The firm of stockbrokers was formed on the partnership of Charles Holland (d.1922) and George Paton Balfour (1852-1932). Between 1879 and 1888 a third partner, George Buchanan Hamilton, meant the firm was known as Holland, Balfour and Hamilton. It was based at 2 Cushion Court, Old Broad Street (1877-1925), 310 Gresham House (1925-41), 97 Gresham Street (1941-1945) and 24 Throgmorton Street (1945-59). In 1959 it was taken over by James Capel and Company.
Paul Hollander was born in Cologne in 1908. After leaving school he decided to work abroad to improve his language skills. He spent time in London, Rotterdam and France where in 1938 he stumbled into a career in journalism.
At the outbreak of war he volunteered for the French forces but as a German he was immediately interned. His only alternative was to volunteer for the French Foreign Legion where he served for a little under a year as engagé volontaire pour la durée de la guerre. After which time he spent the next two and a half years in various camps including Kenadsa. In the Spring of 1943 he managed to bluff his way out of the camp and arrived in Algiers where he joined the British Alien Company.
Paul Hollander was a Hungarian refugee student at the time the report in the collection was written. He was then finishing his studies at the London School of Economics. He went on to become associate professor of Sociology at Massachusetts University and published a number of works on Soviet/Western relations. Alan Dare was a British fellow student involved in the resettlement of Hungarian refugees.
Unknown.
Holliday and Greenwood was incorporated as a limited liability company in 1901 by James Samuel Holliday of Dulwich Common and Benjamin Isaac Greenwood of Shoreham, Kent. The company undertook a wide variety of contracts which included offices, factories, housing, shops, hospitals and schools in and around the London area. The first company office and works were situated at Loughborough Park, Brixton. In 1915 both operations were transferred to Stewarts Road, Battersea. Ten years later the offices were relocated to 146 Buckingham Palace Road, SW1, while the works, which by this time included a saw mill, joinery works, trade workshops and stores remained in Battersea. In 1962 the company was taken over by Higgs and Hill Limited, but continued to trade under the Holliday and Greenwood name until 1970.
Holliday and Greenwood was incorporated as a limited liability company in 1901 by James Samuel Holliday of Dulwich Common and Benjamin Isaac Greenwood of Shoreham, Kent. The company undertook a wide variety of contracts which included offices, factories, housing, shops, hospitals and schools in and around the London area. The first company office and works were situated at Loughborough Park, Brixton. In 1915 both operations were transferred to Stewarts Road, Battersea. Ten years later the offices were relocated to 146 Buckingham Palace Road, SW1, while the works, which by this time included a saw mill, joinery works, trade workshops and stores remained in Battersea. In 1962 the company was taken over by Higgs and Hill Limited, but continued to trade under the Holliday and Greenwood name until 1970.
Born 1874; served as British Resident to the Sultan of Zanzibar, 1923-1929; Governor of Trinidad and Tobago, 1930-1936; died 1961.
Wilhelm Hollitscher arrived in England on March 31 1939 at the age of 66 from Vienna. Apparently a life-long diarist, he recommenced writing his diaries on 13 June 1939. After his arrival in England Hollitscher stayed at Salford, soon after moving to Petts Wood, Kent, where he lived throughout the duration of the diaries, except for a period of 10 weeks internment [25 June- 1 September 1940].
Born, 1918; educated Christ's Hospital, Horsham; Oxford (chemistry); research chemist, Glaxo, [c1940]-1943; Naval Air arm, [1943-1945]; sub-lieutenant careers advisor, Lee-on-Solent, 1945; school teacher, Devon, [1945-1950]; worked in recruitment, British Nylon Spinners [1950]-1960; Secretary of the Manchester University Careers and Appointments Service, 1960-1984; died 1995.
Born 1833 as George Martin; married Sarah Anne Driver, sister of Jane Holloway, 1857; assisted Thomas Holloway in the foundation of Holloway Sanatorium and Royal Holloway College; became Trustee of the Mount Lee Estate, Egham, 1876, on which Royal Holloway College was built, supervised the building of the College, and laid the foundation stone, 1879; Governor of Royal Holloway College, 1879; assumed additional name of Holloway, 1884; knighted, 1887; Patron of the Chapel at St Michael and All Angels Church, Sunninghill, Berkshire, 1888-1889; died 1895.
Thomas Holloway (1800-1883) was a highly successful pill and ointment manufacturer, who pioneered the use of product advertising. He married Jane Driver in 1840, and together they built up a large and prosperous business. Having no descendants, Holloway decided to use his fortune for philanthropic causes, and was encouraged by Lord Shaftesbury to found a mental hospital and by his wife to found a college for the higher education of women. This resulted in the Holloway Sanatorium (opened 1885) and Royal Holloway College (opened 1886), the latter serving as a memorial to Jane Holloway, who died in 1875. Thomas Holloway died before either project was completed, but not before the composition of a Royal Holloway College Foundation Deed. He left a large sum of money with which to endow the College.
Founded by Thomas Holloway (1800-1883), the hospital opened in 1885 as an asylum for the middle and upper classes. It closed in 1981.
Vera Louise Holme (1881-1969) was born in Lancashire in 1881, the daughter of Richard Holme, a timber merchant, and his wife Mary Louisa Crowe. Holme was sent away from home as a young girl to be educated at a convent school in Belgium. As a young woman she was based in London, and began performing with touring acting companies, often as a male impersonator. She adopted a masculine style of dress, short hair and took on the nickname Jack or Jacko. She became a member of the D'Olyly Carte Opera company around 1906, performing in productions of Gilbert and Sullivan at the Savoy Opera House. By 1908 she was a member of the Actresses' Franchise League. She joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in 1908 and was active in suffrage propaganda work such as greeting released prisoners from Holloway Prison in Mar 1909; working as a mounted marshal at a demonstration in Jun 1909 and acting the role of 'Hannah Snell' in Cicely Hamilton's 'Pageant of Great Women' in 1909. She was close to the centre of WSPU activity and social circles, staying with the Blathwayt family at Eagle's House in 1909, becoming the chauffeur for the Pankhursts and Pethick-Lawrences, and was a member of the 'Young Hot Bloods' group alongside Jessie Kenney and Elsie Howie. She was imprisoned in Holloway Prison in 1911 for stone-throwing. From 1914-1920 she was an acting member of the Pioneer Players. At the outbreak of the First World War, Holme joined the Women's Volunteer Reserve, and then enlisted in the transport unit of the Scottish Women's Hospital, based in Serbia and Russia, where she was responsible for horses and trucks. In Oct 1917 she delivered a report on the situation of the Serbian army on the Romanian Front to Lord Robert Cecil of the Foreign Office. She spent the remainder of the war giving lecture tours to publicise the work of the Scottish Women's Hospital Unit. In 1918 she became the administrator of the Haverfield Fund for Serbian Children - an orphanage set up by Evelina Haverfield, her companion from 1911 until her death in 1920. She continued to be involved in relief work for Serbia in various capacities throughout the 1920s -1930s, and remained interested in political issues in Yugoslavia throughout her life, returning to visit in 1934. She subsequently moved to Scotland where she lived with Margaret Greenless and Margaret Ker, friends from her suffrage days and also previously of the Scottish Women's Hospitals Unit. She became involved in the artistic scene centred around Kirkcudbright, led by Jessie M King. She was a lifelong friend of Edith Craig, participating in performances staged in the Barn Theatre, Kent. She was close to her brother Richard (known as Dick or Gordon) Holme throughout her life, and her niece and nephew were named Vera and Jack after her. She was also active in the Women's Rural Institute from the early 1920s until her death in Scotland in 1969.
Brian Holmes (1920-1993) trained as a science teacher at the Institute of Education, University of London in 1946. He went on to classroom teaching in grammar schools in London, 1946-1951, and was then a lecturer in science at Durham University. He joined the staff of the Institute of Education, University of London, in 1953 and was Professor of Comparative Education at the Institute, 1975-1985. He was instrumental in the development of a number of national and international comparative education societies and had wide interests in international and comparative education and alternative philosophies of education.
Edward Morell Holmes described himself as a "Consulting Botanist and Pharmacognosist" and was the author of many papers on botany and materia medica. He was lecturer in botany at the Westminster Hospital School from 1873 to 1876, lecturer in materia medica to the Pharmaceutical Society from 1887 to 1890, and Curator of the Museum of the Pharmaceutical Society from 1872 to 1922. In 1900 he was President to the British Pharmaceutical Conference. For an obituary see the Pharmaceutical Journal, 1930, 4th series, 71, pp.284-286.
Born at Harbertonford, Devon, England, 1866; studied at Western College; appointed London Missionary Society (LMS) missionary to the Fly River District, Papua, ordained in Plymouth, and travelled to Papua, 1893; visited the Fly River and Western Stations and returned to Thursday Island; at Port Moresby for a time; appointed to the Elema district and settled at Jokea, 1894; visited the mission stations in the (Torres) Straits and Fly River and returned to Jokea, 1895; to benefit his health, went with the mission ship the SS John Williams IV on its round of visits to the South Sea stations, 1896; returned to Papua and moved to Orokolo, 1897; visited England and married Alice Middleton (d 1941) in Plymouth, 1901; returned with his wife to Papua, 1902; volunteered to move to the Purari Delta, 1904; visited Australia to superintend the construction of a launch, the Purari, 1905; settled at Urika, 1906; visited Australia for health reasons, 1911; went to Sydney for his wife's health, 1917; the couple returned to England, 1919; retired from active service, 1920; an authority on the Elema cultures; died in Streatham, London, 1934. Publications: By Canoe to Cannibal Land (1923); In Primitive New Guinea (1924); Way back in Papua (1926).
Born 1909; Administrative Officer, Mental Hospitals Department, London County Council, 1928-1932; Administrative Officer, Department of the Clerk of the Council, 1932-1942; studied history at King's College London, 1931-1934; Ambulance Control Officer, London Ambulance Services, 1939-1942; served with 51 Training Regt, Royal Armoured Corps, UK, 1942, and with Royal Army Ordnance Corps in UK, 1942-1943, India, 1942-1945, and Burma, 1945-1946; Commander, No 52 Ordnance Field Depot, Myngaladon, Burma, 1945; Commander, No 62 Ordnance Field Depot, Rangoon, 1945-1946; served on Public Control Committee, London County Council, 1946, and Parks Committee, 1947-1954; Postgraduate student, Theology Faculty, King's College London, 1949-1952; Council Clerk, London County Council, 1954-1970; retired in 1970.
Employee Queen Mary College 1951-1982, Lecturer in Modern Languages, Warden of Linden Hall, Tutor to Women Students.
Samuel Holmes was Sergeant-Major of the 12th light dragoons.
Born 1840; member of the Essex Field Club; Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute (RAI), 1881-1923; RAI Council member, 1887-1901; died, 1923.
Thomas Holmes and John Pyke were both liverymen of the Coachmakers' Company. They had premises at 109 Long Acre.
Holmhurst Home was founded by the King's Fund in 1951 in conjunction with Lambeth Group Hospital Management Committee as a halfway house for the rehabilitation of elderly hospital patients before they returned to their own homes. Most patients were admitted to Holmhurst Home from the South Western Hospital. In 1962 the Committee of Managers decided to drop the word 'home' from its title as they thought this caused confusion. In 1966 the King's Fund intimated that they wished to withdraw their support from Holmhurst and other similar homes so that they could devote their funds to experiments in other fields. On 1 April 1968 Holmhurst was designated by the Minister of Health to the Board of Governors of Saint Thomas' Hospital, who also took over responsibility for the South Western Hospital. Initially Saint Thomas' allowed the same Committee of Managers to continue to run Holmhurst. In February 1969 responsibility for the day to day management was given to the Secretary of the South Western Hospital. The Committee of Managers ceased to meet; though its members were asked to become visitors to both institutions.
This hospital was set up in the early days of the First World War for the reception of wounded soldiers. It was one of the first auxiliary hospitals to be established under the auspices of the Voluntary Aid Detatchment of the British Red Cross. There is a history of the hospital by 'The Commandant' (C J S Thompson): "The Story of 'Holmleigh' Auxiliary Military Hospital, Harrow-on-the-Hill, 1914-1919".
Charles John S. Thompson (d.1943) was the first Curator of the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum and the author of numerous works on medical history. See Who Was Who Vol IV for details of his career.
John Baker Holroyd was born in 1735. In 1781 he was created Baron Sheffield of Dunamare, Co. Meath in the Peerage of Ireland and in 1802 created Baron Sheffield of Sheffield, Co. York in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. He was President of the Board of Agriculture, a Lord of Trade and one of His Majesty's most honourable Privy Council. He was known in the literary world as a writer on political economy. He died in 1821.
John Baker Holroyd was born in 1735. In 1781 he was created Baron Sheffield of Dunamare, Co Meath in the Peerage of Ireland and in 1802 created Baron Sheffield of Sheffield, Co. York in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. He was President of the Board of Agriculture, a Lord of Trade and one of His Majesty's most honourable Privy Council. He was known in the literary world as a writer on political economy. He died in 1821.
John Baker Holroyd was born in 1735. In 1781 he was created Baron Sheffield of Dunamare, Co Meath in the Peerage of Ireland and in 1802 created Baron Sheffield of Sheffield, Co York in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. He was President of the Board of Agriculture, a Lord of Trade and one of His Majesty's most honourable Privy Council. He was known in the literary world as a writer on political economy. He died in 1821.
Peter Malcolm Holt was born on 28 November 1918. He was educated at Lord William's Grammar School and later at Oxford University, where he obtained Master of Arts and D. Litt degrees. He joined the Sudan Civil Service, Ministry of Education in 1941, where he served until 1953. He was appointed Government Archivist from 1954-1955. In 1955 he returned to the United Kingdom and joined the School of Oriental and African Studies. In 1964 he was made Professor of Arabic History. From 1975-1982 he was Professor of History of the Near and Middle East at the University of London. In 1980 the Republic of Sudan awarded him the Gold Medal of Science, Letters and Art.
His publications include The Mahdist State in the Sudan 1881-1898 (1958); The Modern History of Sudan (1961); Historians of the Middle East (co-ed. with B. Lewis, 1962); Political and Social Change in Modern Egypt (1968); The Cambridge History of Islam (co-ed. with A. K. S. Lambton & B. Lewis, 1970); and Studies in the History of the Near East (1973).
Winifred Holtby (1898-1935) was born in 1898 at Rudston House, the daughter of David Holtby, a Yorkshire farmer and Alice Winn, the first alderwoman in Yorkshire. In 1917 Holtby passed the entrance exam for Somerville College but volunteered first in a London nursing home and then for the Women's Auxiliary Army Corps in France in early 1918. In 1919 she took up her place at Somerville where she met Vera Brittain and where she graduated in Modern History. Despite being offered a position as a history tutor at St Hugh's College, Holtby moved to London with Brittain in 1921. At the same time as lecturing for the Six Point Group as well as the League of Nations Union and becoming the London County Council manager for schools in Bethnal Green, Holtby completed her first book, Anderby Wold, which was published in 1923. This was followed by The Crowded Street in 1924 and The Land of Green Ginger in 1927. Additionally, she worked as a journalist throughout the 1920s and 1930s, writing articles for Time and Tide, the Manchester Guardian and a regular weekly article for the trade union magazine, The Schoolmistress as well as a critical study of Virginia Woolf. Holtby was by this time a pacifist and travelled throughout Europe in the post-war period, attending the League of Nations assemblies as a writer and speaker every year from 1923 to 1930. She was also involved in the campaign for equality for women and from 1925 was a member of the executive committee of the Six Point Group for whom she wrote the 'New Voter's Guide to Party Programmes' in 1929. She was also a member of the Labour Party, working as an activist in constituencies during elections and writing articles for the left-wing journal The New Leader. In 1926 she visited South Africa, establishing a branch of the League of Nations Union in Ladysmith, helping set up a black transport workers' union in Johannesburg and studying conditions and problems of the black population and the effects of discrimination. There she met and began to work with William Ballinger, a Scotsman working to improve conditions for whom she would become involved in fundraising activities with the aim of providing education, grants and sponsorships. In 1931 the writer became ill and during the Labour Party General Election campaign of 1932 Holtby's health began to deteriorate rapidly. Returning to Yorkshire, she appeared to recover, returned to London, attended the majority of the parliamentary Joint Select Committees on Closer Union in South Africa, advised the International Labour Organisation on the issue of forced labour there and published another novel in 1933, The Astonishing Island as well as editing Time and Tide. However, a second collapse revealed kidney disease and she was given two years to live, a diagnosis which intensive treatment extended by an extra eighteen months, during which she completed a book of short stories, Truth is not Sober and Women and a Changing Society. She completed her last work, South Riding, a month before she died in Sep 1935. Her last two books were published by Vera Brittain, her literary executor, after her death.
Born, 1875; educated Harrow and Royal Military Academy Woolwich; commissioned as Second Lieutenant, 1895; posted to South Africa with the 7 Field Regiment, Royal Engineers, 1899-1902; Instructor, School of Military Engineering, 1903-1906; Cadet Company Commander and Instructor in Military Engineering, Woolwich Royal Military Academy, 1909-1912; Imperial Security Intelligence Service, 1912-1940; Inter-Allied Intelligence Bureau, Paris, 1915; Lieutenant Colonel, 1917; Chief of Civil Police Commission, British Occupied Rhineland, 1919; Joint Secretary, Lord Chancellor's Committee on War and Emergency Legislation, Committee of Imperial Defence, 1924-1938; Deputy Commandant, War Department Constabulary, 1927-1942; British Delegate for Navy, Army and Air Force, International Convention on Treatment of Prisoners, Geneva, 1929; Visiting Lecturer, Staff College Camberley, 1921-1939; Second in Command, MI5, 1931-1940; Honorary Brigadier, 1939; retired, 1940; died, 1950.
This firm of turners and manufacturers of lathes, edge tools and cutlery was founded by John Jacob Holtzapffel (born Strasbourg, 1768) shortly after his arrival in England in 1792. It was known (1804-25) as Holtzapffel and Deyerlein, and (from 1825) as Holtzapffel and Company. By 1799, if not earlier, J. J. Holtzapffel was working in Long Acre in the parish of St Martin in the Fields. Additional premises at Charing Cross were occupied from c 1811. For much of the 19th century Holtzapffel's shop was at Charing Cross, and the manufactory at Long Acre. The manufactory moved to Regent's Park in 1898. Holtzapffel and Company ceased trading in 1938.
The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.
A number of English speaking churches were established in Boulogne during the nineteenth century, however, as the expatriate community decreased in size these were closed. The community was served by a visiting chaplain until 1995, and worships in chapels loaned by other churches.
The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.
An Anglican church was constructed in Calais in the nineteenth century, however it was sold after the Second World War. The Anglican community now worships in venues loaned by other churches. A permanent chaplain was appointed in 1995.
The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.
Services were held on Madeira from around 1774, but on a very ad hoc basis when a ship's chaplain was available! From 1807 a British garrison was based on the island and regular services were held. These proved popular and the British Factory (a trade centre exporting Madeira wine) constructed a permanent chapel, completed by 1822.
The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.
Anglican services began in Lyon in 1843, and a permanent chaplain was appointed in 1853. Holy Trinity was consecrated in 1873, but was sold in 1969. Services moved to various locations before settling in a chapel in the Convent de l'Adoration Réparatrice.
NB - Lyons is an anglicization of the French Lyon.
The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.
Saint-Servan is a small town near St Malo.
The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.
The chaplaincy was established in 1866 when the foundation stone of Holy Trinity was laid. The growing British community in Sliema had been worshipping in the cathedral in Valletta until funds were raised to build and endow a church and vicarage. In April 1866 a villa and adjoining land was acquired, and a church was built which was consecrated in April 1867. The villa became the vicarage and from 1905 has been known as the Bishop's House.
The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.
Holy Trinity Church was consecrated on 2nd October 1870 although there had been an Anglican presence in Corfu prior to that date.
The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.
The Anglican chaplaincy in Florence appears to have been established in 1827, although it was not until 1846 that Holy Trinity Church was consecrated.
Holy Trinity, Aldgate, was a priory constructed by the Canons of Augustine in the 12th century. The Prior was an ex-officio Alderman of Portsoken Ward in the Corporation of London. The church of Saint Katharine Cree was built in the grounds of the Priory for the use of the parish. The Priory was the first in London to be dissolved, closed by 1532 and given to the King. There were few protests at the closure as the Prior was unpopular and heavily in debt. The land was given to Lord Audley who offered the church of St Katharine Cree to the parish. They refused the gift and the church was pulled down.
Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).
George Jacob Holyoake was born in Birmingham on 13 April 1817. For thirteen years until 1839 he worked at the Eagle Foundry, and in 1836 joined the Mechanics' Institute, where he developed an interest in arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and phrenology. Holyoake became a leader in the free-thought movement and a social reformer. He was imprisoned for 6 months in 1841 for blasphemy. He coined the term secularism in 1846. He spent the latter part of his life working for the co-operative movement. He died in 1906.
Holyoake, George Jacob (1817-1906), freethinker and co-operator, was born in Birmingham in April 1817, the second of thirteen children and eldest son of George Holyoake (1790–1853), a printer, and Catherine Groves (1792–1867), a horn-button maker. He received a basic education at a dame-school and Carr's Lane Sunday school. For thirteen years until 1839 he worked at the Eagle Foundry, becoming a skilled whitesmith, and in 1836 joined the Mechanics' Institute, where he developed an interest in arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and phrenology. On his marriage on 10 March 1839 to Eleanor (Helen) Williams (1819–1884), daughter of Thomas Williams, a small farmer from Kingswinford, he looked for a teaching post. Despite his experience as an assistant at the Birmingham Mechanics' Institute, he found promotion there and elsewhere blocked by his association with Robert Owen, to whom he had been attracted in 1836. He therefore sought employment from the Owenite Central Board, which appointed him stationed lecturer at Worcester in October 1840, moving him on to Sheffield the following May. The couple's first child, Madeline, was born in May 1840, and a second daughter, Helen (Eveline), followed in December 1841.
In November 1841, Charles Southwell, the Bristol social missionary, started a weekly atheistic publication, the Oracle of Reason. A month later he was arrested for blasphemy and Holyoake volunteered to edit the paper. On his way to visit Southwell in Bristol gaol in May 1842 he stopped in Cheltenham to lecture on Owenite socialism. A flippant reply to a question about the place of religion in the proposed socialist communities led to his prosecution for blasphemy at the assizes in August 1842, where he was sentenced to six months in Gloucester gaol. The death of Madeline in October 1842 put an emotional seal on his intellectual conversion to atheism.
On release Holyoake taught and lectured among the Owenites in London until May 1845, when he went to Glasgow for a year. Two sons were added to the family at this time, Manfred (1844) and Maltus (1846). As Owenism collapsed with the failure of the Queenwood community, remnants of the movement looked to Holyoake's obvious organizational talents to provide a new lead. He had already edited The Movement (1843–1845) and the Circular of the Anti-Persecution Union (1845) but his greatest achievement was The Reasoner, which ran weekly from June 1846 until June 1861 and intermittently thereafter. Around this paper he developed the social teachings of Owen into a new movement which in 1851 he called secularism.
Holyoake's public image at this time was far more extreme than the reality. In London he was moving among those advanced liberals who wrote for and supported Thornton Hunt's Leader and were associated with the free-thinking South Place Chapel. His acquaintances now included John Stuart Mill, George Henry Lewes, Francis Newman, and Harriet Martineau, while some former colleagues accused him of prevarication in religious and political matters. Although still an atheist, he wished secularism neither to deny nor assert the existence of God. Those who believed religion a barrier to progress thought this a betrayal of principle. For Holyoake the sole principle was individual freedom of thought and expression without interference from state, church, or society.
In 1849 Holyoake, with his brother Austin Holyoake, established a printing firm which in 1853 took over James Watson's publishing business, conducted by the brothers at 147 Fleet Street until 1862. Here in 1855, as members of the Association for the Repeal of the Taxes on Knowledge, they helped secure—through defiance of the law—the repeal of the Newspaper Stamp Act. The Reasoner collected funds to support European republicanism, and in 1860 Holyoake was secretary of the committee formed to send volunteers to assist Garibaldi in Italy. In politics he was a member of nearly every leading society for reform from the revived Birmingham Political Union in 1837 to the Reform League in 1867, including the last executive of the National Charter Association in 1852. Through his correspondence and personal acquaintance with Liberal MPs he began to build those bridges which created the popular Liberal alliance of the 1860s. Above all, collaborating with former Owenites and Christian socialists, he worked to establish the co-operative movement. His most effective propaganda, Self Help by the People (1858), told the story of co-operation in Rochdale since 1844 and largely created the myth of the Rochdale Pioneers.
In 1861, after twenty years of writing and provincial lecture tours, Holyoake was physically and emotionally exhausted. Many secularists were turning to the more vigorous leadership of Charles Bradlaugh. He had family responsibilities and social and intellectual aspirations beyond his limited means. His wife, who retained her religious beliefs and took little part in his public life, was bronchitic and in the mid-1860s moved out to Harrow, while her husband retained lodgings in London. They had three further children: Maximilian Robespierre (1848–1855), Francis George (b. 1855), and Emilie (b. 1861), of whom only the last was later to join him in his public work.
Increasingly Holyoake's life was spent in journalism, writing and lecturing for Liberalism and the co-operative movement. He offered himself for parliament in 1857 (Tower Hamlets), 1868 (Birmingham), and 1884 (Leicester), but each time withdrew before the poll. He was acquainted with most of the leading Liberals of the day, and in 1893 was made an honorary member of the National Liberal Club. As a consistent supporter of co-operation he was elected to the first central board in 1869, published a two-volume History of Co-Operation (1875, 1879), and presided over the Co-operative Congress at Carlisle in 1887. He was a staunch advocate of co-partnership in industrial production and of the international co-operative movement, attending the inaugural congresses of the French and Italian movements in Paris (1885) and Milan (1886) respectively. He also visited North America in 1879 and 1882 to collect information for a settlers' guide book.
Though no longer fully active in the secularist movement Holyoake continued to champion moderation against what he interpreted as Bradlaugh's dogmatic atheism, debating the subject with Bradlaugh in 1870 and reiterating his position in The Origin and Nature of Secularism (1896). When Bradlaugh republished the Fruits of Philosophy in 1877 Holyoake supported Charles Watts and the British Secular Union, and in 1899 became first chairman of Charles Albert Watts's Rationalist Press Association.
Holyoake died on 22 January 1906 in Brighton, Sussex.
Holyrood Rubber Limited was registered in 1912 to acquire the Titi Ijok rubber estate in Selama, Perak, Malaya. Harrisons and Crosfield Limited replaced Bright and Galbraith as secretaries of the company in 1952. Harrisons and Crosfield (Malaya) Limited (CLC/B/112-071) acted as local agents from 1953.
In 1982 Holyrood Rubber Limited became a PLC (public limited company). In 1984 it was acquired by Harrisons Malaysian Plantations Berhad (CLC/B/112-080) and it became resident in Malaysia.
Ruth Homan was the daughter of Sir Sydney Waterlow, (1822-1906), first baronet, Lord Mayor of London and philanthropist. She took classes at the South Kensington School of Cookery and underwent basic nursing training at St. Bartholomew 's Hospital, London. In 1873 she married Francis Wilkes Homan but was widowed in 1880. Mrs Homan was elected to serve on the London School Board in 1891. She served as Chairman of the Tower Hamlets Divisional Committee and also as Chairman of the Domestic Subjects Sub-committee. By 1902 she was also Vice-chairman of the Industrial Schools Committee. In these capacities, Mrs Homan endeavoured to promote the teaching of cookery, laundry work and homecraft. She was also active in related organisations such as the Poplar Board School Children's Boot and Clothing Help Society, of which she was treasurer, and the London Schools Dinners Association.
Sir Everard Home was born in Hull, Yorkshire, in 1756. He was educated at Westminster School, and became a surgical pupil of his brother-in-law John Hunter (1728-1793), surgeon at St George's Hospital, London. Home qualified through the Company of Surgeons in 1778 and was appointed assistant surgeon in the new naval hospital at Plymouth. In 1779 he went to Jamaica as staff surgeon with the army, but on returning to England in 1784 he rejoined Hunter at St George's as assistant. He was elected FRS in 1787, and in the same year he became assistant surgeon at St George's Hospital. In 1790-1791 Home read lectures for Hunter and in the following year he succeeded Hunter as lecturer in anatomy. Home joined the army in Flanders in 1793, but returned just before Hunter's sudden death in 1793. He then became surgeon at St George's Hospital and was also joint executor of Hunter's will with Matthew Baillie, Hunter's nephew. In 1793-1794 they saw Hunter's important work, On the Blood, Inflammation and Gun-Shot Wounds, through the press and in 1794 Home approached Pitt's government to secure the purchase for the nation of Hunter's large collection of anatomical and pathological specimens. After protracted negotiations the collection was purchased for £15,000 in 1799 and presented to the College of Surgeons. In 1806 the collection was moved from Hunter's gallery in Castle Street to form the Hunterian Museum at the new site of the college in Lincoln's Inn Fields. Home was chief curator and William Clift, who had worked with Hunter since 1792, was retained as resident conservator. Clift also had charge of Hunter's numerous folios, drawings, and accounts of anatomical and pathological investigations, which were essential for a clear understanding of the collection. In the years following Hunter's death Home built up a large surgical practice and published more than one hundred papers of varying quality, some very good, mainly in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. The society awarded him its Copley medal in 1807. He gave the Croonian lectures fifteen times between 1794 and 1826. As Hunter's brother-in-law and executor he had great influence at the Royal College of Surgeons where he was elected to the court of assistants in 1801, an examiner in 1809, master in 1813 and 1821, and its first president in 1822. Having, with Matthew Baillie, endowed the Hunterian oration, he was the first Hunterian orator in 1814, and again in 1822. He became Keeper and a trustee of the Hunterian Museum in 1817 and was Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the college from 1804 to 1813, and again in 1821. His Lectures on Comparative Anatomy were published in 1814 with a volume of plates from drawings by Clift. A further volume of lectures followed in 1823 accompanied by microscopical and anatomical drawings by Bauer and Clift. Two more volumes appeared in 1828. This work, although lacking in structure, is an important record of Hunter's investigations, especially the last two volumes. Home drew heavily on Hunter's work in the papers and books which he published after Hunter's death. Before the collection was presented to the Company of Surgeons in 1799 Home arranged for Clift to convey to his own house Hunter's folio volumes and fasciculi of manuscripts containing descriptions of the preparations and investigations connected with them. He promised to catalogue the collection, refusing help, but, despite repeated requests, only a synopsis appeared in 1818. B C Brodie says that Home was busily using Hunter's papers in preparing his own contributions for the Royal Society. Home himself later stated that he had published all of value in Hunter's papers and that his one hundred articles in Philosophical Transactions formed a catalogue raisonée of the Hunterian Museum. Home destroyed most of Hunter's papers in 1823. After his death in 1832, a parliamentary committee was set up to enquire into the details of this act of vandalism. Clift told this committee in 1834 that Home had used Hunter's papers extensively and had claimed that Hunter, when he was dying, had ordered him to destroy his papers. Yet Home, who was not present at Hunter's death, had kept the papers for thirty years. Clift also declared that he had often transcribed parts of Hunter's original work and drawings into papers which appeared under Home's name. Home produced a few of Hunter's papers which he had not destroyed and Clift had copied about half of the descriptions of preparations in the collection, consequently enough of Hunter's work survives to suggest that Home had often published Hunter's observations as his own. Although the full extent of Home's plagiarism cannot be determined, there is little doubt that it was considerable and this seriously damaged his reputation.
Everard Home was born at Hull on 6 May 1756 the son of Robert Boyne Home, army surgeon, afterwards of Greenlaw Castle, Berwickshire, and his wife Mary (nee Hutchinson). He was educated at Westminster School; Trinity College, Cambridge; St. George's Hospital; and Surgeons' Hall.
At St Georges Hospital, Home was a pupil of his brother-in-law, John Hunter. He assisted Hunter in many of his anatomical investigations, and in the autumn of 1776 he partly described Hunter's collection. Having qualified at Surgeons' Hall in 1778, he was appointed assistant surgeon at the naval hospital, Plymouth. Later he went to Jamaica as staff surgeon, returning in August 1784. He resumed his assistancy with Hunter, was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1785, and in 1788 received the gold medal of the Lyceum Medicum Londinense for a dissertation on the `Properties of Pus.' In 1786 he took charge of Hunter's patients while Hunter was ill, and lived in Hunter's house from this time till 1792, when he married. In 1787 Home was appointed assistant surgeon under Hunter at St. George's Hospital. In 1790-1791 he lectured for Hunter, and in 1792 succeeded him as lecturer on anatomy. He was elected surgeon to St. George's Hospital after Hunter's death in 1793. Home had a large surgical practice, and became keeper and afterwards one of the trustees of the Hunterian collection (1817). He was member of the court of assistants of the College of Surgeons in 1801, member of the court of examiners in 1809, master in 1813, and president in 1821. From 1804 to 1813, and again in 1821, he was professor of anatomy and surgery at the college, but did not lecture till 1810, giving another course in 1813; in 1814 and in 1822 he was Hunterian orator. In 1808 he was appointed sergeant-surgeon to King George III and in 1813 he was created a baronet. In 1821 he was appointed surgeon to Chelsea Hospital, where he died at his official residence on 31 Aug 1832, aged 76. He had resigned the surgeoncy to St George's Hospital in 1827, and was made consulting surgeon.
Home married in 1792 Jane Thompson (nee Tunstall) widow of Stephen Thompson, by whom he had six children.
Publications: Over one hundred papers in the Philosophical Transactions; A Dissertation on the Properties of Pus, London, 1788; A short Account of the Life of John Hunter, prefixed to Hunter's Treatise on the Blood, Inflammations, and Gunshot Wounds, London, 1794; Practical Observations on the Treatment of Strictures in the Urethra and in the fsophagus, London, 1795; Practical Observations on the Treatment of Ulcers on the Legs, considered as a branch of Military Surgery, London, 1797; Observations on Cancer, connected with Histories of the Disease, London, 1805; J. Hunter's Treatise on the Venereal Disease, edited by Sir E. Home, London, 1810; Practical Observations on the Treatment of the Diseases of the Prostate Gland, vol. i. 1811, vol. ii. 1818, London; Lectures on Comparative Anatomy, in which are explained the Preparations in the Hunterian Museum, London, 1814-1828, 6 volumes; On the Formation of Tumours, and the peculiarities in the Structure of those that have become Cancerous, with their Mode of Treatment, London, 1830.
John Abernethy was born in Coleman Street, London, in 1764. He was educated at Wolverhampton Grammar school, and at the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to Charles Blicke, surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Abernethy remained at Bart's for the rest of his career, being appointed assistant surgeon in 1787, and promted to full surgeon in 1815. During the 1790s Abernethy published several papers on a variety of anatomical topics. On the strength of these contributions he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1796. Between 1814 and 1817 he served as Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons. Abernethy also offered private lectures in anatomy in a house in Bartholomew Close, near to the hospital. The governors of Bart's then built a lecture theatre within the hospital to accommodate his classes. In 1824 Thomas Wakley, editor of the newly established journal The Lancet, published Abernethy's lectures without his permission. Abernethy sought an injunction but was unsuccessful, and remained resentful about the incident. Abernethy had himself attended the lectures of John Hunter, with whom he was also personally acquainted, and after Hunter's death he professed himself to be the spokesman for Hunter's physiological and pathological views. He died in 1831.
Sir Everard Home was born in Hull, Yorkshire, in 1756. He was educated at Westminster School, and became a surgical pupil of his brother-in-law John Hunter (1728-1793), surgeon at St George's Hospital, London. Home qualified through the Company of Surgeons in 1778 and was appointed assistant surgeon in the new naval hospital at Plymouth. In 1779 he went to Jamaica as staff surgeon with the army, but on returning to England in 1784 he rejoined Hunter at St George's as assistant. He was elected FRS in 1787, and in the same year he became assistant surgeon at St George's Hospital. In 1790-1791 Home read lectures for Hunter and in the following year he succeeded Hunter as lecturer in anatomy. Home joined the army in Flanders in 1793, but returned just before Hunter's sudden death in 1793. He then became surgeon at St George's Hospital and was also joint executor of Hunter's will with Matthew Baillie, Hunter's nephew. In 1793-1794 they saw Hunter's important work, On the Blood, Inflammation and Gun-Shot Wounds, through the press and in 1794 Home approached Pitt's government to secure the purchase for the nation of Hunter's large collection of anatomical and pathological specimens. After protracted negotiations the collection was purchased for £15,000 in 1799 and presented to the College of Surgeons. In 1806 the collection was moved from Hunter's gallery in Castle Street to form the Hunterian Museum at the new site of the college in Lincoln's Inn Fields. Home was chief curator and William Clift, who had worked with Hunter since 1792, was retained as resident conservator. Clift also had charge of Hunter's numerous folios, drawings, and accounts of anatomical and pathological investigations, which were essential for a clear understanding of the collection. In the years following Hunter's death Home built up a large surgical practice and published more than one hundred papers of varying quality, some very good, mainly in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. The society awarded him its Copley medal in 1807. He gave the Croonian lectures fifteen times between 1794 and 1826. As Hunter's brother-in-law and executor he had great influence at the Royal College of Surgeons where he was elected to the court of assistants in 1801, an examiner in 1809, master in 1813 and 1821, and its first president in 1822. Having, with Matthew Baillie, endowed the Hunterian oration, he was the first Hunterian orator in 1814, and again in 1822. He became Keeper and a trustee of the Hunterian Museum in 1817 and was Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the College from 1804 to 1813, and again in 1821. His Lectures on Comparative Anatomy were published in 1814 with a volume of plates from drawings by Clift. A further volume of lectures followed in 1823 accompanied by microscopical and anatomical drawings by Bauer and Clift. Two more volumes appeared in 1828. This work, although lacking in structure, is an important record of Hunter's investigations, especially the last two volumes. Home drew heavily on Hunter's work in the papers and books which he published after Hunter's death. Before the collection was presented to the Company of Surgeons in 1799 Home arranged for Clift to convey to his own house Hunter's folio volumes and fasciculi of manuscripts containing descriptions of the preparations and investigations connected with them. He promised to catalogue the collection, refusing help, but, despite repeated requests, only a synopsis appeared in 1818. B C Brodie says that Home was busily using Hunter's papers in preparing his own contributions for the Royal Society. Home himself later stated that he had published all of value in Hunter's papers and that his one hundred articles in Philosophical Transactions formed a catalogue raisonée of the Hunterian Museum. Home destroyed most of Hunter's papers in 1823. After his death in 1832, a parliamentary committee was set up to enquire into the details of this act of vandalism. Clift told this committee in 1834 that Home had used Hunter's papers extensively and had claimed that Hunter, when he was dying, had ordered him to destroy his papers. Yet Home, who was not present at Hunter's death, had kept the papers for thirty years. Clift also declared that he had often transcribed parts of Hunter's original work and drawings into papers which appeared under Home's name. Home produced a few of Hunter's papers which he had not destroyed and Clift had copied about half of the descriptions of preparations in the collection, consequently enough of Hunter's work survives to suggest that Home had often published Hunter's observations as his own. Although the full extent of Home's plagiarism cannot be determined, there is little doubt that it was considerable and this seriously damaged his reputation.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
The Home Guard was first raised in May, 1940, on a semi-civilian basis in close association with the Police force, and was originally known as the Local Defence Volunteers. It was organized in companies, grouped in zones, corresponding to Police districts. The aim of the Guard was to delay an enemy invasion force, providing the Government and the regular army with time to establish a professional defence and repel the enemy invasion.
Upon the formation of units of Local Defence Volunteers (later re-named the Home Guard) in May, 1940, it was considered desirable to recruit volunteers from the Council's staff primarily to provide protection for the Council's buildings and other properties in the event of invasion but also as part of the general L.D.V. organisation throughout the country. In this way, the London County Council Battalion was set up.
In February 1941, a second battalion was formed and the two units were designated the 47th and 48th County of London (LCC) Battalions. Colonel H.R. Oswald, M.C., an Assistant Clerk of the Council was the officer commanding the Battalion and later the Group of two Battalions throughout the entire period of their existence.
The Home Guard was first raised in May, 1940, on a semi-civilian basis in close association with the Police force, and was originally known as the Local Defence Volunteers. It was organized in companies, grouped in zones, corresponding to the Police districts, and In Middlesex there were four zones. In July, 1940, companies were organized in battalions, and after August, 1940; this semi-civilian force became known as the Home Guard. The following January, officers were given commissions and proper military status, and the force was brought under direct military control. In 1942, service in the Home Guard became compulsory. Early in 1943, zones were renamed Sectors. In the County of Middlesex there were 33 battalions, with a flotilla on the River Thames.
The operational, and recruiting area for the 1st (Middlesex) Home Guard, appears to have been within an area comparable with the Metropolitan Police Zone (Division) "T", including Heston and Isleworth; Staines; Ashford; Laleham; Harlington; Stanwell; Yiewsley and West Drayton; Hounslow; Whitton; Osterley; Cranford; Feltham; Bedfont; Hayes.
(Condensed from The Story of Middlesex, New Wartime Series, Vol. I, Number 2 - 1943, pp.59-61).