Francis Nicholls White and Company owned a number of trade associations formed as specialised branches of the agency, including the Paper Trade Protection Association. The aims of the association were to safeguard members against the risk of bad debts, to recover overdue accounts and to minimise the loss to members in insolvencies.
Not given.
Georg Wolfgang Franz Panzer, physician and entymologist, lived in Nuremburg, Germay. He collaborated with Jacob Sturm, engraver, to produce a volume titled Faunae Insectorum Germanicae Initia [Elements of the German insect fauna] (Nuremberg, [1792-]1793-1813, in 109 parts. In this volume Panzer's short textual descriptions and Sturm's individual, hand-colored engravings of more than 2600 insects. The work was continued through part 190 (1829-1844) by G.A.W. Herrich-Schaeffer. Panzer died 28 May 1829.
Publications: Observationum Botanicarum specimen (Norimbergae et Lipsiae, 1781); Beytrag zur Geschichte des ostindischen Brodbaums, mit einer systematischen Beschreibung desselben ... Nebst einer Kupfertafel (Nurnberg, 1783); De dolore (Altorfii, [1785?]); Versuch einer naturlichen Geschichte der Laub- und Lebermoosse nach Schmidelschen-Schreberschen und Hedwigschen Beobachtungen (Nurnberg, 1787); Deutschlands Insectenfaune oder entomologisches Taschenbuch fur das Jahr 1795 (Nurnberg, [1795.]); Faunae Insectorum Americes Borealis prodomus, etc (Norimbergae, 1794); Faunae Insectorum Germanicae Initia, oder Deutschlands Insecten, herausgegeben von Dr G. W. F. Panzer. Zweyte Auflage. [Continued by] Dr G. A. W. Herrich-Schaffer ( Nurnberg [& Ratisbon], 1796[-1844]); Symbolae Entomologicae ... Cum tabulis XII. aeneis [coloured] (Erlangae, 1802); Viro ... venerabili G. W. Panzero parenti suo ... gratulatur, simulque quaedam de D. J. G. Volcamero, ... additis duabus ad illum epistolis H. Boerhaave et I. Pitt[on] Tournefort, ... exponit D. G. W. F. Panzer (Norimbergae, 1802); Systematische Nomenclatur uber weiland ... J. C. Schaeffers naturlich ausgemahlte Abbildungen regensburgischer Insekten, etc. (D. J. C. Schaefferi iconum insectorum circa Ratisbonam indigenorum enumeratio systematica opera et studio G. W. F. P.) (Erlangen, 1804); Kritische Revision der Insektenfaune Deutschlands (2 Bdchn. Nurnberg, 1805); Index entomologicus sistens omnes insectorum species in G. W. F. Panzeri Fauna Insectorum Germanica descriptas atque delineatas ... adjectis ... observationibus. Pars 1. Eleutherata (Norimbergæ, 1813); Ideen zu einer kunftigen Revision der Gattungen der Graser. L.P.( Munchen, 1813).
Jacob Sturm was born in Nuremburg, German, 1771, the son of Johann Georg Sturm, engraver. He was apprenticed to his father, who trained him in drawing and copperplate engraving. He rose to prominence aged only sixteen with the publication of his engraveings in a work by Pallas [c1787]. In 1791-1792 he published a set of 100 hand-colored copperplate engravings of insects called Insekten-Cabinet nach der Natur gezeichnet und gestochen [Insect cabinet, drawn and engraved from nature]. In 1796 Sturm published the catalogue of his own insect collection. As a result of his work and expanding network of contacts with entomologists and other scientists, his collection grew so rapidly that he issued an enlarged second edition only four years later, in 1800, and eventually a third in 1826 and a fourth in 1843. His became one of the largest and most valuable private collections in Europe, consulted and cited by entomologists throughout the scientific world. From the 1790s until his death in 1848, Sturm produced engravings for a wide array of natural-history publications in Germany. He was a founding member of the Naturhistorische Gesellschaft zu Nürnberg in 1801, and was made an honorary member of many prestigious scientific societies throughout Germany, Russia, and Sweden, as well as of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and the General Union Philosophical Society of Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. In 1846 Sturm was awarded a Doctorate of Philosophy honoris causa by the University of Breslau. He died at his home in Nuremberg in 1848.
Publications: Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen [Germany's flora in illustrations from nature, with descriptions] (Nuremberg, [1796-]1798-1848[-1862]); Deutschlands Fauna in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen [Germany's fauna in illustrations from nature, with descriptions] (Nuremberg, 1797-1857); Abbildungen zu Karl Illigers Uebersetzung von Oliviers Entomologie [Illustrations for Karl Illiger's translation of Olivier's "Entomologie"] (Nuremberg, 1802-1803); Schreber's Beschreibung der Gräser nebst ihren Abbildungen nach der Natur [Description of the grasses with illustrations drawn from nature] (Leipzig, [1766-] 1769-1772 [-1779], new ed. 1810); Panzer's Deutschlands Insectenfaune [German insect fauna] (Nuremberg, 1795); and Kritische Revision der Insectenfaune Deutschlands... [Critical revision of the German insect fauna] (Nuremberg, 1805-1806); Albrecht Wilhelm Roth's Catalecta Botanica quibus Plantae Novae et Minus Cognitae Describuntur atque Illustrantur [Botanical account in which new and lesser known plants are described and illustrated] (3 vols. Leipzig, 1797-1806); Kaspar Maria Graf von Sternberg's Versuch einer geognostisch-botanischen Darstellung der Flora der Vorwelt [An attempt at a geognostical-botanical presentation of the flora of the primeval world] (Leipzig, Prague, & Regensburg, [1820-]1825-1838) and Revisio Saxifragarum Iconibus Illustrata [Revision of the Saxifrages, illustrated by pictures] (3 vols. v.1-2: Regensberg, 1810-1822; v.3: Leipzig, 1831); Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Essenbeck's System der Pilze und Schwämme [System of fungi and mushrooms] (Wurzberg, 1816) and Bryologia Germanica, oder Beschreibung der in Deutschland und in der Schweiz wachsenden Laubmoose [German mosses, or Descriptions of deciduous mosses growing in Germany and Switzerland] (Nuremberg, 1823-1831); David Heinrich Hoppe's Caricologia Germanica, oder Beschreybungen und Abbildungen aller in Deutschland wildwachsenden Seggen [German sedges, or Descriptions and illustrations of wild-growing sedge grasses in Germany] (Nuremberg, 1835).
Horace Panting trained at the Institute of Education, University of London in 1934-1935. He was an East London science teacher holding posts at Holborn Boys' School, 1935-1940, and later at Stratford and Plaistow Grammar Schools and West Ham College of Technology. He retired in 1977. Throughout his teaching career he took a keen interest in school sport, both within the schools in which he taught and through involvement with associations such as West Ham Schools Sports Association and the London Schools Cricket Association.
Heinz Pannwitz (1911-?1981) (real name Paulsen) was born in Berlin. In 1940 he became criminal commissioner heading Department GII of the Prague Gestapo in German occupied Czechoslovakia. On 27 May 1942 an assassination attempt was made on the life of Reinhard Heydrich (1904-1942) which resulted in his death on 4 June. Heydrich was head of the Nazi security police and governor of Bohemia-Moravia. The assassins were intelligence agents sent by Czech military intelligence in exile in Britain, aided by the Special Operations Executive. Pannwitz was appointed head of a special commision to investigate the killing. His final report was submitted to Hitler and found its way to the archives of the Institute for Jewish Research, New York (YIVO). In 1959 Pannwitz wrote his account of the investigation found in this collection. He would have had to rely on his memory as few books had been published on the subject at that time.
Nicodemus Pankratien copied Compendium Physicæ theoreticoexperimentalis, in usum auditorum concinnatum, 1773 by Johann David Lembke (fl 1740) who wrote several publications including Dissertatio inauguralis de discrimine obligationis, et ab eo pendente ordine, alimentorum iure sanguinis praestandorum, 1755.
Estelle Sylvia Pankhurst (1882-1960) was the second daughter of Richard Marsden Pankhurst (1835-1898) and Emmeline Pankhurst née Goulden (1858-1928). She was educated at Southport High School for Girls and Manchester High School for Girls and trained as an artist at the Manchester Municipal School of Art and the Royal College of Art in London. Sylvia, along with the rest of her family, was socially and politically active. Initially she became involved in the Independent Labour Party and in the militant activities of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), which had been founded by her mother and her sister, Christabel. In 1912/1913 she founded the East London Federation of the Suffragettes (from 1916 The Workers Suffrage Federation and from 1918 the Workers Socialist Federation) and also became increasingly involved with social welfare work in the East End of London. As a pacifist, during the First World War Sylvia became a member of the Executive Committee of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. During and after the War she became progressively more occupied with revolutionary left-wing activities, briefly joined the Communist Party, and in 1921 formed the Communist Workers Party. Throughout this period she participated in international socialist networks and her political writings were published widely, including in leading foreign socialist journals. In 1924 she left the East End and moved to Woodford Green. In the inter-war period she also became involved in assisting Italian and Jewish refugees and in supporting the republican cause in Spain. In the 1930s Sylvia continued to write extensively and also became involved in anti-fascist campaigns, organising the Women's International Matteotti Committee. In the 1930s she also became interested in Ethiopia and took up the cause of Haile Selassie, founding the New Times and Ethiopia News in 1936. In 1939 she supported the Second World War on anti-fascist grounds. In 1956 Sylvia moved to Addis Ababa and continued to write and publish. She died in Sep 1960.
Bishwa Nath Pandey ('Bish') was born on 30 October 1929, in the village of Bhatwalia, Deoria District, Uttar Pradesh, India. He read law at the University of Benares, but in 1955 decided to leave his legal practice in order to study Indian history at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London. He joined the staff of the School as a lecturer in Modern Indian History in 1963 and became Reader in 1980.
He wrote a number of books including The Introduction of English Law into India (1964); a successful anthology, A Book of India (1964); The Break-Up of British India (1969), which established him as an authority on the Indian nationalist movement; and a biography of Jawaharlal Nehru, Nehru (published in 1976). Subsequently, he turned his attention to the post 1947 period, and produced South and South East Asia, 1945-1979 (1980). At the time of his death in 1982, Dr. Pandey was working on a major study of the history of post-independence India.
He was married twice, with one daughter by his first marriage, and two daughters by his second. He died on 21 November 1982, shortly after chairing a public discussion on the new Columbia film Gandhi.
The Pandan Tea Company (1933) was established in March 1933 as a reconstruction of the Pandan Tea Company. The latter had been established in January 1923 and acquired all the shares in Tjisadea Tea Company, Tjdadap (Java) Plantation Company and Pandan Aroem Syndicate which held estates in Java.
After the Japanese occupation during World War Two the business did not recover, and the company sustained large losses and was wound down. The company's offices were at 22 Fenchurch St 1933-34; and 58 Mark Lane 1934-57.
The Palmers Green and Southgate Synagogue originated in meetings held in private houses from the 1920s onwards, at which time it was known as the Palmers Green Hebrew Congregation. The community became affiliated with the United Synagogue in 1934, while a permanent synagogue was constructed in 1936, and was known as Palmers Green and Southgate District Synagogue. The building was badly damaged in 1944 but was rebuilt in 1947.
Samuel Palmer: Wesleyan Methodist minister in Weymouth, England, 1826-1827; Melton Mowbray, 1827-1828; Oakham, 1828-1829; married Sarah Ann (née Dunman) in Dewlish, Dorset, 1829; ordained in Islington chapel, London, 1829; Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society missionary in Salem, South Africa, 1829-1832; in Morley, South Africa, from 1832; died when suddenly taken ill while leading people away from fighting towards his mission station at Buntingville, 1846.
Following her husband's death, Mrs Palmer founded a girls' school at Butterworth, South Africa, in 1849-1850, where local girls could learn to read the Scriptures and were catechised and taught other elementary subjects. Owing to wars in the region which hindered travel, she did not return to England until 1853.
Born, Newington, London, 1805; educated at home and Merchant Taylors' School; took art lessons and exhibited at the Royal Academy and British Institution, 1819; met John Linnell, his future father-in-law, who gave him advice and instruction in art; became a close acquaintance of William Blake, 1824; moved to Shoreham, Kent, [1826-1833], painted in oil and made water-colour sketches; sketching tour in North Wales, 1832; exhibited at the Royal Academy and British Museum, 1832-1834; married Hannah, the eldest daughter of John Linnell, 1837; lived in Italy, 1837-1839; associate of the Society of Painters in Water-colours, 1843; exhibited many Italian drawings, later mostly English pastorals, illustrations of the Pilgrim's Progress' and Spenser, drawing from Milton, 1855; gave drawing lessons, and continued sketching tours, visiting North Wales, 1843, Margate, 1845, Cornwall, 1857, Devon, 1858, 1860; produced illustrations for Dickens'sPictures from Italy', 1846; began etching, [1850]; member of the Etching Society in 1853; member of the Water-colour Society, 1854; produced illustrations to Adams's Sacred Allegories', 1856; moved from London to Reigate, 1861, Redhill, 1862-1881; illustratedL'Allegro' and `Il Penseroso,' two poems of Milton; continued to exhibit at the Water-colour Society and produce etchings until his death; translated and illustrated Virgil's Eclogues, completed by his son, Alfred Herbert Palmer; died, 1881.
Publications: Shorter Poems of John Milton, with illustrations by Samuel Palmer and preface by A H Palmer; An English Version of the Eclogues of Virgil By Samuel Palmer, with illustrations by the author. Edited by A H Palmer (Seeley & Co, London, 1883).
Alfred Herbert Palmer (fl 1860-1926) was the painter's son. He published his biography of his father The Life and Letters of Samuel Palmer in 1892. He destroyed many of his father's original papers, and emigrated to Canada.
Martin Hardie (1875-1952) was Keeper of the Department of Engraving, Illustration and Design at the Victoria and Albert Museum. He was also an etcher, water-colourist and writer, publishing works on Frederick Goulding and Samuel Palmer in 1928.
Geoffrey Grigson (1905-1985) was an author. His papers in this collection probably comprise working papers for his book Samuel Palmer: The Visionary Years, published in 1947.
Robert Palmer was Treasurer, 1977-1978, and Chairperson, 1978-1980, of the Campaign for Homosexual Equality (CHE). He was actively involved in the activities of CHE at other times, and was a member of the Executive Committee until Sep 1980.
Baldwin Hamey the younger was born, 1600; University of Leiden as a student of philosophy, 1617-; spent some time studying in Oxford; apprenticed to his father, 1622-1623; returned to Leiden, 1625-1626; MD, 1626; incorporated DM at Oxford, 1630; Fellow of the College of Physicians of London, 1634; eight times censor from 1640 to 1654; registrar, 1646 and 1650-1654; Treasurer, 1664-1666. Practised in London, 1627-1666; died, 1676.
Josie Palmer (sometimes the African form of the name is used (Mpama) was born in Potchefstroom, South Africa, in 1903. She refers to herself as 'coloured' but married an African, Edwin Mofutsanyane (a leading member of the Communist Party of South Africa and the African National Congress (ANC), and lived in an African area. She became the first black woman to play a significant part in the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA) and in the womens' movement in South Africa.
She came to the fore in Potchefstroom in the 1928 campaign against residential permits and joined the Communist Party then. During the late 1920s and 1930s she wrote for 'Umsebenzi', the Journal of the CPSA. In 1943-1945 she was a member of the CPSA's Anti-Pass Campsign and in March 1944 convened the women's Anti-Pass Conference in Johannesburg. At the 1947 International Women's Day Meeting in Johannesburg a resolution was passed to establish a 'non colour bar women's organisation' and the Transvaal All-Women's Union was formed, with Palmer as the secretary. It did not last very long, and although it changed its title in 1949 to become the Union of South African Women, it never became a national movement. However the idea was planted and Palmer later became a founding member of the Federation of South African Women and President of the Transvaal Branch. She was banned in 1955 before the Pretoria women's demonstration, and never became involved in the Anti-Pass Campaigns of those years.
Palmer received his first commision on 20th May 1848 as acting assistant surgeon on HMS VICTORY. Later that year he served on HM Sloop DWARF from 19th September 1848 until late March 1850. His next commission was on 12th April 1850 as assistant surgeon on HMS ASIA in the Pacific under Captain Robert Fanshawe Stopford. He transferred on 17th February 1851 to the flagship in the Pacific, HMS PORTLAND, under Rear Admiral Fairfax Moresby. He later served on HMS JACKAL, under Lieutenant Commander William T. F. Jackson, from 3rd July 1854 until a brief term on HMS IMPREGNABLE under Vice Admiral Sir Barrington Reynolds in Devonport from 17th December 1858 until he transferred back to the JACKAL on 12th April 1859 under Lieutenant and Commander James Simpson at Sheerness. On 14th April 1860, he served on the flagship in the East Indies and China, HMS CHESAPEAKE, under Rear Admiral Sir James Hope. He produced many sketches on various subjects in China. On 16th May 1861, he spent two days on the new flagship, HMS IMPERIEUSE, before transferring to HMS PRINCESS CHARLOTTE, a receiving ship at Hong Kong under Captain Matthew S. Nolloth, where he was listed as surgeon (additional for service in Melville Hospital Ship). On 24th January 1866, he was commissioned as surgeon on HMS TOPAZE under Commodore 2nd Class Richard A. Powell. The TOPAZE voyaged to Easter Island among other destinations and it is here that he painted many watercolours and produced sketches of the topography of the island, the stone statues and some of the chiefs resident on the island at the time. His final commission was on HMS RESISTANCE from 11th September 1870 as staff surgeon under Captain William H. Haswell. This ship was on coast guard duty from Rockferry and Birkenhead from 1872 onwards. He is listed as retired in 1874.
Miss Jacqueline Palmer was born in London in 1918. Having trained at the Froebel Educational Institute, Roehampton, she gained her diploma in 1939 and taught throughout the war. Later she went up to Cambridge University to read geography at Newnham College, graduating with honours in 1948.
Having joined the Museum on a part-time basis in the Autumn of 1948, Miss Palmer proposed the development of a Children's Centre as an attempt to encourage and direct the interest of children in the natural world and the Museum. Inaugurated on an experimental basis during the school holidays, the Centre was located on the west side of Central Hall, near to the main entrance. It was an area where children could draw, make models and receive instruction. Miss Palmer was seconded to the Museum by the London County Council who paid her salary.
In 1948 she inaugurated the Junior Naturalists' Club for children aged 10 to 15 who were regular visitors to the Centre and who proved their commitment by producing a piece of fieldwork. The Club had its own committee and met once a week with occasional extra activities. The Club had a small library and programmes of activities were devised by the Committee, under Miss Palmer's guidance. In 1950 a Country Club was started at the suggestion of Sir Norman Kinnear for children aged 13 to 16 living outside London who wanted help with their studies of the natural world.
This generated considerable correspondence and subsequently the work of the Country Club was incorporated within that of the Field Observer's Club. This was formed in 1953 as a senior group for young people over the age of 15 so that more appropriate work could be provided for older Centre members. It too had its own committee, programme and selection procedure. An Argus Club for scientific illustration, intended for children aged between 13 and 17, was also formed but was later incorporated into the Field Observer's Club. Close ties were always maintained between these two clubs and both continued their work after Miss Palmer left the Museum in 1956. The Junior Naturalists' Club was linked to the Chelsea Physic Garden while the Field Observer's Club became independent of any other organization. The latter was affiliated to the International Youth Federation for the Study and Protection of Nature and the former to the Council for Nature, an alliance resulting in productive exchanges. Miss Palmer left the Museum in 1956 and died from cancer on 3 January 1961.
Herbert Palmer, 1601-1647, Church of England clergyman and college head, born at Wingham, Kent, younger son of Sir Thomas Palmer (d. 1625) of Wingham, and Margaret, daughter of Herbert Pelham, esquire, of Crawley, Sussex; Sir Thomas Palmer (1540/41-1626) was his grandfather. From an early age he demonstrated an aptitude for study and a religious disposition, maintaining the ambition to become a clergyman; in 1616 he was admitted as a fellow-commoner to St John's College, Cambridge, graduated BA in 1619 and proceeded MA in 1622; on 17 July 1623 he was elected a fellow of Queens'; ordained in 1624 and proceeded BD in 1631; in 1626, during a visit to his brother Sir Thomas Palmer (d. 1666), Palmer preached at Canterbury Cathedral and was subsequently persuaded by Philip Delmé, the minister of the French church in Canterbury, to take up a lectureship there at St Alphege's Church; here Palmer found himself troubled by both separatists and the cathedral clergy; his lectureship was briefly suspended by the dean and archdeacon, but was reinstated by Archbishop George Abbot upon receiving a petition from the prominent citizens of Canterbury and members of the local gentry; contemporary biographer records that he was not at this time persuaded of the unlawfulnesse' of either episcopal church government or some of the ceremonies then in use, but generally opposed Laudian innovations (Life', 420); in Canterbury Palmer preached every sabbath afternoon at St Alphege and he also preached to the French congregation; instituted to the rectory of Ashwell, Hertfordshire, Feb 1632 and about the same time he was appointed as a university preacher in Cambridge, which gave him licence to preach anywhere in England; at Ashwell Palmer perfected his system of catechism, which was greatly admired and first published in 1640 under the title An Endeavour of Making the Principles of Christian Religion ... Plain and Easie; he was later involved in the drafting of the Westminster Assembly's Shorter Catechism (1647), which was also published according to Palmer's own method after his death as A Brief and Easie Explanation of the Shorter Catechisme (1648) by John Wallis; many of Palmer's publications were aimed at making the principles of the Christian faith clear and easy to understand; in 1644, for example, he published a brief spiritual guide to fasting based on the book of Nehemiah, chapters 9 and 10, with the intention of helping the weak' and thewilling' to avoid the greate Evill of Formalitie in our solemne Humiliations' (The Soule of Fasting, or, Affections Requisite in a Day of Solemne Fasting and Humiliation, 1644, foreword). Chosen as one of the clerks of convocation for Lincoln diocese with Anthony Tuckney, 1640, and on 19 July 1642 appointed by the House of Commons as one of fifteen Tuesday lecturers at Hitchin, Hertfordshire; Appointed, 1643, to the Westminster Assembly and moved to London, leaving Ashwell in the charge of his half-brother, John Crow; collaborated with a number of other divines in writing Scripture and Reason Pleaded for Defensive Armes (1643), a tract justifying Parliament'sdefensive' war against the king, in which they argued that an open and publike resistance by armes, is the last Refuge under Heaven, of an oppressed, and endangered Nation' (p. 80); preached to both the House of Lords and the House of Commons on several occasions between 1643 and 1646; the central thrust of sermons such as The Necessity and Encouragement of Utmost Venturing for the Churches Help (1643), The Glasse of Gods Providence (1644), The Soule of Fasting (1644), and The Duty and Honour of Church Restorers (1646) was the need for further spiritual and church reforms; On 28 June 1643 he addressed the Commons on their fast day and urged them to undertake further reforms of the church especially in the matters of idolatry and the abuse of the sabbath and called for laws against clandestine marriages and drunkenness and the suppression of stage plays; in a sermon to both Houses of Parliament on 13 August 1644 he urged caution in the matter of religious toleration, and support for the recommendations of the Westminster Assembly; supported a presbyterian church settlement within limits; Lecturer at St James's, Duke Place, and later at thenew church' in the parish of St Margaret's, Westminster; one of the seven morning lecturers appointed by Parliament at Westminster Abbey; On 11 April 1644 he was appointed Master of Queens' College, Cambridge, by the Earl of Manchester; As Master Palmer donated money to the college library for books and helped to maintain poor scholars and refugee students from Germany and Hungary; died in September 1647; John Crow was his sole executor and the main beneficiary of his will; left all his history books in English, French, and Italian to his brother Sir Thomas Palmer, except for those already in the possession of Philip Delmé; ordered that his papers, apart from those that had been transcribed', should be burnt (PRO, PROB 11/203, fol. 340r); reputation as a biblical scholar; in a letter written in 1643 Robert Baillie described him asgracious and learned little Palmer' (on account of his small stature) and in a letter of 1644 as the best Catechist in England' (R. Baillie, quoted in Shaw, 1.342). Palmer's biographer commented that it was almost a miracle that a man withso weak a body as his' should be able to achieve so much, including speaking publicly for six to eight hours on the sabbath (Life', 431). So small was Palmer's frame that when he first preached to the French congregation at Canterbury an elderly Frenchwoman cried outWhat will this child say to us?'. She was overjoyed when she heard him pray and preach `with so much spiritual strength and vigour' (ibid., 421).
No information was discovered at the time of compilation.
Leonard Palmer was known as Billy. He lived in Willesden and Wembley. His father was Walter Edward Palmer, a member of the Metropolitan Police Force. Leonard was married to Florence.
Samuel Ernest Palmer, 1st Baron Palmer of Reading (1858-1948) was a Vice-President and Member of the Council of the Royal College of Music; and elected its first Fellow in 1921. He was raised to the peerage in 1933 for his services to music. In 1903 he endowed the Royal College of Music Patron's Fund with £20,000 for `the encouragement of native composers by the performance of their works'The first use of the funds was to give public concerts of new chamber and orchestral works. A selection committee chose some eight works from a range of 42, for the first performance at St James' Hall on 20 May 1904. Works by Gustav Holst and Arnold Bax featured in the first two concerts. In 1925, he supplemented his Patron's Fund with a Fund for Opera Study, as well as contributions to the fabric of the building. The Fund also gave assistance to young musicians studying abroad and for the publication of compositions. Following World War One, the evening concerts were replaced by daytime concerts in the RCM hall (effectively open rehearsals), the first being performed on 13 Nov 1919. By 1928 there had been 75 such performances, receiving good public attendance and press coverage.
In 1928 a birth control information centre was established in London under the direction of Edith How-Martyn (1875-1954). In 1930, following the Seventh International Conference on Birth Control in Zurich, the centre was re-organized as the Birth Control International Information Centre (BCIIC), with Margaret Sanger (1879-1966) as president and How-Martyn as director. Eileen Palmer was secretary of the BCIIC mainly during the 1930s. She worked closely with How-Martyn to forward the spread of information world-wide and maintained close links with Sanger's movement for planned parenthood in the USA. The BCIIC merged with the National Birth Control Association of England (name later changed to the Family Planning Association of England) in 1938, which continued much of the international agenda of the Centre until the formation of the International Committee on Planned Parenthood in 1948. The stated purpose of the BCIIC was to "spread the knowledge of birth control all over the world." The Centre acted as a clearinghouse for birth control information, responding to inquiries regarding the location of clinics, availability and effectiveness of particular contraceptives, methods, and legal restrictions. The Centre published numerous pamphlets, transcriptions of speeches, newsletters, bulletins and other information about contraception, new research and clinic updates. The BCIIC co-ordinated international birth control activities (the organisation of clinics and conferences) with the help of correspondents in over 30 countries. Centre staff also arranged for visitors to tour clinics in London and New York, and hosted weekly meetings in London with guest speakers from various countries.
Born the son of an RAF pilot in 1946, Christopher Palmer was educated at Norwich School and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Initially studying modern languages at Cambridge, he switched courses to music. His career was wide and varied: he was a writer, producing biographies, sleeve notes, radio scripts, reviews and articles, mainly on British music; he was also a talented orchestrator and arranger of film scores and classical music; and a record producer who particularly benefited unsung British composers. Palmer had an enthusiasm for Prokofiev, Ravel and Britten, and collaborated with Oleg Prokofiev on the publication of Serge Prokofiev, Soviet Diary, 1927 and other writings (Faber and Faber, 1991). His work on a new biography of Prokofiev was cut short by his untimely death in 1995.
Born, 1817; sheriff of Waterford, 1844; served in the Waterford militia; hunting expedition among the native people of western and north-western America, 1847; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1856-1867; led expedition in Canada to trace the course of the Southern Saskatchewan, evaluate the region for settlement, and exploring the Rockies for a southerly pass to British Columbia, 1857-1860; patron's gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society, 1859; died, 1887.
Publications: Adventures of a Hunter in the Prairies (1853)
No information was available at the time of compilation.
The Syrian Society, later named the Palestine Association, was formed in 1805 to promote the study of the geography, natural history, antiquities and anthropology of Palestine and the surrounding areas. In 1834, the Palestine Association was integrated into the Royal Geographical Society.
Born, 1697; lexicographer; announced his Glossaire de l'ancienne langue françoise, 1756; died, 1781; his Glossaire finally appeared in its entirety, 1875-1882. Publications include: as editor, Les Amours du bon vieux tems (Vaucluse & Paris, 1756); Histoire littéraire des Troubadours, arranged and published by C F X Millot (Paris, 1774), and The Literary History of the Troubadours, collected and abridged from the French by [Susanna Dobson] (London, 1779); Memoires sur l'ancienne chevalerie (Paris, 1759-81), and Memoirs of Ancient Chivalry, translated by [Mrs S Dobson] (London, 1784); Memoirs of the Life of Froissart, translated by T Johnes (London, 1801); Dictionnaire historique de l'ancien langage françois: ou Glossaire de la langue françoise (Paris, Niort, 1875-1882). See Lionel Gossman, Medievalism and the ideologies of the Enlightenment: the world and work of La Curne de Sainte-Palaye (Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1968).
Predrag Palavestra, born 1930, head of the Department for Language and Literature, Serbian Academy of Science and Arts, the head of its Department for Language and Literature, member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, President of the Serbian Center of the International PEN and the member of the European Society of Culture.
This company was established in Manchester in 1886 for the business of fire insurance in the United Kingdom and overseas; it moved into general accident insurance after 1890. It became a subsidiary of Commercial Union Assurance in 1900.
The author, Rolf Pakuscher, was the nephew of Frank Martin (formerly Martin F Salomon), a former Pioneers Corps comrade of the depositor. Pakuscher is described as being approximately 30 years of age in 1946, engaged to a young, non-Jewish woman.
Pakenham was born in 1861 into a titled and naval family. He entered the navy in 1874 and spent two years training on HMS BRITANNIA. He was promoted to sub-lieutenant in 1880 and lieutenant in 1883. At these ranks he served on ships including HMS ALEXANDRA and a series of cruisers in the Pacific and the Mediterranean, mainly with responsibility for gunnery. He was promoted commander in 1896 and served in naval intelligence for 18 months to August 1901. He became a captain in 1903 and was naval attache in Japan, 1904-1905. While there he spent much of his time on board HMIS ASAHI, including its periods engaged in battle in the Russo-Japanese war. Between 1906-1910 he served in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic and was made Fourth Sea Lord in 1911. He was present at the Battle of Jutland where he commanded a battle cruiser squadron from HMS NEW ZEALAND. In 1916 he was appointed as commander in chief of a battle cruiser force. After World War I he served briefly at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich and then as commander in chief of the North America and West Indies station. His visit to the west coast of the United States on HMS RALEIGH in 1922 was a diplomatic success. He was appointed admiral in that year. He retired in 1926 and died at San Sebastian, Spain in 1933.
Pakenham joined the DUNKIRK, which was attached to the Western Squadron, in 1758. He took part in the Goree expedition, remaining in the DUNKIRK until 1761, when he joined the NEPTUNE at Gibraltar. There he was promoted to lieutenant, and appointed to the TERROR but was taken prisoner by the Spanish. On his release in 1762 he went to the BLENHEIM, Mediterranean. From 1763 to 1765 he served in the ROMNEY, Halifax; there, in 1765, he purchased the command of the CROWN. He was promoted to captain the following year but had no further service until 1777, when he was appointed to command the AMERICA, 1777 to 1779, and then the ALEXANDER, 1779 to 1783, both in the Channel.
Frank Walter Paish, 1898-1988, was educated at Winchester College and Trinity College, Cambridge. He worked for the Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd, in London and South Africa, 1921-1932. From 1931 to 1938 he was a Lecturer at the London School of Economics, 1932-1938. Paish was a Reader, 1938-1949, and later became Professor of Economics (with special reference to Business Finance), 1949-1965. He was made an Honorary Fellow in 1970. Paish was also Secretary of the London and Cambridge Economic Service, 1932-1941, and 1945-1949, and Editor, 1947-1949. From 1941 to 1945 Piash was Deputy-Director of Programmes at the Ministry of Aircraft Production. He was also Consultant on Economic Affairs for Lloyds Bank Ltd, 1965-1970. His publications include: The Post-War Financial Problem and Other Essays (1950); Business Finance (1953); Studies in an Inflationary Economy (1962); Long-term and Short-term Interest Rates in the United Kingdom (1966); How the Economy Works and Other Essays (1970); The Rise and Fall of Incomes Policy (1969).
A recovery was a collusive law suit in the Court of Common Pleas, normally used to destroy (bar) or alter an entail; its result were recorded in an Exemplification of a (Common) Recovery. A Deed to make a tenant to the Precipe precedes a Recovery, transferring the property involved to a trustee and declaring the uses for which it is held.
Hanworth Manor was sold in 1670 to Sir Thomas Chamber. The latter died in 1692 and was succeeded by his son Thomas. Thomas Chamber left two daughters and co-heiresses, and Hanworth passed, through the marriage of the elder, to Lord Vere Beauclerk, who was created Baron Vere of Hanworth in 1750. The manor was inherited by his son Aubrey Lord Vere in 1781, who succeeded his cousin as Duke of St. Albans six years later. He still held the manor in 1802, but conveyed it very shortly after to James Ramsey Cuthbert. Frederick John Cuthbert was lord of the manor in 1816, but it passed before 1832 to Henry Perkins. After the death of his heir Algernon Perkins, before 1866, it was in the hands of his devisees, but was bought before 1887 by Messrs. Pain & Bretell, solicitors, of Chertsey.
From: 'Spelthorne Hundred: Hanworth', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 2: General; Ashford, East Bedfont with Hatton, Feltham, Hampton with Hampton Wick, Hanworth, Laleham, Littleton (1911), pp. 391-396.
These records, deposited by Messrs. Paine and Brettell of Chertsey, Surrey, solicitors, relate mainly to the purchase of Hanworth Park Estate by Henry Edwards Paine and Richard Brettell from the trustees of the will of Henry Perkins, the bibliophile, in October 1873, and the subsequent resale of the estate in smaller lots from then until 1882.
The collection includes documents which relate to the purchase of the Manor and Estate by James Ramsey Cuthbert from the Duke of St. Albans in 1810, and the sale of them by his son Frederick to Henry Perkins in 1828. On the death of Henry Perkins in 1855 the estate passed to his son Algernon as life tenant. He died without issue, so that in accordance with the Provisions of Henry Perkins' will the estate was sold by the trustees in 1873.
It had been the intention of Henry Paine and Richard Brettell to resell their purchase immediately as a whole, but they finally decided to split the part of the estate they had bought, - lots 1, 4 and 5 - into 19 lots which were first offered for sale in June 1874. They retained lot 3, the Manor of Hanworth. The sale of the estate took eight years, although auctions and sales were frequently arranged, and on occasions the price finally agreed on, was well below that originally asked. In April 1880, Richard Brettell conveyed his interest in Hanworth Park to Henry Paine in exchange for Paine's interest in lands jointly owned elsewhere, and in November of the same year the mortgage on the Estate was repaid.
The first and Largest purchaser was Alfred Lafone, who bought Hanworth Park House and surrounding land in the Park in 1874. Charles Pfander started purchasing land from the estate also in 1874, and James Scarlett bought "Queen Elizabeth's Gardens" in 1875. Many documents relate to the abortive negotiations for a sale to Jacobs Bradwell of Feltham in 1875. In 1878 Jasper Boswell bought 33 acres near the church yard opposite the land of Alfred Lafone, and in the next year Alfred Pullin Newman and his partner, William Hatch, bought much of the land Newman had leased with his brother since 1875. The final sale represented in this collection was in 1882, to Sidney Smith of Feltham, although correspondence relating to the estate continues until 1901.
Two Paines are mentioned in the records: James Paine, a school master from the parish of St Nicholas Deptford; and Daniel George Paine, a stationer based on the High Street, Deptford.
Born 1921; aircraft apprentice, RAF Holton, 1937; Aircraftsman Grade 2, RAF Driffield, 1939; posted to No 7 Squadron Hampdens, RAF Finningly, 1939; volunteered to join 210 Squadron, Coastal Command, 1939-1942; Sergeant, 1940; posted to 407 Squadron, Royal Canadian Air Force, 1942; Signals Instructor, South Cerney, 1943; Emergency Commissioned Acting Pilot Officer, Nov 1943; Flying Officer, Jul 1944; Flight Lieutenant, Sept 1944; Squadron Leader and Station Commander, Training Area Flying Control Centre, 1945; Flight Lieutenant, 1948; retired as Squadron Leader, 1973; died 2002.
Barry Eric Odell Pain was born in 1864 in Cambridge and educated at Sedbergh School and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. After graduating he spent several years as an army coach before moving to London to pursue writing. He was a prolific writer of fiction and non-fiction, but is most often remembered today for his 'Eliza' series, a humorous portrait of working class, suburban life. The painter Rudolf Lehmann was his father-in-law and the composer Liza Lehmann his sister-in-law.
No information available at present.
"Families, entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial values: Britain and Russia" was a project headed by Professors R E Pahl and P R Thompson and funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. The project involved life story interviews of adults from two different generations of the same family in order to investigate the connection between family and cultural sources of entrepreneurial values and entrepreneurship. The British section of the project was never undertaken.
William, sixth Lord Paget, was born on 10 February 1637, the eldest son of William, fifth Lord Paget. On 25 November 1678 he took up his seat in the House of Lords. In 1681 he signed a petition against the Parliament being held at Oxford. On the landing of the Prince of Orange, he was one of the Peers who petitioned the King to call a 'free parliament'. He subsequently voted for the vacancy of the throne and for settling the Crown on William and Mary, the Prince and Princess of Orange. On their accession, he was constituted the Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire in March 1688-1689.
In September 1690 he was appointed Ambassador at Vienna. He held this post until February 1693, when he was appointed as Ambassador-Extraordinary to Turkey. In this role he participated in the negotiations for a treaty of peace between the Imperialists, Poles and Turks, resulting in the Treaty of Carlowitz on 26 January 1699. Shortly afterwards he was instrumental in the peace between Muscovy, the State of Venice and the Turks. The Sultan and Grand Vizier of Turkey wrote to William III in March 1699, asking that Paget would not be recalled home, as Paget himself desired. Paget consented to stay, finally quitting the Turkish Court at Adrianople in May 1702. Between July and November 1702, Paget stayed in Vienna to settle the dispute that had arisen between the Emperor and the Grand Seignior concerning the limits of their respective territories in the Province of Bosnia. In December 1702, he attended the Court of Bavaria to offer England's mediation in adjusting the differences between the Prince and the Emperor. He arrived back in London in April 1703. On 24 June 1703, he was re-appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Staffordshire. Paget died on 26 February 1713.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
Paget was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1895. He was Secretary to the Patent Law Committee, 1900; Secretary to the University College Transfer Commission, 1905; Assistant Secretary to the Admiralty Board of Invention and Research, 1915-1918; and President of the British Deaf and Dumb Association, 1953. He published many writings on human speech and language.
Born Great Yarmouth, 1814; educated at a private school, Yarmouth; apprenticed to Charles Costerton, surgeon, in Yarmouth, 1830; entered as a student at St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1834; identified the parasite Trichina spiralis whilst studying at the hospital, 1835; clinical clerk to Dr Latham, 1835-1836; member, Royal College of Surgeons, 1836; sub-editor of the Medical Gazette, 1837-1842; Curator of the museum, 1837 and Demonstrator in morbid anatomy, 1839-1943, St Bartholomew's Hospital; Fellow, Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1843; Lecturer on general anatomy and physiology, 1843 and Warden of the College for students, 1843-1851, St Bartholomew's Hospital; prepared a catalogue of the anatomical museum of St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1846; prepared a catalogue of the pathological specimens in the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1846-1849; Arris and Gale Professor of Anatomy and Surgery, 1847-1852; Assistant Surgeon, 1847-1861, St Bartholomew's Hospital; Fellow, Royal Society, 1851; Surgeon-Extraordinary to Queen Victoria, 1858; member of the Senate, University of London, 1860; lectured in physiology, 1859-1861, Surgeon, 1861-1871 and Lecturer on Surgery, 1865-1869, St Bartholomew's Hospital; member, 1865-1889, Vice-President, 1873, 1874, President, 1875, of the Council, Royal College of Surgeons; Serjeant-Surgeon-Extraordinary to Queen Victoria, 1867-1877; Consulting Surgeon, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1869; President, Clinical Society, 1869; created Baronet, 1871; President, Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, 1875; representative of the Royal College of Surgeons at the General Medical Council, 1876-1881; Serjeant-Surgeon to Queen Victoria, 1877; Hunterian Orator, 1877; President, International Congress of Medicine, 1881; Bradshaw Lecturer, 1882; Vice-Chancellor, University of London, 1883-1895; Morton Lecturer, 1887; President, Pathological Society of London, 1887; died, London, 1899.
Born Great Yarmouth, 1814; educated at a private school, Yarmouth; apprenticed to Charles Costerton, surgeon, in Yarmouth, 1830; entered as a student at St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1834; identified the parasite Trichina spiralis whilst studying at the hospital, 1835; clinical clerk to Dr Latham, 1835-1836; member, Royal College of Surgeons, 1836; sub-editor of the Medical Gazette, 1837-1842; Curator of the museum, 1837 and Demonstrator in morbid anatomy, 1839-1943, St Bartholomew's Hospital; Fellow, Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1843; Lecturer on general anatomy and physiology, 1843 and Warden of the College for students, 1843-1851, St Bartholomew's Hospital; prepared a catalogue of the anatomical museum of St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1846; prepared a catalogue of the pathological specimens in the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1846-1849; Arris and Gale Professor of Anatomy and Surgery, 1847-1852; Assistant Surgeon, 1847-1861, St Bartholomew's Hospital; Fellow, Royal Society, 1851; Surgeon-Extraordinary to Queen Victoria, 1858; member of the Senate, University of London, 1860; lectured in physiology, 1859-1861, Surgeon, 1861-1871 and Lecturer on Surgery, 1865-1869, St Bartholomew's Hospital; member, 1865-1889, Vice-President, 1873, 1874, President, 1875, of the Council, Royal College of Surgeons; Serjeant-Surgeon-Extraordinary to Queen Victoria, 1867-1877; Consulting Surgeon, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1869; President, Clinical Society, 1869; created Baronet, 1871; President, Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, 1875; representative of the Royal College of Surgeons at the General Medical Council, 1876-1881; Serjeant-Surgeon to Queen Victoria, 1877; Hunterian Orator, 1877; President, International Congress of Medicine, 1881; Bradshaw Lecturer, 1882; Vice-Chancellor, University of London, 1883-1895; Morton Lecturer, 1887; President, Pathological Society of London, 1887; died, London, 1899.
Publications include: Sketch of the Natural History of Yarmouth and its Neighbourhood, containing catalogues of the species of animals, birds, reptiles, fish, insects, and plants, at present known with Charles J Paget (F Skill, Yarmouth, 1834); Report on the chief results obtained by the use of the Microscope, in the study of human anatomy and physiology (London, 1842); The Motives to Industry in the study of Medicine. An address (London, 1846); Records of Harvey, in extracts from the journals of the Royal Hospital of St Bartholomew William Harvey With notes by J Paget (London, 1846); A Descriptive Catalogue of the Anatomical Museum of St Bartholomews' Hospital [vol 1, 2] (London, 1846-1862); Hand-Book of Physiology By W S Kirkes assisted by J Paget (Taylor, Walton & Maberly; John Murray, London, 1848-); Lectures on the processes of Repair and Reproduction after Injuries (London, 1849); Lectures on Surgical Pathology, delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England (2 vol London, 1853); Sinus and Fistula -Ulcers -Tumours (innocent) -Contusions -Wounds (1860); On the importance of the study of Physiology, as a branch of education for all classes (1867); Clinical Lectures and Essays Edited by H Marsh (London, 1875); The Hunterian Oration delivered ... on the 13th of February, 1877 (London, 1877); The Contrast of Temperance with Abstinence [1879]; Theology and Science. An address (Rivingtons, London, 1881); Descriptive catalogue of the Pathological Specimens contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. Supplement Second edition with G F Goodhart and A H G Doran (J & A Churchill, London, 1882); On some rare and new diseases; suggestions for the study of part of the natural history of disease. The Bradshawe Lecture, ... 1882 (London, 1883); The Morton Lecture on Cancer and Cancerous Diseases delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons (Longmans & Co, London, 1887); Studies of old Case-Books (Longmans & Co, London, 1891); Memoirs and Letters of Sir James Paget Edited by Stephen Paget (Longmans & Co, London, 1901); Three Selected Papers. I On the Relation between the Symmetry and Diseases of the Body, 1841. II On Disease of the Mammary Areola preceding Cancer of the Mammary Gland, 1874. III On a Form of Chronic Inflammation of Bones (Osteitis deformans), 1876 (London, New Sydenham Society, 1901); Selected Essays and Addresses Edited by Stephen Paget (Longmans & Co, London, 1902).
Sir James Paget was born on 11 January 1814 at Great Yarmouth, the son of Samuel Paget, brewer and ship owner, and one time mayor of Great Yarmouth. Paget was the eighth of seventeenth children, nine of which survived childhood, and brother of the eminent physician Sir George Paget. His early education was at a local private school. However his father ran into financial difficulties after the short boom of the post-Napoleonic War years, and Paget could not follow his elder brothers' route through Charterhouse and on to university. In 1830 he was instead apprenticed for five years to Charles Costerton, surgeon in Great Yarmouth. During his apprenticeship Paget wrote and published with one of his brothers a book on the natural history of the town.
In 1834 Paget became a student at St Bartholomew's Hospital (St Bart's), London, and took lodgings in the capital. The following year, whilst undertaking some dissection work, he noticed white specks in the muscles of his subject. On inspection through a microscope he found them to be cysts containing worms. Professor Richard Owen later confirmed his observations, and the parasite became known as Trichina spiralis. From 1835-36 Paget was appointed clinical clerk, under the physician Peter Mere Latham, because he could not afford the fee demanded by the surgeons of the hospital for the office of "dresser". Consequently he did not become a house surgeon. In 1836, at the age of twenty-two, Paget became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.
He made a short study tour to Paris before settling in London, where he supported himself by teaching and writing. From 1837-42 he was sub-editor of the Medical Gazette, and also wrote for the Medical Quarterly Review. In 1837 he was also appointed curator of St Bart's Museum, and in 1839 was made demonstrator of morbid anatomy. In 1841 he was elected surgeon to the Finsbury Dispensary. At St Bart's he was promoted to the position of lecturer on general anatomy and physiology in 1843, and in the same year became one of the original fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons. Also in 1843 he was elected warden of St Bart's new college for students, which in addition to a salary included accommodation within the college. In 1844 he finally married his fiancé Lydia North, after an eight-year engagement.
In 1846 Paget compiled a catalogue of St Bart's Museum, the style and content of which laid the foundation of his reputation. He also prepared a catalogue of the pathological specimens housed in the Hunterian Museum, which appeared between 1846 and 1849. In 1847 he was appointed an assistant surgeon at St Bart's, after a severe contest. There was some opposition to his appointment on the grounds that he had not been a dresser or a house surgeon, and so did not hold the qualifications traditionally thought necessary for the post. From 1847-52 he was Arris and Gale Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons. The subsequent publication of these lectures, in his Lectures on Surgical Pathology (1853), gave a great impulse to the study of pathology, which had been waning for some time. In 1851 he was elected fellow of the Royal Society. In the same year he resigned from his post as warden at St Bart's, although he remained assistant surgeon and lecturer. Consequently he found he had the time to set up a consultant practice. He moved to Henrietta Street, to a house large enough to accommodate his growing family and practice.
In 1858, whilst still only an assistant surgeon, he was appointed surgeon-extraordinary to the Queen. He was surgeon to the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII, and attended the Princess of Wales, later Queen Alexandra, during a long illness. Also in 1858 Paget moved to a larger property in Harewood Place, just off Oxford Street. In 1859 he resigned from his appointment as lecturer in physiology at St Bart's, owing to his burgeoning private practice. At the time his was the largest surgical practice in London. In 1860 he was appointed a member of the Senate of the University of London. He became full surgeon at St Bart's in 1861, and from 1865-69 lectured on surgery at the medical school. From 1865-89 he was a member of the council of the Royal College of Surgeons. From 1867-77 he held the post of Serjeant-Surgeon-Extraordinary. In 1869 he was made president of the Clinical Society.
Paget held great authority amongst his contemporaries, and it has been said that he was a surgeon who
`advanced his art by showing how pathology might be applied successfully to elucidate clinical problems, when as yet there was no science of bacteriology' (DNB, 1901, p.241).
He made great use of the microscope to determine the true nature of morbid growths. He was widely respected as a teacher, due to his eloquence and his ability to grasp the principles of his subject, and to discuss them briefly and clearly. His name is ultimately associated with a chronic eczematous condition of the nipple, which related to breast cancer, and with a chronic inflammation of bones, which was named Osteitis deformans.
Paget resigned as surgeon at St Bart's in 1871 and was immediately appointed a consulting surgeon of the hospital. In the same year he was created a baronet. He was vice president of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1873 and 1874, and president in 1875. In the same year he was elected president of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. He had made numerous contributions to medical literature throughout his career and this continued after his retirement from the hospital. He wrote articles on various topics, including cancer, syphilis and typhoid, as well as surgical conditions. In 1875 he published a collection of his papers entitled Clinical Lectures and Essays. He was the Royal College of Surgeons representative at the General Medical Council from 1876-81, and was the Hunterian orator at the college in 1877. In 1877 he was also made Serjeant-Surgeon to Queen Victoria.
In 1881 Paget was president of the International Congress of Medicine at the meeting held in London. In 1883 he became Vice-Chancellor of the University of London, a post he retained until 1895. In 1887 he was president of the Pathological Society of London. Amongst his many distinctions he was awarded honorary degrees from the universities of Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin, Bonn and Wurzberg.
Lady Paget died in 1895. Paget began to deteriorate soon afterwards, never really recovering from the blow caused by his wife's death. He died at his house in Regent's Park, where he had moved on his retirement, on 30 December 1899. He was buried at Finchley cemetery, after a funeral service at Westminster Abbey. The Pagets' four sons and two daughters survived both parents, their son Francis became Bishop of Oxford, whilst Stephen followed in his father's path and became himself a distinguished surgeon.
Publications:
A Sketch of the Natural History of Great Yarmouth and its Neighbourhood, containing Catalogues of the Species of Animals, Birds, Reptiles, Fish, Insects and Plants, at present known, James & Charles Paget (Yarmouth, 1834)
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Pathological Specimens contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons (Vol. I 1846; Vol. II 1847; Vol. III 1848; Vols. IV & V 1849; 2nd ed. 1882-85)
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Anatomical Museum of St Bartholomew's Hospital (Vol. I 1847; Vol. II, 1852)
Handbook of Physiology: assisted by J. Paget, William Senhouse, Sir James Paget (London, 1848)
Lectures on Surgical Pathology (London, 1853; 2nd ed. 1863; 3rd ed. 1870; 4th ed. 1876)
Clinical Lectures and Essays, Howard Marsh (ed.) (London, 1875, transl. into French, 1877)
The Hunterian Oration (London, 1877)
On Some Rare and New Diseases (London, 1883)
Studies of Old Case Books (London, 1891)
John Hunter, Man of Science and Surgeon, 1728-93; with an Introduction by Sir James Paget, Stephen Paget (London, 1897)
Memoirs and Letters of Sir James Paget, ed. by Stephen Paget (London, 1901) Posthumously published
Selected Essays and Addresses, edited by S. Paget, Sir James Paget, Stephen Paget (ed.) (London, 1902)
Publications by others about Paget:
Sir James Paget: The Rise of Clinical Surgery, Shirley Roberts (London, 1989)
The Manors featured in these papers were all held by the interconnected Paget family. William Paget, first Baron Paget, (1505-1563) rose to prominence in the court of Henry VIII despite coming from a modest London family, acting as diplomat, ambassador, secretary of state and member of the Privy Council. As he became more successful Paget began to accumulate lands and estates, starting with the manor of West Drayton in 1536. The Manor of Harmondsworth was granted in 1547 and joined to his West Drayton estates. He later acquired estates in Staffordshire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire.
The eighth Baron Paget, Henry Paget (1663-1743), an official in the Royal household, was made first Earl of Uxbridge in 1714. His son, also Henry (1719-1769), was the second Earl of Uxbridge and added to the family estates with the purchase of the Manors of Dawley and Harlington in 1755. Henry died unmarried and childless, so the barony of Paget passed to Henry Bayly (1744-1812), the great-great-grandson of William, the sixth baron Paget. Bayly, who changed his name to Paget, sold the manor of West Drayton in 1786, the manor of Dawley in 1772 and the manor of Harlington in 1773. His son Henry William Paget (1768-1854) became the marquess of Anglesey after losing a leg at the Battle of Waterloo. His son sold the Manor of Harmondsworth in the mid-nineteenth century.
Sources: 'Harlington: Manors' and 'West Drayton: Manors', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3: Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell, Sunbury, Teddington, Heston and Isleworth, Twickenham, Cowley, Cranford, West Drayton, Greenford, Hanwell, Harefield and Harlington (1962), pp. 191-195 and pp. 261-267; and 'Harmondsworth: Manors and other estates', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4: Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood with Southall, Hillingdon with Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow with Pinner (1971), pp. 7-10. See also entries for the Paget family in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
Nursing Notes Ltd was set up in 1929 by Dame Rosalind to produce the journal Nursing Notes, more recently called Midwives, which she had begun in 1887 for nurses and midwives. She personally funded the publication and was involved in its administration and production. Other members of the Paget family subsequently became involved, notably Kathleen and Guy Paget. The offices of the journal served as the focal point for the administration of the journal, and also a Trust Fund which Dame Rosalind established in 1919. She was a trained nurse and midwife and a prominent member in the movement to raise the status of midwives and nurses, and to improve the standards in these professions. The records in this collection reflect just a part of her activities, which also included the development of the Midwives Institute, now the Royal College of Midwives, and she also helped set up the Queen's Nursing Institute. She was also an active member of the Chartered Society of Massage and Medical Gymnastics which became the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy.
Walter Pagel was born in Berlin, the youngest son of Julius Pagel, the Professor of Medical History at the Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Berlin, where Pagel studied medicine. Pagel then worked at the Preussisches Institut für Infektionskrankheiten 'Robert Koch', Berlin, undertaking research in microbiology and immunology. In 1924 he moved to the Berlin Municipal Tuberculosis Hospital at Sommerfeld, where he pursued the immunological aspects of TB, working on theories recently advanced by Ranke. He continued to work as a pathologist in Germany until Hitler's accession to power in 1933, when he was dismissed from his post as a Jew. He then worked briefly in Paris before settling in England where he worked in Cambridge and London until his retirement in 1967. Between 1924 and 1967 Pagel was the author of around 120 publications on tuberculosis, including seven major monographs - of which Pulmonary Tuberculosis, 1939, was the OUP's standard textbook on the subject.
However, it was as a medical historian that Pagel was best known, concerned with the study of philosophy and religion in the 16th and 17th centuries, and primarily with the work of van Helmont, Paracelsus and Harvey. Pagel's first major historical monograph on van Helmont was published in 1930, but the majority of his historical research was carried out after his retirement from pathology work in 1967.