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Iris Murdoch was born in Dublin, Ireland on 15 Jul 1919. When she was very young Iris and her parents moved to London, England, and Iris studied at Frobel and Badminton Schools. She followed this with studies in classics, ancient history and philosophy at Oxford, and further study at Cambridge. During the war years Iris worked for the Treasury in London, and then joined the UNRRA providing relief in formerly occupied countries in Europe. In 1948 she became a fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford, where she taught and researched philosophy.
Iris Murdoch wrote a number of tracts on philosophy, however it is for her novels that she is best known. She wrote 26 novels in total, her first being 'Under the Net' published in 1954. Other notable works include 'The Bell' and 'The Sea, the Sea', for which she won the Booker Prize. Her last novel, 'Jackson's Dilemma', was published in 1995.

In her youth Iris Murdoch had relationships with a number of individuals, including Elias Canetti. She met author and scholar John Bayley while at Oxford, and they married in 1956. She wrote to a great number of people and maintained friendships in this way.

Later in life Iris Murdoch was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, the first effects of which she had attributed to writer's block. She died in 1999.

Rolando Pieraccini is an Italian born publisher now based in Finland, proprietor of the Eurographica Press based in Helsinki.

Iris Murdoch was born in Dublin, Ireland on 15 Jul 1919. When she was very young Iris and her parents moved to London, England, and Iris studied at Frobel and Badminton Schools. She followed this with studies in classics, ancient history and philosophy at Oxford, and further study at Cambridge. During the war years Iris worked for the Treasury in London, and then joined the UNRRA providing relief in formerly occupied countries in Europe. In 1948 she became a fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford, where she taught and researched philosophy.
Iris Murdoch wrote a number of tracts on philosophy, however it is for her novels that she is best known. She wrote 26 novels in total, her first being 'Under the Net' published in 1954. Other notable works include 'The Bell' and 'The Sea, the Sea', for which she won the Booker Prize. Her last novel, 'Jackson's Dilemma', was published in 1995.

In her youth Iris Murdoch had relationships with a number of individuals, including Elias Canetti. She met author and scholar John Bayley while at Oxford, and they married in 1956. She wrote to a great number of people and maintained friendships in this way.
Later in life Iris Murdoch was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, the first effects of which she had attributed to writer's block. She died in 1999.

Mary McIntosh was a renowned sociologist, particularly for her work on gender and sexuality.

Iris Murdoch was born in Dublin, Ireland on 15 Jul 1919. When she was very young Iris and her parents moved to London, England, and Iris studied at Frobel and Badminton Schools. She followed this with studies in classics, ancient history and philosophy at Oxford, and further study at Cambridge. During the war years Iris worked for the Treasury in London, and then joined the UNRRA providing relief in formerly occupied countries in Europe. In 1948 she became a fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford, where she taught and researched philosophy.
Iris Murdoch wrote a number of tracts on philosophy, however it is for her novels that she is best known. She wrote 26 novels in total, her first being 'Under the Net' published in 1954. Other notable works include 'The Bell' and 'The Sea, the Sea', for which she won the Booker Prize. Her last novel, 'Jackson's Dilemma', was published in 1995.

In her youth Iris Murdoch had relationships with a number of individuals, including Elias Canetti. She met author and scholar John Bayley while at Oxford, and they married in 1956. She wrote to a great number of people and maintained friendships in this way.

Later in life Iris Murdoch was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, the first effects of which she had attributed to writer's block. She died in 1999.

Devaki Jain is a writer and economist, best known for her writing on feminist economics.

Iris Murdoch was born in Dublin, Ireland on 15 Jul 1919. When she was very young Iris and her parents moved to London, England, and Iris studied at Frobel and Badminton Schools. She followed this with studies in classics, ancient history and philosophy at Oxford, and further study at Cambridge. During the war years Iris worked for the Treasury in London, and then joined the UNRRA providing relief in formerly occupied countries in Europe. In 1948 she became a fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford, where she taught and researched philosophy.
Iris Murdoch wrote a number of tracts on philosophy, however it is for her novels that she is best known. She wrote 26 novels in total, her first being 'Under the Net' published in 1954. Other notable works include 'The Bell' and 'The Sea, the Sea', for which she won the Booker Prize. Her last novel, 'Jackson's Dilemma', was published in 1995.

In her youth Iris Murdoch had relationships with a number of individuals, including Elias Canetti. She met author and scholar John Bayley while at Oxford, and they married in 1956. She wrote to a great number of people and maintained friendships in this way.
Later in life Iris Murdoch was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, the first effects of which she had attributed to writer's block. She died in 1999.

Stephen Gardiner was a British architect, much of whose work focused on schools and other public buildings. He also taught architecture.

Iris Murdoch was born in Dublin, Ireland on 15 Jul 1919. When she was very young Iris and her parents moved to London, England, and Iris studied at Frobel and Badminton Schools. She followed this with studies in classics, ancient history and philosophy at Oxford, and further study at Cambridge. During the war years Iris worked for the Treasury in London, and then joined the UNRRA providing relief in formerly occupied countries in Europe. In 1948 she became a fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford, where she taught and researched philosophy.

Iris Murdoch wrote a number of tracts on philosophy, however it is for her novels that she is best known. She wrote 26 novels in total, her first being Under the Net published in 1954. Other notable works include The Bell and The Sea, the Sea, for which she won the Booker Prize. Her last novel, Jackson's Dilemma, was published in 1995. In her youth Iris Murdoch had relationships with a number of individuals, including Elias Canetti. She met author and scholar John Bayley while at Oxford, and they married in 1956. She wrote to a great number of people and maintained friendships in this way. Later in life Iris Murdoch was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, the first effects of which she had attributed to writer's block. She died in 1999.

Philippa Foot was born on 03 Oct 1920. She studied at the University of Oxford before and during the Second World War, where she met Iris Murdoch. She moved to London in 1943 and shared a flat with Iris Murdoch while she worked at Chatham House in St James’s Square, moving out again in Spring 1945. She met historian Michael Foot in 1944 and they married in 1945, and later separated in 1960. The period of her marriage was one of estrangement from Iris Murdoch as the latter had formerly dated and then rejected Michael Foot, once the marriage ended they rekindled their friendship and remained in contact throughout the rest of Murdoch’s life. After the war in 1947 Philippa Foot went to teach philosophy at Somerville College Oxford where she remained until she left to take up a number of posts in the US. She eventually settled at the University of California in Los Angeles in 1976 and remained here until her retirement. She was a very well known moral philosopher, and was known for basing her philosophy in actual real life examples as opposed to theory. She died, aged 90, in 2010.

Peter Conradi is the author of critical studies of Dostoevsky, Angus Wilson, and John Fowles. He was a friend of Dame Iris Murdoch's and his biography Iris Murdoch: A Life was published in 2001.

Iris Murdoch was born in Dublin, Ireland on 15 Jul 1919. When she was very young Iris and her parents moved to London, England, and Iris studied at Frobel and Badminton Schools. She followed this with studies in classics, ancient history and philosophy at Oxford, and further study at Cambridge. During the war years Iris worked for the Treasury in London, and then joined the UNRRA providing relief in formerly occupied countries in Europe. In 1948 she became a fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford, where she taught and researched philosophy.
Iris Murdoch wrote a number of tracts on philosophy, however it is for her novels that she is best known. She wrote 26 novels in total, her first being 'Under the Net' published in 1954. Other notable works include 'The Bell' and 'The Sea, the Sea', for which she won the Booker Prize. Her last novel, 'Jackson's Dilemma', was published in 1995.

In her youth Iris Murdoch had relationships with a number of individuals, including Elias Canetti. She met author and scholar John Bayley while at Oxford, and they married in 1956. She wrote to a great number of people and maintained friendships in this way.
Later in life Iris Murdoch was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, the first effects of which she had attributed to writer's block. She died in 1999.

Carmen Callil is best known as a publisher- during her career in the field she founded Virago Press in 1972. She has also written a number of books in her own right.

Iris Murdoch was born in Dublin, Ireland on 15 Jul 1919. When she was very young Iris and her parents moved to London, England, and Iris studied at Frobel and Badminton Schools. She followed this with studies in classics, ancient history and philosophy at Oxford, and further study at Cambridge. During the war years Iris worked for the Treasury in London, and then joined the UNRRA providing relief in formerly occupied countries in Europe. In 1948 she became a fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford, where she taught and researched philosophy.
Iris Murdoch wrote a number of tracts on philosophy, however it is for her novels that she is best known. She wrote 26 novels in total, her first being 'Under the Net' published in 1954. Other notable works include 'The Bell' and 'The Sea, the Sea', for which she won the Booker Prize. Her last novel, 'Jackson's Dilemma', was published in 1995.

In her youth Iris Murdoch had relationships with a number of individuals, including Elias Canetti. She met author and scholar John Bayley while at Oxford, and they married in 1956. She wrote to a great number of people and maintained friendships in this way.

Later in life Iris Murdoch was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, the first effects of which she had attributed to writer's block. She died in 1999.

George Pappas is an American artist known for his mixed media work. He was formerly a teacher at Florida State University.

Iris Murdoch was born in Dublin, Ireland on 15 Jul 1919. When she was very young Iris and her parents moved to London, England, and Iris studied at Frobel and Badminton Schools. She followed this with studies in classics, ancient history and philosophy at Oxford, and further study at Cambridge. During the war years Iris worked for the Treasury in London, and then joined the UNRRA providing relief in formerly occupied countries in Europe. In 1948 she became a fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford, where she taught and researched philosophy.
Iris Murdoch wrote a number of tracts on philosophy, however it is for her novels that she is best known. She wrote 26 novels in total, her first being 'Under the Net' published in 1954. Other notable works include 'The Bell' and 'The Sea, the Sea', for which she won the Booker Prize. Her last novel, 'Jackson's Dilemma', was published in 1995.

In her youth Iris Murdoch had relationships with a number of individuals, including Elias Canetti. She met author and scholar John Bayley while at Oxford, and they married in 1956. She wrote to a great number of people and maintained friendships in this way.
Later in life Iris Murdoch was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, the first effects of which she had attributed to writer's block. She died in 1999.

Dame Antonia Susan Duffy, better known as AS Byatt, is an author and poet, who has won the Booker Prize for her novel 'Possession'.

Iris Murdoch was born in Dublin, Ireland on 15 Jul 1919. When she was very young Iris and her parents moved to London, England, and Iris studied at Frobel and Badminton Schools. She followed this with studies in classics, ancient history and philosophy at Oxford, and further study at Cambridge. During the war years Iris worked for the Treasury in London, and then joined the UNRRA providing relief in formerly occupied countries in Europe. In 1948 she became a fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford, where she taught and researched philosophy.
Iris Murdoch wrote a number of tracts on philosophy, however it is for her novels that she is best known. She wrote 26 novels in total, her first being 'Under the Net' published in 1954. Other notable works include 'The Bell' and 'The Sea, the Sea', for which she won the Booker Prize. Her last novel, 'Jackson's Dilemma', was published in 1995.

In her youth Iris Murdoch had relationships with a number of individuals, including Elias Canetti. She met author and scholar John Bayley while at Oxford, and they married in 1956. She wrote to a great number of people and maintained friendships in this way.
Later in life Iris Murdoch was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, the first effects of which she had attributed to writer's block. She died in 1999.

Brigid Brophy was a well known author of several novels, non-fiction books and plays. She also led, alongside Maureen Duffy, the campaign for the introduction of Public Lending Rights for authors, and also campaigned for human and animal rights. Brophy was married to Michael Levey, director of the National Gallery. Later in life Brophy suffered from multiple sclerosis, and she passed away in 1995.

Iris Murdoch was born in Dublin, Ireland on 15 Jul 1919. When she was very young Iris and her parents moved to London, England, and Iris studied at Frobel and Badminton Schools. She followed this with studies in classics, ancient history and philosophy at Oxford, and further study at Cambridge. During the war years Iris worked for the Treasury in London, and then joined the UNRRA providing relief in formerly occupied countries in Europe. In 1948 she became a fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford, where she taught and researched philosophy.
Iris Murdoch wrote a number of tracts on philosophy, however it is for her novels that she is best known. She wrote 26 novels in total, her first being 'Under the Net' published in 1954. Other notable works include 'The Bell' and 'The Sea, the Sea', for which she won the Booker Prize. Her last novel, 'Jackson's Dilemma', was published in 1995.

In her youth Iris Murdoch had relationships with a number of individuals, including Elias Canetti. She met author and scholar John Bayley while at Oxford, and they married in 1956. She wrote to a great number of people and maintained friendships in this way.

Later in life Iris Murdoch was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, the first effects of which she had attributed to writer's block. She died in 1999.

Iris Murdoch was born in Dublin, Ireland on 15 Jul 1919. When she was very young Iris and her parents moved to London, England, and Iris studied at Frobel and Badminton Schools. She followed this with studies in classics, ancient history and philosophy at Oxford, and further study at Cambridge. During the war years Iris worked for the Treasury in London, and then joined the UNRRA providing relief in formerly occupied countries in Europe. In 1948 she became a fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford, where she taught and researched philosophy.

Iris Murdoch wrote a number of tracts on philosophy, however it is for her novels that she is best known. She wrote 26 novels in total, her first being Under the Net published in 1954. Other notable works include
The Bell and The Sea, the Sea, for which she won the Booker Prize. Her last novel, Jackson's Dilemma, was published in 1995. In her youth Iris Murdoch had relationships with a number of individuals, including Elias Canetti. She met author and scholar John Bayley while at Oxford, and they married in 1956. She wrote to a great number of people and maintained friendships in this way. Later in life Iris Murdoch was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, the first effects of which she had attributed to writer's block. She died in 1999.

Iris Murdoch was born in Dublin, Ireland on 15 Jul 1919. When she was very young Iris and her parents moved to London, England, and Iris studied at Frobel and Badminton Schools. She followed this with studies in classics, ancient history and philosophy at Oxford, and further study at Cambridge. During the war years Iris worked for the Treasury in London, and then joined the UNRRA providing relief in formerly occupied countries in Europe. In 1948 she became a fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford, where she taught and researched philosophy.

Iris Murdoch wrote a number of tracts on philosophy, however it is for her novels that she is best known. She wrote 26 novels in total, her first being Under the Net published in 1954. Other notable works include The Bell and The Sea, the Sea, for which she won the Booker Prize. Her last novel, Jackson's Dilemma, was published in 1995.

In her youth Iris Murdoch had relationships with a number of individuals, including Elias Canetti. She met author and scholar John Bayley while at Oxford, and they married in 1956. She wrote to a great number of people and maintained friendships in this way.

Later in life Iris Murdoch was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, the first effects of which she had attributed to writer's block. She died in 1999.

Iris Murdoch was born in Dublin, Ireland on 15 Jul 1919. When she was very young Iris and her parents moved to London, England, and Iris studied at Frobel and Badminton Schools. She followed this with studies in classics, ancient history and philosophy at Oxford, and further study at Cambridge. During the war years Iris worked for the Treasury in London, and then joined the UNRRA providing relief in formerly occupied countries in Europe. In 1948 she became a fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford, where she taught and researched philosophy.
Iris Murdoch wrote a number of tracts on philosophy, however it is for her novels that she is best known. She wrote 26 novels in total, her first being 'Under the Net' published in 1954. Other notable works include 'The Bell' and 'The Sea, the Sea', for which she won the Booker Prize. Her last novel, 'Jackson's Dilemma', was published in 1995.

In her youth Iris Murdoch had relationships with a number of individuals, including Elias Canetti. She met author and scholar John Bayley while at Oxford, and they married in 1956. She wrote to a great number of people and maintained friendships in this way.
,br/>Later in life Iris Murdoch was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, the first effects of which she had attributed to writer's block. She died in 1999.

Iris Murdoch was born in Dublin, Ireland on 15 Jul 1919. When she was very young Iris and her parents moved to London, England, and Iris studied at Frobel and Badminton Schools. She followed this with studies in classics, ancient history and philosophy at Oxford, and further study at Cambridge. During the war years Iris worked for the Treasury in London, and then joined the UNRRA providing relief in formerly occupied countries in Europe. In 1948 she became a fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford, where she taught and researched philosophy.

Iris Murdoch wrote a number of tracts on philosophy, however it is for her novels that she is best known. She wrote 26 novels in total, her first being Under the Net published in 1954. Other notable works include The Bell and The Sea, the Sea,/i>, for which she won the Booker Prize. Her last novel, Jackson's Dilemma, was published in 1995.

In her youth Iris Murdoch had relationships with a number of individuals, including Elias Canetti. She met author and scholar John Bayley while at Oxford, and they married in 1956. She wrote to a great number of people and maintained friendships in this way.

Later in life Iris Murdoch was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, the first effects of which she had attributed to writer's block. She died in 1999.

Iris Murdoch was born in Dublin, Ireland on 15 Jul 1919. When she was very young Iris and her parents moved to London, England, and Iris studied at Frobel and Badminton Schools. She followed this with studies in classics, ancient history and philosophy at Oxford, and further study at Cambridge. During the war years Iris worked for the Treasury in London, and then joined the UNRRA providing relief in formerly occupied countries in Europe. In 1948 she became a fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford, where she taught and researched philosophy.

Iris Murdoch wrote a number of tracts on philosophy, however it is for her novels that she is best known. She wrote 26 novels in total, her first being Under the Net published in 1954. Other notable works include The Bell and The Sea, the Sea, for which she won the Booker Prize. Her last novel, Jackson's Dilemma, was published in 1995. In her youth Iris Murdoch had relationships with a number of individuals, including Elias Canetti. She met author and scholar John Bayley while at Oxford, and they married in 1956. She wrote to a great number of people and maintained friendships in this way. Later in life Iris Murdoch was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, the first effects of which she had attributed to writer's block. She died in 1999.

Iris Murdoch was born in Dublin, Ireland on 15 Jul 1919. When she was very young Iris and her parents moved to London, England, and Iris studied at Frobel and Badminton Schools. She followed this with studies in classics, ancient history and philosophy at Oxford, and further study at Cambridge. During the war years Iris worked for the Treasury in London, and then joined the UNRRA providing relief in formerly occupied countries in Europe. In 1948 she became a fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford, where she taught and researched philosophy.
Iris Murdoch wrote a number of tracts on philosophy, however it is for her novels that she is best known. She wrote 26 novels in total, her first being 'Under the Net' published in 1954. Other notable works include 'The Bell' and 'The Sea, the Sea', for which she won the Booker Prize. Her last novel, 'Jackson's Dilemma', was published in 1995.

In her youth Iris Murdoch had relationships with a number of individuals, including Elias Canetti. She met author and scholar John Bayley while at Oxford, and they married in 1956. She wrote to a great number of people and maintained friendships in this way.
Later in life Iris Murdoch was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, the first effects of which she had attributed to writer's block. She died in 1999.

Iris Murdoch was born in Dublin, Ireland on 15 Jul 1919. When she was very young Iris and her parents moved to London, England, and Iris studied at Frobel and Badminton Schools. She followed this with studies in classics, ancient history and philosophy at Oxford, and further study at Cambridge. During the war years Iris worked for the Treasury in London, and then joined the UNRRA providing relief in formerly occupied countries in Europe. In 1948 she became a fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford, where she taught and researched philosophy.
Iris Murdoch wrote a number of tracts on philosophy, however it is for her novels that she is best known. She wrote 26 novels in total, her first being 'Under the Net' published in 1954. Other notable works include 'The Bell' and 'The Sea, the Sea', for which she won the Booker Prize. Her last novel, 'Jackson's Dilemma', was published in 1995.

In her youth Iris Murdoch had relationships with a number of individuals, including Elias Canetti. She met author and scholar John Bayley while at Oxford, and they married in 1956. She wrote to a great number of people and maintained friendships in this way.
,br/> Later in life Iris Murdoch was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, the first effects of which she had attributed to writer's block. She died in 1999.

Charles Murchison was born in Jamaica in 1830. In 1833 his family returned to Scotland and settled at Elgin. he was educated at University of Aberdeen as a student of arts, 1845; studied medicine, University of Edinburgh, 1847; excelled in surgery, and passed the examination of the College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 1850; house surgeon to James Syme, 1850; graduated MD, 1851, with a dissertation on the 'Structure of Tumours'; Physician to the British embassy at Turin; Resident Physician, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh; studied at Dublin and Paris; entered the Bengal army of the East India Company, 1853; Professor of Chemistry, Medical College, Calcutta; served with the expedition to Burmah, 1854; Physician to the Westminster General Dispensary, London, 1855; Lecturer on botany and curator of the museum, St Mary's Hospital, London; member, 1855, President, 1877-1881, Pathological Society; member, Royal Medical and Chirurgical, Clinical, and Epidemiological Societies; Assistant Physician, King's College Hospital, London, 1856-1860; Assistant Physician and lecturer on pathology, 1860, Physician, 1866-1871, Middlesex Hospital; Assistant Physician, 1856-1861, Physician, 1861-1870, London Fever Hospital; Physician and lecturer on medicine, St Thomas's Hospital, 1871-1879; traced the origin of an epidemic of typhoid fever to polluted milk supply, 1873; Fellow, Royal Society, 1866; member, Royal College of Physicians, 1855, Fellow, 1859; Croonian lecturer, 1873; Examiner in medicine to the university of London, 1875; Physician to the Duke and Duchess of Connaught; died, 1879.
Publications include: Medical Notes on the Climate of Burmah, and on the diseases which have prevailed among European Troops, etc Reprinted from the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, etc (Edinburgh, 1855); On Gastro-Colic Fistula. A collection of cases and observations on its pathology, diagnosis, etc [Reprinted from the Edinburgh Medical Journal] (Edinburgh, 1857); Remarks on the classification and nomenclature of Continued Fevers (Edinburgh, 1858); A Treatise on the Continued Fevers of Great Britain (London, 1862); On the Causes of Continued Fevers, etc [Reprinted from the London Medical Review] [London, 1863]; Hytadid Tumours of the Liver: their dangers, their diagnosis, and their treatment, etc (Edinburgh, 1865); On a peculiar disease of the Cranium, Hyoid Bone and Fibula [Reprinted from the Transactions of the Pathological Society of London] (London, [1866]); On the Morbid Anatomy of the Cattle-Plague now prevalent in Britain, in reference to its supposed identity with Enteric Fever, etc [Reprinted from the Transactions of the Pathological Society of London] London, [1865]; Clinical Lectures on Diseases of the Liver, jaundice and abdominal dropsy (London, 1868); On Functional Derangements of the Liver; being the Croonian Lectures delivered at the Royal College of Physicians in March 1874 (London, 1874). Contributor to the Edinburgh Medical Journal, British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review, Beale's Archives of Medicine, St Thomas's Hospital Reports, British Medical Journal and other medical papers.

Charles Murchison was born on 26 July 1830 in Jamaica, the son of the Hon. Alexander Murchison, physician. At the age of three Murchison returned with his family to Scotland and settled in Elgin, where he was educated. He entered the University of Aberdeen in 1845 as a student of arts, and two years later began to study medicine at Edinburgh University. He distinguished himself in surgery, botany, and midwifery, gaining a large number of prizes. In 1850 he passed the examination for membership of the Royal College of Surgeons, at little over twenty years old. In the same year he became house surgeon to James Syme, professor of surgery at Edinburgh University. In 1851 Murchison graduated MD, with his thesis on the structure of tumours, which won him a gold medal.

Murchison became physician to the British embassy at Turin, Italy, before returning to Edinburgh in 1852, where he served for a short time as resident physician in the city's Royal Infirmary. He continued his medical studies at Dublin and Paris before, in 1853, entering the Bengal Medical Service of the East India Company. Shortly after reaching India he was made professor of chemistry at the Medical College of Calcutta. In 1854 he served on an expedition to Burma, and the following year his two papers on the `Climate and Diseases of Burmah' were published in the Edinburgh Medical Journal (January and April 1855). In the autumn of 1855 Murchison left the service and moved to London.

Settling in London he became physician to the Westminster General Dispensary, and shortly afterwards lecturer on botany and curator of the museum at St Mary's Hospital. He also became a member of the Royal College of Physicians, and of the Pathological Society, in 1855. Throughout his career he contributed 143 papers and reports to the Transactions of the society. In 1856 he was appointed assistant physician to both the London Fever Hospital and King's College Hospital. In 1859 he was elected a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.

He resigned from King's College Hospital in 1860 and was appointed assistant physician and lecturer on pathology at the Middlesex Hospital. In 1861 he was made full physician at the London Fever Hospital, and became a specialist on fevers. From 1861-69 he edited the hospital's Annual Reports. Murchison's most important contribution to medical science was A Treatise on the Continued Fevers of Great Britain (1862). The work was subsequently translated into German and French, and came to be regarded as the leading authority on the subject. In 1866 he was promoted to the position of full physician at the Middlesex Hospital, and in the same year became a fellow of the Royal Society. Another area of interest to Murchison was liver disease, and in 1868 he published his Clinical Lectures on Diseases of the Liver, Jaundice and Abdominal Dropsy.

In 1870 he retired from the London Fever Hospital, and was presented with a testimonial by public subscription. In the same year he received an honorary degree from the University of Edinburgh. The following year he resigned from the Middlesex Hospital in order to become physician and lecturer on medicine at St Thomas's Hospital, both of these appointments he held until his death. He gained a high reputation as a clinical teacher. He was considered brilliant, although dogmatic in his approach, and was a keen controversialist. His consulting practice grew, and he became known for his `accuracy and prompt decision' (DNB, 1894, p.317). He was also an extremely prolific writer, submitting over 300 papers to various medical journals.

In 1873 he traced the origin of an epidemic of typhoid fever to a polluted supply of milk. Afterwards grateful residents of West London presented him with a testimonial. He gave the Croonian Lectures to the Royal College of Physicians in the same year, on the subject of liver disease. In 1875 he was an examiner in medicine to the University of London. For two years, from 1877 to his death, Murchison was president of the Pathological Society. He was appointed physician-in-ordinary to the Duke and Duchess of Connaught at the beginning of 1879.

Murchison died suddenly of heart disease at the age of 48, on 23 April 1879, whilst seeing patients in his consulting room. He was buried at Norwood cemetery. Murchison had married Clara Elizabeth Bickersteth in 1859, and they had had nine children, his wife and six of his children survived him. In his memory was founded the Murchison Scholarship, awarded in alternate years by the Royal College of Physicians and Edinburgh University. A marble portrait bust of Murchison was also placed in St Thomas's Hospital.

Publications:
A Clinical Treatise on Diseases of the Liver, Friedrich Theodor Frerichs, translated by Charles Murchison (London, 1860-61)
A Treatise on the Continued Fevers of Great Britain (London, 1862; 2nd ed. 1873; 3rd ed. 1884) (German translation, 1867; French translation of part, 1878)
Clinical Lectures on Diseases of the Liver, Jaundice, and Abdominal Dropsy (London, 1868; 2nd ed. incl. Functional Derangements of the Liver, 1877; 3rd ed. 1885) (French translation, 1878)
Paleontological Memoirs and Notes; with a Biographical Sketch, compiled and edited by Charles Murchison, Hugh Falconer (ed. Charles Murchison) (London, 1868)
Three Rare Forms of Disease of the Liver, Characterised by the Deposit of Nuclear Tissue (London, 1869)
On Functional Derangements of the Liver (London, 1874)

Not available.

Munster Park Wesleyan Church was founded in 1880. In 1932, following a vote taken at a meeting of the United Methodist Church, it changed its name to Munster Park Methodist Church. For many years it was highly attended, and became a centre of community life in Hammersmith, hosting meetings of the Munster Park Wesley Guild, the Munster Park Cycling Club and the 6th Fulham Girl Guides among others. During the Second World War, the roof of Munster Park Church suffered severe bomb damage, and the congregation was temporarily transferred to the Methodist church at Munster Road. The Munster Park church organ was rescued and rebuilt in the 1950s, when the church re-opened for worship.

As the years progressed, however, the congregation dwindled, and Munster Park Church became too large to serve the Methodist community's needs and too costly to maintain. In the late 1960s, the community took the decision to sell the old church and much of the land, and to convert the existing assembly halls into a new church. The sale was completed in 1971, and the new church opened for worship in 1972. It continued to provide a venue for community groups, and in subsequent decades other local church communities also used the premises for worship. At the same time, the Methodist congregation at Munster Park became involved in an ecumenical project at St. Barnabas Anglican Church in Kensington. The Anglican-Methodist Experiment, as it became known, began in 1966 and was formalised in 1969. In the 1980s, however, the Anglican community was considerably increased by the closure of nearby Anglican churches, while the cost of maintaining St. Barnabas placed a greater strain on Anglican finances. The Methodist community consequently felt under-represented at St. Barnabas, and began to question the feasibility of the Experiment. In 1985, the Anglican and Methodist communities jointly decided to terminate the project.

Munster Park Methodist Church saw a severe decline in attendance throughout the 1980s. The Hammersmith and Fulham Methodist Circuit, taking into account Munster Park's ageing congregation and lack of religious engagement with the local community, decided to close the church, and in 1995 Munster Park's remaining assets were sold.

Born Perth, Scotland, 1888; educated at the High School, Dundee, and Edinburgh University, graduating in Agriculture, 1910, Forestry, 1911; appointed Assistant Professor of Entomology at Imperial College, 1926, instrumental in establishing the Field Station at Hurworth, Slough, and then at Silwood Park, Berkshire; Professor of Entomology, 1930; Professor of Zoology and Applied Entomology, 1934-1953; died, 1968.
Publications: Insects & Industry (London, 1929); Report on Insect Infestation of Stored Cacao with W S Thomson (London, 1929); Cotton Pest Control Work in Southern and Central Africa and the Rhodesias (Report on a tour) (London, 1937); Report on a Survey of the Infestation of Grain by Insects (London, 1940); Pests of stored products (Hutchinson, London, 1966).

William Munk was born on 24 September 1816 at Battle, Sussex, the eldest son of William Munk, an ironmonger originally from Devon. He was educated at University College London, and subsequently at the University of Leyden, where he graduated MD in 1837 at the early age of 21.

Munk began practice in London in September 1837. His first appointment was as demonstrator of morbid anatomy at St Thomas's Hospital. This was followed by a number of honorary appointments at the Eastern, Tower Hamlets, and Queen Adelaide's Dispensaries. In 1853 he was elected physician to the Smallpox Hospital, and the following year became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. For many years he was physician to the Royal Infirmary for Asthma, Consumption and Diseases of the Chest, and consulting physician to the Royal Hospital for Incurables.

Munk is best known however as an historian. He was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and, in 1857, was appointed Harveian Librarian of the Royal College of Physicians, serving in this office for over forty years until his death. In 1857 he wrote a biography of a former president of the College, A Memoir of the Life and Writings of John Ayrton Paris', published in the Medical Times and Gazette. In 1861 the first edition, in two volumes, of the Roll of the Royal College of Physicians (Munk's Roll) was published. In this Munk provided a biographical record of the fellows and licentiates of the College, from its foundation in 1518 to the end of the 18th century. He subsequently published a second edition, in three volumes, which was brought to 1825, the date when the College moved from Warwick Lane to Pall Mall East. Originally Munk's Roll was not intended for publication and consequently lacks detailed referencing and methodical presentation, however,it serves an essential purpose in providing historians and biographers with an invaluable and copious fund of information' (Munk's Roll, 1955, p.76).

In the medical world he was a leading authority of his day on smallpox, and was called in to consult Prince Arthur, later Duke of Connaught, when the Prince had smallpox in 1867. Munk's plea for the increased use of narcotics and analgesics for relieving pain in incurable diseases also attracted much attention. He published a number of papers in medical journals such as The Lancet and in the St Bartholomew's Hospital Reports. A further contribution to medical literature was his book Euthanasia, or Medical Treatment in aid of an Easy Death, in 1887. The book was

`an earnest and learned plea for the recognition of the duty which physicians owe their patients not to end life but to render its passing in hopeless cases more easy' (The Lancet, 1898, p.1818).

Munk also produced an edition of The Gold-Headed Cane (1884) by William Macmichael, Registrar of the Royal College of Physicians. The book tells of the adventures of a physician's cane carried by several eminent physicians, and gives both good biographies of the owners and information on the condition of medicine in 18th century England. Munk became vice-president of the College in 1889, and also served as senior censor.

In 1893 he retired from the Smallpox Hospital, although he remained consulting physician to the Royal Hospital for Incurables until his death. In 1895 he wrote a biography of Sir Henry Halford, the longest serving president of the College, entitled The Life of Sir Henry Halford, for which the College voted him £100.

Munk married Emma Luke in 1849, and they had two sons and three daughters. Munk died at Finsbury Square London, on 20 December 1898, after suffering for many years from glycosuria

Publications:
The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 1518-1800 [Munk's Roll, vols. 1-3] (2nd ed., London, 1878) (continued as Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of London)
A Brief Account of the Circumstances Leading to and Attending the Reintombment of the Remains of Dr William Harvey in the Church of Hempstead in Essex, October 1883 (London, 1883)
The Gold-headed Cane, William MacMichael (William Munk, ed.) (London, 1884)
Euthanasia: Or, Medical Treatment in Aid of an Easy Death (London, 1887)
The Life of Sir Henry Halford (London, 1895)
Marvodia [An Account of the Last Illness of James I and of the Post-Mortem Examination of his Body; with some Notes on the Marwoods and their Descendants]

The Municipal Reform Party was a local party allied to the Parliamentary Conservative Party. The party was been formed in 1906 in order to overturn Progressive and Labour control of much of London municipal government. It incorporated the Moderate Party, who had formed previous opposition to the Progressives on the county council.

The first elections for which the Municipal Reform Party stood were those to Metropolitan Borough councils, on 1 November 1906. The campaign was very successful, with Municipal Reformers winning control of twenty-two of twenty-eight councils. Following this success, the Party published a manifesto for the 1907 London County Council election. Policies included: tight controls on financial expenditure, proper auditing of municipal accounts, creation of a traffic board to coordinate transport in the capital, support of electricity provision by private enterprise and an education policy favouring denominational schools. The manifesto proved a success and the party took power from the Progressives.

They remained in power until 1934 when the Labour Party gained control of the Council. Between 1934 and 1946 the Municipal Reform Party formed the opposition on the council. From 1946 onwards Conservative candidates replaced the Municipal Reform Party.

The company was founded in 1903 at a meeting in Shoreditch Town Hall attended by representatives of 13 local authorities: the Metropolitan Boroughs of Battersea, Deptford, Fulham and Shoreditch; the Boards of Guardians of Camberwell, Fulham, Poplar, Shoreditch, Stepney, and Whitechapel; East Ham District Council, Romford Urban District Council and the Poplar and Stepney Sick Asylum District.

The company was part of an attempt to save municipal authorities, and therefore ratepayers, money by mutual assurance rather than paying inflated premiums to private insurance companies. It kept the money in the public domain. The company expanded with a network of branches being formed: by 1946 over 1250 local authorities had policies with the company. In the early 1990s the company became part of the Zurich Insurance Group.

This letter of the school inspector (Bezirksschulrat) of Munich concerning the school-building of the Jewish community (Juedische Kultusgemeinde), written on the 12th of November 1938, to the government of Bavaria/Munich reports the destruction of the school-building caused by a fire in the attached Synagogue.

Considering the date of the letter it can be assumed that the fire was a result of the pogroms on the 9th November 1939. Moreover, the school inspector reports that of six male teachers three are in prison, one is ill and that the whereabouts of the fifth teacher is unclear. Therefore he orders the closure of the school.

Mundun was a student at Guy's Hospital Medical School between 1864 and 1866.

Diane Munday became involved in the campaign to reform abortion law in the 1960s, following her own experience with abortion. She was a member of the Abortion Law Reform Association and of the British Pregnancy Advisory Service until the 1990s, and frequently gave speeches and wrote articles on the topics of abortion, pregnancy and family planning. Later, she became interested in the question of voluntary euthanasia, and has also spoken and written on that subject.

Munday began questioning religion at the age of 8 or 9, and has been heavily involved with the British Humanist Association. She began a successful campaign for a state school in her village after her son was called a pagan in the local Church of England school. She was appointed as a magistrate in 1969, acting for many years as Chair of the Family Panel, and retired from the Bench in 2001.

Mumford Hotels Limited were based in Faversham, Kent.

The Multiple Sclerosis Society (MSS) was set up in 1953 by Sir Richard Cave (1912-1988), "to co-operate with the medical profession to encourage scientific research into the causes of and the cure for Multiple Sclerosis and to aid and ameliorate the conditions of those suffering from it ... to encourage sufferers to join a local group for self help and to join activities and entertainments".

The registered office was at 57 Berners Street, London W1. The Company patented indicating and advertising devices.

Hugh Waddell Mulligan, CMG, MD, DSc (1901-1982), was a Colonel in the Indian Medical Service. He was Assistant Director, Malaria Survey of India, from 1928 to 1938, interspersed with short periods as Assistant Director of the Central Research Institute and 2 years at the University of Chicago, expanding on studies into the cellular immunological reactions in malaria which he had initiated in Kasauli.

In 1938 he was appointed Director of the Pasteur Institute of Southern India, where he also worked on rabies prevention. During the Second World War he was Consultant Malariologist to the British forces in the Middle East.

After his retirement in 1947, Mulligan founded and was the first Director of the West African Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research. On his return to Britain in 1954 he became Head of the Biochemical Division of the Wellcome Research Laboratories, and was Director of Research of the Wellcome Laboratories 1960-1966; he was also Visiting Lecturer in Applied Biology and Environmental Resources at the University of Salford 1966-1976. Colonel Mulligan died in 1982.

Christopher Müller arrived in England from Wertheim in Germany, via Paris, in or before 1886. He started work in March 1886 in London as a book-keeper and correspondent with the British Woollen Warehouse Corporation, and in 1895 moved to Kuetgens Bros, woollen merchants in a similar capacity. He left that situation in 1898. It is not clear what he was doing between 1898 and 1912 but his tax returns indicate that he was living in London. In May 1912 he started a business as a Commission Agent, dealing chiefly in furs and pelts, and trading with France, Germany, Sweden, Denmark and Russia. He died in 1915. The business seems to have been carried on for a short while by his son Fritz (Frederick) Müller, a publisher, but finally ceased about 1921.

For two hundred years from the appointment of Benjamin Cole as the first Government Broker in July 1786, the senior partner of the firm of Mullens and Company, stockbrokers, acted as Government Stockbroker. The formal title assigned to the Senior Partner of the firm was "Broker to the Commissioners for the Reduction of the National Debt". During this period the firm was one of the leading City stockbrokers, enjoying close relations with the Bank of England and the Stock Exchange in relation to its activities in the gilt-edged market. It also had a number of private clients. Mullens and Company remained a partnership except for a brief period from 1949 when, for tax reasons, it converted into a private unlimited company in common with other Stock Exchange firms. In April 1986 Mullens and Company was taken over by the merchant bank SG Warburg, and ceased to exist.

Mullens and Company traded under a variety of names, 1786-1810, and under the following names from 1810 onwards:
-Templeman, Cole and Ede, 1810-1811;

• Cole Jnr and Child, 1811-1813;
• Templeman, Cole Jnr and Child, 1813-1820;
• Cole and Child, 1820-1825;
• Templeman, Cole and Child, 1825-1829;
• Cole and Child, 1829-1831;
• Cole and Mullens, 1831-1843;
• Mullens and Marshall, 1843-1846;
• Mullens, Marshall and Daniell, 1846-1877;
• Mullens, Marshall and Company, 1877-1921;
• Mullens, Marshall, Steer Lawford and Company, 1921-1935;

• Mullens and Company, 1935-1986.

  From 1810 the offices of the firm were as follows: 29 Princes Street, Lothbury, 1810-1815; 51 Lothbury, 1815-1834; 53 Lothbury, 1834-1836; 45 Lothbury, 1836-1837; 3 Lombard Street, 1837-1868; 4 Lombard Street, 1869-1906; 13 George Street, 1906-1952; 13 Moorgate, 1952; 35 Moorgate, 1952; 15 Moorgate, 1952-1986.

No biogrpahical information relating to Johannes Mulaimus was available at the time of compilation.

Born, 1844; Education: LLD; MA; Honours: CMG 1901; Kt 1915; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1900; died, 1934.

Berkeley George Andrew Moynihan was born in Malta, in 1865. He moved with his mother to Leeds, in 1867. He was educated in Leeds, and then at the Blue Coat School, Newgate Street, London from 1875-1881. He studied at the Royal Naval School, Eltham, from 1881-1883, and then proceeded to the Medical School of Yorkshire College, in Leeds. He graduated MB at the University of London in 1887, and became a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England the same year. He passed the examination for the Fellowship in 1890, and for Master of Surgery in 1893, being awarded the gold medal. After serving as house surgeon at the Leeds General Infirmary in 1887, he acted as demonstrator of anatomy in the Medical School from 1893-1896. He was elected assistant surgeon to the infirmary in 1896, was surgeon from 1906, and consulting surgeon from 1927 until his death. He was lecturer in surgery from 1896-1909, and from 1909-1927 he was professor of clinical surgery in the University of Leeds. At the Royal College of Surgeons of England, Moynihan was appointed an examiner in anatomy on the board of examiners in anatomy and physiology for the Fellowship in 1899. He gave three lectures as Arris and Gale lecturer in 1899, and three lectures in 1900. In 1920 he gave a lecture as Hunterian professor of surgery and pathology, and in the same year delivered the Bradshaw lecture. He was Hunterian Orator in 1927. He served on the Council of the College from 1912-1933, and was elected President, 1926-1931. During World War One, he held the rank of major à la suite attached to the 2nd Northern General Hospital of the Territorial RAMC, with a commission dated 14 Oct 1908. He was gazetted temporary colonel, AMS, in 1914, and served in France. On demobilization in 1919 he was holding the rank of major-general. He had been chairman of the Army Advisory Board form 1916, and chairman of the council of consultants 1916-1919. He died in 1936.

Born, 1837; educated at Winchester; St John's College Oxford; member of the Royal Commission of 1851; Knighted, 1893; Permanent Secretary to the Treasury, 1894-1903; GCB, 1901; Governor, Imperial College, 1907-1919; died, 1919.

Liberation was founded in 1954 as the Movement for Colonial Freedom (MCF), under the leadership of (Archibald) Fenner Brockway. Its aim was to campaign in Britain for the freedom of colonial subjects from political and economic domination, and to unify the activities of smaller organisations that were concerned with these issues. It was an amalgamation of the British Branch of the Congress Against Imperialism, the Central Africa Committee, the Kenya Committee and the Seretse Khama Defence Committee. The organisation operated from a succession of offices in central London including 318 Regents Park Road, then at 374 Grays Inn Road, and 313-315 Caledonian Road.

Funds were provided through affiliations and membership, cultural events and appeals totalling approximately £2-3,000 per annum. This allowed for a staff of two or three, the publication of a bi-monthly journal, information sheets and campaign material, and the holding of private and public meetings. It had an individual membership of around 1000, and regional, national and international affiliates, which brought the total number involved to about 3 million. Affiliated organisations included trades unions, constituency Labour parties, trades councils, co-operative societies, peace societies and student organisations.

The MCF was largely associated with the left-wing of the Labour Party and other radical groups. It established Area Councils in different parts of Britain. Standing Committees were established for every sphere of the world where colonial and neo-colonialist issues were dominant, including the Mediterranean, the Middle East, South East Asia, East Africa, Rhodesia, South Africa, West Africa, the Caribbean and Latin America. The MCF also established a Standing Committee to address racial discrimination in Britain, and a Trade Union Committee to assist trades unions in developing countries. Each Standing Committee was chaired by an MP, and met at the House of Commons. The MCF was sponsored by up to 100 MPs. The Committees were composed of MPs and experts on the different territories, whose role it was to stimulate questions and debates in Parliament, and recommend activities to the Council of the MCF, which was representative of all the nationally affiliated organisations and Area Councils.

MCF helped to bring into being a large number of political pressure groups and charities including the Anti-Apartheid Movement, the Chile Solidarity Campaign Committee, the Committee for Peace in Vietnam, War on Want and the World Development Movement.

MCF was renamed Liberation in 1970 to address the changing perception of colonialism. In the 1960s it began to appear that political independence for colonies had been achieved. However, there appeared an ongoing need to campaign against neo-colonialism in the form of economic dependence of developing countries.

An elected Council in turn elected an Executive Council, which met jointly with the London Area Council. Annual General Meetings were also held. Liberation pursued its aims through various means including the dissemination of information via the general press and various publications, including the journal Liberation; sponsoring the establishment of the publishers New World Books; organising conferences; lobbying governments at home and abroad; hosting delegations from overseas and making reciprocal visits. Funds were raised through annual membership subscriptions and the sale of the journal, as well as appeals for particular projects. In 1984 a grant from the Greater London Council allowed Liberation to participate in the GLC's London Against Racism campaign. Lord Brockway remained President of Liberation until his death in 1988.

The Movement for Colonial Freedom was a group formed in 1954 to campaign for the right of all people to full independence and international mutual aid. It became "Liberation" in 1970.

No information was discovered at the time of compilation.

Mourant was born on 11 April in 1904 in Jersey. He was educated at Victoria College, Jersey before winning a King Charles I Scholarship to Exeter College Oxford where he read Chemistry. He graduated with a first class degree in Chemistry (taking crystallography as his special subject) and in 1926 went on to do research under J.A. Douglas on the geology of the Channel Islands (D.Phil. 1931). In 1928 he was appointed Demonstrator in Geology at Leeds University and the following year was given a place on the Geological Survey of Great Britain mapping coal measures in Lancashire. He left in 1931. Mourant's interest in geology continued throughout his life and he continued to publish articles on geology alongside haematological and medical publications.

Mourant returned to Jersey and in 1933 established the Jersey Chemical Pathology Laboratory, which he ran for five years. He then returned to London, intending to pursue a career as a psychoanalyst. As part of the necessary preparation he underwent psychoanalysis himself and in 1939 began medical training at St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London. On the outbreak of war Mourant continued his medical training but when Jersey was occupied by the Germans in 1940 he lost contact with his family who remained on the island. During the period 1940-1945 Mourant played an active role in Channel Island exile groups.

Mourant graduated B.M. and B.Ch. in 1943 and held a number of House posts before his appointment in 1944 as Medical Officer in the National Blood Transfusion Service. Mourant had developed an interest in haematology during his medical training and during this period pursued research into blood serum. He discovered the antibody anti-e, thus helping to establish the three-factor theory of the Rhesus system, and the Lewis factor and shared in the discovery of the Kell factor. With R.R. Race and R.R.A. Coombs he went on to develop the antiglobulin test.

In 1945 Mourant took up a post as Medical Officer with the Galton Laboratory Serum Unit before in 1946 being appointed Director of the Medical Research Council (MRC)'s newly established Blood Group Reference Laboratory, based at the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, London. Mourant held this post to 1965. The Laboratory received international recognition in 1952 when the World Health Organisation named it as their International Blood Group Reference Laboratory. Mourant's interests were increasingly anthropological and his work on human blood group distribution world-wide saw publication of two major books: in 1953 the pioneering work The Distribution of Human Blood Groups and other Biochemical Polymorphisms and in 1958 The ABO Blood Groups and Maps of World Distribution. In 1952 Mourant was appointed Honorary Advisor (de facto Director) of the newly established Nuffield Blood Group Centre. It was administered by and housed in the Royal Anthropological Institute, reporting to its Blood Group Committee. From 1952 to 1962 the Centre was funded by the Nuffield Foundation but the MRC then took over responsibility for financing the Centre, which changed its name to the Anthropological Blood Group Centre.

In September 1965 Mourant retired from the Directorship of the Blood Group Reference Laboratory to become Head of the MRC's newly established Serological Population Genetics Laboratory (SPGL). This was established by the MRC as a unit that would combine the testing work undertaken in the Blood Group Reference Laboratory with the statistical and bibliographical work of the Anthropological Blood Group Centre, which was then amalgamated into the SPGL. The work of the SPGL was thus divided between two sections. The first was a testing laboratory, working principally for the Human Adaptability Section of the International Biological Programme (IBP). The second comprised the Anthropological Blood Group Centre that had been transferred to the SPGL, concentrating on preparing a second edition of The Distribution of the Human Blood Groups. The SPGL was based in premises rented by St Bartholomew's Hospital, London.

In 1971 the MRC announced that it was to close the SPGL. However, Mourant was anxious that the SPGL complete its work on The Distribution of the Human Blood Groups and other projects, including its work for the IBP. The MRC agreed to extend its support of the work on the distribution of human blood groups to 1973. Through assiduous fund-raising Mourant found support for the other projects and was able to see them through to completion. The SPGL finally closed in 1976. Mourant retired to the family home in Jersey where he continued to publish on haematology and physical anthropology as well as geology. Mourant was elected FRS in 1966. He died on 29 August 1994.

In 1918 the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) put forward to the Secretary of State for India proposals for a preliminary expedition to Mount Everest. Initialy refused, the Tibetan Government finally gave permission for a British expedtion to proceed into Tibet in 1921. The RGS and the Alpine Club formed the Mount Everest Committee to co-ordinate and finance the 1921 British Reconnaissance Expedition to Mount Everest, this included raising funds, selecting expedition personnel, buying stores and equipment, carrying out surveys, arranging transport and communication and organising publicity, lectures and filming and photographing of the expedition. The Mount Everest Committee oversaw the 1921, 1922, 1924, 1933, 1935 and 1938 expeditions to Everest.

In 1947 the Mount Everest Committee was renamed the Joint Himalayan Committee, again composed of members of the Alpine Club and the RGS. The Joint Himalayan Committee was responsible for organising and financing expeditions to Everest in 1951 and 1952 and the first ascent in 1953.

The Mount Everest Foundation was founded after the successful ascent of Everest in 1953, again a joint initiative between the RGS and the Alpine Club, it was initially financed from surplus funds and subsequent royalties of the 1953 expedition, the Foundation was established to encourage 'exploration of the mountain regions of the earth'. Since inception the MEF has dispensed almost £840,000 in grants. The majority go to small expeditions organised by adventurous young men and women. However the Foundation has also supported expeditions to the Earth's highest peaks, fine examples of which were first ascents of and new routes on Everest, Kangchenjunga, Annapurna, Dhaulagiri, Xixabangma, Nuptse, Kongur and the Ogre. In fifty years over 1,500 expeditions have been helped in this way.

Born in 1898; educated at Haileybury College and Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; 2nd Lt, Royal Artillery, 1917; served in France and Belgium, 1918; Lt, 1919; served in Turkey with Gen Sir Charles Harington Harington's peacekeeping force, 1922-1923; Capt, 1930; served in Hong Kong, 1930; Adjutant, 1930-1933; served in India in 5th Afghan War, 1935; Maj, 1938; Adjutant, 56 Bde (Cinque Ports), Territorial Army, 1936-1940; served in France, 1940; Commanding Officer, 123 Regt, India, 1942-1945; sent to China to advise on the establishment of an artillery school for Gen Chiang Kai-shek's forces; died in 1987.

Born in London, 1924; educated Purley Grammar School, Croydon, Surrey, 1935-1940, and BlackpoolGrammar School, Lancashire, 1940-1943. Awarded scholarship to Pembroke College, Cambridge but enlisted in the Royal Navy instead, 1943. Served North Atlantic Convoys and as a Sub Lt in RNVR on mine sweepers in Far East (Ceylon, Malaya and Burma), 1943-1947. Scholar of Pembroke College, Cambridge, 1947-1950. BA with First Class honours in both part of Tripos, 1950; awarded JebbStudentship, Cambridge University, 1950-1951. Appointed Lektor in English, Faculty of Philosophy, Zurich University, Switzerland, 1951-1952. Toured Italy with John Page, Aug-Sep 1952. Appointed Assistant Lecturer in English Literature, University of Malaya at Singapore, 1953-1954. Slow sea-journey home, taking in Japan, Angkor Wat, Cambodia and Egypt, 1954-1955. Lecturer in EnglishLiterature, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Groningen, Holland, 1955-1960. Took up initial appointment for two years as Lecturer in English and American Literature at King's College London, 1960-1962. Toured USA, called on Allen Ginsberg, and made many new contacts, Jul-Sep 1960. Visited New York and Philadelphia, called on William Carlos Williams, Apr-May 1962. Tenure as Lecturer at University of London confirmed, 1963. Inaugural meeting of the Institute of United States Studies at the University of London of which Mottram was co-founder and was responsible especially for the literary and cultural elements of the MA course in Area Studies (United States), 5 Jul 1965. Visiting Fellow at State University of New York at Buffalo, where he was introduced to BasilBunting, 27 Jun 1966; also lectured at Brooklyn, Bridgeport, Philadelphia and Kent State University, Oct 1965- Sep 1966. Bill Butler on trial in Brighton in August 1968 over obscene publications charges; Mottram speaks for the defence, but Magistrates convict, 1968. Visiting Professor at Kent State University Ohio, Sep-Dec 1968. Appointed Editor of The Poetry Review (the journal of The PoetrySociety, London), duties to commence with Autumn 1971 issue, Jan 1971. Visiting Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, Sep 1970-Mar 1971, tragedy of shooting of four students on campus occurred 4 May 1970. Read at Miners' Benefit Reading in Newcastle upon Tyne organised by Tom Pickard, Feb 12-13 1972. Moved in summer from 15 Vicarage Gate W8 to 40 Guernsey Grove, Herne Hill inSouth-East London, 1972. Appointed Reader in English and American Literature at King's College London, Jan 1973. Visiting Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, Jan - Apr 1974. Speaker at Melville Conference in Paris, 5-9 May 1974. Lectured in Tunis, Apr 10-17 1974. Lectured at Salzburg Seminar in American Studies, Schloss Leopoldskron, Salzburg, 25 Aug to 6 Sep 1975. Gave lecture for Austrian American Studies Association, Vienna, 3 Mar 1977. Editorship of The Poetry Review ceased after intervention from Arts Council of Great Britain in policy at The Poetry Society, 1977. Visited America, including Buffalo, New York, Kent State and San Francisco, 30 Mar-15 May 1979. Lectured at conference in Budapest, 28-31 Mar 1980. Read at Festival of British Poetry in New York, 1982. Appointed Professor of English and American Literature at King's College London, 1 Oct 1982. Teaching at Philadelphia, then tour of US covering 10 states and Canada, May-Jul 1984. Visited Hyderabad (Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages), Sep 1984. Lectured at American Studies conference at Valencia University in Spain, 28-30 May 1985. Travelled to Naropa Institute for Burroughs' Conference; then tour of Colorado, Jul 1985. Lectured at Alcala de Henares near Madrid, Apr 1988. Organised exhibition about aircraft from Sir George Cayley to the Wright Bros (1799-1909) at Polytechnic of Central London for 150th Anniversary of its founding, 1988. (In 1989 the exhibition was shown at RAF Museum Hendon). Co-edited New British Poetry Anthology for Paladin, 1988. Lectured at Sorbonne in Paris, 14 Feb 1990. During May interviewed Robert Creeley on BBC Three. Retired from King's College London with the title of Emeritus Professor of English and American Literature, Sep 1990. Read at benefit reading for Shakespeare & Co, Paris, Mar 1991. MountjoyFellow at Basil Bunting Poetry Centre, University of Durham, Jan-Mar 1992. Invitations to Coimbra University, Portugal, and University of Helsinki declined as heart surgery was required in May 1992. Visiting Professor at State University of New York at Buffalo, to help launch their Poetics program, 17 Sep-2 Dec 1992. Conference on Law & American Literature at Coimbra University, Portugal, 1993.Festschrift in Mottram's honour published A permanent etcetera: Cross-cultural perspectives on Post- War America ed. A. Robert Lee (Pluto Press, London and Boulder, Colorado, 1993), 1993. Visit to Denmark and lectured at University of Aarhus, March, and at Helsinki in Finland, early June, 1994. Two anthologies were issued in later 1994 to celebrate Mottram's 70th birthday: Motley for Mottram:tributes to Eric Mottram on his 70th birthday ed. Bill Griffiths & Bob Cobbing (Amra Imprint, Seaham, and Writers Forum, London, 1994); and Alive in parts of this century: Eric Mottram at 70 ed. Peterjon & Yasmin Skelt (North & South, Twickenham and Wakefield, 1994), 1994. Died 16 Jan 1995.Publications:Academic books: American Studies in Europe (J. B. Walters, Groningen & Djakarta, 1955) (Mottram's inaugural lecture at Groningen University, Holland) Books on America: American Literature (British Association for American Studies, UK, 1966, as 'Books on America series no. 4') (bibliography) William Burroughs: the algebra of need (Intrepid Press, Buffalo, New York, 1971, as Beau Fleuve series no. 2) and (Marion Boyars, London, 1977). Revised edition, Algebra of need: William Burroughs and the gods of death (Marion Boyars, 1992) William Faulkner (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1971) Allen Ginsberg in the Sixties (Unicorn Bookshop, Brighton & Seattle, 1972) The Rexroth Reader, selected edition by Mottram (Jonathan Cape, London, 1972) Entrances to the Americas: poetry, ecology, translation, edited by Eric Mottram (Polytechnic of Central London, 1975) Paul Bowles: staticity & terror (Aloes Books, London, 1976) Towards design in poetry (Writers Forum, London, 1977) A reading of Thomas Meyer's first ten years (Reality Studios, London, 1985, as Occasional Paper no. 2) Blood on the Nash Ambassador: investigations in American culture (Hutchinson Radius, London, 1989) (selected essays)Poetry publications: Inside the whale (Writers Forum, London, 1970, as Writers Forum Quarto no. 7) Shelter Island & The remaining world (Turret Books, London, 1971, as Tall Turret 1) The he expression (Aloes Books, London, 1973) Local movement (Writers Forum, London, 1973) Kent journal (published by Mottram, 1974) (10 copies) Two elegies (Poet & Peasant, Hayes, Middlesex, 1974; second edition, 1976) Against tyranny (Poet & Peasant, Hayes, Middlesex, 1975) '1922 earth raids', and other poems 1973-1975 (New London Pride, London, 1976) A faithful private (Genera, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1976, as issue 13) Homage to Braque (Blacksuede Boot Press, [London], 1976) Descents of love: songs of recognition (Mugshots no. 6, card in set, no publisher given, 1977) Spring Ford (Pig Press Hasty Editions, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1977) Tunis (Rivelin Press, Sheffield, 1977) Precipice of Fishes (Writers Forum, London, 1979) (a set of cards) Windsor Forest: Bill Butler in memoriam (Pig Press, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1979) From shadow borders (Twisted Wrist, Paris, 1979, as publication no. 5) 1980 Mediate (Zunne Heft, Maidstone, Kent, 1980) A book of Herne: 1975-1981 (Arrowspire Press, Colne, Lancashire, 1981) Elegies (Galloping Dog, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1981) Interrogation rooms; poems 1980-1981 (Spanner, London, 1982) Address (Shadowcat, [Gateshead] 1983) (text handwritten and illuminated by Maria Makepeace) Three Letters (Spanner, London, 1984, as Open Field no. 2) The legal poems: 29 December 1980 - 30 May 1981 (Arrowspire, Colne, Lancashire, 1986) Peace projects & brief novels, 1986-1988 (Talus Editions, London, 1989) Selected poems (North & South, Twickenham & Wakefield, 1989) Season of monsters: poems 1989-1990 (Writers Forum, London, 1991) Resistances: A homage to René Char (RWC, Sutton, 1991, as RWC 9-10) Estuaries: Poems 1989-91 (Solaris, Twickenham, Middlesex, 1992) Raise the wind for me: poems for Basil Bunting (Pig Press, Durham, 1992, as special issue of Staple Diet) Time Sight Unseen (State University of New York at Buffalo, 1993) Design origins: Masks book two, poems 1993-4 (Amra Imprint, Seaham, Co. Durham, 1994) Inheritance: Masks book one, poems 1993-1994 (Writers Forum, London, 1994) Double your stakes: Masks book three (RWC, London, 1995) Hyderabad depositions (University of Salzburg Press, 1997) Periodical contests: Masks book four (Anarcho Press, Badninish, Sutherland, with Mainstream, St Albans, Hertfordshire, 1997) Limits of self-regard (Talus Editions, King's College London, 1998)Further bibliographic details of reprints, translations, collaborations and articles may be found in Eric Mottram: A Bibliography, prepared by Bill Griffiths (King's College London, 1999). See also Eric Mottram: A checklist of his poems, compiled by Valerie Soar (King's College London, 1999).

This company was established in 1906 for motor accident insurance and expanded into life and general business insurance in 1918. It was acquired by Royal Exchange Assurance (CLC/B/107-02) in 1927. Its head office address was 10 St James's Street, but it had several branch offices including one at 70 Cornhill and the Marine Department at 19 Royal Exchange.

John Lothrop Motley was born on 15 April 1814 in Dorchester, Massachusetts, USA. He was educated at Harvard College, 1827-1831. After graduating from Harvard, Motley spent two years as a student at the universities of Berlin and Göttingen. He returned to Boston in 1835, where he began a career as a novelist. His first work Morton's Hope was published in 1839. Motley was appointed secretary of legation in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1841. He returned to Boston in 1842, where he began taking an interest in historical writing. Motley's first piece of historical writing was an essay on Peter the Great, which he contributed to the North American Review in 1845. In 1851 Motley took his family to Europe, where he undertook historical research in many archives and libraries in Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. Motley published three works on Dutch history including The Rise of the Dutch Republic, (1856). Motley served as minister to Austria between 1861-1867 and to England, 1869-1870. After 1874 he undertook no further literary work. He died at the house of one of his daughters in England on 29 May 1877.

Mothers' Union is a world-wide voluntary Christian women's organisation whose purpose is the strengthening and preservation of marriage and Christian family life. The Mothers' Union follows the same organisational structure as the Anglican Church. Each diocese has its own President and Secretary, who, with the Diocesan Council and Departmental Committees, are responsible for the overall administration of work in the dioceses.

The Mothers' Union in the Diocese of London covers the part of London north of the River Thames and since 1970 has been divided into five Areas, each with its own bishop and corresponding Mothers' Union Vice President and Chaplain. In 1990 there were 100 Branches and 2,500 members in the diocese, and the following Departments were in operation: Overseas, Media, Social Concern, Young Families, Prayer and Publications Departments.

The Mothers' Union was founded in 1876 by Mrs Mary Elizabeth Sumner (formerly Mary Elizabeth Heywood) (1829-1921) at Old Arlesford, Hampshire, where her husband George Henry Sumner was Rector (who later became Bishop of Guildford in 1889). It began as a small group of mothers from the village who met with Mary Sumner and pledged themselves to uphold the sanctity of marriage and bring up their children in the faith of God.

By 1886 it developed into an organised church society in the Diocese of Winchester, which was soon added to by other dioceses, the next one being established by Mrs Emily Wilberforce (wife of the Bishop of Chichester) in the Diocese of Newcastle. In 1887 the first Diocesan Council Conference was held at Winchester under the approval of the Bishop of Winchester. From 1888 the first overseas work began as Branches were set up in Canada (which was followed by New Zealand, Australia, India, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), China, Japan, Egypt, Malta, and South America before 1900).

In 1890 the Diocese of London Mothers' Union began, largely under the initiative of Lady Horatia Erskine and the Honorary Mrs Evelyn Hubbard. The first meeting was addressed by Mary Sumner. London became the centre of the Mothers' Union's rapidly growing activities. In 1892 the first annual General Conference was held in London where 1550 branches and 60,000 members in 28 dioceses were represented, to discuss questions affecting the work of the Mothers' Union. In 1895 the first central union Headquarters were established at Church House, Westminster, initially consisting of a locker room for the post. In 1896 a Central Council, a system of democratic representation by each diocese, was developed at Westminster to oversee the work of the rapidly growing organisation, and in 1899 the expansion of work necessitated the renting of the first office at Church House. The continuing growth of membership necessitated new administration and an office was rented for the Diocesan Secretary in 1905.

During this time the Central Council began to exercise pressure on legislation effecting marriage and the family, including laws on prostitution, divorce, temperance, education, infant life insurance, and the registration of domestic servants. The greatest campaign was made against divorce laws. In 1903 Central Council 'pledged to resist all attacks on the Marriage Laws of this country'. Mothers' Union wanted the Divorce Act 1857 repealed, and resisted those who wanted to make divorce easier. In 1910 a protest was organised against the extension of the divorce laws and evidence was presented to the Divorce Commission.

In 1912 the Mothers' Union formed as an Incorporated Society and in 1917 the first 'Mary Sumner House', Deans Yard, Westminster was opened. The society then moved to 'Mary Sumner House', Tufton Street, Westminster which was built to the Founder's memory in 1923 and opened in 1925. The building has been the Central Headquarters and the London Diocesan office of the Mothers' Union including accommodation for Official Workers, various Departments running the work of the society, a war memorial chapel, assembly hall, library, bookshop, hostel and members' room.

By 1926, when the Mothers' Union was Incorporated by Royal Charter on its 50th Anniversary, there were over 70,000 home branches and 900 branches overseas, and 490,000 members.

Up to the 1970s the three main principals of the Mothers' Union were:

• To uphold the sanctity of marriage
• To have a sense of responsibility in the training of children

• Daily prayer and high ideals in home life.

  In 1968 a World Conference concluded that the society needed to re-think its scope and take a more liberal attitude towards divorce and marriage. For this purpose, a Commission was appointed by the Central Council in 1969 and in 1972 it produced a report 'New Dimensions'. In 1974 a new supplementary Royal Charter was granted and the Aims and Objects were extended and reworded to reflect changing trends:

  "The aim of the society is the advancement of the Christian religion in the sphere of marriage and family life. In order to carry out this aim, its objectives are:

• To uphold Christ's teaching on the nature of marriage and promote its wider understanding.
• To encourage parents to bring up their children in the faith and life of the Church.
• To maintain a world-wide fellowship of Christians united in prayer, worship and service.
• To promote conditions in society favourable to stable family life and the protection of children

• To help those whose family life has met with adversity."

  In 2003 the society had more than one million members in 70 countries, and 122,000 members in the United Kingdom. The Mothers' Union has continued to play a important role in the religious life and social policies of many countries. Members have been active in their local communities and their commitment to the family is still supported through a tradition of personal links and relationships world-wide.

  Central Presidents (1896-1920): Mrs Mary Elizabeth Sumner - 1896 (elected at the first Central Council)
  Dowager Countess of Chichester - 1910
  Mrs Emily Wilberforce - 1916
  Mrs Hubert Barclay - 1920.

  London Diocesan Presidents (1890-1989): Beatrice Temple - 1890
  Lady Horatia E Erskine - 1894 (Central Vice President)
  Lady Victoria Buxton - 1898
  Lady Horatia E Erskine - 1900
  The Honorary Mrs Evelyn Hubbard - 1905
  Mrs Emily Wilberforce - 1909 (Central President from 1916)
  Gertrude Gow - 1916
  Maud Montgomery - 1918
  Dame Beatrix Hudson Lyall - 1921 (Central Vice President)
  Eleanor Mary Raymond - 1936 (Central Vice President)
  Joyce Coombs - 1946 (Central Vice President)
  Helena Lambert - 1955 (Central Vice President)
  Mildred Rawlinson - 1961 (Central Vice President)
  Elizabeth Naylor - 1965 (Central Vice President)
  Betty Dunhill - 1971
  Rachel Nugee - 1974 (Central President from 1977)
  Liz Robson - 1977
  Rosemary Johnson - 1983 (Central Vice President 1989)
  Mollie Nichols - 1989.

The foundation of the Mothers' Union is dated to the publication of the first membership card in 1876. The society was established by Mary Sumner, wife of the Rector of Old Alresford in the Diocese of Winchester, to defend the institution of marriage and promote Christian family life. This concern broadened over time to consider all factors affecting the morality of society, within the home and without.

Initially a network of meetings in parishes in the Diocese of Winchester, by the mid 1890s, the MU had established a centralised governing body in London, and had a number of branches overseas; from the early twentieth century, departments were established to deal with specialised tasks in the society's work. Although the society was primarily concerned with the role of the mother and the upbringing of children, married women without children and unmarried women were allowed to join as Associate Members from the outset. Throughout the twentieth century the MU addressed a variety of contemporary social issues (such as runaway children, drug dependence, venereal disease, housing conditions and birth control), but reserved particular efforts for campaigning against divorce and marriage breakdown.

Faced with a need to address a liberalisation in both society and the Church in the decades following the Second World War, the Mothers' Union revised its constitution in 1974 giving greater autonomy to the MU overseas and no longer excluding divorcées. Further reassessment took place in the early 1990s when the need to comply with charity regulations prompted a restructuring of the organisation.