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Born 1925; educated Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, 1938; Midshipman, HMS JAMAICA, 1942; Sub Lieutenant, HMS WARSPITE, 1944; trained as Fleet Air Arm pilot, 1945-1946; pilot, HMS OCEAN, 1945-1946; Instructor, Operation Flying School, Royal Naval Air Station Lossiemouth, 1948-1950; Instructor, Cadet Training Cruiser DEVONSHIRE, 1950-1952; senior pilot, 815 Squadron, Eglinton, Londonderry, 1952-1954; personal pilot to Flag Officer (Air) Home, 1954-1956; Commander, 1958; service in anti-submarine frigates HMS PELLEW and HMS HARDY, 1958-1961; Joint Services Staff College, Latimer, 1961; on Directing Staff, Joint Services Staff College, 1961-1963; Commander (Air), and second in command, HMS BULWARK, Singapore, 1963-1965; Commodore, Amphibious Warfare, Singapore, 1966; Chief of Staff, Amphibious Warfare, 1967-1972; retired 1972; died 2003.

William Hutton was born in on 26 July 1797 in Sunderland. He had little formal education, but by 1818 Hutton had joined the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne and in 1825 the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne. By this time he had already become honorary curator of the George Allan Museum, which had been purchased by the Literary and Philosophical Society in 1822, and had began to amass his own collection of minerals and fossil plants.

He became a Fellow of the Geological Society in 1828, and the next year helped found the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne, of which he also acted as secretary and curator. From 1830 until 1835 he was also co-secretary of the Newcastle Literary, Scientific and Mechanical Institution and from 1835 served as one of its vice-presidents.

Hutton's major contribution was his work on palaeobotany, publishing The Fossil Flora, between 1831 and 1837 which was co-authored by John Lindley (1799-1865). His other significant contribution was his work on the nature of coal. The fossil plant Huttonia was named after him in 1837 by Sternberg in recognition of his achievements and in 1840 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society.

By 1845, Hutton had also taken on the post of treasurer for the Natural History Society, the extra work possibly contributing to the breakdown in his health which occurred the following year. For the next few years he lived in Malta, returning to Britain in 1851. He later moved to West Hartlepool, becoming involved with the local Literary and Mechanics Institution and the plan to establish a museum at the Athenaeum. He died on 20 November 1860.

Aldous Leonard Huxley was born at Godalming, Surrey, in 1894; educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford. His very poor eyesight prevented him from becoming a doctor and he initially became a teacher before turning to professional writing. Huxley emigrated to the United States in 1937, and worked as a Hollywood screenwriter for several years. In later life he was better known for essays, critical work and lecturing. Many of Huxley's relations became prominent in various fields, including the zoologist Julian Sorell Huxley (his brother), the novelist Mrs Humphrey Ward (his maternal aunt), the poet Matthew Arnold (his maternal great uncle) and the scientist Thomas Henry Huxley (his paternal grandfather). Huxley died in 1963.

Publications include Brave new World 1930.

Born, Ealing, London, 1825; studied medicine; Assistant Surgeon, surveying ship HMS RATTLESNAKE around Australia, 1846-1850; Lecturer in Natural History, School of Mines, 1854; Naturalist to the Geological Survey, 1854; Hunterian professor, Royal College of Surgeons, 1863-1869; Fullerian professor, Royal Institution, 1863-1867; Professor of Biology and Dean, Normal School of Science (later Royal College of Chemistry), 1881-1895; Dean, Royal School of Mines, 1881-1895; Honorary Professor of Biology, 1885-1895; foremost advocate in England of Darwin's theory of evolution; died, 1895.
Publications: include: On the educational value of the natural history sciences (London, 1854); The Oceanic Hydrozoa; a description of the Calycophoridae and Physophoridae observed during the voyage of HMS "Rattlesnake" in the years 1846-50 (London, 1859); Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy vol 1 (London, 1864); A catalogue of the collection of Fossils in the Museum of Practical Geology, with an explanatory introduction with Robert Etheridge (London, 1865); Lessons in Elementary Physiology (London, 1866); An Introduction to the Classification of Animals (London, 1869); Lay Sermons, Addresses, and Reviews (London, 1870); A Manual of the Anatomy of vertebrated animals (London, 1871); More Criticisms on Darwin, and Administrative Nihilism (D Appleton & Co, New York, 1872); A course of practical instruction in elementary biology assisted by H N Martin (London, Cambridge [printed], 1875); A Manual of the anatomy of Invertebrated Animals (London, 1877); Physiography: an introduction to the study of nature (London, 1877); Fish Diseases (London, 1883); Evolution and Ethics (The Romanes Lecture, 1893) (Macmillan and Co, London, 1893); Man's Place in Nature, and other essays [1906]; Collected Essays 9 vol (Macmillan and Co, London, 1894-1908); The Scientific Memoirs of T H Huxley edited by Professor Michael Foster and Professor E Ray Lankester 5 vol (Macmillan & Co, London, 1898-1903).

T H Huxley met Henrietta Anne Heathorn in Sydney, Australia, at the home of her stepsister Oriana in 1847, whilst travelling with the surveying ship HMS RATTLESNAKE. They became engaged, and Huxley returned to England in 1850. They did not see other again until Henrietta Heathorn came to England in 1855 to be married to Huxley, and during this time letters were their only method of communication.

Thomas Henry Huxley died in Eastbourne on 29 June 1895 at the age of 70. A Memorial Committee was set up in August the same year with the object of collecting money to provide a fitting tribute to this great scientist. The first Provisional Committee was replaced by a large and distinguished General Committee, which met in November under the chairmanship of the Duke of Devonshire, and decided to seek funds for a statue, a medal and a studentship. An Executive Committee of twenty was set up at this meeting, and a number of local committees took charge of fund-raising in their areas. Statue and medal sub-committees were constituted soon afterwards. Of the £3378 which was collected over the next four years, £1813 was spent on a marble statue by Edward Onslow Ford which was unveiled in the Central Hall of the Natural History Museum by the Prince of Wales in April 1900. Dies for a portrait medal were commissioned from the sculptor Frank Bowcher, and the remaining money was passed to the Royal College of Science as an endowment. A student in zoology, botany or palaeontology would be awarded the Huxley Gold Medal, with the option of receiving a silver medal and a sum of money instead. The committees were wound up in 1900 once the unveiling had taken place.

Thomas James Poole was born in Bridgwater, in 1809. He was apprenticed as a surgeon to Anthony Huxtable and Henry Clark in 1825. He went on to receive his medical education at St Bartholemews hospital, and passed his LSA in 1830, and his MRCS in 1832. Poole practised around the Somerset area and was Medical Officer to the Bridgewater Union, fl 1847. He died in 1881.

Anthony Huxtable MRCS, was a surgeon, apothecary and accouchier apprenticed to John Ball in Williton, Somerset, in 1797. He was practising surgery in Bristol in 1825, and his address given as Union Street, King Square, Bristol in 1826.

Henry Clark was a surgeon, apothecary and accouchier practising in Bristol, in 1825.

Born, 1756, Devon; married John Huxtable (1760-1838), South Molton, Devon, in November 1784; John Huxtable acquired Narracott, a farm in George Nympton parish, in 1806 and the family moved into the property in 1811; the couple had eight children, six sons and two daughters; Elizabeth Huxtable died in South Molton in July 1851, aged 94.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

The manorial rights of Twickenham Manor were granted to Queen Henrietta Maria as part of her jointure in 1629, and, having been sold by Parliament in 1652, were returned to her at the Restoration. In 1665 she granted the manor to the Earl of Clarendon. His son Laurence Hyde, who was created Earl of Rochester in 1682, was in possession in 1689.

From: 'Twickenham: Manors', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3: Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell, Sunbury, Teddington, Heston and Isleworth, Twickenham, Cowley, Cranford, West Drayton, Greenford, Hanwell, Harefield and Harlington (1962), pp. 147-150 (available online).

A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.

Conveyances are transfers of land from one party to another, usually for money. Early forms of conveyance include feoffments, surrenders and admissions at manor courts (if the property was copyhold), final concords, common recoveries, bargains and sales and leases and releases.

Probate (also called proving a will) is the process of establishing the validity of a will, which was recorded in the grant of probate.

From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".

Yates, James (1789-1871), Unitarian minister and scholar, was born in Toxteth Park, Liverpool, on 30 April 1789. His father was minister (1777-1823) of the dissenting congregation in Kaye Street and later in Paradise Street, Liverpool. In 1811 Yates became the unordained minister of a Unitarian congregation in Glasgow, for which a new chapel was opened on 15 November 1812 in Union Place.

In 1827 Yates spent a semester at the University of Berlin studying classical philology. In 1819 he was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society, in 1822 of the Linnean Society, and in 1831 of the Royal Society. In 1832 Yates succeeded John Scott Porter as minister of Carter Lane Chapel, Doctors' Commons, London. However, in 1834 he left the ministry and, being unordained, gave up using the title Reverend. His interest in denominational history and controversy was unabated. From 1831 to 1861 he served as a trustee of Dr Williams's foundations, among other great services introducing the system of competitive examinations for scholarships.

Except for Leonhard Schmitz, Yates was the largest contributor to the "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities" (1842) edited by William Smith (1813-1893); he supplied drawings for one-half of the woodcuts and wrote one-eighth of the text. His "Textrinum antiquorum" (1843), of which only the first part, with valuable appendices, was published, illustrates the minuteness and accuracy of his research. Numerous papers on archaeological subjects were contributed by him to the learned societies of London and Liverpool, and he became a strong advocate of the decimal system.

About 1820 Yates had married Dorothea (d. 1884), daughter of John William Crompton of Edgbaston, Birmingham; there were no children. With his inherited wealth he passed his later years in learned leisure at Lauderdale House, Highgate, where he had a fine library, a valuable collection of works of art, and a noted garden. Though his own habits were simple, he was noted for his extensive hospitality, and his conversation, aided by a marvellous memory, was deeply interesting. He was small in stature with a courtly dignity in his bearing; his power of caustic remark was all the more effective, given the unvarying calmness of his measured speech. He died at Lauderdale House on 7 May 1871, and was buried at Highgate cemetery on 11 May. His will left considerable benefactions, including endowments for chairs in University College, London, but his property did not realize the estimated amount.

From: Alexander Gordon, 'Yates, James (1789-1871)', rev. R. K. Webb, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2007 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30192, accessed 10 Nov 2009]

The Hydrographic Department of the Admiralty was established by Order-in-Council in 1795 for the purpose of supplying up-to-date charts and hydrographic information to ships of the Royal Navy, in the first instance from a mass of undigested material accumulated at the Admiralty. In 1809 the Department also became responsible for supplying the fleet with chronometers. Through the nineteenth century the scope of the Department was steadily expanded until by the 1880s Great Britain became the first nation to offer a world coverage of charts and sailing directions on sale to shipping of all nations.

The Jews' Free School (now JFS Comprehensive) is the largest Jewish school in Britain. It was founded by Moses Hart, who paid for the restoration of the Great Synagogue where the school opened as a Talmud Torah for 15 boys in 1732. It was originally a charity school for orphaned boys with priority given to those of German parentage. By 1788 the school had moved to Houndsditch and in the late 1790s moved again to Gun Square where the number of pupils increased in 21. In the nineteenth century Dr. Joshua Van Oven found a permanent site for the school in Bell Lane.

Between 1880 and 1900, one third of all London's Jewish children passed through its doors - by 1900 it had some 4,000 pupils and was the largest school in Europe. The School provided these children with a refuge from poverty, a religious and secular education and in the spirit of the times anglicised them. Famous pupils from this time include Barney Barnato, Bud Flanagan, Alfred Marks and the novelist Israel Zangwill. The school enjoyed the patronage of the Rothschilds and had for 51 years a headmaster called Moses Angel. Angel was probably the most influential figure in Jewish education in the nineteenth century and a great advocate of "anglicising" his pupils. They were, he said "ignorant even of the elements of sound; until they had been Anglicised."

The school remained there until 1939 when it was evacuated to Ely. The Bell Lane building was destroyed during enemy action and after the Second World War the school remained closed untilk a new site was found on the Camden Road. In 1958 the school reopened as JFS Comprehensive.

Born, 1893; served in World War One, 1914-1918; mobilised with Special Reserve, 1914; commissioned into the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, 1915; served on Western Front, 1916; commanded 11 Platoon, C Company, 2 Bn, Royal Dublin Fusiliers, Battle of the Somme, Picardy, France, 1916; Lt, 1917; transferred to Gloucestershire Regt, 1917; service in Nyasaland, Northern Rhodesia, and German and Portuguese East Africa, 1917-1918; served with West African Frontier Force, 1917-1919; service in operations against the Egba, Nigeria, 1918; served with 2 Bn, Royal Dublin Fusiliers, Turkey and India, 1920-[1922]; Capt, 1927; transferred to Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, 1927; Staff Capt, Northern Ireland District, 1929-1933; Maj, 1938; service in Singapore and India, 1938-1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; temporary Lt Col, 1940; Officer Commanding Troops, Falkland Islands, 1942-1944; commanded 9 Line of Communications Sub Area, British Liberation Army, North West Europe, 1944-1946; retired as Hon Brig, 1946; awarded CBE, 1946; service with United Nations (UN), 1947-1953; died 1972.

The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales was established by royal charter on 11 May 1880 reference code CLC/B/124/MS28431B). The charter incorporated the five English accountancy bodies established between 1870 and 1877: the Incorporated Society of Liverpool Accountants (now the Liverpool Society of Chartered Accountants); the Institute of Accountants; the Manchester Institute of Accountants (now the Manchester Society of Chartered Accountants); the Sheffield Institute of Accountants (now the Sheffield and District Society of Chartered Accountants); and the Society of Accountants in England.

Its objects as redefined in the supplemental charter of 1948 were, and are: "to advance the theory and practice of accountancy in all its aspects, including, in particular, auditing, financial management and taxation; to recruit, educate and train a body of members skilled in these arts; to preserve at all times the professional independence of accountants in whatever capacities they may be serving; to maintain high standards of practice and professional conduct by all its members; to do all such things as may advance the profession of accountancy in relation to public practice, industry, commerce and the public service".

Membership of the Institute at the time of incorporation was 599. The charter defined two classes of membership, fellows and associates, and provided for examination of those applying to be associate members. From the outset, the Institute aimed to raise the standards of new entrants to the profession. Its refusal to relax its strict admission requirements led, in 1885, to the formation of the Society of Accountants and Auditors by 300 accountants who did not qualify for membership of the Institute. This Society eventually amalgamated with the Institute of Chartered Accountants and the Scottish and Irish Institutes in 1957.

The first application for membership by a woman was received in 1888, but was not allowed until after the First World War when the passing of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act in 1919 made it illegal to bar women from membership. In 1992, the Institute had over 100,000 members.

The Institute sets its own entry requirements, code of ethics and disciplinary and practising standards, and monitors the activities of members and firms to ensure that the standards are maintained. It undertakes technical work and research, and offers arrange of advisory services to its members and to the public. It is a member of the Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies which includes the five major accountancy bodies in the British Isles, and is represented in the major international accountancy organisations. The Institute is governed by a council of 60 elected representatives who elect a president, deputy president and vice-president to hold office for one year. It is represented around the country by 22 district societies and 27 branch societies.

The Institute has operated a library from the outset, as one of the principal objects of the Institute. The ICAEW library catalogue of 1903 states 'The foundation of the Library of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales is of earlier date than that of the Charter: the Library of the then existing Institute of Accountants, founded in 1870, having been transferred when the Charter was granted on the 11th May 1880'.

The Institute was originally based at 3 Copthall Buildings. Its present headquarters building is Chartered Accountants' Hall, Moorgate Place, which was built in the early 1890s to the design of the leading Victorian architect, John Belcher, R. A. A second building was opened in Milton Keynes in 1984.

Paul Ignotus (1901-1978) was a writer. He was born in Hungary but came to Britain in 1956 and lived here for the rest of his life.

The ILEA Bridging Course began as a pre-pilot scheme in 1976 with one college and two associated schools. By 1980, the numbers involved had grown to nine secondary schools and five colleges of further education in seven divisions of the ILEA. The intention of the Course was to bridge the transition from school to working life. It was part-funded by the EEC from 1978-1982.

The Greater London Council (GLC) was established in 1963, replacing the London County Council (LCC) and various metropolitan boroughs. The LCC had been responsible for education, but the GLC was not. Therefore, the Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) was founded as the education authority for the 12 inner London boroughs. The 20 outer London boroughs were responsible for education in their area. The GLC was abolished in 1986 but the ILEA was not abolished until 1990.

The Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) ran 33 Adult Education Institutes.

The Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) was responsible for the education service which had been provided by the London County Council (LCC) until 1 April 1965 when the LCC was abolished. The boundaries of the area covered by the ILEA were the same as those of the LCC and encompassed the 12 inner London boroughs as well as the City of London. The 20 outer London boroughs were responsible for education in their area. The ILEA was a 'special committee' of the Greater London Council (GLC), in the sense that once it was constituted it was virtually autonomous. In practice, the GLC and the ILEA worked closely together, as the ILEA relied on the GLC for architectural, engineering, legal, valuation and supplies services. The Clerk and the Comptroller of Financial Services at the GLC performed the same functions for ILEA.

The ILEA consisted of 48 members, 35 of whom were elected members of the GLC. The other 13 members consisted of one representative of each of the 12 inner London borough councils, and one member of the Common Council of the City of London. The work of ILEA was done through an Education Committee which included the 48 members of the Authority together with 17 other persons chosen because of their experience in the educational field, including five serving teachers. The Authority had central offices at County Hall run by the Education Officer. There were also 10 divisional offices covering one or more borough as follows:

1 - Kensington and Chelsea and Hammersmith

2 - Camden and Westminster

3 - Islington

4 - Hackney

5 - Tower Hamlets and the City of London

6 - Greenwich

7 - Lewisham

8 - Southwark

9 - Lambeth

10 - Wandsworth

Responsibilities of the ILEA included:

• management and administration of nursery schools, primary schools, secondary schools, colleges and polytechnics

• management of two boarding schools outside London (Woolverstone Hall, Ipswich and Crown Woods School, Eltham)

• management of two Rural Centres at Marchant's Hill and Sayers Croft in Surrey, summer camp at Swanage, Dorset and mountain centre at Tyn-y-Berth, Wales

• management of special schools and hospital schools for children with disabilities including the blind, partially sighted, deaf, partially hearing, physically disabled, delicate, maladjusted, autistic, those with speech defects and the educationally subnormal

• running the Education Welfare Service, a partnership between social workers and school care workers

• running a Careers Service for secondary school and college students

• offering financial assistance to students in further education

• management of Adult Education and Literary Institutes offering evening classes

• management of Youth Centres and the Recreational Institute for young people aged 14-20, and liaison with the London Youth Committee

• co-ordination of the teaching service including management of teacher-training colleges, support for further career development training and secondment of teachers to posts overseas

• management of non-teaching staff

• supply of books, teaching materials, equipment and furniture

• management of land and buildings including building programme to modernise older school buildings

• management of Media Resources Centre, a library of slides, film strips, audio tapes, slide presentations, work cards, packs, and overhead projector transparencies, and development of new teaching materials

• running the Educational Television Service, providing programmes for schools and colleges

• running a library service in schools and colleges, and the ILEA Library at County Hall which provided an advisory service and a loan collection for teachers

• aiding the London Schools Drama Association and the London Schools Music Association

• maintenance of playing fields, boat-houses and swimming pools

• running the Research Department to provide a comprehensive central statistical service for the education service and conducting and supporting research into education matters

• administration of two museums, the Horniman in Forest Hill and the Geffrye in Hackney

• maintenance of fleet of school buses, used to take disabled children to school and to take school children on educational visits

• provision of School Heath Service providing free medical inspections and some free treatment for schoolchildren; also provided speech therapy, child guidance, nursing services at special and boarding schools, physiotherapy, hygiene inspections and audiometric testing

• provision of school meals through the Catering Branch.

The GLC was abolished in 1986, but the inner London boroughs were not thought ready to manage education so the ILEA was not abolished. It became the only directly elected educational committee in the country. However, it was considered overly bureaucratic and was accused of overspending by the Conservative government. Kenneth Baker MP, then Secretary of State for Education and Science, suggested in his Education Reform Bill that boroughs should be allowed to opt-out of the ILEA. MPs Michael Heseltine and Norman Tebbit tabled an amendment to the Bill proposing that ILEA should be abolished. The amendment was accepted and it was announced that ILEA would be abolished in 1990 under the Education Reform Act of 1988. The responsibilities of ILEA passed to the inner London boroughs.

The Ilford Central Women's Section was formed in 1919 and since 1975 it has been known as the Ilford South Women's Section of the Constituency Labour Party.

Ilford Synagogue was founded in 1936. It became a District Synagogue of the United Synagogue in 1937 and later gained Constituent Synagogue status. It is situated on Beehive Lane.

W T Iliff entered as a pupil at Guy's Hospital, January 1819.

These papers relate to various members of the Illidge family in the 19th century, in particular John Illidge, stockbroker (Sheriff 1834/5; died 1846) and his sons Thomas Bailey Illidge and John Betts Illidge.

The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 came as a result of the anti-Ottoman uprising (1875) in Bosnia and Hercegovina. On Russian instigation, Serbia and Montenegro joined the rebels in their war on the Ottoman Empire. After securing Austrian neutrality, Russia openly entered the war in 1877. The Treaty of San Stefano in 1878 so thoroughly revised the map in favor of Russia and of Russian-influenced Bulgaria that the European powers called a conference (the Congress of Berlin) to revise its terms.

The Group's origins were in mining and in metallurgy. Created in April 1880, its core business remained the extraction and processing of nickel ore for almost a century.

The 1970's were the first turning point. A holding company brought the group's companies together under the name Imetal, then diversified and extended its activity.

From 1990 onward, the Group focused its development on Industrial Minerals and implemented an ambitious acquisitions policy. Imetal established strong positions in white pigments, first in kaolins (Dry Branch Kaolin Company, United States) then in calcium carbonates (Georgia Marble, United States). It entered the graphite market (Timcal, Switzerland; Stratmin Graphite, Canada). The Group then expanded through acquisitions in refractories (C-E Minerals, United States; Plibrico, Luxembourg), clays (Cératéra, France), ceramic bodies (KPCL, France) and technical ceramics (Refral, France; Lomba and Cedonosa, Spain).

Between 1994 and 1998, Imetal doubled in size, one-third by organic growth and two-thirds by external growth. In 1998, business was structured around two sectors (Minerals Processing, Metals Processing) with an operating division-based organization.

In 1999 it acquired English China Clays (ECC). Founded in 1919, this UK company was a major producer of white pigments (kaolin and calcium carbonates). Following this operation, the Group completed its business refocusing on minerals processing by divesting its Metals Processing activity, comprised of the North American companies Copperweld and Copperweld Canada (world leader in bimetallic wires, American leader in speciality tubing).

To reflect this change, Imetal changed its name to Imerys on September 22, 1999. The Group completed the refocusing process by withdrawing from activities that no longer corresponded to its core business, including dimension stones (Georgia, USA) and trading. The speciality chemicals distribution business (CDM AB, Sweden) was divested in 2004, followed in 2005 by trading in mainly basic refractories (American Minerals, Inc, USA) and roofing products distribution (Larivière, France). Since 2000, the Group has developed by leveraging its unique know-how. From a varied portfolio of rare resources, Imerys turns industrial minerals into specialities with high added value for its customers. Organized into business groups that correspond to its main markets, the Group constantly broadens its product range, extends its geographic network into high-growth zones and takes up positions on new markets. See http://www.imerys.com/scopi/group/imeryscom/imeryscom.nsf/pagesref/NDEN-7BQMSU?OpenDocument&lang=en for more information (accessed Nov 2009)

The Department of Materials has its origins in the Royal School of Mines, which opened in 1851. By 1854, the Mining and Metallurgical Division was established as one of four sections of the School, and was moved from Jermyn Street to South Kensington in 1879 as the Department of Metallurgy. In 1970, the Department became the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, and the Department of Materials from 1986, as part of the Royal School of Mines.
The London Centre for Marine Technology was established in the 1980s as a joint venture between Imperial College and University College London.

The Department of Mineral Resources Engineering has its origins in the Royal School of Mines, which opened in 1851 as the Government School of Mines and of Science applied to the Arts. By 1854, the Mining and Metallurgical Division was established as one of four sections of the School. The department was moved from Jermyn Street to South Kensington in 1891.An undergraduate degree course in Mineral Dressing was introduced in 1953, and renamed Mineral Technology in 1961, when a new chair in Mineral Technology was established. The Department was known as the Department of Mining and Mineral Technology from 1961 until 1976, when it became the Department of Mineral Resources Engineering with the addition of Petroleum Engineering from the Department of Geology.A third year undergraduate course in Rock Mechanics was introduced in 1967.
The Centre for Petroleum Studies was established in 1994 and is currently part of the T H Huxley School of Environment, Earth Science and Engineering, as is the Petroleum Engineering & Rock Mechanics (PERM) Research Group.

The first Field Station established by the College was at Hurworth, near Slough in the late 1920s. It was taken over by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research during World War Two, and consequently the college relocated their field station to Silwood Park, Berkshire. The house and land was purchased in 1947, and in 1953 Silwood Park Farm and land was purchased by Imperial College. Some further land along Cheapside Road was purchased in 1961. The Overseas Spraying Machinery Centre, Silwood Park was established in 1955.
Sunninghill manor, part of Silwood Park estate, first appears as a separate manor in a conveyance of 1362, although technically it is a parcel of the royal manor of Cookham. The first court of which there is a record was held in 1616 by Mathew Day, Lord of the manor and five times mayor of Windsor. Courts were held irregularly during the period 1616-1790, and dealt exclusively with the transfer of land and admission of tenants. After several changes of owner, the manor was sold to James Sibbald in 1788, who built a new house, the first Silwood.
The Ashurst Lodge Estate house and grounds was purchased by Imperial College in 1948, and sold in 1987.

The Imperial College Union was established in 1907. There are also four constituent unions, the Royal College of Science Union, Royal School of Mines Union, City & Guilds College Union and Imperial College School of Medicine Union. The governing body of the Unions is the Council. The Executive, comprising Union officers, has responsibility to carry out policy. Clubs and societies, financial affairs and other functions are organised through committees.

Alumni Groups and Associations exist to keep former students in touch with each other and with the College. The Old Student Associations became Constituent College Associations in 1992. All are predominantly volunteer organisations but receive administrative support from the College's Alumni Relations office. The City & Guilds College Association was formed in 1897, and until 1992 took its name (Old Centralians) from the original Central Technical College of 1885. The Twentyone Club was established in 1922 as a correspondence club for former students of the City and Guilds College. The Links Club was established in 1926 as a similar club for the Guilds. The Royal College of Science Association was founded in 1908 under the Presidency of H G Wells. The Royal School of Mines Association began life as the Royal School of Mines Old Students' Dining Club and the first Annual Dinner was held in 1873. The Association was formally inaugurated in 1913. The Chaps Club was established in 1921, as a Club for past students of the Royal School of Mines.
The Hofmann Society was established in 1933 for Organic Chemists in the Royal College of Science. The H G Wells Society was established in 1963 for students and staff.
The Imperial College Representative Council was formed in 1969 to consider matters of general college interest, and comprised representatives from staff and student unions within the college.

After Imperial College received its new charter in 1998, the Governing Body was replaced by a Court and Council, and the Board of Studies by the Senate. The committees of the Board of Studies became committees of the Senate.

Photographic services are divided between a central photographic and television studio and departmental photographic provision.Live-net was a University of London project established in 1986 to establish fibre-optic links between several Schools of the University.

The College Library was known as the Lyon Playfair Library after Lord Playfair of St Andrews (1818-1898), a Chemistry lecturer at the Royal School of Mines and statesman. The Haldane recreational library, was named after Richard Burdon Haldane, MP, (1856-1928) who was involved in the formation of Imperial College. On developing a close working relationship with the Science Museum Library, the national library for the History of Science, the libraries collectively became known as the Central Library, whilst maintaining their individual identities. The Imperial College Library Committee was later know as the Union Library Committee.

During the First World War the Chemistry Department manufactured synthetic substances used in medicine, and College staff conducted research into gas warfare, glass-making and minesweepers. The Physics Department investigated medical x-rays and wireless telegraphy for the Admiralty, as did the Engineering laboratories, which made aircraft parts, gauges and fuses. Soldiers were also billeted in the College buildings.

During the Second World War, the Department of Metallurgy was temporarily transferred to Swansea, Mining to Camborne and Biology to the College Field Station at Slough. Plans to transfer other departments to Edinburgh were not carried out. The military occupied several buildings, including the field station, which was requistioned by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in 1940 and retained by them after the war. A Home Guard company was formed in 1941. College staff contributed to the war effort, notably in the fields of radar, nuclear physics, transport fuel and pesticides and operational research.

Schemes for the development of the College have led to the rebuilding of the South Kensington site, and acquisition of a number of buildings in the area, particularly from the 1950s to mid 1970s. Number 170 Queen's Gate, designed by Norman Shaw (1831-1912), was purchased by Imperial College in 1947. The house was adapted for use by the Governing Body and as the Rector's lodgings, and was scheduled as a building of special architectural or historic interest in 1958.The Goldsmiths extension was the new City and Guilds (Engineering) College building, opened in 1926.

By 1960 a scheme had been proposed to merge the Architectural Association with Imperial College. After negotiations over several years, the scheme foundered in 1970.

The Department of Mathematics can be traced to the teaching of Mechanical Science at the Government School of Mines and of Science (later the Royal School of Mines), established in 1851. A department of Applied Mechanics was established, and renamed the Division of Mathematics and Mechanics in 1881 on the formation of the Royal College of Science, of which the Royal School of Mines was a constituent college. Mathematics was also taught at the City and Guilds College from its establishment in 1885. In 1912, it was decided that there would be one Professor of Mathematics for Imperial College, and the departments were amalgamated. Research undertaken in the Department of Mathematics led to the establishment of the Centre for Computing and Automation in 1966. In 1970 the centre became the Department of Computing and Control, and then the Department of Computing in 1979.

Phoenix is the annual Students' Union arts magazine of Imperial College. It started life as the Science Schools Journal in 1887, founded by H G Wells as a literary magazine, although it also contained details of college activities until Felix was established. It was renamed the Royal College of Science Magazine in 1891 and Phoenix in 1904. The City and Guilds Union joined with the Unions of the Royal College of Science and Royal School of Mines in support of Phoenix from 1915, when it became the 'Magazine of the Imperial College of Science and Technology'. Felix is Imperial College's student newspaper, which started in 1949.Weekly newssheets detailing events have also been published by the College and known successively as Coming Events, (1966-1969), IC News, (1969-1974), IC Diary (1974-1982) and IC Gazette (from 1982). IC Gazette was established to publish information previously covered by both IC Diary and Topic magazine, a twice monthly College newsletter established in 1974.
ICON, the Imperial College Review magazine was published between 1973 and 1982, and CRITICON, a continuation of the reviews section of ICON, between 1982-1987. Network, a monthly newspaper, was published between 1987 and 1994. IC Reporter, the College staff newpaper published twice monthly was established in 1995.

The Governing Body was established on the creation of the Imperial College in 1907 by the incorporation of the Royal College of Science and the Royal School of Mines in 1907, and the City and Guilds College in 1910. The Governing Body of 40 members, excluding the Rector, was to exercise the powers of the College as provided in the Charter and later Statutes. After the College received its new Charter in 1998, the Governing Body was replaced by a Court and Council, with the latter becoming the governing and executive body of the College.

The Beit Fellowship was established in 1913 by Otto Beit, a Governor of Imperial College. The Fellowship was established in memory of his brother Alfred, a South African businessman and partner in the firm of Wernher, Beit and Company.

The Council, and previously the Governing Body, is reponsible for ensuring that financial accounts are kept and that an annual statement of the College's finances is prepared and published. External Auditors are appointed by the Council to undertake an audit of the College financial accounts. The College Secretary, as Clerk, is responsible for Internal Audit.
IMPEL was established in 1987 as a joint venture to market technological ideas and products from the college's research programmes. It also acted as a staff consultancy service for external agencies. This aspect was taken over in 1991 by Imperial College Consultants Ltd, along with the management of the commercial use of college facilities. Imperial Biotechnology was established in 1982 to develop products for the speciality enzyme market.

One of the main functions of the Personnel Division is to support Departments in all aspects of their staff management function including recruitment and retention, performance and health and safety. Some central processing services such as pensions, staff appraisal, and administration are carried out by the division.
The Holland Club opened in 1949 as a social club for non-teaching staff, named after Sir Thomas Holland, Rector of the College from 1922-1929. A dining club had been established in 1947, and the two clubs merged in 1962. The Consort Club was established as a joint Imperial College and Royal College of Art dining club.

Scholarships, bursaries and prizes have been established since the creation of Imperial College and its constituent colleges, and are administered by the Registry.

The Department of Aeronautics was established in 1920. Sir Richard Glazebrook was appointed the first Director and Zaharoff Professor of Aviation.
The Department of Meteorology was established in 1920, as part of the Department of Aeronautics. In 1934, it became part of the Department of Physics, and in 1955 was transferred to the Department of Geology.
The Physiological Flow Studies Unit was established in 1966 to foster basic research in physiological mechanics for the advancement of the understanding of certain human diseases. The Centre for Biological and Medical Systems developed from the Physiological Flow Studies Unit.

The Computer Unit (later Computer Centre) was established in 1964, and became part of the Department of Computing and Control. In 1974 the Centre separated from the Department, and later became known as the Centre for Computing Services.
The Centre for Computing and Automation was formed in 1966, based on research undertaken in the Department of Mathematics. In 1970 the centre became the Department of Computing and Control, and then the Department of Computing in 1979, when the Control Group rejoined the Department of Electrical Engineering.
The Kobler Unit for the Management of Information Technology and a new chair to head it was established in 1984 by a trust set up by Fred Kobler.

The teaching of Civil Engineering in South Kensington originated with the establishment of the City and Guilds Central Institution in 1884, which taught Engineering. By 1913 two separate departments of Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering had emerged, as part of the renamed City and Guilds College. As courses developed separate sections emerged. A Chair in Highway Engineering was established in 1929, with the section being replaced by Transport in 1963. A Concrete Technology section was established in 1945, and Public Health and Water Resource Engineering in 1977.

The History of Science and Technology Department was established in 1963. In 1980, the department was amalgamated with Associated Studies to form the Department of Humanities. In 1990 Science and Technology Studies separated from the Humanities Department, which became the Humanities Programme. The London Centre for the History of Science, Medicine and Technology was established in 1987, in collaboration with University College London, Imperial College, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine and the Science Museum.

Economic Policy Studies was established in 1974, as a research programme in the Department of Electrical Engineering.

The Robotics and Automated Systems Centre was established in 1983, as was the Centre for Composite Materials.
The Science of Materials covered research carried out in various departments. In 1972, Materials Science was established as an undergraduate course centred in the Department of Metallurgy (later the Department of Materials).

The Imperial College Centre for Environmental Technology (ICCET) was founded in 1977, the first of the interdisciplinary centres within Imperial College crossing traditional boundaries between departments. The Centre became part of the T H Huxley School of Environment, Earth Sciences and Engineering in 1998, which also amalgamated the Departments of Earth Resources Engineering and Geology. The Centre for Remote Sensing was established as part of the Centre for Environmental Technology.

The Department of Zoology has its origins in Natural History lectures at the Government School of Mines and Science Applied to the Arts (later the Royal School of Mines), established in 1851. The Department was known as Zoology and Applied Entomology from 1934. The Division of Life Sciences was fomed from the Departments of Botany, Zoology and Biochemistry in 1974. In 1981 the Department of Zoology and Applied Entomology was merged with the Department of Botany and Plant Technology to form the Department of Pure and Applied Biology, with the transfer of Microbiology from the Department of Biochemistry. The Department continued to form part of the Division of Life Sciences along with the Department of Biochemistry.