A survey of growth in the pre-school child in England and Wales, [1977] was conducted by London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the Department of Health and Social Security. This questionnaire for a Longitudinal Group was completed by participants in 1977 and answered on behalf of children by a parent. Although children appear to have been given an identifying serial number, their names have been abbreviated and appear at the top of questionnaires in pencil. Questionnaires focussed upon the milk intake of children, whether they were entitled to subsidised milk, illnesses suffered and measurements. At least three visits were conducted per child, with data collected each time; however it is believed that the results of this study were never published.
Michael Stewart Rees Hutt, born 1 October 1922; awarded senior lectureship in pathology at St Thomas' Hospital Medical School in London and appointed Professor of Pathology at Makerere University College, Kampala, in Uganda, 1962.
Whilst in Uganda, Hutt organised a country-wide postal pathology system so that remote hospitals received diagnoses in time to be meaningful; enabled one of the few excellent tropical country cancer registries to be set up and stimulated much medical research. Hutt and Dennis Burkitt made a road safari around the mission and government hospitals of Uganda and eastern Zaire, mid-1960s, gathering cancer incidence data. This work on illnesses including Burkitt's lymphoma, oesophageal and liver cancer was important in demonstrating that cancer is a very non-uniform disease. Hutt's work regarding a tumour called Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) showed that on the Uganda/Zaire border it accounted for 10 per cent of all tumours among adults, this occurred prior to the epidemic of HIV and Aids and was a crucial discovery.
Hutt returned to UK in 1970 and became Professor of Geographical Pathology in a unit created for him and Burkitt in St Thomas', developing a system of diagnostic pathology for resource-poor countries. Hutt retired in 1983; continued to press for support of medicine in Africa, especially in Uganda and through the Commonwealth Secretariat organised an umbrella group 'Apecsa, the Association of Pathologists of East, Central and Southern Africa', to reinforce pathology provision and local staff in Africa. Hutt died in Crickhowell, Powys on 29 March 2000.
Publications include: The geography of non-infectious disease (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986) and Kaposi's sarcoma: 2nd Kaposi's Sarcoma Symposium, Kampala, January 8 to 11, 1980 edited by Hutt and others (Karger, New York, 1981).
Born 1841, Hafod, Wales, and brought up on the family farm in Pembrokeshire; apprenticed to a local apothecary; aged nineteen moved to London, worked at a chemist in Streatham and then as dispenser to the German Hospital; attended German lectures at University College London; moved to Aberdeen where he qualified in 1867; Army Medical School at Netley, Hampshire, 1868, where at the end of the four-month course passed out first on the list; posted to India in 1869, where he investigated cholera; while studying chyluria (the presence of lymphatic fluid in urine), he discovered minute worms in the urine of one particular patient - subsequently they were identified as Filariidae; in 1872 Lewis found similar worms in a blood sample and when this work was written up Lewis was amazed to discover the original patient setting up the type for its publication by the Government Printing Office in Calcutta. Later he found the mature worm but it had already been discovered independently of him by Joseph Bancroft in Australia. However he discovered and described the first trypanosome, which was named Trypanosoma lewisei after him, in the blood of a mammal; appointed, 1883, Assistant Professor of Pathology at Netley where he introduced practical bacteriology to the curriculum; died of pneumonia, 1886, allegedly as a consequence of a laboratory accident.
Lewis and Burrows Ltd was formed in 1895 to acquire and amalgamate under one management several pharmacy businesses in north and west London, including Burrow's Drug Stores in Brompton Road and Westbourne Grove, Matterson's Drug Stores in New Oxford Street and Wigmore Street, Lewis's Drug Stores in Great Portland Street, Kilburn High Road and Baker Street, and Trick's Drug Stores in Green Lanes and Abney Park Terrace, Stamford Hill. Photographs of the premises are reproduced in the prospectus, a copy of which is enclosed in the Allotment Book (GC/134/2).
Founded in 1905 as Napsbury Asylum, under Middlesex County Council. Became Napsbury Mental Hospital after the end of the First World War.
For details of G W M Findlay's life and career, see Who Was Who 1951-1960, Munk's Roll Vol V and obituaries in The Times, British Medical Journal and Lancet.
Dr Ludwig Freyberger qualified in medicine in Vienna in 1889 and was House Physician, House Surgeon and Clinical Assistant at Vienna General Hospital before moving to London where he was Clinical Assistant at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street. He qualified MRCS (Eng) in 1893 and MRCP (Lond) in 1894. He was a barrister-at-law at the Middle Temple as well as a toxocologist, and served as pathologist for London inquests. At this time he was also Honorary Physician to the St Pancras and Northern Dispensary, and pathologist, museum curator and registrar at the Great Northern Central Hospital. An analysis of the controversy surrounding his employment, 1902-1912, by the new coroner for the South-Western District of London can be found in Medical History, 39,3, July 1995.
The team was set up by the World Health Organisation to investigate the feasability of the provision of health care by a mobile team in a country without a network of roads. The project established that such a team was not viable, and that health care could be better provided by a system of fixed health centres.
Fredrick Le Gros Clark was the grandson of a surgeon of the same name (1811-1892) and the brother of Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark, Professor of Anatomy at Oxford and London Universities. His right hand and right eye were destroyed in an accident at the end of the First World War, and his left eye so badly damaged that he gradually became completely blind. His writing career commenced with children's books and some articles on his experiences of coping with blindness, but by 1930 had found his vocation as an integrator of knowledge and experience on problems connected with welfare and nutrition. He instigated the 'Committee against Malnutrition', drawing attention to the extent of malnutrition in Great Britain. He became secretary of the Children's Nutrition Council and edited the Nutrition Bulletin of the National Council for Health Education. He studied school feeding and was, briefly, a consultant to the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, contributing to the historical chapter in the FAO's School feeding: its contribution to child nutrition by Marjorie L Scott, 1953 (see also D.12 in this list). Aided by grants from the Nuffield Foundation, he undertook a prolonged study of the part played by tradition and preconceptions, rather than incapacity, in fixing the age of retirement. Clark took an Oxford MA in 1944 and was given an honorary DSc by Bristol University in 1972.
After graduation in 1914, Burn worked at the Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories under HH Dale. He trained in medicine after military service in the First World War and worked again with Dale at the National Institute for Medical Research Department of Pharmacology. He was Director of the Pharmacological Laboratories of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain 1926-1937 (and Dean of the College of Pharmacology from 1933) and Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Oxford 1937-1959. Further details can be found in obituaries in the BMJ 1981, 283,444, the Lancet 1981, ii, 212, and Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 30, 45-89, 1984.
Walter Ernest Dixon (1871-1931) was Lecturer, then Reader, in pharmacology at the University of Cambridge from 1909, and is credited, together with Arthur Cushny, with establishing pharmacology as a distinct science in Britain. His most original work was on the action of drugs on the bronchial musculature and pulmonary vasomotor system, and on cerebrospinal fluid especially in relation to postpituitary hormone and ovarian activity. [George] Norman Myers (1898-1981) joined Dixon in Cambridge in 1930 and worked with him on digitalis in toxaemia and on substitutes for morphine and heroin.
Dr Saunders-Jacobs, MA, MD, DPH, spent most of her career as a Medical Officer in South London. While she had experience in most of the areas covered by local government public health work, for some time she seems to have concentrated on Maternal and Child Welfare, as women doctors in public health posts often did. Later on she appears to have taken particular interest in tuberculosis and diseases of the chest.
Ian Natoff, born 1933; After graduating in pharmacy at Chelsea School of Pharmacy, University of London, in 1955, Dr Natoff obtained a research scholarship from the Royal Pharmaceutical Society for research on the toxicity of preservatives in fruit drinks, and later on the action of insulin in diabetes. He worked thereafter in medicinal pharmacology for pharmaceutical companies and served as Home Office Liason Officer for Roche Products Ltd until he formed his own scientific liason consultancy.
The 'Balint Group' whose meetings these transcripts record were set up in 1975 by David Morris, then Consultant Paediatrician at the Woolwich Memorial Hospital, and Hamish Cameron, psychoanalyst and child psychiatrist at St George's Hospital, London, Cameron having participated in a group run by Enid Balint at University College Hospital. Other participants included Mike Robinson, Senior (Paediatric) Registrar at St Thomas's, Harvey Marcovitch, Senior Registrar at Northwick Park, Peter Malleson, Registrar at Charing Cross, Gary Katz, Consultant Paediatrician at Edgware and Barnet General Hospital, and Jake Mackinnon, Paediatric Registrar at Great Ormond Street. The meetings were along the same lines as Michael and Enid Balint's work with general practitioners, discussions enabling the participants to share experiences of dealing with patients and their relatives, which no doubt influenced Morris in his work on bereavement. Discussions were recorded, and transcripts prepared by a secretary. Some of the transcripts here (Section A) are original typescript, others photocopies. A few of the transcripts appear to be missing.
On receipt of the radiotherapy case books of Sir Stanford Cade (GC/147), the Contemporary Medical Archives Centre arranged an interview with Cade's former colleagues at the Westminster Hospital, Professor Kurt Hellman, Professor Gerald Westbury and Dr Kenneth Newton. They were interviewed on 20 October 1993 by the Archivist, Julia Sheppard.
Bernard Williams was a surgeon and a Lieutenant-Colonel in the RAMC; he was called up from the Reserve at the outbreak of the Second World War. After the fall of France in 1940, he served in Egypt with No 8 General Hospital as a junior surgical specialist, and subsequently with the 2/5 Casualty Clearing Station [CCS] at Mersa Matruh. The highly mobile desert war led to the establishment of Field Surgical Units, to be attached to Casualty Clearing Stations or Field Ambulances to carry out surgical operations before the patients' transfer to hospitals far behind the lines. Williams was in command of No 6 FSU, with the rank of Major, from August 1942 until January 1943, dealing with casualties from the battles of Alam Halfa and El Alamein. A copy of his reminiscences of RAMC service, published in St Thomas's Hospital Gazette, Vol 87-88, 1989-1991, is in file GC/172/9.
Williams was also Emeritus Consultant Surgeon for the Portsmouth and South East Hampshire Health District.
Twort went into research shortly after he qualified in medicine in 1900. In 1909 he was appointed Superintendent of the Brown Institution in South London, a post he held until the building was destroyed during the Blitz in 1944, apart from a period of service in Salonika at the Base Laboratories during World War I. In 1929 he was elected FRS and in 1931 the title of Professor of Bacteriology was conferred on him by the University of London. He did important work on the bacteriophage and was involved in controversy with Félix d'Hérelle over priority in research findings. Twort's research interests were wide and included developing improved wireless reception and work on removing impurities in latex. Described in an obituary as an 'erratic genius' he was no stranger to controversy, criticising his military superiors during his war service and initiating a legal case against the Medical Research Council when they terminated their funding to the Brown Institution. Details of a biography of Twort by his son are given below.
Sidney Chave began his career at the LSHTM as a lab boy in the Department of Chemistry as Applied to Hygiene in 1929, the year the School was formally opened. During the Second World War he was seconded to the (Emergency) Public Health Laboratory Service. In 1946 he returned to the School and was promoted to Senior Technician.
During the following years he studied at Birkbeck College for an Honours Degree in Psychology, which was awarded in 1951. The next year Chave was appointed to the academic staff of the School in the Department of Public Health. For his PhD he undertook a study of mental health in Harlow New Town, which was published, (jointly with Lord Taylor), as Mental Health and Environment in 1964.
In 1969 Chave was promoted to Senior Lecturer in the Department of Community Health (as the Department of Public Health had become). He retired from the LSHTM in 1979 with the accolade of Emeritus Senior Lecturer as well as being awarded a special silver medal for his fifty years of service to the School.
In 1977 he received the Queen's Jubilee Medal. Among other distinctions he gave the 1979 Monkton Copeman Lecture of the Society of Apothecaries and the Inaugural Duncan Memorial Lecture at Liverpool in 1983. He was a founder of the Society for the Social History of Medicine (1969) and its President in 1975 as well as holding other offices. These papers reflect his interests in public health and in its history.
The posthumous volume Recalling the Medical Officer of Health: Writings by Sidney Chave edited by M Warren and H Francis, was published in 1987 by the King's Fund Centre. It includes a biographical memoir.
Born in 1855; educated at Durham School and at St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1879; served in South Africa as Senior Surgeon, Portland Hospital, Bloemfontein, 1899-1900; Maj, 1908-1914 and Lt Col, 1 London General Hospital, Royal Army Medical Corps, 1914-1919; civilian member of Army Medical Advisory Board, [1913]-1918; served in Army Medical Service, 1914-1919; British Red Cross Society representative on the Technical Reserve Advisory Committee on Voluntary Aid, 1914-1920; member of honorary consulting staff of Royal Army Medical College, Queen Alexandra Military Hospital, 1914-1920; served on British Red Cross Society Executive Committee, 1917-1920; honorary Maj Gen, Royal Army Medical Corps, 1920; died in 1929.
Letitia Fairfield (eldest sister of the novelist Rebecca West) qualified in medicine in 1907. She had a distinguished career in public health, as Senior Medical Officer to the London County Council, 1911-1948, and as a medical officer during both world wars, in the Queen Mary's Auxiliary Army Corps and the RAF in World War I, and the RAMC in the Second World War, retiring with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. Obituaries may be found in the British Medical Journal and the Lancet for 1978 and an Appreciation in Women in Medicine: the newsletter of the Medical Women's Federation no. 10, Apr 1978. Obituaries and memoirs of Dr Fairfield may be found in GC/193/A.19
O'Dell's Phrenological Institution was founded in 1868, established in London in 1879 and was located at Ludgate Circus and in East Sheen at the the time this item was published.
This hospital was set up in the early days of the First World War for the reception of wounded soldiers. It was one of the first auxiliary hospitals to be established under the auspices of the Voluntary Aid Detatchment of the British Red Cross. There is a history of the hospital by 'The Commandant' (C J S Thompson): "The Story of 'Holmleigh' Auxiliary Military Hospital, Harrow-on-the-Hill, 1914-1919".
Charles John S. Thompson (d.1943) was the first Curator of the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum and the author of numerous works on medical history. See Who Was Who Vol IV for details of his career.
Herbert Davies Chalke worked as a Medical Officer of Health (MOH) in North Wales, Dorset, Hampstead and Camberwell from 1930-1963, and was in charge of the 1933 investigation into tuberculosis in South Wales. During the Second World War he served in the Royal Army Medical Corps as Assistant Director of Medical Services to the Allied Forces in North Africa, and Senior Hygiene Officer, Italy. In 1945 returned to his job as MOH in Hampstead. After his retirement in 1963 he became involved in work on alcoholism, and was one of the founders and the first editor of The Bulletin of Alcoholism in 1963.
This project was entitled 'GP consultations and concepts of illness: Asian women in Bristol', and the questionnaires covered place of origin, diet, exercise and social conditions as well as relations with general practitioner, hospital treatment and factors affecting mental health such as attitudes towards life in Britain. It was originally planned to interview 100 Punjabi-speaking women who had arrived in Bristol as brides from India or Pakistan in the 1960s, asking standard questions to examine concepts of illness in general within the group, testing the received idea that ethnic minority communities look after their own and do not need help from statutory services. The terms in which the women described health and illness were examined, and an attempt was made to determine what part terminology played in their contact with general practitioners. Interviewees were mainly women in their 20s and 30s, interview by Kamaljit Poonia in doctors' waiting rooms and ante-natal clinics. The interviewees' co-operation encouraged the researchers to undertake more searching interviews than originally planned, which made it impossible to undertake a large number, and eventually only 34 women were asked to fill out the standard questionnaire. In-depth interviews involving home visits were undertaken with 12 of these women and with 2 who had not filled out the questionnaire, 6 resulting in tape recordings of over 10 hours per person. These led to a further study concentrating on experiences of depression.
'Geoffrey York' (a member of the Society of Friends) qualifed MBBS in 1934, and obtained the MD in 1949. A general practitioner who believed that psychiatry was a vital part of general practice, he held the Diploma of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and was a Fellow of both the Royal College of Psychiatrists and the Royal College of General Practitioners. He was awarded the OBE.
John Henry Gaddum was born on 31 March 1900 in Hale, Cheshire, the eldest of 6 children. His father was a silk importer who did much charitable work and who had a great influence on his son. He was educated at Miss Wallace's day school in Bowdon, Cheshire, then Moorland House School, Heswall, Cheshire, and from 1913 at Rugby School. He was encouraged to take up science by F A Meyer who later became headmaster of Bedales. He won two leaving exhibitions - one general, one for mathematics. In 1919 he went to Trinity College Cambridge on an entrance scholarship for mathematics, and read medicine. He won a senior scholarship at Trinity in 1922 and obtained second class honours in the Science Tripos (Part II) in Physiology. In 1922 he became a medical student at University College Hospital, London. In 1925 he applied for and won a post at the Wellcome Research Laboratories under J W Trevan, writing his first paper on the quantitative aspects of drug antagonism. In 1927 he went to work for Sir Henry Dale at the National Institute for Medical Research in Hampstead, where he stayed for six years, then accepted the Chair of Pharmacology at the University of Cairo in 1934. In 1935 he was appointed Professor of Pharmacology at University College London, and in 1938 he took the Chair of Pharmacology at the College of the Pharmaceutical Society, London. After the war broke out, he worked at the Chemical Defence Research Station, Porton Down, then later was for a short time in the Army as Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel. In 1942 he accepted the Chair of Materia Medica in the University of Edinburgh, where he was happy and built up an outstanding research department which attracted many scientists from abroad. Extra-mural activities became more time-consuming and in 1958 he was invited to become the Director of the Institute of Animal Physiology in Babraham, Cambridge, by the Agricultural Research Council. He enjoyed learning new things, so accepted the post and staffed the Institute with the finest physiologists, with the result it became one of the great international centres for research in physiology and pharmacology. A year before his death he was knighted and awarded an honorary LL.D, Edinburgh. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1929 he married Iris Mary Harmer, M.B., B.Chir., M.R.C.P., daughter of Sir Sidney Harmer, FRS, a zoologist, and Laura Russell.
Harrods sold patent medicines as far back as the 1870s, and there is evidence of a Drug and Patent Medicine Department from 1884, but the earliest medicine catalogue in the Company Archives dates only from 1891. There is still a Dispensing Pharmacy in the store, which holds more recent records. The Company Archives had found that the usage of the volumes listed here did not justify the amount of room they occupied.
Born, 1912; Founder and Chairman of the MS Society; died 1988.
Born, 1882; devised a vaccine treatment for tuberculosis during the first decade of the twentieth century; died, 1965.
Brenda Morrison, MB, BS, MD, trained at the Royal Victoria Infirmary (RVI), Newcastle-upon-Tyne, during the late 1930s, and her first house surgeon's job was in the Orthopaedic Department just after the outbreak of World War Two in 1939. She subsequently became the first Paediatric Registrar at the RVI. In 1949 she moved to Hammersmith Hospital. She later trained as a psychoanalyst.
Unknown
Born, 1915; educated, University College and the School of Pharmacy, London; demonstratorship at the School of Pharmacy; Wellcome Research Laboratories,1939; research as a protozoologist, a career that led to involvement in numerous studies of tropical diseases, including malaria, trypanosomiasis and helminth infections, particularly investigations of possible chemotherapeutic strategies; directorship of the Wellcome Laboratories of Tropical Medicine, 1958-1963. Director of the Nuffield Laboratories for Comparative Medicine at the Zoological Society of London, 1964.
William Martindale (1840-1902) began trading in 1873. This business, situated in New Cavendish Street, central London, traded thereafter as W Martindale. In the 1890s William's son, William Harrison Martindale (1874-1932) assumed control of his father's firm and expanded the manufacturing side of the business. 1928 he rebuilt the New Cavendish Street premises and erected a factory in Chenies Mews behind University College Hospital. The business, W Martindale, was acquired by Savory and Moore Ltd in 1933, following which the retail operation at New Cavendish Street continued to trade as W Martindale until the mid-1970s.
1911-1914 Demonstrator in Zoology, Birkbeck College London
1914 B.Sc London
1914-1918 Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
1918 Awarded Gedge Prize for essay 'On the Reaction of the Blood in the Body'
1919 Michael Foster Studentship
1919-1925 Demonstrator in Physiology, University of Cambridge
1921-1922 Acting Professor of Physiology, St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School
1923 Fundamentals of Biochemistry in Relation to Human Physiology
1925-1927 Assistant Professor for Medical Research (Biophysics), McGill University, Montreal
1927-1929 Working under Professor Krogh in Copenhagen
1929 Returns to teaching and supervising physiology in Cambridge
1930 The Materials of Life
1934 Lectures, Reading and Examinations
1939-1945 Civilian Lecturer to HM Forces
1948-1954 Professor of Physiology, University College of Ibadan, Nigeria
1954 Part-time Lecturer in Physiology, Regent Street Polytechnic and Chelsea College.
Janos (John) Plesch was born in Hungary and originally qualified in medicine in Budapest. After studying in Strasbourg he lived and worked in Berlin for over 30 years until he emigrated to England with his family in 1933. Further details of his career can be found in his autobiography Janos: the Story of a Doctor (Victor Gollancz, Ltd, London, 1947).
In 1927 C E Berry was appointed to the staff of the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research, which formed part of the Wellcome Laboratory of Tropical Medicine in 1946. He was Chief Technician until his retirement in 1958. The notebooks are undated, but probably date from Berry's early years at the WBSR, 1920s-1930s, and include loose notes inserted between the pages.
The British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC) was first published by the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain in November 1907. These items appear to relate to discussions within the Society and comments by members of it, criticising the contents of the Codex.
US brain surgeon, born 1837 in Philadelphia; educated at Brown University, graduated 1859, and Jefferson Medical College, 1862; served in American Civil War as a surgeon; additional education in Paris and Berlin; founded Philadelphia School of Medicine; developed new techniques of brain surgery; died 1932. Publications include: Keen's System of Surgery (1905-1913), Animal Experimentation and Medical Progress (1914).
Born 1878; educated at Kingswood School, Bath, then gained MB, BS and BSc at University College London; served in HM Forces in Egypt during the First World War; was awarded the CMG in 1918 and the CBE in 1919; Director of Research in the Tropics to the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research; was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, 1927; died 1948.
A collection of private prescriptions created artificially from a number of different accessions. Prescriptions are stamped by dispensing chemists and include the number allocated to them in the chemist's register.
Professor Warren was Director of the Health Services Research Unit and Professor of Social Medicine at the University of Kent, 1971-1983.
A.V. Hill was Professor of Physiology at the University of Manchester (1920-23) and University College London (1923-25) and Secretary of the Royal Society from 1935. He incorporated the liberation of energy in muscles and in 1922 shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine with Otto Meyerhof.
J.M. Woodburn Morison was an eminent figure in the history of radiology. He was born and educated in Scotland and took his medical qualifications at the University of Glasgow. Morison first became interested in the possibilities of X rays whilst a student. He settled in the Manchester area doing general practice (until 1919) where he came into contact with Dr Holland of Liverpool. By 1914 he had been appointed Honorary Medical Officer to the Electrical Department of Ashton under Lyme Infirmary. In March 1915 the War Office asked him to organise and take charge of the Liverpool Merchants Mobile Hospital X-Ray Department in France. In April 1916 he was instructed to fulfil a similar function with the 34th (The Welsh) General Hospital in India.
His first major appointment was that of Lecturer in Radiology, Edinburgh University, and Radiologist, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, in 1925, after which, in 1930, he was appointed Director of the Radiological Department of the Cancer Hospital, coinciding with his taking up the first chair of medical radiology to be founded at the University of London. He retired from the Hospital and the Chair in 1938. During the War he was for a time in charge of the radiological department of the Coventry and Warwickshire General Hospital. Both before and after the war he had various appointments as visiting professor in Egypt.
N.B. Dr Morison used the name Woodburn Morison, although Woodburn was not his surname, to distinguish him from several other Dr. Morisons of his time.
For obituaries see British Medical Journal and Lancet 15 Sep 1951 and British Journal of Radiology, Oct 1951.
Born, 1884; apprenticed in a drapery business. Her father thought of setting her up in business on her own account, but although she completed her apprenticeship, she decided this was not what she wanted, 1902-1905; at a convent in Brittany, learning French and needlework, 1905-1906; started nursing in a small hospital in Kentish Town, 1906; trained as a nurse at Royal Free Hospital, 1907-1911; midwifery course for 3 months at University College Hospital. Awarded CMB March. Worked nights on the district in a very poor area, and in the wards by day, 1912; went as night sister to Chest Hospital, Victoria 1912 Road East, and was put on day duty 6 months later in a men's ward with 43 patients. 20 were TB patients and spent half the day in the grounds, supervised by a retired army sergeant, 1912; asked by Matron at Royal Free Hospital to assist with preparation of newly-built out-patient department for the reception of wounded officers. A number of simple rooms intended for medical students and nursing staff were reserved for senior officers. Altogether there was accommodation for 150 offices, 1914; offered post of Sister-in-charge of Marlborough Maternity Section, RFH, 1919; Ward opened Jan 1920; in charge at Endsleigh Street extension (maternity), Apr 1921-Dec 1924; opened a small nursing home with a friend, Miss Little. 82 Adelaide Road, Swiss Cottage, 1925-1932; private nursing, 1932-1936; kept house for her brother Jack and two small children in India, Jan-Oct 1937; private nursing in Brighton, 1937-1938; nursing sister at King's College of Household and Social Science, Notting Hill Gate (now Queen Elizabeth College), Apr 1938- Feb 1939; sick leave. Patient at Royal Free Hospital, Feb 1939; working at a nursing home at Hawkhurst, Dec 1939; King's College having been evacuated to Wales, she was asked to return, and was first at College Hall, Llannishen, Cardiff. Later the College moved to Leicester, and she ran two hostels, Knighton Hayes, and Crowbank 31 Chapel Lane, 1940-1941; her brother and his family returned from India in 1948 and she thereafter kept house for them till she was in her 80's; died, 1984.