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The church of All Saints was situated on Bollo Bridge Road, South Acton. It was founded in 1873 with the Bishop of London as patron. The parish covered a heavily populated and poor area and therefore ran several missions and organisations, including missions on Osborne Road, Stanley Road, Fletcher Road and Stirling Road; the Dolphin coffee tavern; a nursery; and an institute for the sick.

From: 'Acton: Churches', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 7: Acton, Chiswick, Ealing and Brentford, West Twyford, Willesden (1982), pp. 35-39. Available online.

All Saints Skinner Street was a district chapelry constituted in 1864, which was united with the parish of Saint Botolph Bishopsgate (P69/BOT4) in 1869.

The ecclesiastical district of All Saints was established in 1842, while the church was constructed in 1840. The parish has now merged with Saint Mary's to form the parish of St Mary with All Saints, Rotherhithe.

The parish of All Saints, Queensbury, was formed in 1932 as a conventional district. The district was taken from the old parishes of Kingsbury and Little Stanmore. In 1941 it was made a parochial district, and the benefice became a vicarage in the patronage of the Crown. A permanent church, designed by Romilly B. Craze, was not constructed until 1954.

From: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976), pp. 83-86.

All Saints was founded in 1868. Construction was complete by 1874. The church was designed by architect George Street and designers Sir Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris, who designed the stained glass windows. After Saint Mary's, Putney (P95/MRY1) was damaged in an arson attack in 1973, All Saints became the main church in the parish. Since 2003 the parish of Putney has been a Team Ministry, and Saint Mary's and All Saints operate separately within the parish.

For more information see: http://www.allsaintsputney.co.uk/ (accessed May 2010).

The Poplar Chapel or East India Chapel, a chapel of ease to Saint Dunstan, Stepney, was founded by the East India Company. In 1823 a new church, All Saints, built to the east of the old chapel, became a parish church for Poplar. The records of the chapel were transferred to the new church. The chapel with its burial ground remained in use and in 1867 it was made the parish church of a new parish, Saint Matthias (P88/MTS).

In July 1952 All Hallows, East India Docks (P88/ALH1) and Saint Frideswide, Follett Street (P88/FRD) were united with All Saints, and registers and records after this date relate to the united benefice. In September 1964 All Saints became part of the South Poplar Area Ministry.

The parish of All Saints, Paddington, was formed from part of the parish of Saint James, Sussex Gardens (P87/JS). The church was consecrated in November 1847. In 1894 it burned down but was rebuilt to the designs of Ralph Nevill. The church was closed in 1919 and the parish was united with that of Saint Michael and All Angels, Paddington (P87/MAA). The church was later demolished.

All Saints church, Notting Hill, was originally dedicated to Saint Ann. The building was built after the model of Saint Columb Major in Cornwall to the design of William White. The building was completed in 1855, but because of shortage of money, it was left without glass or furniture until 1861. During the 4 or 5 years while it remained semi-derelict surrounded by half completed houses, it was referred to as 'All Saints in the Mud'.

The church was severely damaged in the Second World War: on 29 September 1940 an incendiary bomb followed by a high explosive bomb destroyed the Lady Chapel and the tracery of the East windows was shattered, the roof damaged and the high altar wrecked. Restoration was completed in 1951 by Milner and Craze. The pulpit and Lady Chapel were restored by Sir J. Ninian Comper.

All Saints Church was constructed in 1893, designed by Walter Planck. A parish had been formed in 1892.

The hamlet of Mile End New Town remained part of the parish of Saint Dunstan's, Stepney (P93/DUN), until 1841, when it was created a district chapelry of Saint Dunstan's, with its own church of All Saints. The church was built on what was then Spicer Street. It was built under the auspices of the Church Building Commission with some funding from the Metropolitan Church Fund.The architect was Thomas Larkins Waller. It was consecrated on 25th November 1839. The spire had to be removed in 1894, as the result of deterioration in the stonework, but the church suffered only superficial damage during the Second World War. In 1951 the parish was joined to Christ Church, Spitalfields, and the church of All Saints was subsequently demolished. After closure, the vicarage and church hall were transferred to the use of Christ Church, Spitalfields (P93/CTC1).

All Saints church originated in Margaret Chapel, which was constructed in around 1760. In 1839 the chapel became the centre of the High Church Tractarian Movement, a group which advocated Anglo-Catholicism. It was decided to rebuild the chapel in a Gothic style to reflect the ideals of the movement, and architect William Butterfield was hired to design a new church. The building was constructed between 1850 and 1859 and was praised by critics including Ruskin. A vicarage and choir school were included on the site.

Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).

The parish of All Saints was established in 1847 out of part of the parish of Saint John the Evangelist, Waterloo Road. It was subsquently reunited with Saint John's in 1899, when the church was demolished as the site was required for the extension of Waterloo Station.

The parish of Laleham was situated in the county of Middlesex, although it was later transferred to Surrey. Land at Laleham was granted to Westminster Abbey by King Edward the Confessor. It is probable that the Abbey was responsible for building Laleham Church. Laleham was a vicarage in the gift of the Abbot and Convent of Westminster until 1448 when it became a chapel of ease to Staines. The small tithes were settled on the Vicar of Staines who was to provide a fit chaplain. After the dissolution of the monasteries the livings of Staines and Laleham were granted by the King to the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. In 1649, 1660 and 1663 Sir Thomas Reynell, Lord of the Manor of Laleham, presented to the vicarage of Laleham, but by 1683 it was once more a chapel of ease to Staines. In 1858 Laleham became a district perpetual curacy. The Earls of Lucan had purchased the Manor of Laleham in 1803 and in 1883 acquired the patronage of the living.

All Saints parish was formed in 1872 from part of Saint James' parish. The church was constructed in 1869.

All Saints, Harrow, was built in 1842 near an earlier Chapel of Ease and consecrated in 1850. Edward Munroe became the first curate. A separate parish was assigned to it in 1844 taken from St Mary's Harrow and a small part of Bushey (Hertfordshire). Two vestries were added in 1958. The church has six bells which date from 1890 and two from 1935.

All Saints parish was established in 1856 to serve the growing population of Haggerston. It was initially known as All Saints, Stonebridge. The church was designed by Philip Hardwick. A parsonage was added in 1857. The church was damaged by fire in 1901 and by enemy action during the Second World War. It was subsequently rebuilt.

It is not known exactly when the first parish church in Fulham was established but it was probably in the mid-thirteenth century. A church on the existing site was dedicated to All Saints in 1445 however with the notable exception of the fifteenth-century tower the present church is from 1881 and was built to designs by Sir Arthur Blomfield.

Fulham and Hammersmith constituted a single parish right up until 1834. Throughout its history the parish was closely associated with the Bishops of London and with the manor of Fulham over which they had jurisdiction. Several are buried in the churchyard which was closed for general burials in 1863. Two chapels-of-ease were established for the parishioners - Saint Paul Hammersmith in 1631 and Saint Mary North End in 1814. The church still has an active congregation. Current information is available at www.allsaints-fulham.org.uk.

The church of All Saints at Edmonton is first mentioned in records between 1136 and 1143. It was granted to Walden Abbey from 1136 till 1538; and thereafter was granted to Saint Paul's Cathedral. A vicarage was endowed by 1189 with a small plot of land and small tithes; and the advowson descended with the rectory. Two daughter churches were given parishes in 1851 due to overcrowding at the Edmonton church. Several mission churches were established as the population in the suburbs increased, many of which became separate parish churches, including Saint Mary's in 1883, Saint Peter's in 1898, Saint Michael's in 1901, Saint Aldhelm's in 1903, Saint Stephen's in 1907, Saint Martin's in 1911, and Saint Alphege's in 1954. The church building incorporates stonework from the 12th century, although most of the building dates to the 15th and early 16th centuries. The churchyard contains the tombs of writer Charles Lamb (d. 1834) and his sister Mary.

In 1615 Sir John Weld of Southgate erected a small chapel on his own land for the use of his family and local people. It was consecrated in 1615 on condition that all users took Easter communion at All Saints church and that the vicar of Edmonton should consent to baptisms and marriages there. The chapel was assigned a district chapelry in Southgate in 1851. The chapel was demolished in 1862 and replaced in 1863 by Christ Church, Southgate.

The church of Saint Paul, Winchmore Hill, was built in 1828 as a chapel of ease to All Saints, Edmonton. The bishop of London authorized marriages to be performed there in 1838 but the chapter of Saint Paul's Cathedral would not allow it to become a parish. In 1851, however, Winchmore Hill became a district chapelry.

From: 'Edmonton: Churches', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976), pp. 181-187. Available online.

The church of All Saints, East Finchley, was constructed in 1891 on Durham Road, on land donated by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. A consolidated chapelry was assigned in 1900, combining Holy Trinity and Saint James's, Muswell Hill. From 1900 the church was a vicarage, the Bishop of London was patron. A church hall was added in the 1930s.

From: 'Finchley: Churches', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 6: Friern Barnet, Finchley, Hornsey with Highgate (1980), pp. 82-86. Available online.

The site of the church, on the north side of Elderfield Road, was bought by Charles Jacomb in 1868. A temporary iron church was built at first, capable of seating 500. Half the costs of a permanent church were borne by Jacomb himself. A district was formed from part of the parish of Saint John in 1873, the patron being the rector of Saint John. A mission in an iron church waas operating by 1881. This was later called The Good Shepherd Mission, which was closed in 1919. The parish was united with Saint John, Saint James and All Souls in 1972. The building was demolished in 1973 and replaced by flats.

All Saints was founded in 1856 and consecrated in 1859. It was built to serve the new development of Clapham Park. A parish was assigned in 1873, taken from parts of the parishes of Saint Matthew, Brixton Hill and Saint James, Park Hill, Clapham Park. The Victorian building was replaced by a modern church in 1982.

Originally Camden Chapel built in 1824 by W and H Inwood (father and son) who had recently completed Saint Pancras New Church on Euston Road, Camden. The church, which was later called Saint Stephen's and from about 1920 All Saints, has served the Greek community since 1948. The first minister at the church was son of the writer Madame d'Arblay, better know as the novelist Fanny Burney.

The church of All Saints, Caledonian Road, was constructed in 1837 to 1838, designed by William Tress. It seated 1,116 although this was later expanded to 1,150. A district was assigned to the church in 1839, formed from part of the parish of Holy Trinity. The vicar of Holy Trinity was patron. The parish of All Saints later decreased in size as parts of it were assigned to Saint Andrews, Thornhill Square and Saint Silas, Penton Street, Clerkenwell. The parish was joined to Saint Silas in 1972, however, services were held in the church hall under the vicar of Saint Andrew's. In 1975 the church was destroyed by fire and demolished. The church ran various missions including All Saints Mission Church, White Lion Street (see P76/ALL); Saint John the Evangelist Mission, Copenhagen Street; All Saint's Mission, Thornhill Bridge Place; and the Crinan Street Mission.

From: 'Islington: Churches', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 8: Islington and Stoke Newington parishes (1985), pp. 88-99.

All Saints, Battersea was designed in 1882-1883 by F. W. Hunt. The building was replaced by another in 1976-1978, designed by David Gill.

The parish of Tottenham measured 4,680 acres in 1831. It was divided by a Roman road known as High Road which ran north to south through the parish and around which most of the early settlement was situated. The parish of Tottenham also included Wood Green and Harringay. The parish was bordered to the east by the river Lea and Essex; to the north by Edmonton, to the west by Friern Barnet and Hornsey, and to the south by Hornsey, Stoke Newington and Hackney.

The parish church of Tottenham is first mentioned in 1134, when it was granted to the canons of Holy Trinity, Aldgate. A vicarage was endowed by the Bishop of London in 1198, and the position of vicar was usually held by the prior of Holy Trinity. After the Reformation the advowson was granted to the chapter of Saint Paul's. The parish church of All Hallows is situated on Church Lane. The building has been altered and extended many times since the 15th century.

Source of information: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 5: Hendon, Kingsbury, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Edmonton Enfield, Monken Hadley, South Mimms, Tottenham (1976), pp. 307-309 and 348-355. Available online.

The church of All Hallows was constructed in 1880 to 1892, to the designs of George Gilbert Scot junior. It was seriously damaged during the Second World War. Some restorations were carried out in 1956. The church was closed in 1971 and was subsequently let for various uses including a recording studio and offices for a charity. The parish was merged with that of Saint George the Martyr and Saint Jude.

All Hallows originated in a mission established in the parish of Saint Michael and All Angels (P88/MIC) by Winchester College in 1876. The mission was responding to a large increase in the population of this area. In 1879 a parish was established and a permanent church was constructed, consecrated in 1880. Some of the funding for the construction came from the sale of All Hallows, Bread Street, City of London. Several fittings were transferred from the old church to the new building, including the pulpit, some wood panelling, the reredos and the organ. A parish room and mission room were added in 1884-85; a vicarage followed in 1911. The church suffered severe damage during the Second World War and was demolished in 1952. The parish merged with Saint Nicholas, Aberfeldy Street, to create the parish of Saint Nicholas and All Hallows.

From: Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs (1994), pp. 147-153.

The church of All Hallows London Wall was first mentioned in the early 12th century. A cell for anchorites built next to the chancel wall in 1474 was subsequently occupied by the well-known hermit, Simon the Anker. The church was rebuilt in 1613-27. It escaped damage during the Great Fire in 1666 and was rebuilt in 1765-67 by George Dance the Younger. Repairs were carried out in 1891 and again in 1960-62.

The parish of All Hallows London Wall was united with the parish of Saint Botolph Bishopsgate in 1954. Since that date it has been used as a guild church.

The parish of All Hallows Lombard Street is first mentioned in 1053. The church was rebuilt between 1494 and 1516, including the addition of the stone porch from the priory of Saint John of Jerusalem. The church burned down during the Great Fire of 1666; and was rebuilt by Wren between 1686 and 1694.

The united parishes of Saint Benet Gracechurch and Saint Leonard Eastcheap were united to the parish of All Hallows Lombard Street in 1864. The parish of Saint Dionis Backchurch was joined to All Hallows Lombard Street and united parishes in 1876. These united parishes were joined to the united parishes of Saint Edmund the King and Martyr and Saint Nicholas Acons in 1937 to form Saint Edmund the King and Martyr and united parishes, with Saint Edmund the King and Martyr as the parish church.

In 1937 the church was closed. The site was sold and the building demolished, with the proceeds going towards the construction of All Hallows, Chertsey Road and All Saints, Queensbury. The Lombard Street tower was reconstructed as part of All Hallows, Chertsey Road.

Some information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).

All Hallows, Honey Lane, was a small parish of a little over one acre in size. The church was destroyed during the Great Fire of 1666 and not rebuilt. Instead, the parish was merged with the parishes of Saint Mary le Bow and Saint Pancras, Soper Lane (which was also destroyed during the Fire). The church of Saint Mary le Bow became the parish church of the united parish. In 1876 the parish was merged with the united parish of All Hallows Bread Street with Saint John the Evangelist, Friday Street.

Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).

All Hallows, Devons Road, was built using money from the sale of the City church of All Hallows, Bread Street. It was constructed in 1874. In 1940 it sufffered bomb damage, but was rebuilt in 1954-55.

The first mention of the church of All Hallows, Bread Street, dates to 1221. John Milton was christened there in 1608. The building was repaired in 1625 only to be destroyed during the Great Fire of 1666. It was rebuilt by Wren in 1677-1684. The parish of All Hallows, Bread Street, was united to the parish of Saint John the Evangelist, Friday Street, in 1670. The united parishes of Saint John and All Hallows were joined with the united parishes of Saint Mary, Saint Pancras and All Hallows, Honey Lane, in 1876. In 1876 the site was sold and the proceeds went towards the construction of All Hallows in Poplar. Most of the fittings were transferred to the Poplar church.

Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).

All Hallows, Barking by the Tower (also known as All Hallows Berkingchirche) was founded in the Saxon period and is considered to be the oldest church in the City of London. Its title suggests that it was originally an appanage of Barking Abbey. The Abbey certainly owned the church for much of the period up to the Reformation, with the Cathedral Church of Rochester and various medieval Kings acquiring it for short phases. The church played a prominent role in medieval London, being the site of the resignation of Lord Mayor Gregory de Rokesley and part of the trial of the Knights Templar. In the churchyard was situated a Lady Chapel (known as Saint Mary's Chapel), which was erected into a royal chantry-chapel by Edward IV. Attached to this chapel, was a religious gild of the Blessed Virgin Mary founded by Thomas Chichele. In 1539, Barking Abbey and all of its property, including All Hallows, was renounced to the commissioners of Henry VIII and, in 1547, the Chapel was demolished and chantries, images and ornaments removed from the church. Shortly afterwards, the Archbishop of Canterbury acquired the advowson from the Crown.

With the abolition of chantry priests, Vicar William Dawes, who was instituted in 1542, had to individually run the parish which included approximately 800 communicants. During the reign of Queen Mary some of the old fixtures including the rood and some altars returned, but these were taken down with the accession of Queen Elizabeth I. On the whole, the church adopted the changes in ecclesiastical doctrine, although there was still some remnants of old practices.

During the sixteenth century, the parish became more actively involved with the secular affairs in the parish, when it formed a select vestry of thirty members, who chose the churchwardens, appointed parish officers, assessed church and poor rates and administered church charities. The parish was particularly concerned with the care of the poor, who were numerous in the parish.

The seventeenth century saw much restorative work to the church building which included the addition of pews. The church was reopened in 1634, and in the following year, the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, appointed Edward Layfield as vicar. Layfield followed many of Laud's high church tendencies, which upset many of the more puritanical among the parishioners. These puritans complained to Bishop of London and to parliament, which may have played a role in Archbishop Laud being imprisoned in the Tower for treason, where he was later beheaded. Like many others who were beheaded in the Tower, his remains were buried in the church.

In the years that followed, the parish was run by the Puritans. As Oliver Cromwell established a Commonwealth, the church became part of civil life, with new stocks and whipping post placed in the churchyard, and the pews behind the north door removed, to create an engine room, essentially a fire station for the area. However, this did not stop an incident that hit the parish and church on 4th January 1649, when seven barrels of gunpowder exploded in a ship-chandler's house in Tower Street. The 'Great Blowe', as it is sometimes referred to, left many houses destroyed, the church damaged and 67 parishioners dead, while many others were left badly injured or destitute. Through contributions from most of the City Churches and subscriptions from parishioners, the parish and church were cleaned and repaired and the destitute cared for. The church tower, which was severely damaged in explosion, was replaced in 1659.

Edward Layfield returned to the parish as vicar in 1662, shortly after the monarchy had been restored, although there remained a strong puritan element among the Vestry. However, most of these puritans later resigned when they refused to sign the Declaration of the Act of Uniformity. The next major event to hit the parish during this period was the Great Fire in 1666. As a result of the efforts of Admiral William Penn, father of the William Penn who founded Pennsylvania, the church escaped the fire but the vicarage was destroyed. Famously, Samuel Pepys climbed up the tower of the church to view the devastation caused by the fire.

The Vestry remained active in civil functions until the nineteenth century. In 1808, the select vestry was replaced by a general vestry which opened election of members to parishioners. However, the powers of the vestry were gradually reduced and it was eventually replaced by a parochial church council, who were more concerned with church matters rather than secular affairs. The period from the nineteenth to twentieth centuries also saw the population of the parish dwindle, which changed the focus of work. In 1884, All Hallows became the mission church of a small college of priests in Trinity Square. In 1922, it became the Guild Church of Toc H, which was an organisation for Christian fellowship founded by Reverend Philip 'Tubby' Clayton, who was later vicar at All Hallows.

In 1940, the church was badly bombed and only the tower and walls remained. It was extensively restored in period after the war and rededicated in 1957. Saint Dunstan in the East was also badly damaged during the war, but a decision was made not to rebuild it. It became part of the parish of All Hallows in 1960 and was subsequently used for occasional open air services. From 1977 until the 1990s, the parish ran a multi-faith chapel situated in Saint Katharine's Dock. By the end of the twentieth century, the parish became very active as an international ministry with strong links to The Church of the Epiphany, New York; Christ Church, Philadelphia; and the Diocese of Cyprus and the Gulf.

Since its foundation, All Hallows has had many famous connections. William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania, was baptised at the church in 1644. Marriages have included Judge Jeffreys 'The Hanging Judge' and Sarah Needham in 1667, and John Quincy Adams, Sixth President of United States and Louisa Johnson in 1797. One notable burial was William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury in 1645.

Information from: 'An account of the parish church of All Hallows Barking', Survey of London: volume 12: The parish of All Hallows Barking, part I: The Church of All Hallows (1929), pp. 1-90.

The church of All Hallows the Less, first mentioned in 1216, stood over the gateway to a large house on Upper Thames Street. It was burnt in the Great Fire, and the parish was united to All Hallows the Great (P69/ALH7) in 1670.

The church of All Hallows the Great is first mentioned in 1235. It was also known as All Hallows at the Hay, All Hallows in La Corderie, All Hallows in the Ropery and All Hallows the More. It was rebuilt in 1627-1629, but burnt in the Great Fire. Wren designed the new church which was built 1677-1683. The tower and the north aisle were demolished in 1876 to accommodate the widening of Queen Victoria Street. The tower and vestry were rebuilt on the south side, and these were the only parts that remained after its demolition in 1893, when the parish was united to Saint Michael Paternoster Royal (P69/MIC5). The sale of the site provided money for the construction of All Hallows, Gospel Oak. The tower and vestry were bombed in 1939, and in 1969 Mondial House was built on the site of the churchyard.

The church of All Hallows the Less (P69/ALH8), first mentioned in 1216, stood over the gateway to a large house. It was burnt in the Great Fire, and the parish was united to All Hallows the Great in 1670.

The church of All Hallows Staining is first mentioned in 1177; although the origin of the word 'Staining' in the name is unclear. It may be that the site belonged to the manor of Staines. Queen Elizabeth I gave thanks in this church after her release from the Tower of London. The building survived the Great Fire of 1666 but collapsed in 1671, undermined by too many burials. It was rebuilt, but was subsequently demolished in 1870 except for the tower. The church of All Hallows, Bromley-by-Bow, was constructed using the proceeds from the sale of the site. The parish of All Hallows Staining was united to the parish of St Olave Hart Street in 1870.

The Society for the Commemoration of the accession of Queen Elizabeth I was a dining and campanological society.

Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).

All Hallows, North Greenford was founded in 1931 by The London Diocesan Home Mission. It was the fourth church to be built by the Forty Five Churches Fund for the Greater London area. The church was designed by C A Farey and opened in 1940. All Hallows became a separate parish in 1949.

From: 'Greenford: Churches', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3: Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell, Sunbury, Teddington, Heston and Isleworth, Twickenham, Cowley, Cranford, West Drayton, Greenford, Hanwell, Harefield and Harlington (1962), pp. 216-218.

Born, 1796; appointed to the public service, 1812; sent to Sicily, 1814; accompanied the expedition to Naples that restored the Bourbon dynasty after the fall of Murat, 1815; junior secretary to Lord Castlereagh's extraordinary embassy for the settlement of the general peace of Europe upon the overthrow of Napoleon, Paris, 1815; assistant to Lord Castlereagh's private secretary, Joseph Planta, 1816; Ionian Islands, arranging with Ali Pasha of Yanina in Albania the cession of Parga and the indemnities for the Parganots, 1816; recalled to England, 1818; accompanied Lord Castlereagh to the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle; commissioner and consul-general to Buenos Aires, 1823, and in 1825 chargé d'affaires; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1833-1882; Chief Commissioner to Naples, 1840-1845; died, 1882.

The author obtained his Doctorate at Paris in 1805, and was appointed physician to the Bicêtre and La Salpêtrière. He was one of the original Members of the Académie de Médecine, founded in 1820. He was sent to Egypt in 1828 to study the cause of plague (see MS.3767) which he oddly concluded was the fact that the many thousands of Mummies were subject to annual inundation by the Nile, and that their putrefaction under the tropical sun was the breeder of pestilence. He was the author of many important 'Éloges' read before the Académie.

The evangelical revival which produced, in England, the London Missionary Society and, in Switzerland, the Basel Mission, brought about in 1822 the foundation of the Société des Missions Evangéliques chez les peuples non-chrétiens á Paris (SMEP), a Protestant organisation known in English as the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society. Swiss and English evangelists active in France were instrumental in its foundation. Although its goal was to propagate the Gospel among non-Christians, it did not initially send missionaries overseas, but by 1829 the Society, urged by John Philip of the London Missionary Society, sent its first three missionaries to Southern Africa. Initial difficulties were followed by the foundation of a mission station in what is now Lesotho, where the missionaries Eugène Casalis and later Adolphe Mabille became advisers to the Basuto king Moeshoeshoe. Following 20 years service in Basutoland, François Coillard led an expedition north to found a new mission on the Zambezi River in the territory of the Barotse people, serving there until his death in 1904. In 1863 the SMEP started a mission in the French colony of Senegal, and later the colony of Gabon, where its missionaries replaced American Presbyterians uncomfortable under the French administration. German missions in Togo and Cameroun were taken over by the SMEP after World War One. In the Pacific, English-French rivalry resulted in France's annexation of New Caledonia, Tahiti, and the Loyalty Islands, where SMEP missionaries replaced missionaries of the London Missionary Society. In France the SMEP publicised its missionary work through speaking tours by missionaries on leave from their mission fields, pioneered by Casalis in 1850. Auxiliary committees were established and help solicited from interested parties in France and elsewhere. The SMEP founded its Bulletin in 1825 and the publication Journal des Missions Evangéliques in 1826. In addition to its evangelistic work, the Society also promoted better sanitary and agricultural techniques. The SMEP ceased to exist following the formation in 1971 of the Communauté d'Action Apostolique (CEVAA) and the Département Evangélique Français d'Action Apostolique (DEFAP).

Baptised, 1785; Tancred studentship at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, 1803-1808; Physician at the Westminster Hospital, 1808-1813; Physician to the Penzance Dispensary, 1813-1817; returned to London to set up in practice, 1817; began a series of lectures in materia medica at Great Windmill Street School of Medicine, [1817]; lectured in materia medica for the Royal College of Physicians, 1819-1826; President of the Royal College of Physicians, 1844-1856; died, 1856.

Gaston Paris was born in Avenay, Marne, France, and developed a love of French literature in early childhood. He became Professor of Medieval Literature at the College de France in 1872 and Director of the College in 1895. He was elected to the Academie francaise in 1896. Paris's work as a linguistic scholar, literary critic and medievalist (including contributions to the Histoire litteraire de la France) was both acclaimed and influential. He died at Cannes.

Rita Blanche Pargeter was an English student and graduate of King's College London, 1931-1934.

Bernard Pares (1867-1949) visited Russia for the first time in 1898. On his return to Britain he began work as a university extension (adult education) lecturer at Liverpool University in 1902. It was at Liverpool in 1907 that he founded the first School of Russian Studies at a British university. Pares was a regular visitor to Russia in the pre First World War period. After the outbreak of World War One he was appointed British Military Observer to the Russian Army and remained at the front for most of 1915-1917. Pares returned to Russia in January 1919 with a commission from the British Government to give lectures in Siberia then held by the White Admiral Kolchak. After Kolchak's defeat he made his way back to Britain in October 1919. While the British Government awarded him a KBE, the new Soviet Government prevented him from returning to Russia until 1935.
Pares returned to his academic career, becoming Professor of Russian Languages, Literature and History at the School of Slavonic Studies (now SSEES) at Kings College in 1919, a post he held until 1939. He was also involved more generally in the development of the School and served as Director of SSEES 1922-1939. In 1922, with Robert Seton-Watson (qv.), professor of Central European history, Pares founded and edited "The Slavonic Review". During the Second World War, Pares along with Robert Seton-Watson, worked for the Government for a short time as Russian specialist for the Foreign Research and Press Service. He then worked for the Ministry of Information, touring Britain to give public talks about Russia, also giving lecture tours in the United States. Pares remained in the United States for the remainder of his life, he died in 1949. He married Margaret Ellis in 1901. They had five children but later separated.

William Pare (1804-1873) was a Birmingham tobacconist, who was one of the founders of the first Birmingham Cooperative Society. He left Birmingham in 1842 to become acting governor of Robert Owen's community at Queenswood, Hampshire, from 1842-1844, and published numerous works on cooperation.
Robert Owen was born in Newtown, Wales in 1771. He was apprenticed to a draper in Stamford, Northamptonshire at the age of 10, and continued his working education in London from the ages of 13 to 16. In 1787 Owen moved to Manchester, where he set up a small cotton-spinning establishment, and also produced spinning mules for the textile industry. Following this success, he became a manager for several large mills and factories in Manchester. In 1794 he formed the Chorlton Twist Company with several partners, and in the course of business met the Scots businessman David Dale. In 1799, Owen and his partners purchased Dale's mills in New Lanark, and Owen married Dale's daughter. At New Lanark, Owen began to act out his belief that individuals were formed by the effects of their environment by drastically improving the working conditions of the mill employees. This included preventing the employment of children and building schools and educational establishments. Owen set out his ideas for model communities in speeches and pamphlets, and attempted to spread his message by converting prominent members of British society. His detailed proposals were considered by Parliament in the framing of the Factories Act of 1819. Disillusioned with Britain, Owen purchased a settlement in Indiana in 1825, naming it New Harmony and attempting to create a society based upon his socialist ideas. Though several members of his family remained in America, the community had failed by 1828. Owen returned to England, and spent the remainder of his life and fortune helping various reform groups, most notably those attempting to form trade unions. He played a role in the establishment of the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union, 1834, and the Association of All Classes and All Nations, 1835. Owen died in 1858.

Paragon was the name given to a crescent of houses built in Searles Road, Walworth, Southwark in 1787-1791. In 1898 the houses were demolished and a London School Board School was constructedin their place. The school has now been converted into flats.

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Maurice Henry Pappworth was born in 1910 in Liverpool. He studied medicine at the University of Liverpool and graduated MB ChB in 1932. From 1938-1940 he was registrar and medical tutor at the Royal Infirmary, Liverpool, where he worked with Lord Cohen of Birkenhead. In 1939 he was told he would never get a consultant's job in a Liverpool teaching hospital as he was a Jew. He was conscripted into the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1941 and served for 4 and a half years in which he rose to lieutenant colonel and included service in North Africa, Italy and Greece. After the war he was offered jobs in other areas of England but held out for a post in London in a well known hospital, an ambition he never achieved. Instead he turned to private teaching and was a freelance medical tutor from 1947-1990, specialising in preparing medical graduates for the exam for the Membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP). He also had his own private practice. He maintained that teaching in British medical schools was dreadful and held regular private courses to teach doctors.

Many acknowledge Pappworth's teaching as getting them through the MRCP exam. There were occasions when half the successful MRCP candidates had been his pupils. In 1960 he published Primer of Medicine, which gained a popular reputation among medical students as a short practical guide to the art and science of diagnosis. Within 2 years there were 3 reprints and a second edition followed in 1971. Through out the 1950s and 1960s he became increasingly concerned when his postgraduate students informed him of unethical experiments that they had personally observed, and of descriptions published in medical journals of unethical experiments on patients in the UK and USA, despite informal guidelines such as Nuremberg Code. He wrote letters to the editors of journals publishing work he considered unethical, but they were often rejected for publication. Hence, he collected 14 examples of ethically dubious research, published in 1962 in a special issue of the influential quarterly The Twentieth Century. The first part of his article's title, "Human Guinea Pigs": A Warning", was used again for his later book in 1967. Human Guinea Pigs described 205 experiments in all, including examples of experiments on children, the mentally defective and prison inmates. 78 examples were from NHS hospitals. The book was particularly harsh on Hammersmith Hospital where the earliest cardiac catheterisation and liver biopsies had been carried out in Britain.

At the same time as Pappworth was exposing experiments in Britain, Henry K. Beecher was also documenting unethical research in the US, but, he was not as criticised by his medical colleagues as Pappworth was. The British medical establishment were not amused at their dirty linen being washed in public, and he was told by members to be quiet. However, within 6 months of Human Guinea Pigs being published, the Royal College of Physicians (RCP) issued a report on the ethics of clinical research. It was Pappworth's activities in the late 1950s and 1960s that led to the Royal College of Physicians British code on ethics of human experimentation. In 1972, Pappworth spoke of belonging to a select band of less than 10 who had been members of the RCP for over 35 years. Despite passing the MRCP in 1936, it took 57 years for him (it normally takes 10-15 years) to be elected Fellow in 1993. Pappworth died on October 12 1994.

K A Papmehl received his PhD from SSEES in 1965. He later went to work in Canada. This collection consists of Papmehl's writings on Matthew Guthrie (1732-1807). Guthrie was a Scottish physician who worked in Edinburgh and wrote on Russian ethnography, folklore and early history as well as on science and medicine.