Little is known about the Neumann family; this German Jewish family was forced into exile in the late 1930s.
Karl Neumann was born into a Jewish family in Picin, Czechoslovakia, 1895. He trained at a business school and after initially working with his brother he went into business on his own in 1933. In 1939 on account of persecution by the Nazis on racial grounds he fled to London.
The organisation Neues Leben was a club devoted to nudism, founded February 1930. The movement had been non-political but by the end of March 1933, following difficulties, avowed publicly their support for Hitler. A meeting adopted a change of name to Bund fuer aufartende Lebensfuehrung und Nordische Sittenklarheit (League for racially pure lifestyle and nordic moral clarity), 19 July 1933.
Composed of individuals from adult education, voluntary agency and broadcasting backgrounds, this group met on an ad-hoc basis in 1983, organised its first conference in March 1984 and adopted a formal constitution in June 1985. Its aims were to promote adult learning through personal networks such as self-help groups. It wound up its activities in 1990.
Lucy Frances Nettlefold (1891-1966), known as Nancy, was educated at Leinster House School, completed the University of London intermediate examination in Laws in 1910 and gained a first class pass in Part 1 of the Law Tripos at Newnham College, Cambridge in 1912. In 1912-1913 she and three other Oxbridge women, Misses Bebb, Costello, and Ingram mounted a legal challenge to the Law Society over its refusal to allow them to sit for its examinations. This case became known as Bebb v. The Law Society. In 1914 Nettlefold took a first class in Part 2 of the Cambridge Law Tripos and in 1915 entered the firm of Rider, Heaton and Co. of Lincoln's Inn as an articled clerk. During the First World War, she worked at the Ministry of Food and became Deputy Assistant Secretary. In 1919 she became Director and Company Secretary of her father's firm of Nettlefold and Sons, wholesale ironmongers and manufacturers. On the death of her father in 1924 Nancy and her brother, Hugh, became Joint Managing Directors of the firm from which she eventually retired in 1948.
Nancy was an early and active member of the British Federation of University Women and held posts including Treasurer and was also Director of Crosby Hall. Her other activities included serving on the Managing Committee of the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital and on the Council of Bedford College and later as a Governor of Royal Holloway College. Nancy was also appointed to the Royal Commission on Equal Pay which reported in 1945, She was for many years a conservative member of St. Marylebone Borough Council, serving on a great variety of Council committees and becoming an Alderman in 1956. In 1956 she was elected to the London County Council from which she eventually retired in 1960 after serving on the Welfare and Education Committees. She was awarded the OBE in 1960 and retired to South Africa where she continued to be active in local political and social life.
No biographical information was available at the time of compilation.
Born in 1893; educated at Eton College and Royal Military College, Sandhurst; joined Grenadier Guards, 1912; Lt, 1914; Capt, 1915; Adjutant, Divisional Base Depot, 1915; ADC to Commander, 11 Army Corps, France, 1915-1916; General Staff Officer Grade 3, 4 Army, France, 1917-1918; Bde Maj, 3rd Guards Bde, France, 1918; Adjutant, Dispersal Unit, 1919; Staff Capt, 2 Guards Bde, UK, 1919-1920; taught English at a French military school, 1920-1921; Adjutant, Grenadier Guards, 1921-1922; General Staff Officer Grade 3, War Office, 1922-1924 and Grade 2, 1926-1930; commanded 2 Bn, Grenadier Guards, 1932-1935; Military Attaché, Paris, 1936-1938; Deputy Director of Military Intelligence, War Office, 1938-1939, and Director of Military Intelligence, 1939-1940; Military Attaché, Washington DC, 1941; Maj Gen, General Staff, British Army Staff, Washington DC, 1941-1943; Maj Gen, General Staff, Middle East, North Africa and Italy, 1943-1945; ADC to King George VI, 1944-1945; Liaison Officer on staff of FM Hon Sir Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander, 1945; retired pay, 1945; Gentleman Usher to the Queen, 1959-1967; died in 1971.
Nepean entered the Navy as a clerk and, after serving in several ships, became secretary to Sir John Jervis (later Earl St. Vincent) in 1780. He then turned to politics and held various government appointments, becoming Secretary to the Admiralty in 1795. He was created a baronet in 1802. In 1804 he was Chief Secretary for Ireland for some months before joining the Board of Admiralty. He went out of office in 1806. Nepean was Member of Parliament for Queenborough 1796 to 1802, and Bridport, 1802 to 1812. Between 1812 and 1819 he was Governor of Bombay.
Founded in 1959 as a discussion forum for paediatricians and physiologists interested in foetal and neonatal research. The Society annually holds two winter meetings in London and a summer meeting elsewhere in the country, at which research papers are presented and discussed, and at least one special meeting, usually held jointly with a related society. The Society confines itself to scientific discussion, such as advising the British Standards Institute on incubators, or representation on the Royal Commission on Civil Liability and Compensation, and declines involvement in political activity.
Born Leeds 1915 (Thomas Robert Fidgett), adopted mother's maiden name, Nelson, by deed poll, 1936; joined RAF, 1937, spent four years as a flying instructor in Britain and Rhodesia, posted to Middle East, 1941, and joined 37 Squadron, flying Wellington bombers, June 1942. Completed 22 operational flights; crash landed in Western Desert, approximately 50 miles south of Sollum, 18 Sep 1942; subsequently captured by German forces and transferred to Stalag Luft III at Sagen, Silesia, Germany; assisted with construction of three escape tunnels and with escape of 76 allied airmen, Mar 1944; recaptured and held in Gestapo prison at Gorlitz; commercial pilot with KLM, 1946-1952; accident investigator, Air Accident Investigation Branch, 1952-1957 and International Civil Aviation Organisation, 1957-1975; died 1999.
Student at Bedford College, University of London, 1881-1884; awarded Class I in her Matriculation of 1882 and her Intermediate in Arts in 1883; granted Reid Scholarship, 1883; received Certificates of Merit for Greek History and German, 1884, and achieved a Class I Honours degree; awarded a diploma of Associateship by Bedford College, 1887; gained Class II in the Cambridge Classical Tripos; married Mr J J Nelson, prior to 1899; Governor of Bedford College, 1909; died 1935.
Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp (1982-2000) was formed in response to NATO's decision in 1979 to base ground cruise missiles at Greenham Common. RAF Greenham Common had first became home to the US Army Air Force in Nov 1943, when the 354th Fighter Group moved in as part of the Allies efforts to meet the Nazi Government's aerial operations. Greenham Common, near Newbury in Berkshire, became a bomber operational training unit. Following the invasion of France, the Americans transferred their resources to France and Greenham Common reverted to RAF control until it was closed in 1946. However, as the Cold War began, it was reopened in 1951 as a US Strategic Air Command, coming into American Air Force operational control in Jun 1953. It was closed once more in 1961 only to be reopened in 1964, when it also became a NATO standby base. NATO's decision in 1979 to base ground cruise missiles at Greenham Common was a response to the proliferation of nuclear forces, which occurred throughout that decade. It was in the wake of this announcement that the Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp opened at this site. In Sep 1981 a Welsh group of 36 individuals opposed to nuclear power, called Women for Life on Earth, walked 120 miles from their headquarters to raise awareness of this issue and to protest against NATO's decision to site cruise missiles at Greenham Common. On reaching their destination they chained themselves to the perimeter fence and subsequently established a 'peace camp' there which was to remain for another two decades. The 'camp' itself consisted of nine smaller camps: the first was Yellow Gate, established the month after Women for Peace on Earth reached the airbase; others established in 1983 were Green Gate, the nearest to the silos, and the only entirely exclusive women-only camp at all times, the others accepting male visitors during the day; Turquoise Gate; Blue Gate with its new age focus; Pedestrian Gate; Indigo Gate; Violet Gate identified as being religiously focussed; Red Gate known as the artists gate; and Orange Gate. A central core of women lived either full-time or for stretches of time at any one of the gate camps with others staying for various lengths of time. From the beginning, links were formed with local feminist and anti-nuclear groups across the country while early support was received from the Women's Peace Alliance in order to facilitate these links and give publicity through its newsletter. In Mar 1982 the first blockade of the base occurred, staged by 250 women and during which 34 arrests were made. In May the first attempt to evict the peace camp was made as bailiffs and police attempted to clear the women and their possessions from the site. However, the camp was simply re-located to a nearby site. That same year, in Feb 1982 the camp went onto a women only footing and in Dec 1982, in response to chain letter sent out by organisers 30,000 women assembled to surround the site and 'embrace the base'. In Jan 1983 Newbury District Council revoked the common land bylaws for Greenham Common, becoming the private landlord for the site and instituting Court proceedings to reclaim eviction costs, actions that were ruled as illegal by the House of Lords in 1990. In Apr 1991, CND supporters staged action which involved 70,000 people forming a 14-mile human chain linking Burghfield, Aldermaston and Greenham. However, the first transfer of cruise missiles to the airbase occurred in Nov 1983. Another major event occurred in Dec 1983 when 50,000 women encircled the base, holding up mirrors and taking down sections of the fence, resulting in hundreds of arrests. In 1987, the Intermediate Nuclear Forces treaty was signed by the USA and the Soviet Union, and two years later in Aug 1989 the first step in the removal of cruise missiles from the Greenham Common airbase occurred, a process that was completed in Mar 1991. The American Air Force handed control of the base to the Royal Air Force in Sep 1992, who handed the base over to the Defence Land Agent three weeks later. On 1 Jan 2000 the last of the Greenham Common Women protestors left the camp. A memorial garden was erected after this - the only individual name included in the memorial was that of Helen Wynn Thomas who had died in an accident at Greenham on 5 Aug 1989.
Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp (1982-2000) was formed in response to NATO's decision in 1979 to base ground cruise missiles at Greenham Common. RAF Greenham Common had first became home to the US Army Air Force in Nov 1943, when the 354th Fighter Group moved in as part of the Allies efforts to meet the Nazi Government's aerial operations. Greenham Common, near Newbury in Berkshire, became a bomber operational training unit. Following the invasion of France, the Americans transferred their resources to France and Greenham Common reverted to RAF control until it was closed in 1946. However, as the Cold War began, it was reopened in 1951 as a US Strategic Air Command, coming into American Air Force operational control in Jun 1953. It was closed once more in 1961 only to be reopened in 1964, when it also became a NATO standby base. NATO's decision in 1979 to base ground cruise missiles at Greenham Common was a response to the proliferation of nuclear forces, which occurred throughout that decade. It was in the wake of this announcement that the Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp opened at this site. In Sep 1981 a Welsh group of 36 individuals opposed to nuclear power, called Women for Life on Earth, walked 120 miles from their headquarters to raise awareness of this issue and to protest against NATO's decision to site cruise missiles at Greenham Common. On reaching their destination they chained themselves to the perimeter fence and subsequently established a 'peace camp' there which was to remain for another two decades. The 'camp' itself consisted of nine smaller camps: the first was Yellow Gate, established the month after Women for Peace on Earth reached the airbase; others established in 1983 were Green Gate, the nearest to the silos, and the only entirely exclusive women-only camp at all times, the others accepting male visitors during the day; Turquoise Gate; Blue Gate with its new age focus; Pedestrian Gate; Indigo Gate; Violet Gate identified as being religiously focussed; Red Gate known as the artists gate; and Orange Gate. A central core of women lived either full-time or for stretches of time at any one of the gate camps with others staying for various lengths of time. From the beginning, links were formed with local feminist and anti-nuclear groups across the country while early support was received from the Women's Peace Alliance in order to facilitate these links and give publicity through its newsletter. In Mar 1982 the first blockade of the base occurred, staged by 250 women and during which 34 arrests were made. In May the first attempt to evict the peace camp was made as bailiffs and police attempted to clear the women and their possessions from the site. However, the camp was simply re-located to a nearby site. That same year, in Feb 1982 the camp went onto a women only footing and in Dec 1982, in response to chain letter sent out by organisers 30,000 women assembled to surround the site and 'embrace the base'. In Jan 1983 Newbury District Council revoked the common land bylaws for Greenham Common, becoming the private landlord for the site and instituting Court proceedings to reclaim eviction costs, actions that were ruled as illegal by the House of Lords in 1990.
In Apr 1991, CND supporters staged action which involved 70,000 people forming a 14-mile human chain linking Burghfield, Aldermaston and Greenham. However, the first transfer of cruise missiles to the airbase occurred in Nov 1983. Another major event occurred in Dec 1983 when 50,000 women encircled the base, holding up mirrors and taking down sections of the fence, resulting in hundreds of arrests. In 1987, the Intermediate Nuclear Forces treaty was signed by the USA and the Soviet Union, and two years later in Aug 1989 the first step in the removal of cruise missiles from the Greenham Common airbase occurred, a process that was completed in Mar 1991. The American Air Force handed control of the base to the Royal Air Force in Sep 1992, who handed the base over to the Defence Land Agent three weeks later. On 1 Jan 2000 the last of the Greenham Common Women protestors left the camp. A memorial garden was erected after this - the only individual name included in the memorial was that of Helen Wynn Thomas who had died in an accident at Greenham on 5 Aug 1989.
Horatio Nelson was born in Norfolk and educated there before going to sea in 1771, aged 12. By the age of 21 he had served on board ship in many parts of the globe and risen through the ranks to captain. He was promoted to Rear Admiral in 1797 and Vice Admiral in 1801 and commanded during many naval battles; however, his name is most associated with the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) during which he was killed. He married Frances Herbert Nisbet in 1787 but is better known for his love affair with Emma, Lady Hamilton, which lasted from 1793 until his death. Nelson was knighted in 1797, created a baron in 1798, and created a viscount in 1801. He is commemorated by Nelson's column in Trafalgar Square, London, and other monuments in the UK and elswhere.
Horatio Nelson was born in 1758 in Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk, the son of the rector, and entered the Royal Navy in 1770. In the early part of his career he served in various stations, rising up the ranks with occasional periods on half-pay. By 1797 he had risen to Commander and his role in the Battle of St. Vincent in that year led to his promotion to Rear-Admiral. In 1798 he annihilated the French fleet at the Battle of Aboukir Bay. In 1801 he was promoted to Vice-Admiral, led the British attack on Copenhagen, and was made Viscount Nelson. In 1803 he was appointed to head the Mediterranean fleet, eventually coming into conflict with the French and Spanish at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, in which he was killed in the course of the British victory.
Alastair Nelson qualified MB, ChB from Edinburgh Medical School in 1947, and took the Diploma in Public Health in 1951, studying under FAE Crew, a luminary of the postwar movement in social medicine. He became Medical Officer of Health, Stourbridge, then Deputy MOH, Brighton, and Deputy Chief MOH for Middlesex, which was then the third largest health authority in the UK. Reorganisations of local government and of the Health Service made him successively MOH, Richmond, and Area Medical Officer, Richmond Health Authority, and he finally served as Director of Public Health at Kingston and Esher Health Authority before retiring in 1989.
As Chairman and later President of the Society of Medical Officers of Health, he steered through structural changes to preapre the Society for the 1974 Health Service reorganisation and the foundation of the Faculty of Community Medicine. He was active in the Faculty and in the South West Thames Committee for Community Medicine, edited the 'Handbook of Community Medicine, and represented the public health interest on nursing bodies.
Other interests included firat aid and accident prevention, and medical ethics: from 1982 he convened informal meetings to discuss the latter, from which grew the 'Human Values in Health Care' discussions.
John A Neligan was a Police photographer, Greater London Council staff photographer, and local authority photographer including City of London Corporation where he worked for London Metropolitan Archives and Guildhall Library. He also worked for the government's Central Office of Information. In 2011 he was continuing his photographic work for the Port of London Authority and Thames Water.
Louis Albert Necker was born in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1786. His father Jacques Necker was a professor of botany and local magistrate, his mother Albertine was the daughter of the famous alpine geologist and naturalist Horace Benedict de Saussure.
Necker moved to Scotland in 1806 to study at the University of Edinburgh, where he attended the lectures of Robert Jameson, Professor of Natural History and a Wernian. Whilst based in Edinburgh, Necker undertook a series of tours around Scotland, including visits to Fife, Berwickshire, Arran and the Isle of Skye. The result of the tours was the construction of the earliest known geological map of the whole of Scotland, influenced by Huttonian and Wernian principles, which he presented to the Geological Society in 1808.
In 1810, Necker returned to Geneva to become Chair of Mineralogy and Geology but continued to make extensive geological tours. After the death of his mother in 1841, Necker returned to Scotland, settling in the town of Portree on the Isle of Skye. He died on 20 November 1861.
This is believed to be a typescript transcript of an Associated Press telex containing the names on the infamous Nazi Black List, a facsimile copy of which the Wiener Library holds. The list contains the names of all those whom the Nazis regarded as a potential threat to their plans and would therefore be arrested after the successful invasion of Great Britain.
Malcolm Neville Naylor was born in 1926. He was educated at Queen Mary School, Walsall; Universities of Glasgow and Birmingham. Attained BSc 1951; LDS RCS (Eng) 194; BDS (Birmingham) 1955; FDS RCS (Eng) 1958; PhD Dentistry (Lond) 1963.
Naylor was appointed part time Demonstrator in Physiology, University of Birmingham, 1951-1955; Resident House Surgeon, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 1956-1957; Registrar, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 1957-1959; Dental Research Fellow, Department of Dental Medicine, Guy's Hospital Medical School, 1959-1962; Senior Lecturer, Department of Preventative Dentistry, assigned to Faculty of Medicine, University of London, 1965; Reader in Preventative Dentistry, 1966; Head of Department of Peridontology and Preventative Dentistry, 1980-1999.
Publications: The contribution of dentrifices to oral health. a colloquium held at Guy's Hospital Dental School on 26th June, 1979 (1980) edited with J J Pindborg; edited: Diagnosis and treatment of dental caries, the clinicians' dilemma (Royal Society of Medicine, London 1985); Scientific basis of caries prevention. Symposium. Papers, (Royal Society of Medicine, London 1986); Proceedings of the conference on dental care for the disadvantaged child (World Dental Press, 1998).
The Naylor family owned land at Hurstmonceux, Sussex. Francis Hare Naylor's son also named Francis, became a well-known author in the late eighteenth century. Francis Hare Naylor, senior, died in 1797.
The Navy Records Society was founded in 1893 for the purpose of making documents or unpublished works of naval interest available in print. Since that time it has issued over a hundred and twenty volumes connected with naval history and still continues to function.
The Ticket Office, a department in the Navy Office, was established in 1674. Its principal responsibilities were redemption of 'tickets' which were often issued to seamen instead of pay, the maintenance of lists of seamen on ships' books, the adjustment of pay-books according to the muster books, and the registering of the pay and allowances of seamen, naval officers and dockyard officers and artificers. Usually there was a clerk from the office at each port who attended the payment of ships' crews and dockyard workers. The office staff grew from three established clerks in 1689 to eighteen in 1758 and remained thereafter around that size until 1829 when the office was abolished and sixteen of the clerks were transferred to a new Ticket and Wages branch of the Navy Office.
Sergison began his career as a dockyard clerk in 1671 and in 1675 was appointed an extra clerk to the Comptroller of Victualling Accounts in the Navy Office. In 1677 he was made Chief Clerk to the Clerk of the Acts in which office he remained until 1686. For two years he was secretary of the new commission for conducting current business and continued with the title of Secretary when the Navy Board was re-constituted in 1688. In the following year he was made Assistant Clerk of the Acts and in 1690 became Clerk of the Acts, a post which he held until 1719.
The Navy Office occupied various sites in the vicinity of Tower Hill prior to 1654. At this time the office moved to a building at the junction of Crutched Friars and Seething Lane. This building was burnt down in 1673 but a new office on the same site was completed in 1682. The Navy Office remained at Tower Hill until 1786 when it was moved to more spacious accommodation at Somerset House. The Navy Board was composed of sea officers and civilians known as the 'Principal Officers and Commissioners of the Navy'. The Comptroller of the Navy presided over the Board, generally superintended the business of the Navy Office, and was responsible for the offices dealing with bills, accounts and wages; though theoretically of equal standing, the Comptroller tended to exercise seniority over his colleagues owing to the variety of business which he conducted. The Clerk of the Acts arranged the business of the Board and conducted its correspondence. The Surveyor, appointed from among the Master Shipwrights at the dock-yards, examined all survey reports on ships at the yards, considered what to repair, was responsible for the design and construction of ships and ensured the yards had sufficient stores and equipment. The Comptrollers of Victualling Accounts, of Storekeepers' Accounts and of Treasurers' Accounts respectively examined the accounts of bills made out by the Victualling Hoard, of the stores received in the dockyards and of the money received and paid by the Treasurer of the Navy. In 1796 the offices of Clerk of the Acts and the three Comptrollers of Accounts were abolished and the Board reconstituted, the business of the Navy Office being placed under the supervision of three Committees, of Correspondence, Accounts and Stores. Sir Charles Middleton and Sir Thomas Byam Martin (1773-1854) each held the office of Comptroller. Samuel Pepys (1633-1703) and Charles Sergison (1654-1732) each held the position of Clerk of the Acts whilst notable Surveyors included Sir Thomas Slade (d 1771) and Sir Robert Seppings (1767-1840). The number of clerks in the Navy Office fluctuated according to the pressure of business and especially to whether the country was at war. The clerical establishment nevertheless grew steadily from the time of the Restoration until the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Until 1796 the great majority of clerks were employed in one of eight Offices: the Offices for Bills and Accounts and for Seamen's Wages, the Ticket Office, the Surveyor's Office, the Clerk of the Acts Office, the Offices for Examining Treasurer's Accounts, for Examining Victualling Accounts and for Examining Storekeepers' Accounts. The reorganization after 1796 involved the formation of several new offices: a Secretary's Office in 1796, an Office for Stores in 1796, an Allotment Office in 1797, a Contract Office in 1803 and an Office for Foreign Accounts in 1807. In 1808 the Naval Works Department was transferred to the Navy Office to become until 1812 the Office of the Architect and Engineer. A Ticket and Wages Branch was formed in 1829.
The lieutenants' logs were kept by the lieutenants of a ship in commission, recording details of weather, navigation and the routine of the ship, as well as incidents that occurred during the commission. Printed formats appeared from about 1799, different printed forms being sold by various printers in Portsea and in Plymouth. A standard form was laid down by the Admiralty in October 1805 when the practice of starting the day's log at noon was altered to coincide with the civil calendar, by beginning the log at midnight. At the completion of each year a lieutenant's log was required to be deposited in the Admiralty Office, accompanied by a certificate stating that the officer had complied with the printed instructions and not been absent from his ship. At the Admiralty the chief clerk abstracted details of the voyage and, in return for a fee, sent the log to the Navy Office where a clerk in the office of the Clerk of the Acts made out a certificate entitling the lieutenant to be paid. At the Navy Office individual logs were bound into volumes. It was the practice to bind them according to the name of the ship, not that of their keeper, but during a period in the mid-eighteenth century logs were collected by year, as well as by name of ship, and logs for four or five ships, beginning with the same letter, were bound in one volume.
In the eighteenth century the office of the Clerk of the Acts was responsible for drawing up Navy Board contracts, although it was noted in 1786 that it was the duty of the two assistants to the Surveyor of the Navy 'to examine and correct all contracts for building and repairing in the merchant yards'. In 1796 the Secretary's Office continued to draw up the contracts, but in 1803 an Order-in-Council created a Contract Office with two clerks from the Secretary's office. This office continued after the abolition of the Navy Board in 1832. See Bernard Pool, Navy Board contracts 1660-1832 (London, 1966).
Ian Natoff, born 1933; After graduating in pharmacy at Chelsea School of Pharmacy, University of London, in 1955, Dr Natoff obtained a research scholarship from the Royal Pharmaceutical Society for research on the toxicity of preservatives in fruit drinks, and later on the action of insulin in diabetes. He worked thereafter in medicinal pharmacology for pharmaceutical companies and served as Home Office Liason Officer for Roche Products Ltd until he formed his own scientific liason consultancy.
The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is an alliance based on political and military co-operation among member countries, established in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. NATO was established by the 1949 North Atlantic Treaty, commonly referred to as the Treaty of Washington. The North Atlantic Alliance consists of the transatlantic partnership between the European members of NATO and the United States and Canada, and is entrusted to support peace and stability throughout Europe. The objectives of the partnership between the European and North American members of the Alliance are primarily political, underpinned by shared defence planning and military co-operation and by co- operation and consultation in economic, scientific, environmental and other relevant fields. Throughout the years of the Cold War, however, NATO focused primarily on the development and maintenance of collective defence and on overcoming the fundamental political issues dividing Europe. Today its focus is on promoting stability throughout Europe through co-operation and by developing the means for collective crisis management and peacekeeping
The British Women's Hospital Committee was formed by members of the Actresses' Franchise League in 1915. Its aim was fund-raising for Allied servicemen injured and disabled during the First World War. The money raised was used to build and partially endow the Star and Garter Homes for totally disabled men and to fund the Scottish Women's Hospitals. The Committee helped establish the Nation's Fund for Nurses (NFN) in 1917 and the Fund provided an endowment for the newly founded College of Nursing and a 'Tribute Fund' for the relief of individual nurses during sickness and disablement. A separate 'Nation's Tribute to Nurses in Ireland' (Irish Branch of the NFN) was established in 1918. Annie, Viscountess Cowdray, NFN Treasurer and Chairman of the Tribute Fund Committee, presented and furnished a Nurses' Club for the College of Nursing; the Cowdray Club closed in the 1980s. A home of rest at Bonchurch, Isle of Wight, presented to the College of Nursing by Sir John and Lady Martin Harvey and the NFN Committee, was officially opened in 1920. The administration of the Edith Cavell Homes of Rest for Nurses was handed over to the NFN in 1922. The NFN assumed the administration of the Queen Alexandra Relief Fund for War Nurses in 1922 and the Church of England Nurses' Guild in 1923. A Charity Commissioners' scheme established a Board of Management for the NFN, the Tribute Fund, the Queen Alexandra Relief Fund and the Church of England Nurses Guild, in 1930. The Tribute Fund Committee was then renamed the Relief Committee. The College of Nursing appointed a Nurses Appeal Committee to appeal for funds for the NFN through its journal, The Nursing Times, in 1931. The appeal was renamed 'The Royal College of Nursing Appeal for the Nation's Fund for Nurses', in 1955. The NFN took over administration of the Rest Breaks Fund for Nurses and Midwives and Snow's Charity for Female Nurses, in 1959, and of the Archer Convalescent Fund for Nurses in 1967. The NFN was administered by the Queen's Nursing Institute from 1980 to 1995.
In the wake of its triumphal consolidation of power, the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) decided to establish an archive to preserve for posterity its own records and those of the Deutsche Arbeitsfront. On Jan 15, 1934, at the suggestion of Reichsschulungsleiter (Reich Education Director) Otto Gohdes, headquarters for an archive and library under the name 'NSDAP Hauptarchiv' were established in Berlin. There was a forerunner to the archive established Aug 1926. A press archive for the party in Munich was founded by Mathilde von Scheubner-Richter, widow of Max von Scheubner-Richter at the behest of Hitler with the following functions: to collect material on hostile personalities; to scan and make cuttings from the Communist press and the Nazi press. Around 1928 the organisation was taken over by the Reichspropagandaleitung of the NSDAP, which also collected posters, leaflets, pamphlets and other propaganda and election material for the use of various Nazi organisations.
The NSDAP Hauptarchiv's first director was Dr Erich Uetrecht from the Reichsschulungsamt. The archive moved in October 1934 from the Maerkisches Ufer in Berlin to its permanent location in Munich, 15 Barerstrasse. The already existing records of the Reichspropagandaleitung were incorporated with it. In mid 1935 the entire organisation was made directly responsible to Hitler's deputy, Rudolf Hess.
The purpose of the archive was no longer that of acting as a central clearing house of information for the various party organisations. In addition to collecting books, periodicals, newspapers and government publications, operating a reference service for party and government figures, and presenting occasional exhibits, the party archive was to be the main depository for documents relating to the party's history from its earliest days.
As a relatively new institution, the Hauptarchiv had great difficulties in finding original material. With the help of newspaper advertising, leaflets and questionnaires, the archivists appealed to old party members to donate their memorabilia of strife-torn days and to write down their personal reflections.
The old established state archives were unwilling to turn over their collections of party material. Only the Munich police and the Bavarian political police gave the Hauptarchiv their pre-1933 documentation on the NSDAP. In 1938, Dr Uetrect wrote an elaborate memorandum discussing the re-organisation of all German archives and assigning the Hauptarchiv a central place in the scheme. The eventual result of this memorandum was a circular signed by Rudolf Hess and sent in July 1939 to the various state agencies, directing them to collaborate fully with the Hauptarchiv. In response these agencies drew up lists which enabled the Hauptarchiv to ascertain the location of files pertinent to NSDAP history, although the documents themselves were not transferred.
In 1939 the Hauptarchiv was designated as depository for the Fuhrer's deputy, the Reich Chancery and the Reich Leadership of the NSDAP. It was also given jurisdiction over the various Gaue (districts) archives and of the NSDAP 'Gliederungen' (formations) (eg Stormtroopers, SS, Hitler Youth).
By 1943, it had become apparent that Munich was no longer safe from aerial attack and that the most precious holdings of the Hauptarchiv would have to be moved. Three Bavarian sites were chosen: Passau-Feste-Oberhaus, Neumarkt-St Veit, and Lenggries-Schloss Hohenburg. The material transferred consisted mainly of the archival section proper. The library under its new head, Dr Arnold Bruegmann, continued to operate in Munich until it was wiped out by bombing in January 1945. Records for material stored at Neumarkt-St go up to March 1945. At the end of the war the American army seized what archives it could find in Passau and Neumarkt-St Veit. (The fate of the Lenggries material is unknown). The confiscated documents were then reassembled at the Berlin Document Center in early 1946.
The Nationalised Industries Chairmen's Group represented the views of the nationalised industries, and its representatives worked with the government, the CBI and the Trades Unions. After 1976, the structure of the group became more formalised, with the establishment of the Standing Committee, Council, Advisory Committee and Finance Panel. The Nationalised Industries Overseas Group and the European Panel undertook the co-ordination of the group's work abroad.
The National Women Citizens Association (1917-1975) was founded in 1917 at a time of concern in how women could be active citizens. After decades of campaigning for women's suffrage, initiatives were established to lay the foundations of women's informed political participation in the early part of the twentieth century. From 1913, autonomous local Women Citizen's Associations were formed throughout the United Kingdom following Eleanor Rathbone's initiatives in Liverpool and Manchester. Their aim was to stimulate women's interest in social and political issues in order to prepare them for active citizenship. When it became evident in 1917 that women were about to be awarded the parliamentary vote, more of these organisations were established. In Jun 1917, the National Union of Women Workers called a meeting of British women's organisations at which the issues surrounding this were discussed. It was here that the NUWW drew up the Provisional Central Committee on the Citizenship of Women, with members drawn from interested societies, though acting in a private capacity. It was their intention to continue to stimulate interest through the work of the existing societies but also to help form local groups that would affiliate to this central body. At the Nov 1917 conference of the 42 affiliated societies of the National Union of Women Workers, the plans and procedures of the new body were accepted by the Executive Committee. The first election of the Central Committee took place that Dec 1917, followed by a change of name to the National Women Citizen's Association. Helena Normanton was the first Secretary. In early 1918 the first of the local branches began to appear and when, in that year, the franchise was finally given to women, the numbers of affiliated organisations increased as suffrage groups changed their names and objectives to fit new circumstances. During the early 1920s a number of Women's Local Government Society branches affiliated, eventually becoming women's citizenship groups when the parent body dissolved in 1925. This saw the NWCA assume greater responsibility for work in the area of local government through the second half of this decade and into the 1930s. Despite this, there was a decline in interest and activity in the group before the Second World War. However, this situation was reversed after the war. In 1947, the organisation amalgamated with the National Council for Equal Citizenship and then, in 1949, with Women for Westminster. There was a corresponding increase in activity leading up to the Festival of Britain in 1951, so that in the 1950s it was necessary to reorganise the local branches into five regional federations. Local branches continued to be established into the 1960s. However, there was a another decrease in activity and the NWCA disbanded in 1974 despite some local branches continuing and an attempt being made by some former officers to revive the group in 1975.
A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.
Conveyances are transfers of land from one party to another, usually for money. Early forms of conveyance include feoffments, surrenders and admissions at manor courts (if the property was copyhold), final concords, common recoveries, bargains and sales and leases and releases.
From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".
The National Vigilance Association (1885-1953) was founded at a time when the debate over the Contagious Diseases Acts and the regulation of prostitution had drawn public attention to the more general issue of the traffic of women and children. Investigations into child prostitution by WT Stead published in the Pall Mall Gazette increased pressure to pass a Criminal Law Amendment Bill. In order to achieve this immediate aim and support any future changes to the law deemed necessary, the National Vigilance Association was formed in Aug 1885 'for the enforcement and improvement of the laws for the repression of criminal vice and public immorality'. All local Vigilance Committees, and any other organisations with congruent aims, were to affiliate to this new body while in turn the central body was to stimulate the formation of new vigilance committees. The General Council consisted of delegates from the affiliated groups and other appointed members and early members included Mrs Fawcett, Mrs Percy Bunting, J Stansfeld MP, Mr WT Stead, Miss Ellice Hopkins, Mrs Mitchell, Mrs Lynch, Miss Bewicke, Mrs Bradley and Mrs Josephine Butler. At the initial meeting, an Executive Committee was appointed to manage the organisation's business and subcommittees were set up to deal with preventive, legal, organisational, parliamentary and municipal matters, as well as with registries, enquiries, the suppression of foreign traffic, finance and literature. The group grew rapidly at a local level and soon there were five branches of the association organised at a regional level: South Wales and Monmouthshire, Sunderland and North Eastern, Manchester and Northern Counties, Birmingham and Midland Counties and Bristol and South Western Counties. The new Association soon amalgamated with a number of other organisations working in the same field. The Minors' Protection Society merged with them in 1885, as did the Society for the Suppression of Vice, with the National Vigilance Association taking over responsibility for the work of the Belgian Traffic Committee. Discussions on a merger took place with the Central Vigilance Society from 1887 to 1891. The Association's activities also widened during this period. In 1899 the National Vigilance Association founded an international organisation, the International Bureau for the Suppression of Traffic in Persons. The Executive of the National Vigilance Association acted as the national committee for Britain within the framework of the International Bureau and in this context was known as the British National Committee though the personnel were identical at the time. Later, however, the British National Committee took on an extended role and became a separate, more broadly-based organisation in its own right which comprised representatives of all the major and some minor organisations for the protection of women and children. Subsequently, in 1917 the aims of the National Vigilance Association itself broadened once more to embrace the protection of women, minors (including young men) and children. To achieve this, they worked not only for the suppression of prostitution but also of 'obscene' publications and public behaviour. A Special Council was established concerned with 'the Suppression of the White Slave Traffic'. However, in the 1920s and 1930s the National Vigilance Association was constantly plagued with financial difficulties despite its merger with the Travellers' Aid Society in 1939. Rising costs and a diminishing income brought a financial crisis in 1951. In 1952 National Vigilance Association and British National Committee amalgamated once more, ending both their independent existences. Consequently, a new group emerged in 1953 which was named as the British Vigilance Association.
The National United Temperance Council (NUTC) was founded in July 1896 at a National Conference of County United Temperance Councils. The aim of both County and National United Temperance Councils was to consolidate support amongst various temperance organisations for temperance legislation and to promote the temperance movement in general.
The London United Temperance Council (LUTC) was the second County United Temperance Council to be formed (after Essex) in January 1895 and the NUTC followed its example in terms of constitutional structure and aims (see ACC/2425/1 and ACC/ 2425/25-28 for early constitutions).
From 1932 to 1948 the NUTC and LUTC were amalgamated. When the LUTC was reconstituted as a separate organisation in 1948 (mainly in response to London County Council's plans to license sale of alcohol in London parks) they shared a joint secretary and treasurer with the NUTC. From the 1950's, records of LUTC meetings can be found among minutes of NUTC meetings. Both the NUTC and the LUTC were financed by subscriptions, donations, legacies, association fees (from affiliated temperance societies), collections and sales.
The early years of the NUTC involved the organising of campaigns for Sunday closing and for legislation to prevent the sale of alcohol to children. Both the NUTC and the LUTC were active in lobbying M.P.s, local public bodies, county councillors and school boards concerning temperance issues and in monitoring and opposing applications for licences at Brewster sessions. They organised demonstration marches for all age groups, organised temperance missions held in hired halls, ran advertising campaigns, and published and distributed temperance literature including their own magazine, The United Temperance Gazette. The NUTC and LUTC also provided various social (and fund-raising) activities for their members such as annual fetes and prize competitions for reciting, essay-writing and singing. In later years, issues such as non-alcoholic communion wine, sale of alcohol in London parks and licensing in airports commanded their attention.
Memorial Hall in Farringdon Street, EC1 was the headquarters of both the NUTC and the LUTC until 1949 when they were bequeathed a house at 165 CIapham Road, Stockwell, by Dr. Annie McCall. This was a four storey Georgian terraced house. The majority of surviving NUTC papers from this date concern the maintenance of this property in terms of repairs and tenancy. It was sold in 1985 to the tenants except for two rooms. In 1987 the NUTC moved to smaller premises in Regent Street.
At present the NUTC continues to be funded by individual subscription and continues to give advice to the public on opposing licence applications.
The Portsmouth branch of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (1909-1913) was established in 1909 with Miss Nora O'Shea as secretary and was a member of the Surrey, Sussex and Hants Federation of the NUWSS. It seems to have ceased work in 1913.
The National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (1898-1919) was established out of collaborative efforts by the various suffrage societies. In the 1890s, after the death of Lydia Becker, the suffrage movement suffered from a lack of unified leadership and divisions developed between groups. However, in 1895, with a general election imminent, the two main London societies and the other provincial organisations agreed to co-ordinate their activities. This temporary alliance worked well so that in Jun 1896 the London and Manchester groups formed a joint parliamentary lobbying committee, the Combined Sub-Committee, which representatives of Edinburgh and Bristol soon joined. At a conference in Brighton in Oct 1897 at which the country was divided up into administrative areas, it was recognised that there was a need for a national body and twelve months later a system of federation was agreed and the Combined Committee was reconstituted as the executive committee of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies. The new body's overall aim was to co-ordinate the various existing groups, act as a form of liaison committee between these groups and parliamentary supporters and thereby help obtain parliamentary franchise for women. These included the North of England Society (formerly the Manchester National Society for Women's Suffrage), the Central and Western Society (formerly the Central National Society for Women's Suffrage), the Central and East of England Society (formerly the Central Committee for Women's Suffrage) which the previous administrative division of the country had created as well as the provincial groups which existed throughout the country. Each of these independent organisations was represented by members on the NUWSS Executive Committee while the overall structure remained decentralised, with each local body autonomously responsible for work in their area. The constitution strictly forbade party political activity or affiliation on part of the parent or constituent bodies and this political neutrality was mirrored in the diversity of opinion within its leadership which included Millicent Fawcett, Lady Frances Balfour, Helen Blackburn, Priscilla Bright McLaren, Eleanor Rathbone and Eva Gore-Booth. Despite the formation of the new NUWSS, there was a marked decline in suffrage activity around the turn of the century as interests became focused on individual issues such as licensing and education while the Boer War overshadowed politics. A remedy for this inertia was sought through the National Convention in Defence of Civic Rights for Women, and in its wake the NUWSS's role changed as it began to implement a policy of creating local pressure committees financed and supported by the central body, creating more centralised planning. However, until 1906 their approach remained focused on supporting Private Members Bills in the House of Commons. The lack of success led some members to envisage a more radical method and in 1903 Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in affiliation with the Independent Labour Party. Two years later, they left the North of England Society, and with it the NUWSS, to concentrate on the militant strand of the movement. The NUWSS continued alongside and subsequently in public opposition to the civil disobedience of the WSPU, preferring to persist in using constitutional means although they began to also undertake public activities such as marches, demonstrations, rallies and pageants in addition to their parliamentary work. By 1907, it was necessary to reorganise the system of regional federations due to their increasing numbers and which rose to nearly 500 by 1913. In addition, changes in the makeup of membership had an effect on the nature of the organisation. Increasing working-class participation, particularly in the Northwest, combined with disillusionment regarding the Liberal Party, which for decades had been their main parliamentary support, led to closer collaboration with the Labour Party. In 1912, the Labour Party made support for female suffrage part of its policy for the first time. When, that same year the NUWSS launched the Election Fighting Fund policy, which promised support to any party officially supporting suffrage in an election where the candidate was challenging an anti-suffrage Liberal, the effect was to effectively support the Labour Party. In 1914, dissension occurred in the NUWSS due to the groups' official stance of subordinating campaigning to support for war work. Many members, including a majority of the executive, left the group and many joined the Women's International League in 1915. However, political activity did not end: a National Union of Women's Interest committee was established to watch over the social, economic interests of women. Suffrage agitation was resumed in earnest in 1916, when the Consultative Committee of Constitutional Women's Suffrage Societies was established in Mar 1916 in response to the government proposed changes to the national electoral register, to take effect at the end of the First World War with the aim of petitioning the government for the inclusion of women's suffrage in the franchise Reform Bill. Consequently the NUWSS was key in the final creation of the women's franchise section of the Representation of the People Act of 1918. However, from Apr 1919, they redesigned their aims to promoting equality of franchise between men and women and allowing the affiliation of societies with this object, becoming the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship in the process.
Founded in 1904 as the Equal Pay League, part of the National Union of Teachers, in 1906 this organisation was re-named the National Federation of Women Teachers. In 1920 it it broke away to form an independent union, the National Union of Women Teachers. It was a feminist organisation and maintained close links with other groups and individuals in the women's movement. Its main aim was to obtain equal pay but it also interested itself in the wide range of issues affecting women teachers, including the marriage bar, maternity rights and family allowances. It was also concerned with education in its widest sense and took an interest in many issues such as class sizes, corporal punishment, the school leaving age, teacher training, and wider social and political debates such as capital punishment, the minimum wage and health policy. In 1961, when equal pay had been achieved, the Union was wound up.
The National Union of Vehicle Builders was founded in 1919 on the merger of several smaller societies such as the London and Provincial Coachmakers' Society and the United Kingdom Society of Coachmakers. It represented the manufacturers of coaches and cars, and related trades such as smiths and wheelwrights. The union merged with the Transport and General Workers' Union in 1972.
The National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers was formed in 1932. It consisted of various smaller unions, among them the Amalgamated Society of Tailors, the London Society of Tailors and Tailoresses, the United Clothing Workers Union and the National Unions of Tailors and Garment Workers. In 1991 it joined the General Municipal and Boilermakers (GMB).
A guild or union existed amongst tailors' servingmen and journeymen in London as long ago as 1417 but the history of the present Union and its predecessors is only recorded from the later 19th Century. The National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers (NUTGW) existed as an independent body until 1991 when it joined the General Municipal and Boilermakers (GMB). At the time of the merger, the NUTGW was itself the result of many amalgamations. In 1912 the United Garment Workers' Union was formed by the amalgamation of the Amalgamated Society of Journeymen Tailors; Amalgamated Union of Clothiers' Operatives; Amalgamated Jewish Tailors, Pressers and Machinists' Trade Union; London Clothiers Cutters; The Shirt, Jacket and Overall Workers; and The Belfast Shirt and Collar Workers. These were later joined by the Scottish National Association of Operative Tailors; London Operative Tailors; and Amalgamated Society of Tailors and Tailoresses. In 1931 these became the NUTGW with the addition of the United Ladies Tailors (London) and the Waterproof Garment Workers' Union.
National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship (NUSEC) (1918-1945) was formed out of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies. After the 1918 Representation of the People Act which granted women limited suffrage, the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) decided to revise its previous aims and become the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship (NUSEC), remaining a high-level organisation designed to allow the affiliation of autonomous local societies with this object. However, the body now not only promoted equality of franchise between men and women but also extended this to the social and economic fields, working family allowances and the political education of women. During the 1920s they concerned themselves with issues such as restrictive legislation, limiting working hours which applied only to women and with the aim of 'protecting' them against industrial exploitation. However, there was no consensus within the group regarding the appropriate response to, 'protective' legislation and an ideological split occurred at this time between those who supported ideas such as an 'Endowment of Motherhood' to women to allow their financial independence and those who adopted a more strictly equalist position. In the mid-1920s, the Labour government proposed a series of bills that would extend this protective legislation and NUSEC was pressurised to change its equalist policies on this issue. In response to this situation, a number of members left the group to form the Open Door Council in May 1926. The group also encountered consistent opposition from the Liberal government and it was only in 1927 that a deputation was permitted to meet with Prime Minister Baldwin. However, the passing of the People (Equal Franchise) Bill in Mar 1928 rewarded their efforts. The result of liberal hostility was that close co-operation developed with the Labour Party throughout the NUSEC's history. In 1932, it was decided that the organisation's campaigning and educational functions should be separated, the first being delegated to the National Council for Equal Citizenship, while education was passed on to the Townswomen's Guild. The National Council for Equal Citizenship continued its work until the end of the Second World War.
The National Union of Domestic Workers was established on 29 June, 1938. It was administered by the Trades Union Congress (TUC) Women's Officer, and never really operated as an independent union. The policy body was a Joint Board, with representatives from the TUC and lay members. The membership reached a peak of 805 in June 1939. The last meeting of the Joint Board was held in May 1953.
The Association of Professional, Executive, Clerical and Computer Staff was founded in 1890 when about a dozen men met in an office in the Strand and decided to form the Clerk's Union. As membership increased and spread across the country, the name was changed to the National Union of Clerks. In 1920, after rapid growth and the absorption of a number of other unions, the membership figure was around 40,000 and the name was again changed to the National Union of Clerks and Administrative Workers (NUCAW). In 1940, the Association of Women Clerks and Secretaries transferred to NUCAW and a new title was agreed: the Clerical and Administrative Workers Union. Then, in 1972, arising from the spread of the union's influence, changes in office skills and the growing ability of the union to represent staff at all levels, it changed its title to the Association of Professional, Executive, Clerical and Computer Staff (APEX) and they joined GMB in 1989. More recently, APEX accepted the Transfer of Engagements of the Automobile Association Staff and the General Accident Staff. Since the amalgamation, the Greater London Staff Association, who earlier transferred to GMB, have joined the APEX Partnership and the National Union of Labour Organisers and Legal Aid Staff Association have also transferred to APEX.
South Grove is one of the main streets in Highgate, leading off Highgate Hill and forming part of the triangle of Pond Square. Number 10 is known as Church House. It includes a staircase dating to George I's reign (1714-1727). The house was owned by antiquarian John Sidney Hawkins who, from 1802-1837, leased it to Hyman Hurwitz to be used as a Jewish school. It subsequently reverted to residential use.
From: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 6: Friern Barnet, Finchley, Hornsey with Highgate (1980).