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Thomas Bazley was born and educated in Bolton, Lancashire. He became successful in the textile industry in Manchester and was heavily involved in local politics. He became an MP in 1857 and a baronet in 1869. Bazley was also deeply interested in education, supporting the Manchester School system and becoming one the founding governors and a trustee of the Victoria University of Manchster. From the 17870s he lived mainly in Gloucestershire, at his country estate at Eyford Park.

John Coode was born in Bodmin, Cornwall in 1816. He was educated locally before being articled to a civil engineer. By the 1840s he had his own successful engineering practice in London and from the 1850s onwards regularly travelled abroad as the designer of or a consultant to large-scale port and harbour works in the British colonies. He was knighted in 1872 for his work on Portland Harbour, Dorset. Coode was also a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Royal Colonial Institute, the Royal Commission on Metropolitan Sewage Discharge, and the International Commission of the Suez Canal.

William Henry Grenfell was born in London in 1855. He was educated at Harrow School and Balliol College, Oxford. He represented the university at several sports, including two appearances in the university boat race, and continued to participate in rowing, fencing, mountaineering, hunting and other sports for many years, including appearances at national level. In later life he was president of several sporting organizations, including the Amateur Athletic Association. Grenfell also served at various times as MP for Salisbury, for Hereford and for Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, before being created Baron Desborough in 1905. He also held a variety of public offices. His wife, Ethel, was a renowned society hostess. Lord Desborough's three sons (including the war poet Julian Grenfell) all having predeceased him, the barony became extinct on his death.

Thomas Cooper was born in Leicester in 1805. He educated himself in languages, literature history and theology. He became a schoolteacher, preacher and journalist, and espoused radical Chartism whilst living and working in Leicester in the early 1840s. After serving 2 years in prison following Chartist riots in Staffordshire, he supported himself by writing prose and poetry. From 1856 onwards he was a travelling religious lecturer. He died in 1892.

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Francis Galton was born in Birmingham and educated locally, at King's College medical school in London and at Trinity College Cambridge. He settled in London and was active in both the Royal Society and the Royal Geographical Society. Galton spent many years examining the nature of human heredity and his work on inheritance patterns led to important advanced in the statistical analysis of biological phenomena and the development of psychometric tests; his ideas on eugenics largely fell out of favour during the mid-20th century, however. He was knighted in 1909 and received the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 1910.

Charles Darwin was born in Shropshire and educated at the University of Edinburgh and Christ's College, Cambridge. After graduating he spent two years exploring the coasts of South America, Australasia as a naturalist on HMS Beagle; the observations that he made during the voyage later led him to formulate his influential theory of evolution by natural selection, now regarded as the foundation of modern biology and one of the most important ideas in science. After returning to Britain he continued to research and published many books, including On the Origin of Species (1859) and The Descent of Man (1871).

Karl-Heinz Pfeffer was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, in 1906. He studied English literature and sociology at university, becoming particularly interested in the study of Australian society. In the 1930s he took up a teaching post at the University of Leipzig and was known as a member of the 'Leipzig School' of sociologists. A committed supporter of Nazism, he spent the years of the Second World War teaching on aspects of Europe and the British Empire at Berlin University. After the war, he re-established his academic career in West Germany.

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No information was available at the time of compilation.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

John Wood was born in Bradford in 1793. He was apprenticed to a worsted manufacturer at the age of 15. A few years later he became a master spinner in his own right; his factory came to be considered exemplary in its treatment of both adult and child workers. Wood became an exponent of (and reluctant agitator for) factory reform during the 1820s, but he broke with the reform movement in the late 1830s, feeling it was too militant. He retired from business early, and died in 1871.

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Count Guglielmo Bruto Icilio Timoleone Libri-Carrucci dalla Sommaia was born into an aristocratic family in Florence and educated at the University of Pisa, from which he received his doctorate in 1820. From 1823 until his death in 1869 he was officially Professor of Mathematical Physics at Pisa, although he did not teach there after 1824. Libri subsequently spent many years researching in Florence, Paris and London. He was also a prolific collector of and dealer in books and manuscripts, though his reputation was heavily tainted by accusations (proved true after his death) that he had stolen many items from libraries, mainly in France, during the 1840s. Whilst, his usually known simply as Guglielmo Libri, the French form of his name, Guillaume Libri, is sometimes used.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

Irene Bass was born in Lydd, Kent, and educated at nearby Ashford and at Maidstone School of Art before entering the Royal College of Art in London. She susbequently became one of the leading British calligraphers, teaching at Edinburgh College of Art and the Central School of Arts and Crafts in London, as well as making a living from freelance work and commissions. Irene was married twice, firstly to her cousin Jack Sutton (annulled in 1944) and secondly to the artist and teacher Hubert Lindsay Wellington.

Francis Wormald was born on 1 June 1904. He was educated at Eton and Magdalene College, Cambridge. From 1927 to 1949 he served as Assistant Keeper at the Department of Manuscripts at the British Museum. During the Second World War Wormald served in the Ministry of Home Security, producing Civil Defence training films. He was Professor of Paleography at the University of London between 1950 and 1960. In 1960 he was appointed Professor of History and Director of the Institute of Historical Research (IHR). Wormald was a member of the Institute of Advanced Study, Princeton University, USA, from 1955 until 1956; the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments in 1957; the Advisory Council on Public Records from 1965 to 1967 and President of the Society of Antiquaries from 1965 to 1970. In 1967 he became a Trustee of the British Museum and Governor of the London Museum in 1971. His major publications include English Kalendars before AD 1100 (1934); English Benedictine Kalendars after 1100 (2 volumes, 1939 and 1946) and English Drawings of the 10th and 11th Centuries (1952). He also contributed articles to Archaelogia, Antiquaries Journal and the Walpole Society. He was appointed Honorary Fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge in 1961 and awarded a CBE in 1969. He died on 11 January 1972.

Ebenezer Elliott was born in Rotherham, Yorkshire, and initially worked at his father's foundry there. After the firm's collapse, he moved to Sheffield and started a cutlery business with money borrowed from his wife's family. He was actively opposed to the Corn Laws and founded the Sheffield Anti-Corn Law Society in 1834. Having written poetry since his youth, Elliott was actively interested in literature as well as business and politics. He published several volumes of Corn Law Rhymes in the early 1830s and consquently became known as the Corn Law Rhymer.

George Frederick Ernest Albert was the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra). He entered the Royal Navy whilst still a boy and served as a naval officer for many years. Prince George married Princess Mary of Teck (formerly engaged to his elder brother Albert, who died in 1891) in 1893. He became Prince of Wales in 1901 on the death of his grandmother, Queen Victoria, and King George V on his father's death in 1910. The Royal Family's surname was changed from Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor in 1917, to assert their Britishness during the First World War. He celebrated his Silver Jubilee in May 1935, but died less than a year later. His eldest son succeeded him as King Edward VIII.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

Walter Fitzwilliam Starkie was the first Professor of Spanish at Trinity College, Dublin, and an authority on Spanish literature and gypsy culture. He is best known as a translator of Spanish literature and drama, and for serving as the director of the Abbey Theare, Dublin, for 17 years. His sister, Enid Mary Starkie, taught French at Somerville College, Oxford.

Edward Howard Marsh was born in London in 1872. He was educated at Westminster School and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He joined the Colonial Office in 1896 and subsequently enjoyed a distinguished career in several civil service departments, much of it as Winston Churchill's private secretary. He received a knighthood on his retirement in 1937. Marsh was also an active art collector, literary critic and translator. On his death in 1953, The Times declared him 'the last individual patron of the arts'.

Born in Philadelphia, Henry George settled in California, where he became successful in the newspaper industry and wrote several books. He is known as the founder of 'Georgism', an economic policy advocating land value taxation as a replacement for other forms of taxation and asserting that land and natural resources belong to all humanity equally.

Henry Spencer Moore was born in Castleford, Yorkshire, and educated locally before training as a teacher. After the First World War he studied at the Leeds School of Art and subsequently at the Royal College of Art in London, which enabled him to fulfill his childhood ambition of becoming a sculptor. His work, in a modernist style and much of it on a large scale, was a financial and often also a critical success over several decades. Towards the end of his life he endowed the Henry Moore Foundation, which continues to promote contemporary art.

Laurence Edward Alan [Laurie] Lee was born and educated in Gloucestershire. He lived in London and Spain as a young man, working in a variety of jobs, and fought on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War. During the Second World War he worked as a film scriptwriter for the Ministry of Information. Lee's first volume of poetry was published in 1944 and he subsequently wrote a variety of fiction and non-fiction works. He is best known, however, for Cider with Rosie (1959), the first of his three volumes of autobiography. He received the MBE in 1952 and was made a freeman of the City of London in 1982.

Sir Thomas (Tam) Dalyell was born in England and brought up at The Binns, West Lothian, Scotland. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy, at Eton and at King's College, Cambridge. As a young man he supported the Conservatives, but he joined the Labour Party after the 1956 Suez Crisis. Dalyell served as MP for West Lothian from 1962 until 1983. Following boundary changes, he was MP for Lithlingow from 1983 until he retired in 2005; at the time of his retirement he was Father of the House. As a working politician Dalyell was known for his strong and outspoken views. He inherited the Dalyell of the Binns baronetcy through his mother but does not use the title.

David Edward Alexander Lindsay was born in Aberdeen and educated at Eton and at Magdalen College, Oxford. He was elected Conservative MP for Chorley, Lancashire in 1895, and retained the seat until succeeding his father in the House of Lords in 1913. He was chief whip between July 1911 and January 1913. Lord Crawford largely retired from active politics in the early 1920s and was subsequently chiefly known as a patron of the arts, an area that had interested him for many years. His diary, kept continously from 1892 until his sudden death in 1940 and rich in political detail, was published in 1984.

William Hazlitt was Registrar of the London Court of Bankruptcy but is better known for overseeing the posthumous publication and republication of many of the works of his father, also William Hazlitt (1778-1830). His son, William Carew Hazlitt (1834-1913) also became a well-known writer.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

James Ludovic Lindsay was educated at Eton and Trinity College Cambridge before entering the Grendier Guards. He served as MP for Wigan from 1874 until 1880, when he entered the House of Lords on his father's death. Lord Crawford was a keen astronomer and bibliophile, maintaining an observatory in Scotland and a extensive library at the family seat of Haigh Hall, near Wigan. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society and, at various times, President of the Royal Astronomical Society, the Royal Philatelic Society, the Royal Photographic Society and the Camden Society.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

George Long was born in Lancashire in 1800. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated in 1822. He became a fellow of Trinity in 1823 and Professor of Ancient Languages at the newly-founded University of Virginia in 1824, returning to England in 1828 as Professor of Greek at the University of London (afterwards University College London), a chair which he held until his resignation in 1831; he returned to University College between 1842 and 1846 as Professor of Latin. Besides classics, Long was also interested in geography and law: he co-founded the Royal Geographical Society in 1830 and lectured at the Middle Temple from 1846 to 1849. He also wrote and edited publications on various topics for the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. From 1849 Long lectured a new progressive school, Brighton College, and remained influential in the field of classical scholarship. After retiring in 1871 he lived in Chichester until his death.

Karl Heinrich Marx was born in Trier, Germany in 1818. His family was Jewish but he and his siblings were baptised into the Protestant church. He studied law and philosophy at the Universities of Bonn and Berlin before becoming a journalist and editor, initially in Berlin and later in Paris and Brussels. From 1849 onwards he and his family lived in exile in London. From the 1840s onwards Marx developed the set of economic and political theories now known as Marxism. Many of his ideas were developed in collaboration with Friedrich Engels (1820-1895). His best known works are The Communist Manifesto [with Engels] (1848) and Das Kapital vol 1 (1867). Marx died in 1883 and was buried in Highgate cemetery. His ideas were very influential during the 20th century and the original source of the ideology adopted by Communist revolutions and governments in Soviet Russia and elsewhere.

Horatio Nelson was born in Norfolk and educated there before going to sea in 1771, aged 12. By the age of 21 he had served on board ship in many parts of the globe and risen through the ranks to captain. He was promoted to Rear Admiral in 1797 and Vice Admiral in 1801 and commanded during many naval battles; however, his name is most associated with the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) during which he was killed. He married Frances Herbert Nisbet in 1787 but is better known for his love affair with Emma, Lady Hamilton, which lasted from 1793 until his death. Nelson was knighted in 1797, created a baron in 1798, and created a viscount in 1801. He is commemorated by Nelson's column in Trafalgar Square, London, and other monuments in the UK and elswhere.

Richard Oastler was born in Leeds in 1789. After his business as a commission agent failed in 1820, he was appointed steward to Thomas Thornhill, an absentee Yorkshire squire. An opponent of slavery in the colonies, he began to campaign vigorously for improvements to the working conditions in British factories, and had some success in influencing legislation. He fell from prominence after the rise of Chartism in the early 1840s. He died in 1861.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

The poem was written by the Chandos Herald, the domestic Herald of Sir John Chandos, who was a devoted friend and follower of Edward the Black Prince. Little is known of the life of the author, except that he accompanied Sir John Chandos in some of his later military campaigns, and was therefore in the position of eyewitness to the events he describes. The poem was composed about 1385, nine years after the death of Edward.

Thomas Smith was born in 1513. He studied at Queen's College, Cambridge University, gaining an MA in 1533. He was created Regius Professor of Civil law and Vice-Chancellor at Cambridge University in 1544. Created Secretary of State in 1548, Smith was knighted the same year. He was Ambassador to France, 1562-1566, and was later readmitted to the Privy Council, 1571, and reappointed Secretary of State, 1572. Smith died in 1577. Publications: An Old Mould to cast New Lawes (1643); De Republica Anglorum (1583); De recta & emendata Linguae Graecae pronuntiatione (1568); De recta & emendata Linguae Anglicae Scriptione (1568); The Authority, form, and manner of holding Parliaments; Sir Thomas Smithes Voiage and Entertainment in Rushia (N. Butter: London, 1605).

The earliest surviving mention of a public official charged with auditing government expenditure is a reference to the Auditor of the Exchequer in 1314. The Auditors of the Imprest were established under Queen Elizabeth I in 1559 with formal responsibility for auditing Exchequer payments. This system gradually lapsed and in 1780, Commissioners for Auditing the Public Accounts were appointed by statute. From 1834, the Commissioners worked in tandem with the Comptroller of the Exchequer, who was charged with controlling the issue of funds to the government.

Herbert Somerton Foxwell (1849-1936) was a dedicated book-collector and bibliophile, who formed a large collection of economic books printed before 1848. In 1901, Foxwell sold his library to the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths (Goldsmith's Company) for £10, 000 in 1901. At that time it contained about 30,000 books. The Company also generously provided Foxwell with a series the wherewithal to make further acquisitions for addition to the Library, which was given to the University of London in 1903.

Charles James Booth was born the son of a Merseyside coal merchant on 30 March 1840. He was educated at the Royal Liverpool Institution and became apprenticed to a trading company, Lamport and Holt. Charles went on to set up a steamship company trading between Liverpool and Northern Brazil. Beyond his commercial aspirations, Charles wished to do something for the under-privileged of Victorian England and he joined the Birmingham Education League, founded to promote secular education.

Charles married Mary Catherine Macaulay (1843-1939), on 29 April 1871. Charles decided to move the merchandising arm of Alfred Booth and Company, the family firm, to London and extended his trade in leather to New York where he spent three months of each year. These long voyages led to the daily correspondence between Charles and Mary. Mary, by this time, was a partner in the company in all but name.

In 1884, Charles assisted in the analysis of statistics for the allocation of the Lord Mayor's Relief Fund and attempted to establish a Board of Statistical Research. In Spring 1886 he presented a paper, The Occupation's of the People of London, 1841-1881, to the Royal Statistical Society. Mary helped her husband in his 'Inquiry' into poverty in London. She was also associated with a circle of intellectual women, many of whose husbands were MPs. In April 1889, Charles' first work, Volume 1 of the Poverty Series of Life and Labour of the People of London: Trades of East London, was published. The survey of Central and South London followed in volume 2, published in May 1891, while all the time Charles was involved in commerce and social science.

Charles was made President of the Statistical Society in 1892 and set about researching for a survey into the condition of industry in England and its impact on poverty. This was followed in 1899 by an investigation into old age pensions and The Aged Poor. In 1912, Charles ceded the chairmanship of Alfred Booth & Company to his nephew. On 23 November 1916, following a stroke, Charles died. A memorial to Charles Booth was erected in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral on 15 December 1920.

Charles Stewart Loch was born in Bengal on 4 September 1849. He was educated at Trinity College, Glenalmond and Balliol College, Oxford. From 1873 to 1875 he was a clerk at the Royal College of Surgeons. He was a member of the Commission on Aged Poor, 1893-1895, Durkin Trust Lecturer at Manchester College Oxford 1896 and 1902. He was also a member of the Institut International de Statistique, Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble Minded and the Royal Commission on the Poor Laws. Loch was the Tooke Professor of Economic Science and Statistics at King's College, London between 1904 and 1908 and Secretary to the Council of the London Charity Organisation Society 1875 to 1914. He published works on charities and the poor. His publications include, Charity and Social Life ; 1910, Aspects of the Special Problem, 1895 and Methods of Social Advance, 1904. He also contributed to academic journals. Loch died on 23 January 1923.

Rolland was born in 1866 in the district of Nièvre, France. He studied literature, music and philosophy, going on to publish two doctoral theses. After some years as a school teacher he went on to teach at the Sorbonne. His interest in music motivated him to publish numerous critical pieces on famous composers as well as artists and writers. As well as being a critic he began to publish his own literature, culminating in the winning of the Nobel Prize in 1915 for his Jean-Christophe. The themes of truth, humanism and altruism are identified most explicitly within his literary work. He died in Vézelay, 1944.

Thomas Herbert Lewin was born in London on 1 Apr 1839, and was educated at Littlehampton and Addiscombe Military College. In 1857, Lewin traveled to India as a lieutenant and was involved in several campaigns to put down the Indian Mutiny. He became the District Superintendent in Police at Rampur Bandleah, 1861-1864, later taking up the same post at Noacolly, South Bengal and Chittagong, 1864-1866. In March 1866, he was promoted to Captain, and appointed first as Temporary Superintendent and later permanent Deputy Commissioner and Political Agent for the unregulated Chittagong Hill Tracts - a post that he held until 1875. In 1874, Lewin returned to England due to ill health, was made an honorary Lieutenant Colonel and received a Colonel's pension. He returned to India in 1875 to take up the post of Deputy Commissioner of Cooch Behar, and later became Deputy Commissioner of Darjeeling, where he remained until his retirement in 1879. In 1885, Thomas Herbert bought Parkhurst, a house in Abinger, near Dorking, Surrey where he lived until his death in 1916. Lewin was the author of several works on India and Indian languages.

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Hugh Hale Leigh Bellot was born on 26 January 1890 and received his early education at Bedales School and then went to Lincoln College Oxford with a scholarship. He became master at the Battersea Polytechnical Secondary School and later at the Bedales School and then, in 1915, he was appointed a clerk at H. M. Customs and Excise where he remained until the end of the First World War.

In 1921, on being appointed an assistant in the department of History at University College London, Bellot began an association with the University of London that was to continue until the end of his life in 1969. He was promoted to senior lecturer in 1926 but moved to the University of Manchester in 1927 to become Reader in Modern History. In 1930, however, he returned to the University of London as Professor of American History, a post that he held until 1955. This period of tenure was broken occasionally as Bellot became Sir George Watson lecturer in 1938 at Birmingham and between 1940 and 1944 when he acted as Principal at the Board of Trade. He was finally given the title. 'Professor Emeritus of American History at the University of London', and awarded an honorary LL.D. by the University. He was a fellow of University College London and an honorary fellow of Lincoln College Oxford.

Bellot's involvement in the running of the University of London began with his election to the Senate in 1938 (until 1956). He was elected to the Court in 1948 (to 1953) and was Chairman of the Academic Council between 1948 and 1951. This promotion culminated with his election as Vice-Chancellor in 1951 for a two-year term. He was latterly a Member of Council for Westfield College, Charing Cross Hospital Medical School and University College, Ibadan.

Other positions held included being honorary secretary of the Royal Historical Society between 1934 and 1952 and President from 1952 to 1956