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The London Hospital Pathological Institute was built in 1901 as the Sir Andrew Clarke memorial. The first Director of the London Hospital Pathological Institute was Redcliffe Nathan Salaman (1874-1955), from 1904 to 1906. He was succeeded by Hubert Maitland Turnbull (1875-1955), Director of the Institute from 1906 to 1946. Post-mortem examinations, previously performed by one of four Physicians, were henceforth conducted either by Turnbull himself, or by one of his Assistants. The whole body was dissected, and exact measurements and specimens taken for microscopic examination.

In March 1909 the Institute initiated a Surgical Department, in which material from operating theatres and the Out-Patient Department was examined. In 1919 Dr Turnbull was awarded the title of Professor of Morbid Anatomy in the University of London. In 1927 the Institute was enlarged and opened by Regius Professor Sir Humphrey Rolleston as the "Bernhard Baron" Institute. Turnbull's successor was Professor Dorothy Stuart Russell (1895-1983), who was Director until 1960. From the 1960s onwards the Institute kept records for autopsies and histological examinations carried out for other hospitals: Bethnal Green, Mile End, London Chest Hospital and St. Andrew's Hospital. The Institute opened a Cytology Department for analysis of body fluids under Christopher Brown in 1966. After 1990 the Institute was known as The Royal London Hospital Pathological Institute. The Institute conducted post mortem and surgical department examinations for Bethnal Green and Mile End Hospitals from 1969 to 1978.

Founded as West Ham Dispensary in 1861, a Hospital was opened as the West Ham and Eastern General Hospital in 1890. It first extended in 1895 and incorporated by Royal Charter in 1917 as Queen Mary's Hospital for the East End. It was administered as an acute hospital by Newham Health District until its closure with the transfer of acute services to Newham General Hospital, Glen Road, Plaistow.

This Committee was established by the North East Metropolitan Hospitals Board on the introduction of the National Health Service in July 1948. The Group consisted of the East End Maternity Hospital, the London Jewish Hospital, Mile End Hospital and St. George's-in-the-East Hospital, together with several clinics. St. George's-in-the-East was closed in September 1956. The Committee was dissolved in 1966 on the formation of the East London Group.

[In 1836 the parish of St George-in-the-East became a Poor Law parish, administered by 18 elected Guardians, who took over the workhouse between Prusom Street and Princes Street (later renamed Raine Street) which had been built about ten years earlier. In 1844 the workhouse was extended and, in 1871, an infirmary was added. In 1893 a Nurse Training School was established at the Infirmary. During WW1 patients were transferred to the St-George-in-the-East Infirmary from the Bethnal Green Hospital, when the military authorities took over the latter for the use of wounded servicemen. In 1925 the parish of St George-in-the-East joined the Stepney Poor Law Union. In 1930 the LCC took over control of the workhouse building and converted it into the St-George-in-the-East Hospital, with 406 beds. In 1948 the Hospital joined the NHS under the Stepney Group Hospital Management Committee, part of the North East Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board, but no records of the hospital are known to exist].

Originally founded 'for the reception of all poor Germans and others speaking the German language', the German Hospital also cared for the local English-speaking population in the case of emergencies. It was supported by subscriptions and donations, many from Germany or the German community in England, and was run by German nursing sisters and doctors.

It is estimated that in the 1840s some 30,000 Germans were living in England, making up by far the largest immigrant community. Many of them lived and worked in poor conditions in the East End of London, where poverty and the language barrier left them little chance to make use of the limited medical resources available at that time. The work of a German pastor and a doctor to establish a hospital for 'poor German sick' was taken up by the Prussian Ambassador, the Chevalier Bunsen. He succeeded in enlisting the support of the rich and influential in Germany and England, including both royal houses, so ensuring that the hospital was built. On 15 October 1845, the German Hospital opened with just twelve beds.

An early outstanding feature of the Hospital was the nursing care provided by the Protestant Deaconesses from the Kaiserswerth Institute near Wessendorf. It was their example at the German which prompted Florence Nightingale to visit the Hospital on two occasions and then to enrol for training at the Institute in Germany in 1851. New hospital buildings, constructed according to the highest standards in hospital design, were opened in 1864, and proved to be invaluable in the epidemics which swept London in the 1860s and 1870s. The German royal family took a keen interest in the Hospital, as did the von Schroder family who were often to provide funds for the Hospital over the years.

During the First World War, the German staff remained at the Hospital despite strong anti-German feelings in the country and a shortage of nurses and doctors in Germany. The period between the wars was one of great improvements and extensions to the buildings, the most important of which was the opening of a new wing in 1936. This housed maternity and children's wards, and the well-known and innovatory roof garden for convalescents, which provided a panoramic view of the entire city as far south as Crystal Palace. In May 1940, the staff of the German Hospital were interned on the Isle of Man. English staff assumed the running of the Hospital, which now became German in name only.

Before 1948, nursing matters at the German Hospital were dealt with by the Board of Household Management, later the Household Committee. When the Hospital was taken into the National Health Service in 1948, the newly formed House Committee took over from the Hospital Committee, the Household Committee and the Nursing Committee. The League of Friends of the Hospital was founded in 1956.

In 1974, the German became part of the newly-formed City and Hackney Health District. For its last thirteen years, the German Hospital cared for psychiatric and psychogeriatric patients. During this time it continued to develop its work, such as its provision of emergency night-shelter facilities for psychogeriatric patients from the community. However, it closed in 1987, as the services it offered were transferred to the new Homerton Hospital.

This Committee was formed on 5 July 1948. It was responsible for the Eastern, German, Hackney and Mothers' Hospitals. From 1963 to 1968, it was also responsible for the Queen Elizabeth Hospital for Children. During this period it was known as the Hackney and Queen Elizabeth Group Hospital Management Committee. In 1974, the Committee was absorbed by the City and East London Area Health Authority.

The beginnings of St Mark's Hospital were in a small room at No 11 Aldersgate Street where, in 1835, Frederick Salmon opened 'The Infirmary for the Relief of the Poor afflicted with Fistula and other Diseases of the Rectum'. There were just seven beds and in the first year 131 patients were admitted. Frederick Salmon was born in Bath in 1796 and served his apprenticeship in medicine there. He qualified at St Bartholomew's Hospital in 1817 and subsequently became a house-surgeon. In 1827, he was elected to a Surgeon's post at the Aldersgate Street Dispensary. However, Salmon resigned five years later, along with the rest of the medical staff, because of a dispute with the Management Committee about the method of choosing new staff. Tired of the restrictions of working within the establishment, Salmon decided to found his own institution to provide treatment for those conditions which were regarded as 'the most distressing that can afflict our common nature'. So the 'Fistula Infirmary', as it came to be known, was started. Much of the financial support came from the City of London. The Lord Mayor, William Taylor Copeland, was a grateful patient of Salmon's and became the first President. Another benefactor was Charles Dickens, who blamed his need for Salmon's surgical attentions on 'too much sitting at my desk'! There was an overwhelming need for such an institution giving specialist treatment free of charge to London's poor. Therefore, in 1838, when the number of patients had trebled, Salmon moved to larger premises at 38 Charterhouse Square, where there were fourteen beds and more space for treating out-patients. Thirteen years later, a site in City Road was purchased from the Dyers' Company and the almshouses that occupied it were converted to a twenty-five bed hospital. This was opened on St Mark's Day, 25 April 1854, and took the name of St Mark's Hospital for Fistula and other Diseases of the Rectum. The staff consisted of a surgeon, a Matron, a dispenser, nurses and servants. St Mark's was unique in not employing a physician until 1948. In 1859, Frederick Salmon resigned from his post as Surgeon. He is said to have performed 3,500 operations without a single fatality, a remarkable feat in an age when anaesthetics were only just beginning to be used and antiseptics were unknown. The Governors commissioned a portrait of him which was displayed in the entrance hall until the closure of the Hospital in 1995.

By the 1870s, ever-increasing demands on the Hospital caused rebuilding to be considered. The adjacent site, occupied by rice mills, was acquired but could not be developed for some years due to lack of funds. Eventually, building began and in January 1896 the 'New St Mark's' was opened. There was considerable difficulty in meeting the costs of maintaining the new building and it was the entertainment industry that finally came to the rescue. Lillie Langtry organised a Charity Matinee at her theatre in Drury Lane and the Hospital was saved. In 1909, the name of the Hospital was changed for a second time to St Mark's Hospital for Cancer, Fistula etc., reflecting the work and interests of J P Lockhart-Mummery, who was a pioneer in cancer surgery. The First World War seems to have made little direct impact, although ten beds were given over to servicemen. Despite the stringency of the times, the Governors purchased more land on the east side of the Hospital which gave room for expansion after hostilities had ceased. An Appeal Fund launched in 1920 was very successful and, in 1926, work began on a large extension which gave the Hospital a new appearance and provided two new wards, as well as new Out-Patient, X-ray, Pathology and Research Departments. A nurses' home was also provided for the first time. This was replaced by a self-contained home in 1936, when the former accommodation became a private wing named after Lockhart-Mummery, who had retired the previous year. A Samaritan Fund was established to assist patients, and meetings ceased in May 1949 when administration of the Fund officially passed to the Ladies Association. The Ladies Association became the Friends of St Mark's in June 1971.

St Mark's was taken over by the new National Health Service in 1948. It was administered jointly with Hammersmith Hospital until the NHS reforms of 1972, when it became attached to St Bartholomew's Hospital. After 1974, St Mark's was part of the newly-established City and Hackney Health District, which also included Hackney General, the Mothers', the German, the Eastern and St Leonard's Hospitals. During the 1980s, many of the hospitals in the City and Hackney District were closed and their services transferred to the new Homerton Hospital. The government introduced self-governing NHS Trusts and in 1992, Sir Bernard Tomlinson's Report of the Inquiry into the London Health Service proposed radical changes to the hospital groupings then in place. St Mark's remained part of the Barts NHS Shadow Trust (later Barts NHS Group) until April 1994, when the changes envisaged by the Tomlinson Report came into force. At this point, Bart's joined with the Royal London and the London Chest Hospitals to form the Royal Hospitals NHS Trust (later Barts and The London NHS Trust), while St Mark's became part of Northwick Park and St Mark's NHS Trust, based in Harrow. All services from St Mark's were transferred to Northwick Park in July 1995, and the Hospital closed.

Sir Aldo Castellani was born and educated in Florence; qualified in medicine in 1899, and after working in Bonn came to London to the School of Tropical Medicine in 1901. Through Manson's recommendation he joined the Royal Society Commission on Sleeping Sickness as its bacteriologist, and left London for Entebbe, Uganda with George Carmichael Low and Cuthbert Christie in 1902. His early observation of a trypanosome in the cerebro-spinal fluid of a sleeping sickness sufferer without initially realising its importance gave rise to a famous controversy involving Sir David Bruce and others.

In 1903 he was appointed Bacteriologist to the Government of Ceylon and was housed in the Central laboratory in Colombo where he carried on his research, notably in the virgin field of mycology and in bacteriology where he described several new species of intestinal bacilli and invented the absorption test for the serological identification of closely allied organisms. He left Ceylon in 1915 to take the Chair of Medicine in Naples.

Castellani became involved in the war in Serbia and Macedonia, 1915-1918, where he was a member of the Inter-Allied Sanitary Commission. In 1919 he came to London as Consultant to the Ministry of Pensions and set up in consulting practice in Harley Street. With Sir William Simpson, he began a movement to establish the Ross Institute where he became Physician and Mycologist. When the Institute became part of London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in 1934, Castellani became Director of Mycology and Mycological Diseases in the School, before his enthusiasm for Royal and potentially eminent patients (including Mussolini) further clouded his reputation. He finally followed the Queen of Italy into exile in Portugal and ended his long life as Professor at Lisbon's Institute of Tropical Medicine. Castellani died in 1971.

Guy Pascoe Crowden was born in 1894 and brought up in Wisbech, where his father was in general practice. Crowden's medical studies at University College London were interrupted by World War One. He served in France with the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, where experience with the Gas Brigade at Ypres, Somme and Passchendale shaped a growing interest in the physiology of work and stress.

Assistant in the University College Physiology Department, 1924; appointed Lecturer in Applied Physiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 1929. His research interests ranged from fatigue and recovery in muscular work to the effects of heat and cold in nutrition. In 1934 he became Reader in Industrial Physiology at the School and finally, after service in the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War Two, he was appointed Professor of Applied Physiology in 1946. He retired in 1952. His connections with firms interested in industrial welfare work were to prove a link to the School's later involvement with occupational health. Crowden died in 1966.

Sir William Allen Daley was born in Bootle, Lancashire, on 19 February 1887; educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Crosby; graduated BSc in Chemistry, London, 1906; MB, ChB with first-class honours, Liverpool, 1909; MB, BS, London, 1910, with distinction in medicine. He obtained the Cambridge diploma in public health in 1911 with distinction, and his London MD degree in 1912.

Daley held resident posts in Liverpool and became resident medical officer at the London Fever Hospital in 1911. After his father's death, 1911, he was recalled to Bootle to succeed him as Medical Officer of Health, later holding similar appointments in Blackburn, 1920-1925 and Hull, 1925-1929. Daley was appointed to serve on a departmental committee of the Ministry of Health on the recruitment and training of midwives, 1928; appointed as Principal Medical Officer of the London County Council, 1929; became deputy to Frederick Menzies, 1938; succeeded Menzies as County Medical Officer, 1939 and was elected FRCP, 1939.

The National Health Service Act of 1946 led to a period of great activity during which the London County Council hospitals were transferred to the newly formed regional hospital boards, and simultaneously steps were taken to absorb the personal health services previously in the care of the metropolitan boroughs which made up the county council area, Daley's skill aided this advancement. Daley retired in 1952, however, he transferred his personal files to his home and continued to serve on the many committees to which he had been appointed in a personal capacity. After his retirement he visited Australia on behalf of the Nuffield Foundation, lecturing on the British National Health Service and lectured in North America, where for several months he was Associate Health Officer of the city of Baltimore.

Daley was president of the Central Council for Health Education; chairman of the Chadwick trustees; President of the National Association for Maternal and Child Welfare and vice-chairman of the Academic Board of the Royal Postgraduate Hospital at Hammersmith in West London. Daley's work was recognised with a knighthood in 1944 and with an honorary physicianship to George VI, 1947. Daley died on 21 February 1969.

Publications include The development of the hospital services with particular reference to the municipal hospital system of London William Allen Daley and Reginald Coleman, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine (35, 1941-2, 45-56) and Population Education in Public Health William Allen Daley and Hester Viney, 1927.

Robert Henry Elliot was born in 1864; educated at Bedford School, St Bartholomew's Hospital and later gained qualifications as Bachelor of Surgery, London; Doctor of Surgery, Edinburgh; Doctor of Medicine and Diploma of Public Health. Elliot was awarded Preliminary Scientific Exhibition Bentley Surgical Prize; Montefoire Medal and Scholarship in Military Surgery and Maclean Prize in Clinical Medicine, Netley 1892.

Elliot worked as Superintendent of Government Hospital Ophthalmic Hospital, Madras and Professor of Ophthalmology, Madras Medical College, 1904-1914; Hunterian Professor, Royal College of Surgeons, England; Chairman of Naval and Military Committee of British Medical Association, 1917-1922; Honourable Consulting Ophthalmic Surgeon, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London; Vice President Institute of Hygiene; Chairman of Council British Health Resorts Association and Lecturer in Ophthalmology, London School of Tropical Medicine. Elliot was a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons and Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, London. Elliot died 9 November 1936.

Publications include: Sclero-corneal Trephining in the Operative Treatment of Glaucoma (George Pulman and Sons, London, 1913); The Indian Operation of Couching for Cataract (London, 1917) and Tropical Ophthalmology (H Frowde, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1920).

A survey of growth in the pre-school child in England and Wales, [1977] was conducted by London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the Department of Health and Social Security. This questionnaire for a Longitudinal Group was completed by participants in 1977 and answered on behalf of children by a parent. Although children appear to have been given an identifying serial number, their names have been abbreviated and appear at the top of questionnaires in pencil. Questionnaires focussed upon the milk intake of children, whether they were entitled to subsidised milk, illnesses suffered and measurements. At least three visits were conducted per child, with data collected each time; however it is believed that the results of this study were never published.

Michael Stewart Rees Hutt, born 1 October 1922; awarded senior lectureship in pathology at St Thomas' Hospital Medical School in London and appointed Professor of Pathology at Makerere University College, Kampala, in Uganda, 1962.

Whilst in Uganda, Hutt organised a country-wide postal pathology system so that remote hospitals received diagnoses in time to be meaningful; enabled one of the few excellent tropical country cancer registries to be set up and stimulated much medical research. Hutt and Dennis Burkitt made a road safari around the mission and government hospitals of Uganda and eastern Zaire, mid-1960s, gathering cancer incidence data. This work on illnesses including Burkitt's lymphoma, oesophageal and liver cancer was important in demonstrating that cancer is a very non-uniform disease. Hutt's work regarding a tumour called Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) showed that on the Uganda/Zaire border it accounted for 10 per cent of all tumours among adults, this occurred prior to the epidemic of HIV and Aids and was a crucial discovery.

Hutt returned to UK in 1970 and became Professor of Geographical Pathology in a unit created for him and Burkitt in St Thomas', developing a system of diagnostic pathology for resource-poor countries. Hutt retired in 1983; continued to press for support of medicine in Africa, especially in Uganda and through the Commonwealth Secretariat organised an umbrella group 'Apecsa, the Association of Pathologists of East, Central and Southern Africa', to reinforce pathology provision and local staff in Africa. Hutt died in Crickhowell, Powys on 29 March 2000.

Publications include: The geography of non-infectious disease (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986) and Kaposi's sarcoma: 2nd Kaposi's Sarcoma Symposium, Kampala, January 8 to 11, 1980 edited by Hutt and others (Karger, New York, 1981).

John Henry Gaddum was born on 31 March 1900 in Hale, Cheshire, the eldest of 6 children. His father was a silk importer who did much charitable work and who had a great influence on his son. He was educated at Miss Wallace's day school in Bowdon, Cheshire, then Moorland House School, Heswall, Cheshire, and from 1913 at Rugby School. He was encouraged to take up science by F A Meyer who later became headmaster of Bedales. He won two leaving exhibitions - one general, one for mathematics. In 1919 he went to Trinity College Cambridge on an entrance scholarship for mathematics, and read medicine. He won a senior scholarship at Trinity in 1922 and obtained second class honours in the Science Tripos (Part II) in Physiology. In 1922 he became a medical student at University College Hospital, London. In 1925 he applied for and won a post at the Wellcome Research Laboratories under J W Trevan, writing his first paper on the quantitative aspects of drug antagonism. In 1927 he went to work for Sir Henry Dale at the National Institute for Medical Research in Hampstead, where he stayed for six years, then accepted the Chair of Pharmacology at the University of Cairo in 1934. In 1935 he was appointed Professor of Pharmacology at University College London, and in 1938 he took the Chair of Pharmacology at the College of the Pharmaceutical Society, London. After the war broke out, he worked at the Chemical Defence Research Station, Porton Down, then later was for a short time in the Army as Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel. In 1942 he accepted the Chair of Materia Medica in the University of Edinburgh, where he was happy and built up an outstanding research department which attracted many scientists from abroad. Extra-mural activities became more time-consuming and in 1958 he was invited to become the Director of the Institute of Animal Physiology in Babraham, Cambridge, by the Agricultural Research Council. He enjoyed learning new things, so accepted the post and staffed the Institute with the finest physiologists, with the result it became one of the great international centres for research in physiology and pharmacology. A year before his death he was knighted and awarded an honorary LL.D, Edinburgh. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1929 he married Iris Mary Harmer, M.B., B.Chir., M.R.C.P., daughter of Sir Sidney Harmer, FRS, a zoologist, and Laura Russell.

Harrods sold patent medicines as far back as the 1870s, and there is evidence of a Drug and Patent Medicine Department from 1884, but the earliest medicine catalogue in the Company Archives dates only from 1891. There is still a Dispensing Pharmacy in the store, which holds more recent records. The Company Archives had found that the usage of the volumes listed here did not justify the amount of room they occupied.

Born, 1912; Founder and Chairman of the MS Society; died 1988.

Born, 1882; devised a vaccine treatment for tuberculosis during the first decade of the twentieth century; died, 1965.

Unknown

Brenda Morrison, MB, BS, MD, trained at the Royal Victoria Infirmary (RVI), Newcastle-upon-Tyne, during the late 1930s, and her first house surgeon's job was in the Orthopaedic Department just after the outbreak of World War Two in 1939. She subsequently became the first Paediatric Registrar at the RVI. In 1949 she moved to Hammersmith Hospital. She later trained as a psychoanalyst.

Unknown

Unknown

Born, 1915; educated, University College and the School of Pharmacy, London; demonstratorship at the School of Pharmacy; Wellcome Research Laboratories,1939; research as a protozoologist, a career that led to involvement in numerous studies of tropical diseases, including malaria, trypanosomiasis and helminth infections, particularly investigations of possible chemotherapeutic strategies; directorship of the Wellcome Laboratories of Tropical Medicine, 1958-1963. Director of the Nuffield Laboratories for Comparative Medicine at the Zoological Society of London, 1964.

William Martindale (1840-1902) began trading in 1873. This business, situated in New Cavendish Street, central London, traded thereafter as W Martindale. In the 1890s William's son, William Harrison Martindale (1874-1932) assumed control of his father's firm and expanded the manufacturing side of the business. 1928 he rebuilt the New Cavendish Street premises and erected a factory in Chenies Mews behind University College Hospital. The business, W Martindale, was acquired by Savory and Moore Ltd in 1933, following which the retail operation at New Cavendish Street continued to trade as W Martindale until the mid-1970s.

1911-1914 Demonstrator in Zoology, Birkbeck College London

1914 B.Sc London

1914-1918 Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge

1918 Awarded Gedge Prize for essay 'On the Reaction of the Blood in the Body'

1919 Michael Foster Studentship

1919-1925 Demonstrator in Physiology, University of Cambridge

1921-1922 Acting Professor of Physiology, St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School

1923 Fundamentals of Biochemistry in Relation to Human Physiology

1925-1927 Assistant Professor for Medical Research (Biophysics), McGill University, Montreal

1927-1929 Working under Professor Krogh in Copenhagen

1929 Returns to teaching and supervising physiology in Cambridge

1930 The Materials of Life

1934 Lectures, Reading and Examinations

1939-1945 Civilian Lecturer to HM Forces

1948-1954 Professor of Physiology, University College of Ibadan, Nigeria

1954 Part-time Lecturer in Physiology, Regent Street Polytechnic and Chelsea College.

Janos (John) Plesch was born in Hungary and originally qualified in medicine in Budapest. After studying in Strasbourg he lived and worked in Berlin for over 30 years until he emigrated to England with his family in 1933. Further details of his career can be found in his autobiography Janos: the Story of a Doctor (Victor Gollancz, Ltd, London, 1947).

In 1927 C E Berry was appointed to the staff of the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research, which formed part of the Wellcome Laboratory of Tropical Medicine in 1946. He was Chief Technician until his retirement in 1958. The notebooks are undated, but probably date from Berry's early years at the WBSR, 1920s-1930s, and include loose notes inserted between the pages.

The British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC) was first published by the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain in November 1907. These items appear to relate to discussions within the Society and comments by members of it, criticising the contents of the Codex.

US brain surgeon, born 1837 in Philadelphia; educated at Brown University, graduated 1859, and Jefferson Medical College, 1862; served in American Civil War as a surgeon; additional education in Paris and Berlin; founded Philadelphia School of Medicine; developed new techniques of brain surgery; died 1932. Publications include: Keen's System of Surgery (1905-1913), Animal Experimentation and Medical Progress (1914).

Born 1878; educated at Kingswood School, Bath, then gained MB, BS and BSc at University College London; served in HM Forces in Egypt during the First World War; was awarded the CMG in 1918 and the CBE in 1919; Director of Research in the Tropics to the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research; was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, 1927; died 1948.

A collection of private prescriptions created artificially from a number of different accessions. Prescriptions are stamped by dispensing chemists and include the number allocated to them in the chemist's register.

Unknown.

Professor Warren was Director of the Health Services Research Unit and Professor of Social Medicine at the University of Kent, 1971-1983.

A.V. Hill was Professor of Physiology at the University of Manchester (1920-23) and University College London (1923-25) and Secretary of the Royal Society from 1935. He incorporated the liberation of energy in muscles and in 1922 shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine with Otto Meyerhof.

J.M. Woodburn Morison was an eminent figure in the history of radiology. He was born and educated in Scotland and took his medical qualifications at the University of Glasgow. Morison first became interested in the possibilities of X rays whilst a student. He settled in the Manchester area doing general practice (until 1919) where he came into contact with Dr Holland of Liverpool. By 1914 he had been appointed Honorary Medical Officer to the Electrical Department of Ashton under Lyme Infirmary. In March 1915 the War Office asked him to organise and take charge of the Liverpool Merchants Mobile Hospital X-Ray Department in France. In April 1916 he was instructed to fulfil a similar function with the 34th (The Welsh) General Hospital in India.

His first major appointment was that of Lecturer in Radiology, Edinburgh University, and Radiologist, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, in 1925, after which, in 1930, he was appointed Director of the Radiological Department of the Cancer Hospital, coinciding with his taking up the first chair of medical radiology to be founded at the University of London. He retired from the Hospital and the Chair in 1938. During the War he was for a time in charge of the radiological department of the Coventry and Warwickshire General Hospital. Both before and after the war he had various appointments as visiting professor in Egypt.

N.B. Dr Morison used the name Woodburn Morison, although Woodburn was not his surname, to distinguish him from several other Dr. Morisons of his time.

For obituaries see British Medical Journal and Lancet 15 Sep 1951 and British Journal of Radiology, Oct 1951.

Born, 1884; apprenticed in a drapery business. Her father thought of setting her up in business on her own account, but although she completed her apprenticeship, she decided this was not what she wanted, 1902-1905; at a convent in Brittany, learning French and needlework, 1905-1906; started nursing in a small hospital in Kentish Town, 1906; trained as a nurse at Royal Free Hospital, 1907-1911; midwifery course for 3 months at University College Hospital. Awarded CMB March. Worked nights on the district in a very poor area, and in the wards by day, 1912; went as night sister to Chest Hospital, Victoria 1912 Road East, and was put on day duty 6 months later in a men's ward with 43 patients. 20 were TB patients and spent half the day in the grounds, supervised by a retired army sergeant, 1912; asked by Matron at Royal Free Hospital to assist with preparation of newly-built out-patient department for the reception of wounded officers. A number of simple rooms intended for medical students and nursing staff were reserved for senior officers. Altogether there was accommodation for 150 offices, 1914; offered post of Sister-in-charge of Marlborough Maternity Section, RFH, 1919; Ward opened Jan 1920; in charge at Endsleigh Street extension (maternity), Apr 1921-Dec 1924; opened a small nursing home with a friend, Miss Little. 82 Adelaide Road, Swiss Cottage, 1925-1932; private nursing, 1932-1936; kept house for her brother Jack and two small children in India, Jan-Oct 1937; private nursing in Brighton, 1937-1938; nursing sister at King's College of Household and Social Science, Notting Hill Gate (now Queen Elizabeth College), Apr 1938- Feb 1939; sick leave. Patient at Royal Free Hospital, Feb 1939; working at a nursing home at Hawkhurst, Dec 1939; King's College having been evacuated to Wales, she was asked to return, and was first at College Hall, Llannishen, Cardiff. Later the College moved to Leicester, and she ran two hostels, Knighton Hayes, and Crowbank 31 Chapel Lane, 1940-1941; her brother and his family returned from India in 1948 and she thereafter kept house for them till she was in her 80's; died, 1984.

Archibald Gilpin qualified in medicine at King's College Medical School. In 1931 he was awarded the Ferrier Prize. In 1933 he had a travelling scholarship to study renal pathology under L Aschoff in Freiburg. In 1935 he was appointed junior physician, morbid anatomist, and curator of the museum at King's College Hospital. He held the post of Harveian Librarian at the Royal College of Physicians, and was archivist to the Society of Apothecaries. For further biographical details see Munk's Roll Vol V, pp.151-152.

For biographical information on Professor Chibnall, see Who's Who. These interviews contain further information on his life and career.

Dr Lawrence Dulake FRCS, LRCP, FRCGP (1901-1987) was a general practitioner in Reigate, Surrey.

Julian Tudor Hart DCH, FRCGP, FRCP (b 1927) was a general practitioner in Swansea.

Horfield Health Centre is in Bristol.

Dr Geoffrey Hale (b 1905) was a general practitioner in Pimlico, London, during the years 1933-1970.

Dr Francis Blacklay MA, MB, BChir, FRCGP (b 1919) was a general practitioner in Nantwich, Cheshire.

The interviews were conducted by Dr Michael Bevan of the Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, Oxford, Jul 1996.

Horder qualified MB 1898, MD 1899. After holding house appointments at St Bartholomew's Hospital and the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, he was appointed to the honorary staff of the Great Northern Hospital in 1900 and the Cancer Hospital, Fulham, in 1906. In 1912 he became a consultant at St Bartholomew's and remained there until his retirement in 1936 (Senior Physician 1933-1936). He was attached in a consulting capacity to the Royal Northern Hospital, the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, the Royal Cancer Hospital and several hospitals outside London. During the First World War he was Captain, RAMC, attached to 1st London General Hospital. He was knighted in 1918 and made a baronet in 1926 and a baron in 1933.

He was appointed honorary consultant to the Ministry of Pensions in 1939 and medical advisor to London Transport in 1940 and to Lord Woolton at the Ministry of Food in 1941. He was president of the Eugenics Society from 1935 until his death, chairman of the Empire Rheumatism Council 1936-1953, and chairman of the scientific advisory committee of the British Empire Cancer Campaign (BECC) and later of its grand council, as well as being involved in many other bodies as diverse as the Family Planning Association (FPA) and the Noise Abatement Society. Further details can be found in obituaries and appreciations in file GP/31/A.3, and in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

Dr Milne-Redhead entered medical education after a period in banking and working at rubber-planting in Malaya. After graduating from Edinburgh in 1937 he held various house appointments and then saw war service in the North of England. An account of his work with ambulance trains during the Second World War has been placed in the Imperial War Museum. When the war was over he returned to Scotland and entered general practice at Mainsriddle in 1947, where he served the scattered community for 27 years. He had a keen interest in local wildlife, contributed to the Botanical Society's botanical map of the British Isles, and was a member of the Wildlife Trust of Scotland.

Born, 1736; educated at Aberdeen and Edinburgh; moved to London, where he began to lecture on chemistry and medical subjects; physician at St Thomas's Hospital; died, 1802.

C P Galtier was Professeur de Toxicologie à la Faculté de Médecine à Paris in 1839-1840.

Dr Hull was appointed assistant physician to the Norwich Hospital in 1828, and physician in 1840: he resigned in 1854.

Materials created during an oral history project on the workhouse.