queen of Italy into exile in Portugal and ended his long life as Professor at Lisbon's Institute of Tropical Medicine. Castellani died in 1971.
Guy Pascoe Crowden was born in 1894 and brought up in Wisbech, where his father was in general practice. Crowden's medical studies at University College London were interrupted by World War One. He served in France with the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, where experience with the Gas Brigade at Ypres, Somme and Passchendale shaped a growing interest in the physiology of work and stress.
Assistant in the University College Physiology Department, 1924; appointed Lecturer in Applied Physiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 1929. His research interests ranged from fatigue and recovery in muscular work to the effects of heat and cold in nutrition. In 1934 he became Reader in Industrial Physiology at the School and finally, after service in the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War Two, he was appointed Professor of Applied Physiology in 1946. He retired in 1952. His connections with firms interested in industrial welfare work were to prove a link to the School's later involvement with occupational health. Crowden died in 1966.
Sir William Allen Daley was born in Bootle, Lancashire, on 19 February 1887; educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Crosby; graduated BSc in Chemistry, London, 1906; MB, ChB with first-class honours, Liverpool, 1909; MB, BS, London, 1910, with distinction in medicine. He obtained the Cambridge diploma in public health in 1911 with distinction, and his London MD degree in 1912.
Daley held resident posts in Liverpool and became resident medical officer at the London Fever Hospital in 1911. After his father's death, 1911, he was recalled to Bootle to succeed him as Medical Officer of Health, later holding similar appointments in Blackburn, 1920-1925 and Hull, 1925-1929. Daley was appointed to serve on a departmental committee of the Ministry of Health on the recruitment and training of midwives, 1928; appointed as Principal Medical Officer of the London County Council, 1929; became deputy to Frederick Menzies, 1938; succeeded Menzies as County Medical Officer, 1939 and was elected FRCP, 1939.
The National Health Service Act of 1946 led to a period of great activity during which the London County Council hospitals were transferred to the newly formed regional hospital boards, and simultaneously steps were taken to absorb the personal health services previously in the care of the metropolitan boroughs which made up the county council area, Daley's skill aided this advancement. Daley retired in 1952, however, he transferred his personal files to his home and continued to serve on the many committees to which he had been appointed in a personal capacity. After his retirement he visited Australia on behalf of the Nuffield Foundation, lecturing on the British National Health Service and lectured in North America, where for several months he was Associate Health Officer of the city of Baltimore.
Daley was president of the Central Council for Health Education; chairman of the Chadwick trustees; President of the National Association for Maternal and Child Welfare and vice-chairman of the Academic Board of the Royal Postgraduate Hospital at Hammersmith in West London. Daley's work was recognised with a knighthood in 1944 and with an honorary physicianship to George VI, 1947. Daley died on 21 February 1969.
Publications include The development of the hospital services with particular reference to the municipal hospital system of London William Allen Daley and Reginald Coleman, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine (35, 1941-2, 45-56) and Population Education in Public Health William Allen Daley and Hester Viney, 1927.
Robert Henry Elliot was born in 1864; educated at Bedford School, St Bartholomew's Hospital and later gained qualifications as Bachelor of Surgery, London; Doctor of Surgery, Edinburgh; Doctor of Medicine and Diploma of Public Health. Elliot was awarded Preliminary Scientific Exhibition Bentley Surgical Prize; Montefoire Medal and Scholarship in Military Surgery and Maclean Prize in Clinical Medicine, Netley 1892.
Elliot worked as Superintendent of Government Hospital Ophthalmic Hospital, Madras and Professor of Ophthalmology, Madras Medical College, 1904-1914; Hunterian Professor, Royal College of Surgeons, England; Chairman of Naval and Military Committee of British Medical Association, 1917-1922; Honourable Consulting Ophthalmic Surgeon, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London; Vice President Institute of Hygiene; Chairman of Council British Health Resorts Association and Lecturer in Ophthalmology, London School of Tropical Medicine. Elliot was a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons and Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, London. Elliot died 9 November 1936.
Publications include: Sclero-corneal Trephining in the Operative Treatment of Glaucoma (George Pulman and Sons, London, 1913); The Indian Operation of Couching for Cataract (London, 1917) and Tropical Ophthalmology (H Frowde, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1920).