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The firm of Howards and Sons, noted as manufacturers of pharmaceutical chemicals, especially quinine and aspirin had its origin in the partnership entered into by Luke Howard and William Allen in 1798 (ACC/1037/1). Many printed works give the date as 1797 and it may be that the two men began working together after the dissolution of Allen's partnership with Samuel Mildred but before the formal deed of partnership was signed. Allen and Howard had their pharmacy at Plough Court, Lombard Street, City of London, under the management of Allen, and a laboratory at Plaistow, directed by Luke Howard, with the assistance of Joseph Jewell. The laboratory moved from Plaistow to Stratford around 1805, and on the dissolution of the partnership in 1807 (ACC/1037/2) Luke Howard and Joseph Jewell continued their manufacturing activity there. After a series of name changes reflecting the changes of partners (for which see ACC/1037/801/20/1) the style of Howards and Sons was adopted in 1856 (see ACC/1037/17) and used continuously from then on. The firm became a limited company in 1903. It was purchased by Laporte in March 1961.

Stratford remained the company's headquarters until 1898, when land was purchased in Ilford and new premises were gradually constructed. The first transfer there was of the work done at Hopkin and Williams' works in Wandsworth and other processes followed as buildings were erected until the final move to Ilford was made in 1923. The firm of Hopkin and Williams, manufacturers of fine laboratory and photographic chemicals had been purchased in May 1888 (for which see ACC/1037/92). They had offices and warehouses in Cross Street, Hatton Garden, and a manufactory in Wandsworth. In 1906 Howards set up the British Camphor Corporation for the synthesis of camphor from turpentine by Behal's process and the factory was built at Ilford (ACC/1037/743-753). Changes in world prices for raw materials and other factors led to the company going into liquidation in 1909. In the meantime Edmund White, general manager of Hopkin and Williams, had been working on the development of thorium and in 1914 a separate company, Thorium Ltd., was established to process the raw materials (ACC/1037/730-731). In 1915 Hopkin and Williams (Travancore) Ltd. was set up to mine monazite sand at a site in Travancore to secure supplies of the raw material to Thorium Ltd. (ACC/1037/732-735). A later successful development overseas was the purchase of the Sadarehe planatation in Java which was intended to secure supplies of cinchona bark for the production of quinine. Another company, James Anthony and Co. Ltd. (ACC/1037/790) was set up to run it, which it did until the planation was seized by the Japanese in 1943. War-time and post-war conditions made it impossible to revive production. In contrast the purchase of the Agatash plantation in British Guiana to grow limes for citric acid (ACC/1037/739-740) was a short-lived and unsuccessful venture.

The company had a long history of uninterrupted production and its products developed and changed over the years in large measure as the result of experimental work done by members of the Howard family and by their employees. It began by producing fine chemicals, many for the pharmaceutical industry, and by the 1830's Howard and Jewell's work on quinine was beginning to expand. For most of the remainder of the nineteenth century quinine production was the greatest profitable enterprise of the company (for which see ACC/1037/316-364 and especially B.F. Howard's treatise "Howards 1847-1947"). After the First World War it became clear, despite the success of Howards' Aspirin, that the company no longer led the market in chemicals for pharmacy, and a research laboratory was set up in 1919 to explore new fields. This resulted in the development of Howards' solvents and technical chemicals which became the mainstay of the company.

Howards and Sons Limited were manufacturers of pharmaceutical chemicals, especially quinine. Before and immediately after World War I, Howards and Sons was the only British quinine manufacturer (the trade, and especially the supply of cinchona bark used for the production of quinine, was virtually monopolised by the Dutch at that time). In December 1916, following the outbreak of the war, the company's entire production was put at the disposal of the War Office Contracts Department.

On 3 September 1918 David Howard, the company's director and Chairman of the Association of Quinine Manufacturers in Allied Countries, was one of the signatories of an agreement between the allied governments of the UK, India, France, Italy and the USA on one hand and the Dutch manufacturers on the other, which secured a supply of quinine and cinchona bark for the Allied nations.

After the war, on 29 May 1919, Howards and Sons became a member of the newly-formed British Quinine Corporation and continued to trade all over the world.

Howe entered the Navy in 1740, was made a lieutenant in 1744 and a captain in 1746. After service on the Guinea coast, the West Indies, the Mediterranean and on the North American Station, he served in the Channel during the Seven Years War. He was elected Member of Parliament for Dartmouth in 1757, and succeeded his brother to the Irish peerage in the following year. He held his parliamentary seat until raised to the British peerage in 1782. In 1763 he was a Lord of the Admiralty and from 1765 to 1770 was Treasurer of the Navy. He was promoted to rear-admiral in 1770 and to vice-admiral in 1775. He was then appointed Commander-in-Chief, North America, but came home in 1778 and did not serve again until 1782. Howe became First Lord of the Admiralty in 1783, which position, apart from the period between April and December 1783, he held until 1788. He was created Earl Howe in this year. In 1790 he took command of the Channel Fleet during the Nootka Sound mobilization as he did later at the outbreak of war in 1793. During this time Howe continued reforms in signalling. In 1794 he commanded the fleet which brought the French to action at the battle of the First of June. He finally gave up the command after a long period of ill-health, in 1797. See George Mason, The life of Richard Earl Howe (London, 1803) and Sir John Harrow, The life of Richard Earl Howe E.G. Admiral of the Fleet and General of Marines (London, 1838).

Curzon-Howe entered the Navy in 1863. From 1868 to 1871 he went round the world in the frigate GALATEA. He was made lieutenant in 1872 while serving in the HERCULES. It was not until 1888 that he was on active service again, when he was promoted to captain and appointed to the BOADICEA, which became the flagship of Sir Edmund Fremantle on the East Indies Station. Here, as Flag-Captain and Chief of Staff, Curzon-Howe took part in the operations against the Sultanate of Vitu. In the CLEOPATRA, in 1892, he spent a period as Senior Officer, Newfoundland, reporting on the fishing question. In 1894 he was called south to Bluefields to protect the Mosquito Indians, whose reservation had been invaded by the Nicaraguans. He subsequently returned to Newfoundland and remained there until 1895, when he went to the Mediterranean in the REVENGE, staying on the Station until 1900. In 1901 he was promoted to rear-admiral and became second-in-command of the Channel Fleet in the MAGNIFICENT until, in 1903, he went out to the East in the ALBION to become second-in-command of the China Fleet. Curzon-Howe returned to the Channel in 1905 and in 1907 was given command of the Atlantic Fleet. From 1908 to 1910 he was Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, and then Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth, until his death.

Born, 1833, Wrington; education was both sporadic and rudimentary, ending before he was twelve; at the age of eight he began working as a ploughboy, later moving to assist his father as a mortar boy and, in 1847, he became apprenticed to a Wrington shoemaker; largely self-taught, he was to become a voracious reader, notably of religious tracts and radical periodicals; enrolled in a local Chartist group, 1848, and underwent conversion to Wesleyan Methodism and taught at Sunday school. At the end of his apprenticeship in 1851, Howell moved first to Weston-super-Mare and then to Bristol, finding employment as a shoemaker and becoming involved in a Methodist improvement society and the local YMCA; returned to the building trade, due to the move of his parents back to Bristol, 1853; moved to London, 1855, and rose to the position of deputy foreman and began to become involved in politics spurred by acquaintance with former Chartists and political exiles, including Mazzini, Kossuth, and Marx. Following the nine-hours dispute in the building trades (1859-1862), Howell joined the London order of the Operative Bricklayers' Society where he came into contact with the other London trade unionists including William Allan, Robert Applegarth, Edwin Coulson, George Odger, and George Potter; through his involvement with the bricklayers' strike committee, Howell played a major part in the reorganization of the union on amalgamated principles and launched the Operative Bricklayers' Society Trade Circular in 1861; following leadership disputes with Edwin Coulson, ending with his resignation from the London order, and blacklisting by London builders, Howell moved to Surrey, and worked as a foreman with a former employer, a position he retained until he abandoned bricklaying for radical politics in 1865; elected to the executive of the London Trades Council, 1861, becoming secretary and serving in that position until July 1862 when ill health and Coulson's enmity forced him to resign; whilst serving as secretary, he came into regular contact with the General Neapolitan Society of Working Men, affirming the solidarity of the London Trades Council with Italian nationalists; became a member of the National League for the Independence of Poland in 1863, the Garibaldi Reception Committee in 1864, and the International Working Men's Association from 1864 to 1869; between 1865 and 1869, served as secretary of the Reform League, the first national organization to mobilize urban artisans for franchise reform since the Chartist campaign. During the 1868 general election he administered a special fund to mobilize new working-class voters on behalf of Liberal candidates in marginal constituencies. In 1869 he launched an abortive Liberal Registration and Election Agency with funds provided mainly by Samuel Morley and James Stansfeld and he was closely involved with the futile effort of the Labour Representation League to devise an arrangement whereby Liberals would endorse working-class candidates in selected boroughs in return for league support for official Liberals elsewhere; between 1868 and 1874 Walter Morrison hired him as paid secretary of the Representative Reform Association, which advocated proportional representation; he was also paid secretary of the Plimsoll and Seamen's Fund Committee from 1873 to 1875 and financial agent for the Land Tenure Reform Association. In addition he chaired the Working Men's Committee for Promoting the Separation of Church and State and served on the councils of both the National Education League and the Liberation Society. Between 1870 and 1871 Howell launched the Adelphi Permanent Building Society to provide money to enable workers to purchase homes; attended the Birmingham trades union congress as unofficial representative of the Conference of Amalgamated Trades, 1869, and emerged as secretary of the parliamentary committee of the TUC, 1871, using his office to promote the repeal of the Master and Servant Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1871. After retiring from the TUC, Howell never again attained his former eminence in radical and trade union politics; served successively as secretary of London school board election committees and as parliamentary agent of the Women's Suffrage Committee but failed to obtain an appointment as a school or factory inspector. Unable to secure regular employment, he turned increasingly to writing as a source of income, contributing to the labour journal the Bee-Hive in the 1870s and publishing A Handy Book of the Labour Laws, a guide to recent legislation in 1876. He also published an interpretive study of trade unionism, The Conflicts of Capital and Labour (1878). During this time, Howell also served as London business agent for a Manchester coal merchant and, in 1881, briefly edited the labour weekly Common Good. Howell made several attempts to enter parliament, contesting Aylesbury in 1868 and 1874 and Norwich in 1871, before becoming MP for North-East Bethnal Green in 1885 which he held until 1895. While in Parliament Howell continued to rely on journalism for his livelihood, although he was also briefly employed by the National Home Reading Union. He published Trade Unionism New and Old in 1891 and, after 1895, he withdrew entirely from political life, devoting himself to writing. His biography of Ernest Jones, serialized in the Newcastle Weekly Chronicle in 1898, never appeared in book form. His final work, Labour Legislation, Labour Movements and Labour Leaders, was published in 1902; died 1910.

George Howell was born in Somerset and educated at Bristol before working as a bricklayer and shoemaker. He also became a Methodist lay preacher and was active in the temperance movement. After moving to London in 1854 Howell joined the Operative Bricklayers' Society and became involved in strike action for improved working conditions. He became Secretary of the London Trades Council in 1861 and Secretary of the Trades Union Congress in 1871. Howell tried several times to enter parliament before eventually serving as MP for Bethnal Green North East (1885-1895). After losing his seat he retired from public life and suffered from poor health in his last years. Howell's library of works on social and economic issues was purchased by public subscription in 1906 and given to the Bishopsgate Institute, London.

Born, 1833, Wrington; due to financial reversals and a ruinous lawsuit against a defaulting contractor, the Howell family to was reduced to penury and as a result Howell's formal education was both sporadic and rudimentary, ending before he was twelve; at the age of eight he began working as a ploughboy, later moving to assist his father as a mortar boy and, in 1847, he became apprenticed to a Wrington shoemaker; largely self-taught, he was to become a voracious reader, notably of religious tracts and radical periodicals. After enrolling in a local Chartist group in 1848, he underwent conversion to Wesleyan Methodism and taught at Sunday school.
At the end of his apprenticeship in 1851, Howell moved first to Weston-super-Mare and then to Bristol, finding employment as a shoemaker and becoming involved in a Methodist improvement society and the local YMCA. In 1853, Howell was forced to return to the building trade, due to the move of his parents back to Bristol, although as a bricklayer rather than a mason; moved to London, 1855, and rose to the position of deputy foreman and began to become involved in politics spurred by acquaintance with former Chartists and political exiles, including Mazzini, Kossuth, and Marx.
Following the nine-hours dispute in the building trades (1859-1862), Howell joined the London order of the Operative Bricklayers' Society where he came into contact with the other London trade unionists including William Allan, Robert Applegarth, Edwin Coulson, George Odger, and George Potter; through his involvement with the bricklayers' strike committee, Howell played a major part in the reorganization of the union on amalgamated principles and launched the Operative Bricklayers' Society Trade Circular in 1861; following leadership disputes with Edwin Coulson, ending with his resignation from the London order, and blacklisting by London builders, Howell moved to Surrey, where he found employment as a foreman with a former employer, a position he retained until he abandoned bricklaying for radical politics in 1865.
In May 1861, Howell was elected to the executive of the London Trades Council, promptly becoming secretary and serving in that position until July 1862 when ill health and Coulson's enmity forced him to resign; whilst serving as secretary, Howell came into regular contact of the General Neapolitan Society of Working Men, affirming the solidarity of the London Trades Council with Italian nationalists; became a member of the National League for the Independence of Poland in 1863, the Garibaldi Reception Committee in 1864, and the International Working Men's Association from 1864 to 1869; between 1865 and 1869, served as secretary of the Reform League, the first national organization to mobilize urban artisans for franchise reform since the Chartist campaign. During the 1868 general election he administered a special fund to mobilize new working-class voters on behalf of Liberal candidates in marginal constituencies.
In 1869 he launched an abortive Liberal Registration and Election Agency with funds provided mainly by Samuel Morley and James Stansfeld and he was closely involved with the futile effort of the Labour Representation League to devise an arrangement whereby Liberals would endorse working-class candidates in selected boroughs in return for league support for official Liberals elsewhere; between 1868 and 1874 Walter Morrison hired him as paid secretary of the Representative Reform Association, which advocated proportional representation; he was also paid secretary of the Plimsoll and Seamen's Fund Committee from 1873 to 1875 and financial agent for the Land Tenure Reform Association. In addition he chaired the Working Men's Committee for Promoting the Separation of Church and State and served on the councils of both the National Education League and the Liberation Society. Between 1870 and 1871 Howell launched the Adelphi Permanent Building Society to provide money to enable workers to purchase homes. In 1869, Howell attended the Birmingham trades union congress as unofficial representative of the Conference of Amalgamated Trades and, in 1871, emerged as secretary of the parliamentary committee of the TUC, using his office to promote the repeal of the Master and Servant Act and the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1871.
After retiring from the TUC, Howell never again attained his former eminence in radical and trade union politics; served successively as secretary of London school board election committees and as parliamentary agent of the Women's Suffrage Committee but failed to obtain an appointment as a school or factory inspector. Unable to secure regular employment, he turned increasingly to writing as a source of income, contributing to the labour journal the Bee-Hive in the 1870s and publishing A Handy Book of the Labour Laws, a guide to recent legislation in 1876. He also published an interpretive study of trade unionism, The Conflicts of Capital and Labour (1878). During this time, Howell also served as London business agent for a Manchester coal merchant and, in 1881, briefly edited the labour weekly Common Good. Howell made several attempts to enter parliament, contesting Aylesbury in 1868 and 1874 and Norwich in 1871, before becoming MP for North-East Bethnal Green in 1885 which he held until 1895. While in parliament Howell continued to rely on journalism for his livelihood, although he was also briefly employed by the National Home Reading Union. He published Trade Unionism New and Old in 1891 and, after 1895, he withdrew entirely from political life, devoting himself to writing. His biography of Ernest Jones, serialized in the Newcastle Weekly Chronicle in 1898, never appeared in book form. His final work, Labour Legislation, Labour Movements and Labour Leaders, was published in 1902, Howell died (of Bright's disease and cardiac failure) on 16 September 1910.

Herbert Norman Howells, born Lydney, Gloucestershire, 17 Oct 1892; educated Lydney Grammar School and Gloucester Cathedral, where he was a pupil of Sir Herbert Brewer, Gloucester Cathedral; won Open Scholarship in Composition, Royal College of Music, 1912; studied there under Sir Charles Stanford, Sir Walter Parratt, Sir Hubert Parry, Charles Wood, and Sir Walford Davies, 1912-1917; succeeded to the Grove Scholarship, 1915, and became Bruce Scholar, 1916; his first work performed in London was the Mass produced by Sir Richard Terry at Westminster Cathedral, 1912; sub-organist, Salisbury Cathedral, until illness forced retirement, 1917; convalesced and acted as assistant to Sir Richard Terry in editing manuscripts of Tudor church music, and composed much of his own music, 1917-1920; appointed lecturer (later Professor of Composition), Royal College of Music; the death of his son Michael in 1935, acted as an influence on many of his later compositions; Director of Music, St Paul's Girls' School, Brook Green, 1936-1962; organist of St John's College, Cambridge, 1941-1945; appointed King Edward Professor of Music, University of London, 1950 (Emeritus 1962); President of the Royal College of Organists (1958-1959), Incorporated Society of Musicians (1952) and Plainsong and Mediaeval Music Society. Hon MusD Cambridge, 1961; Hon DMus RCM 1982; Hon. FRSCM, 1963; Hon Fellow: St John's College, Cambridge, 1962; Queen's College, Oxford, 1977; Master, Worshipful Company of Musicians, 1959 (first John Collard Fellow; elected to John Collard Life Fellowship, 1959); died London, 23 Feb 1983. Selected compositions: Sir Patrick Spens; Sine Nomine Procession; Puck's Minuet; Piano Concerto; Elegy for Strings; Concerto for Strings; Lady Audrey's Suite; Phantasy Quartet; Piano Quartet; Rhapsodic Quintet; First and Third Sonatas for violin and pianoforte; Lambert's Clavichord; In Green Ways, five songs for Soprano and Orchestra; Peacock Pie song-cycle; Sonata for Organ; Hymnus Paradisi; Missa Sabrinensis; Pageantry; A Kent Yeoman's Wooing Song; Four Organ Rhapsodies; Six Psalm Preludes; Music for a Prince (for HRH Prince Charles); Introit (composed for Coronation Service, 1953); Inheritance (commissioned by The Arts Council of Great Britain for A Garland for the Queen, 1953); An English Mass, 1955; Howell's Clavichord (20 pieces); Missa Aedis Christi; Missa, Collegium Regale; Three Figures; Sequence for St Michael; Coventry Antiphon; Stabat Mater; The Coventry Mass.

Frank Steward Howes, born 1891; educated at Oxford High School, St John's College, Royal College of Music; joined the staff of The Times in 1925 and succeeded H C Colles as chief music critic, 1943-1960; lectured on musical history and appreciation at the RCM, 1938-1970.

No information could be found at the time of compilation.

Thomas Howitt, was the son of Thomas Howitt (1785-1846), and followed his father in general practice at Lancaster. Howitt became MRCS in 1831, and in the same year became a Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries. He was elected FRCS in 1853. Howitt was dresser to Sir Charles Bell at Middlesex Hospital in 1830 and in 1832 visited Paris and studied French Hospital Practice, particularly the technique of Baron Dupuytren. He was Surgeon, and afterwards Consulting Surgeon, to the Lancaster Infirmary, Surgeon to the Lancaster Yeomanry, and Justice of the Peace for Lancaster. He died in 1886 or 1887.

Bartholomew Howlett was born in Louth, Lincolnshire, and was baptized on 5 July 1767. He was apprenticed in London to the engraver James Heath, and afterwards lived in the Blackfriars area of London. His publications include A Selection of Views of the County of Lincoln (1801) and he contributed to John Britton's Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain and Robert Wilkinson's Londina illustrata. Howlett made over a thousand drawings of the original seals of monastic and religious houses for his friend and patron John Caley FRS FSA. Howlett died in 1827.

Source of information: L. H. Cust, 'Howlett, Bartholomew (1767-1827)', rev. Mary Guyatt, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.

John Howship was born in 1781. He became assistant surgeon at the St George's Infirmary, London and a lecturer at the school of the St George's Hospital. He moved to the Charing Cross Hospital as Assistant Surgeon, in 1834, and was promoted to chief surgeon in 1836 after his predecessor, Thomas Pettigrew was dismissed after being found guilty of demanding and obtaining £500 from Mr Howship for the assistant surgeon position. Howship gave the Hunterian Lecture at the College of Surgeons in 1833. He died in 1841.

Judith Hubback was born in 1917, the daughter of Sir John Fisher-Williams. She graduated from Newnham College, Cambridge in 1936 and married Eva Hubback's son the following year. After her marriage she taught until the first of her children was born but later returned to part-time coaching. In the late 1940s, Judith Hubback's mother in law, Eva Hubback, began a survey on housewives which was to have formed the basis for a chapter of a book on contemporary women. However, she died suddenly in 1949 before this could be completed. Judith Hubback took the information that the survey had revealed and analysed the data it contained, then wrote to the Manchester Guardian with the results. By 1950, she began work on expanding the survey and applied for funds from the government to conduct an inquiry into the part-time work available for married women but failed to gain the grant necessary. Instead, she reformulated her study to research the conditions and opinions of married female graduates and received a grant of 50 pounds from the Leche Foundation to carry it out. The survey was conducted from her home, sending out questionnaires to 1500 graduates, and had a 65% response rate. From the data which she received, she wrote the pamphlet 'Graduate Wives' in 1953 and the book Wives Who Went to College in 1957, both of which proved landmark works in the field. Hubback subsequently became involved in Jungian psychotherapy, training to be a psychotherapist at London University College and practising as a Jungian analyst from 1963 to date. She also published a series of articles in this field as well as books of poetry.

Louisa Maria Hubbard (1836-1906), promoter of employment for women and journal editor, was born in St Petersburg in 1836, the eldest daughter of an English merchant, William Egerton Hubbard, who returned to Britain in 1843. The family lived in Leonardslee near Horsham, Sussex, where she was educated at home. She began her public life in the 'deaconess movement', an organisation she supported between 1864-1874. From 1869, Louisa was editor of the Englishwoman's Yearbook. This publication provided a list of all the institutions and societies which existed for the benefit of women and children. In 1873, Louisa was responsible for establishing Bishop Otter College in Chichester. It was a training college for ladies wishing to work as elementary teachers. In 1875 Louisa founded the Woman's Gazette. This paper became known as Work and Leisure from Jan 1880. She was the editor of these papers from 1875-1893. From 1884-1885, she was involved with the United Englishwoman's Emigration Association whose aim was to emigrate women of good character, to ensure their safety during and after their travel and to keep in touch with them for some time after their arrival. In Nov 1885, Ellen Joyce and Mrs Adelaide Ross replaced Louisa Hubbard at the head of the organisation. She was also involved with the United British Women's Emigration Association. Louisa Hubbard died 25 Nov 1906.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

Born, 1828; educated at Kensington grammar school and The Grange, Sunderland; earnt his living by teaching, first at Glasgow and than at the Royal Institution, Liverpool; attended St John's College, Cambridge, 1848-1852; second master of Bristol grammar school, 1852; headmaster, 1855; resigned his post at Bristol grammar school, 1860; opened a private school at Manilla Hall, Clifton, 1861-1881; devoted his leisure to microscopical research, in particular the study of the Rotifera; fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1872; president of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1888-1890; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1889; died, 1903.

Born in 1874; House Surgeon and House Physician at Charing Cross Hospital, London, 1897-1898; entered Indian Medical Service, 1899; Medical Officer 2nd Queen's Own Rajput Light Infantry, 1899-1907; served in China, 1900-1902; Capt, 1902; served in Somaliland Field Force, 1903-1904; Staff Surgeon, Bangalore, 1908-1912; Maj, 1910; served in Balkan War, 1912-1913; Deputy Assistant Director of Medical Services, 1 Indian Cavalry Div, 1914-1916; Medical Officer, 11 King Edward's Own Lancers, 1916-1917; Lt Col, 1918; Assistant Director of Medical Services, Wazaristan Field Force, 1919-1920; Assistant Director of Medical Services, Wana Column, 1920-1921; Assistant Director of Medical Services, Razmak Field Force, 1922-1923; Director of Medical Organisation for War, Army HQ, 1924-1925; Col, 1925; Maj-Gen, 1928; Deputy Director of Medical Services, Eastern Command, 1928-1932; Honorary Surgeon to the King, 1928-1932; died in 1958.

Born 22 July 1919; educated at Berwick-on-Tweed High School for Girls, 1929-1934, and Morpeth High School for Girls, Northumberland, 1934-1937; St Mary's College, University of Durham, 1937-1941; BA, English Language and Literature, 1940; teaching diploma, 1941; Assistant English Mistress, Urmston-Flixton Senior Girls' School, Lancashire, 1941-1943; Brentford Senior Girls' School, Middlesex, 1943-1944; Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Hexham, Northumberland, 1944-1948; MA, Durham, 1943; Assistante d'anglais, Collège Moderne de Jeunes-Filles, Clermont-Ferraud, France, 1948-1949; Lectrice d'anglais, Faculté des Lettres, Université de Dijon, France, and English teacher, Franco-British-American Institute, Dijon, France, 1949-1953; Docteur, Université de Dijon, France, 1953; Tutor, 1953, and Senior Tutor, 1957, St Mary's College, University of Durham, and Lecturer in English, University of Durham, 1953-1959; Tutor to Women Students, King's College, London, 1959-1973; Dean of Students, King's College, London, 1973-1982.

No information was discovered at the time of compilation.

Born in 1894; educated at King's College School and Royal Military College, Sandhurst; served with Royal Hampshire Regt, 1914-1926; served in World War Two; died in 1980.

Born 1838; educated King's College London and St John's College, Cambridge; Mathematical Lecturer, St Catherine's College, Cambridge, 1862-1863 and 1867-1868, and at St John's College, Cambridge, 1869-1881; Fellow of King's College London, 1873; Professor of Mathematics, King's College London, 1882-1903, and Queen's College, London, 1883-1905; Member of Council, London Mathematical Society, 1894-1899; Member of Senate, London University, 1901-1904; Honorary Fellow of Queen's College, 1909; died 1915.

Publications: preface to The story of arithmetic by Susan Cunnington (Swan Sonnenschein and Co, London, 1904); Algebra; editor of Books I and II of Euclid; Notes on the first principles of dynamics (Hodgson, London, 1884); On the teaching of elementary algebra (C F Hodgson and Son, London, [1886]; On the teaching of Mathematics (Private, London, 1893).

The Hudson Bay Company was incorporated in England on May 2, 1670, to seek a northwest passage to the Pacific, to occupy the lands adjacent to Hudson Bay, and to carry on any commerce with those lands that might prove profitable. The Company engaged in the fur trade during its first two centuries of existence. In the 1670s and '80s the company established a number of posts on the shores of James and Hudson bays. Most of these posts were captured by the French and were in French hands between 1686 and 1713, when they were restored to the company by the Treaty of Utrecht. It still exists as a commercial company active in real estate, merchandising, and natural resources, with headquarters in Toronto.

Hugh Stevenson and Sons Ltd was a paper box-making business started in 1859 by Mr Hugh Stevenson at Great Marlborough Street, Manchester. For twenty-eight years it traded locally until, in 1887, it expanded to incorporate more staff and a more accomplished method of production. This expansion also saw the enlargement of the Manchester premises quickly followed by the opening of branches in London (with works at Summerstown, Wandsworth), Perth and Birmingham, and of Agencies in most of the large Colonial centres. In 1898, the business was incorporated as a private limited company and in 1900 became the proprietors of the Corruganza Manufacturing Co.

In the 1914 edition of Whitaker's Red Book of Commerce or Who's Who in Business it was listed as "Box manufacturers and machinists. Specialities: every kind of cardboard box, metal-edged boxes, cylindrical boxes etc., celluloid boxes, plain and decorated tin boxes, show-cards of tin and cardboard, corrugated paper and boxes made of tin and cardboard, embossing and gold blocking, box-making machinery of every description, printing and lithographing, mounts and frames for photographs, leatherboards, strawboards and general box-making supplies. Employees 2,610".

William Lockhart was born on 3 October 1811 in Liverpool. He trained at the Meath Hospital, Dublin, and Guy's Hospital, London. Joining the London Missionary Society, he was appointed medical missionary to Canton and sailed on 31 July 1838. In 1839 he left Canton to set up a hospital in Macao. Following an arrangement with American missionaries he left Macao for Chusan and reached Tinghae on 13 September 1840. The following year he returned to Macao and married Catherine Parkes. In 1842 he went to Hong Kong then to Chusan and in 1843 arrived at Shanghai and opened a hospital along with Dr. Medhurst. Following a trip home to England, Lockhart visited Peking and worked there from 1861 to 1864. He returned to England permanently in 1864 and retired in 1867. He was elected Chairman of the Board of Directors of the London Missionary Society from 1869 to 1870. In 1892 he presented his library to the London Missionary Society. He died on 29 April 1896.

Alan P Hughes is the great-great-grandson of Lockhart.

Born 1933; educated Bury Grammar School, 1944-1951, and Brasenose College, Oxford University, 1951-1956; National Service, 1956-1958, qualifying as a Russian interpreter Class II; Senior Hulme Studentship at Brasenose College, Oxford University, 1958-1959; Assistant Lecturer, 1959-1960, Lecturer, 1960-1972, and Senior Lecturer, 1972, Department of Laws, King's College London; Sub-Dean, Faculty of Laws, King's College London.

Publications: Roman law in a nutshell (Sweet and Maxwell, London, 1960).

H. G. A. Hughes was born 21 July 1921 in Pontlottyn, Wales. He was educated in Pontypridd and at Jesus College, Oxford. In 1947 he gained a diploma in Education from the Institute of Education and then remained there as a research assistant on Community Development and Tropical Education. From 1949 to 1954 he was lecturer in Linguistics with reference to Oceanic Languages at the School of Oriental and African Studies and during this period, from Jan 1951 - Jun 1952, he undertook research in Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands, Solomon Islands and Samoa. From 1955 to 1959 he was International Librarian at the International Library, Liverpool and from 1959 to 1963 Head of Department of Commerce and Liberal Studies at the Technical College, Colwyn Bay. In 1963 he became Visiting Senior Lecturer at Charles University, Prague and received a doctorate from the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. From 1966 to 1974 he was Borough Librarian for Flint and then worked as a tutor for the Open University, trainee solicitor and financial administrator and Hospital Secretary, St. Clare's, Pantasaph.

Dr Hughes has written numerous publications on a wide range of subjects, but with a particular reference to the Pacific, and since 1947 he has been Director of a number of companies involved in reviewing, publishing and translating; particularly on Welsh subjects. Membership of organisations includes Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Societé des Oceanistes, Polynesian Society, Linguistic Society of New Zealand, Association of Social Anthropologists in Oceania, Institute of Journalism, Society of Authors, Translators Association, Welsh Academy, Welsh Union of Writers, Communist Party of Great Britain, Democratic Left, and Plaid Cymru.

Probate (also known as proving a will) was the process of establishing the validity of a will.

Edward Victor Hugo was born in 1865. He was educated at Foyle College, Londonderry and at St Bartholomew's Hospital, qualifying in 1889 and winning honours and a gold medal at the London MB, BS examination in 1890. He also took honours at the MD examination in 1892 and was commissioned a Surgeon-Lieutenant in the Indian Medical Service in 1892. He served in the Waziristan expedition on the North-West frontier in 1894-1895, winning the medal with clasp, and was promoted Surgeon-Captain in 1895. He was at the relief of Chitral in 1895, again winning the medal with clasp, and was mentioned in dispatches for his services in the defence and relief of Chakdara also on the North-West frontier in 1897-1898. He was promoted Major in 1904, came to England and took the Fellowship in 1906, and was elected Professor of Surgery at King Edward's Medical College, Lahore, in 1908. On the outbreak of World War One he reverted to military duties, having been promoted Lieutenant-Colonel in 1912. He was present at the Dardanelles landing in 1915 as senior medical officer in the hospital ship GASCON. He was posted to the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force as a consulting surgeon, was mentioned in dispatches, and was created CMG in 1917. After the war he resumed the chair of surgery at Lahore until his retirement in 1922. He died in Richmond, in 1951.

No further information at present.

Thomas Byrdall Hugo of Newton Abbott, Devon, was admitted 24 Jan 1780 as pupil at St Thomas's Hospital. Died 1780.

Joseph Else was Surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital, London from 1768 to 1780. He was appointed Lecturer in Anatomy and Surgery in 1768 on the unification of the medical schools of St Thomas's and Guy's Hospitals.
Publications: An essay on the cure of the hydrocele of the tunica vaginalis testis (London, 1770); The works of ... J. E., ... containing a treatise on the hydrocele, and other papers on different subjects in surgery. To which is added, an appendix, containing some cases of hydrocele ... by G Vaux (London, 1782); [An account of a successful method of treating sore legs.] Méthode avantageuse de traiter les ulcères des jambes in [Surgical tracts, containing a treatise upon ulcers of the legs.] Traité sur les ulcères des jambes, etc by Michael Underwood M D pp 217-228 (1744 [1784]).

The Huguenot Friendly Benefit Society was founded in 1687 as the Society of Parisians. It met at the Norfolk Arms in William Street in the parish of St Matthew Bethnal Green and the membership was limited to 61 persons.

Hulbert acted as an admiral's secretary and prize agent early in the nineteenth century. He served on the North American Station in 1804 as secretary to Sir John Borlase Warren (1753-1852) and between 1808 and 1809 exchanged with the secretary of Admiral Rowley (1765-1842) on the Jamaica Station. He served again with Warren, 1810 to 1814, on the North American Station, 1813 to 1814, when a large number of prizes were taken.

John Hulbert was a pupil at St Thomas's Hospital,London, entered Oct 1807.

Edith Maud Hull (1880-1947) (née Henderson) was an author who wrote using the pseudonym EM Hull. She was also known as Edith Maud Winstanley. She was born in London to James Henderson, a Liverpool shipowner, and Katie Thorne, of New Brunswick, Canada. In her youth she travelled in Algeria, which may have provided the inspiration for her later novels. She married Percy Winstanley Hull (b 1869), a gentleman pig farmer of Derbyshire, in the early 1900s. They lived at The Knowle, the Hull family estate in Hazelwood, Derbyshire, and had one daughter, Cecil Winstanley Hull. EM Hull began to write romantic fiction during the First World War while her husband was serving in the military. Her first and most famous novel, The Sheik (1919), was a bestseller, and was made into a phenomenally successful film starring Rudolph Valentino. It was considered exotic and shocking at the time, contributing to the fashion for the 'desert romance' genre of fiction and turning EM Hull into a bestselling novelist. She went on to write seven more books, including Sons of the Sheik (1925), which was also made into a film with Valentino. EM Hull died at home in Hazelwood, Derbyshire on 14 Feb 1947.

Dr Hull was appointed assistant physician to the Norwich Hospital in 1828, and physician in 1840: he resigned in 1854.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

The Hull Daily News was founded in 1884.

Edward Charles Hulme was born in London, in 1821. He was educated in London, where he was so severely burned by a squib which he was carrying in his pocket that he was an invalid for two years. After further instruction from a tutor he was apprenticed to an apothecary at Totnes, his father having bought property at Stoke Gabriel on the river Dart. He entered St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and in 1840 was appointed Student in Human and Comparative Anatomy of the Royal College of Surgeons. He had a practice at 19 Gower Street, and was for a time Surgeon to the Blenheim Street Free Dispensary, then to the Central London Ophthalmic Hospital, to the Great Northern Hospital, and Medical Examiner to the Marine Society. He died in 1900.

George Robert Skinner was born in 1825, son of George Skinner, surgeon of Walcot, Somerset. He received the MRCS in 1847, and the FRCS in 1852. He was a Student in Comparative Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons, 1849-1851. He joined the Bengal Army as Assistant Surgeon, in 1852. He died in Bath, in 1856, aged 30.

Hilda Hulme was born in Staffordshire in 1914 and read English at University College London (UCL) in 1932. She received a BA in 1935, and a MA in 1937. After graduation she studied for a University of London teacher's diploma and then taught at schools in Yorkshire before becoming the Temporary Assistant Lecturer in the Department of English Language and Literature at UCL in 1944. In 1947, she received a Ph.D. and stayed on as a lecturer at UCL until 1966 when she took up a Research Fellowship at the Folgar Shakespeare Library in Washington DC, USA. She returned to England and continued to work at UCL until her retirement through ill-health in 1976. Her most renowned work was Explorations in Shakespeare's English, published in 1962.

Thomas Lloyd Humberstone (1876-1957) was a prominent member of the Convocation of the University of London. He gained a degree in science from the University of London in 1899, although his career as a schoolmaster had begun two years previously. He taught at a number of schools, including Dolgelley (1898-1900) and Highgate School (1903) before taking a job in 1904 in the Office of the Academic Register of the University of London. In the previous year, he had founded the reference book of secondary education, the Schoolmasters Yearbook and Directory. Humberstone was a prolific writer on education and on the University of London in particular: he was frequent contributor to journals such as The Journal of Education.

Born in Berlin, 1769; educated, Freiberg Academy of Mines under the famous geologist A.G. Werner; hiked around Europe with George Forester, Captain James Cook's scientific illustrator from his second voyage; government mines inspector in Franconia, Prussia, 1792-1800; expedition with botanist Aime Bonpland in South America, 1800-1803; lived in France, 1804-1827; King of Prussia's advisor, 1827-; invited to make geographical explorations of Russia by the tsar: discovered permafrost and recommended that Russia establish weather observatories across the country which were set up in 1835; gave public lectures in Berlin, 1827-1828; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1856-1859, died, 1859.

Publications: Kosmos (1845)

Born in Berlin, 1769; educated, Freiberg Academy of Mines under the famous geologist A G Werner; hiked around Europe with George Forester, Captain James Cook's scientific illustrator from his second voyage; government mines inspector in Franconia, Prussia, 1792-1800; expedition with botanist Aime Bonpland in South America, 1800-1803; lived in France, 1804-1827; King of Prussia's advisor, 1827-; invited to make geographical explorations of Russia by the tsar: discovered permafrost and recommended that Russia establish weather observatories across the country which were set up in 1835; gave public lectures in Berlin, 1827-1828; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1856-1859, died, 1859.

Publications: Kosmos (1845)

Hume was born at Newington, Surrey on 28 April 1774 and received his education from Westminster School. In 1791 he became a clerk and later a controller of customs at Custom House in Thames Street, London. Between 1822 and 1825 Hume was given leave by the Treasury to study the laws of customs. His findings were published in ten acts in July 1825. In 1828 he was appointed joint secretary of the Board of Trade, which he retired from in 1840. During his time at the Board of Trade, Hume undertook an investigation in to silk duties and gave evidence before a committee on timber duties. From 1821 to 1841 he regularly attended meetings of the Political Economy Club, which he helped to establish in 1821. On retirement in 1840 he went to live in Reigate, Surrey. Although retired he gave evidence on the Corn Law and duties on coffee, tea and sugar. Hume died in Reigate on 12 January 1842.

Joseph Hume was born in Montrose, Forfarshire in 1777. He studied medicine in Aberdeen and Edinburgh before becoming a surgeon. Employed by the East India Company, he worked as a doctor and intelligence officer in India for several years and later travelled through Europe before settling again in Britain. Hume entered parliament in 1812 as MP for Weymouth and subsequently served as MP for Aberdeen Burghs, Middlesex, Kilkenny and Montrose Burghs. He was very active in the House of Commons and often supported radical causes.

Born, Gospel Oak, London, 1868; educated at Finsbury Technical College, Mechanical Engineering Department, Central Institution (later City and Guilds College), 1885; Associateship of the City and Guilds Institute, 1887; Manager of the Engine and Electrical Department at the Newton Heath Iron Works, Heenan and Froude Ltd, 1888; Manager of the Birmingham branch of Heenan and Froude, 1889; Manager of the Refined Bicarbonate and Crystal Department, Messrs Brunner Mond and Company, Northwich, Cheshire, 1891; Fellow of the City and Guilds Institute, 1893; started practice as a consulting engineer, 1901; patented the 'Humphrey Pump', 1906; worked for the Admiralty, 1914; elected member of the Royal Institution, 1914; Technical Adviser, Department of Explosive Supplies, Ministry of Munitions, 1915; Technical Adviser and Chief Engineer, Munitions Inventions Department, Ministry of Munitions, 1917; Director and Consulting Engineer to Synthetic Ammonia and Nitrates Limited, 1919; Consulting Engineer to Imperial Chemical Industries, 1926-1931; Fellow of Imperial College, 1932; Melchett medal of the Institute of Fuel, 1939; died, South Africa, 1951.
Publications: Papers on large gas engines, gas producers and similar subjects.

Born 1925; educated at Eton College and King's College, Cambridge; served in Army, World War Two, 1943-1945; Air Ministry, 1949; Private Secretary to Secretary of State for Air, 1959-1960; Counsellor, UK Delegation to North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), 1960-1963; Air Force department, 1963-1969; Imperial Defence College, 1970; Defence Policy Staff, 1971-1972; Assistant Secretary General (Defence Planning and Policy), North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), 1972-1976; awarded CMG, 1977; Assistant Under Secretary of State (Naval Staff), Ministry of Defence, 1977-1979; Deputy Under-Secretary of State (Air), Ministry of Defence, 1979-1985; Director of Development, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1985-1986; died 1992.

Cornelius Humphreys, was the son of David Humphreys, of Llanelli, Camarthen. He matriculated at Jesus College Oxford, 1743, aged 32. In 1752, he was appointed Rector of St Mary, Somerset, London. It is thought that he was Chaplain at on of the Chapels of the Tower of London. A transcript of his burial monument states that he was a minister of this (unidentified) chapel for thirty years, [1740-1770]. He married Agnes, who died 1789 aged 69.

Commissioned into the Royal Navy, 1917; served in World War One, 1917-1918; HMS INDOMITABLE, Chatham, 1917-1919; HMS BARHAM, Flagship to V Adm Sir Arthur Cavanagh Leveson, commanding 2 Battle Sqn, Portsmouth, 1919-1920; HMS TARANTULA, Chatham, 1920-1923; Sub Lt, 1921; Lt, 1923; HMS DRAGON, 1 Cruiser Sqn, Mediterranean Fleet, 1923-1925; Promotion Course, RN College, Greenwich, 1926; Second Gunnery Officer, HMS HOOD, Flagship to R Adm Frederic Charles Dreyer, commanding Battle Cruiser Sqn, Atlantic Fleet, 1928-1930; Gunnery Officer, HMS DANAE, 1 Cruiser Sqn, Mediterranean Fleet, and 8 Cruiser Sqn, America and West Indies Station, 1930-1932; Lt Cdr, 1931; died, 1985.

Robert (Robin) Arthur Humphreys was born on 6 June 1907. He received his early education at Lincoln School and at Peterhouse, Cambridge. He then stayed on at Cambridge to obtain his BA (1929) but moved to the United States in 1930 for a two-year term as Commonwealth Fund Fellow at the University of Michigan. He received his Ph.D. in 1932. He returned to Britain in 1932 to become Assistant Lecturer in American History at University College London (UCL) and was promoted to Lecturer in 1935 and then became the first Professor of Latin American History in 1948, a post that he held until his retirement in 1974.

Humphreys' other commitments included being: honorary secretary of the Royal Historical Society between 1953 and 1955 (elected President in 1961); member of the University Grants Committee on Latin American Studies, 1962-64; member of the UCL Advisory Committee on Latin American Studies from 1962 to 1965, and Director of the Institute of Latin American Studies from 1965. He received an O.B.E in 1946. He was made a Commander of the Rio Branco, Brazil (1972) and received the Machado de Assis Medal from the Academia Brasileira de Letras (1974). He died in 1999.