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The Royal Association for Deaf People (RAD) (formerly known as the Royal Association in aid of the Deaf and Dumb (RADD), was established in 1841. It is the earliest of the major charitable bodies concerned with the welfare of the deaf now operating in England, promoting the social, spiritual and general welfare of Deaf people in South Eastern England including Greater London, Essex, Kent and Surrey. Originally established in London from a desire by parents to promote the welfare of deaf children, the Association also has had a strong religious ethos which has been continued through an Anglican chaplaincy.

RAD began with a group of young Deaf activists, ex-pupils of the London Asylum for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb Children of the Poor (later the Royal School for Deaf Children), who met socially in Aldersgate Street in the City of London. The group was reinforced by a number of London businessmen led by George Crouch, bookseller and bookbinder and father of five deaf children. In January 1841 the first recorded committee meeting was held at Crouch's premises at 5 Tudor Street near Blackfriars Bridge, and it was decided that a 'society' would be set up and entitled The Refuge for the Deaf and Dumb, whose purpose would be to tackle the lack of employment for Deaf men. The organisation was also known as the Institution of Employment, Relief and Religious Instruction for the Adult Deaf and Dumb. Religious services were initially held in Fetter Lane and Red Lion Square.

The early work of the society included establishing printing and shoe-making workshops for Deaf men (which rescued some individuals from workhouses), daily education classes for young people and special classes for those with no previous schooling, and mandatory religious instruction. In 1845 the society also began to offer places for women apprentices to learn dressmaking and needlework.

In 1854 the society was reorganised and the Objects were changed following the discontinuation of attempts in providing an Industrial School as a home for the Deaf. The main emphasis of the reorganised work was the employment of qualified agents or 'missionaries' to impart religious and moral instructions to the Deaf in their homes, and the establishment of religious services for Deaf people throughout the metropolis. The Associations first chaplain and minister, Reverend Samuel Smith was ordained in 1861. Welfare work continued through the distribution of gifts of clothing and money and the arrangement of hospital admissions. The society's missionaries found the task challenging and reported that 'hospitals won't take the sick due to communication difficulties.'

In 1863 the Objects were: '1 To provide extended religious and secular instruction among the Deaf and Dumb throughout the Metropolis after they quit school, 2 Visit under the direction of clergymen sick and other Deaf and Dumb persons, 3 To assist those Deaf and Dumb persons with good character in obtaining employment, 4 To relieve, either by gifts or loans of money, destitute and necessitous Deaf and Dumb, 5 To encourage the early training of Deaf and Dumb children in order to prepare them for admission into Educational Institutions'.

In December 1859 a committee of seven Deaf men presented a demand for 'a church of their own' where services would be conducted in Sign Language. Their cause was supported by Reverend Samuel Smith. He promoted the acceptance of Sign Language, against much opposition, arguing that it was a language entitled to respect and dignity in its own right. He also produced booklets and travelled throughout England seeking support for the establishment of local societies in aid of Deaf people. In July 1870 the foundation stone of Saint Saviour's Church, Oxford Street, London was laid by the Prince of Wales, and three years later the first service was held.

In 1873, Queen Victoria granted Royal patronage to the society named the Royal Association in aid of the Deaf and Dumb (RADD). The building of Saint Saviour's became a milestone in promoting the cause of Deaf people's rights, for the right to worship stood for the rights to be educated, to have work, to participate and to socialise. Growing recognition of the organisation's work was underlined by the number of leading churchmen who became vice-presidents. They included the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Bishop and Dean of Lichfield, the Bishops of Carlisle, Ely, Lincoln, Oxford, and Winchester. The Bishop of London was succeeded as Patron by Queen Victoria in 1873 and he and his successors served as President until 1940. The Association also had a succession of leading figures including William Gladstone, Prime Minister (1880-1886) and (1892-1894) who served for 41 years and the Duke of Westminster who gave 55 years of service.

In 1880 the International Congress for Teachers of the Deaf, held in Milan, Italy, established oralism as the preferred method for teaching Deaf children: "The Congress, considering the incontestable superiority of speech over signs in restoring the deaf mute to society and in giving him a more perfect knowledge of language, declares that the oral method ought to be preferred to that of signs for the education and instruction of the deaf and dumb."

The Association expressed strong reservations about this resolution, pointing out that no Deaf or dumb people had been consulted and that, although the oral method may be suitable for some deaf children, it was not a suitable medium for the instruction of large classes. The effects of the oralist approach became evident as many school-leavers found themselves lacking fluency in any method of communication. While Sign Language has become a popular means of communication in the 21st century, RAD has continued to support the campaign for its recognition as Britain's fourth official language.

In the early 20th century, despite funding difficulties, the Association's services grew. RADD employed three or four chaplains and organised systematic visits to all aged, infirm and afflicted Deaf people in all the 29 workhouses, infirmaries and asylums in the East London district. In the 1920s RADD increased its scope of work to challenging the misdiagnosis of Deaf children as 'mentally subnormal'. As a direct result many Deaf children were removed from London's mental asylums and placed into special schools for Deaf children. In addition a maternity home for unmarried deaf mothers was opened at Dunbar Lodge, Clapham, visiting services aimed at Deaf people in mental handicap institutions began in 1923, and helpers were enrolled for the Deaf-blind.

The Welfare State legislation of the 1940s and a series of later post-war reforms created a changing role for RADD, with more emphasis on its pioneering 'social work' with Deaf people and in 1964 the Association began psychiatric work.

Following the appointment in 1968 of a new Director General, Reverend Ivor Scott-Oldfield it was decided that staff should be selected because they were considered the best qualified for work with Deaf people, irrespective of their religious beliefs. A golden rule impressed on all the Association's workers was 'Never do anything for deaf people that they could and should do for themselves. Teach them how, but never do it yourself instead'.

In 1986 the Royal Association in aid of the Deaf and Dumb changed its name to the Royal Association in aid of Deaf People and in 1998 a centralised Sign Language Interpreting Agency was launched.

Deaf people have continued to be involved with the management and direction of RAD, both as members of staff and as trustees and the Deaf community will continue to define the future role for RAD. The Association has had several deaf clergymen, notably Reverend Frank Goodridge, Reverend Benny Morgan, Reverend Leonard Kent, Reverend Ron Cade and later Reverend Vera Hunt, the first woman priest ordained in 1992.

In 2003 the Royal Association provided: 10 Centres for Deaf people in Essex, London and the South East, social clubs and self-help groups; Support for Deaf people with additional needs; Language and communication support through the RAD Sign Language Interpreting Service; Religious and cultural activities and pastoral care conducted in Sign Language; and Training and education in British Sign language and Deaf Awareness.

Main Churches: 1873 (opened) Saviours Oxford Street (given up 1922); 1923 (purchased) All Saints, Paddington (purchased) (sold 1961); 1925 (opened) Saint Saviours, Old Oak Road, Acton.

Head Offices: 1850 26 Red Lion Square; 1856 15 Bedford Row, Holborn; 1863 309 Regents Street; 1872 272 Oxford Street; 1913 419 Oxford Street; 1939 55 Norfolk Square, Paddington (moved in 1920s); 1967 7-11 Armstrong Road, Acton (moved 1961). The Head Office in Old Oak Road, Acton, London was moved to Colchester, Essex after 1998.

Patron (2003): Queen Elizabeth II.

Totteridge is in Barnet, north London. It was a small village until the opening of a railway station in 1872; which encouraged the building of new housing.

South Grove is one of the main streets in Highgate, leading off Highgate Hill and forming part of the triangle of Pond Square. Number 10 is known as Church House. It includes a staircase dating to George I's reign (1714-1727). The house was owned by antiquarian John Sidney Hawkins who, from 1802-1837, leased it to Hyman Hurwitz to be used as a Jewish school. It subsequently reverted to residential use.

From: A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 6: Friern Barnet, Finchley, Hornsey with Highgate (1980).

The green field site near to Croydon Airport in south London was redeveloped following consultation in the 1960s. This brochure shows the plans that had been made by some interested parties in preparation for the redevelopment.

The origins of the Justices of the Peace lie in the temporary appointments of 'conservators' or 'keepers' of the peace made at various times of unrest between the late twelfth century and the fourteenth century. In 1361 the 'Custodis Pacis' were merged with the Justices of Labourers, and given the title Justices of the Peace and a commission.

The Commission (of the Peace) gave them the power to try offences in their courts of Quarter Sessions, appointed them to conserve the peace within a stated area, and to enquire on the oaths of "good and lawfull men" into "all manner of poisonings, enchantments, forestallings, disturbances, abuses of weights and measures" and many other things, and to "chastise and punish" anyone who had offended against laws made in order to keep the peace.

During the sixteenth century the work of the Quarter Sessions and the justices was extended to include administrative functions for the counties. These were wide ranging and included maintenance of structures such as bridges, gaols and asylums; regulating weights, measures, prices and wages, and, probably one of their biggest tasks, enforcing the Poor Law.

The bulk of the administrative work was carried out on one specific day during the court's sitting known as the County Day. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, it was clear that the Quarter Sessions' structure was unable to cope with the administrative demands on it, and it lost a lot of functions to bodies set up specifically to deal with particular areas - the most important of these was the Poor Law, reformed in 1834.

Until the seventeenth century the Middlesex court met in the Castle Inn near Smithfield, which was replaced in 1612 by a new sessions house built in Saint John's Street, at the expense of a leading justice, Sir Baptist Hicks. Essentially only a wooden building, Hicks Hall, as it was known, was demolished in 1782, a new sessions house having been built on Clerkenwell Green in 1779, and also known as Hicks Hall. In 1889 following the reduction in size of the County of Middlesex, the sessions moved to the Westminster Guildhall in Broad Sanctuary. When this building proved too small for the amount of work carried out there, a new Middlesex Guildhall was built next to it and opened in 1913. The new County of London sessions continued to meet on Clerkenwell Green until 1919 when they moved to the former Surrey sessions house on Newington Causeway.

The photograph appears to have been used by the Territorial Army magazine.

No administrative history has been traced for these photographs.

These photographs show properties and streets that are presumed to have been destroyed or altered significantly by the construction of the Rotherhithe Tunnel, which was opened in 1908. Around 3000 local people were displaced by the construction.

The records appear to be the office papers of Mr G. R. Pope who was acting as Advertising Manager to the campaign.

The London Gas Museum, Bromley-by-Bow, held material inherited from the North Thames Gas Board and its predecessors. In 1998 the museum began to disperse its collections as it prepared to close.

The Rabbinical Commission for the Licensing of Shochetim was established under the Slaughter Houses Act 1974. Schedule one provides for the shechita (slaughter) of poultry and animals by a shochet (slaughterer) licensed by the Commission. Orthodox Jews eat meat and poultry provided the animals and birds are slaughtered and their meat butchered according to the laws of Shechita. Slaughter may only be carried out by an approved slaughterman. He must be of recognised high moral character, consistant religious observance and have had thorough training. The Commission alone has power to train shochetim.

The Chief Rabbi is the permanent chairman of the Commission. The Spanish and Portuguese Congregation in London appoints a vice-chairman. Other members are appointed by the London Beth Din, the Federation of Synagogues and the Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations. The President of the Board of Deputies appoints 2 members to represent Jews from outside London.

Tottenham Court Manor was usually known as Tottenhall Manor. It was a prebendary held by clergymen at Saint Paul's Cathedral. The manor was leased out by the clergy until 1560 when it was demised to Queen Elizabeth. In 1639 it was leased to Charles the First, but was seized during the Civil War and sold. It was retaken on the Restoration, and in 1661 was granted to Sir Henry Wood by Charles the Second. The lease was taken over by Isabella Countess of Arlington, and inherited by her son Charles, Duke of Grafton and later by his brother the Honorable Charles Fitzroy, first Lord Southampton (descendants of Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Grafton, an illegitimate son of Charles the Second). In 1768 an act of Parliament vested the fee simple of the manor in Lord Southampton and his heirs, subject to an annual payment to the prebendary.

Part of the Tottenhall manor is now north-west Bloomsbury, while other parts of the manor stretched to Camden and St Pancras. Road names in this area reflect the family, such as Euston Road (Henry Fitzroy was also Earl of Euston) and Tottenham Court Road which is a corruption of Tottenhall.

Information from: 'Pancras', The Environs of London: volume 3: County of Middlesex (1795), pp. 342-382 and http://www.ucl.ac.uk/bloomsbury-project/streets/tottenham_court.htm.

Finnart House School, originally known as the Hayes Certified Industrial School for Jewish Boys, was opened in February 1901. Prior to this date there had been no specifically Jewish institution for the education and training of abandoned or problematic boys. The East London Industrial School at Lewisham had accepted some Jewish pupils, but had become less willing to do so by the turn of the century and so the establishment of a suitable school became a pressing concern for the Visitation Committee of the United Synagogue. Support came from the Rothschild family, which was instrumental to the foundation of the school in Hayes, Middlesex. The school was certified by the Secretary of State to receive 60 boys, although this number quickly became insufficient and an extension to the building was built in 1909. By 1918 the school held 128 boys.

However, from 1920 onwards, despite the educational success of the school, the number of pupils progressively declined. This decline was due to the fact that fewer Jewish boys were committed to the school by the courts, which was in part a consequence of legislative changes brought about by the Criminal Justice Act (1925) and the Children and Young Persons Act (1933). It became obvious during the 1930s that the Hayes School was too large for their needs, and a decision was made to remove entirely from the rapidly industrialising area. The old school building was let to the Middlesex County Council to be used as a Senior Approved School, and in 1937 the former Hayes School was reopened at Finnart House, Oatlands Drive in Weybridge, Sussex.

After the move numbers in the school continued to decline, and it was no longer considered a reasonable demand on public funds to maintain a specifically Jewish Approved Junior School. As a consequence a decision was made at the end of the 1930s to admit Church of England boys along side any Jewish boys still referred to the school.

Finnart House School was closed in the 1970s when the running of such institutions was passed into the hands of Local Authorities. The issue of who should benefit from the sale of the school and grounds eventually made its way, as a test case, to the House of Lords. Ultimately a trust was set up for the aid of underprivileged Jewish children.

A Carabinieri Band is an Italian uniformed marching band. The first Carabinieri band was founded in 1820 by the Royal Carabinieri Corps. This band first toured in 1916 to raise money for wounded Allied soldiers.

Invalid Children's Aid Nationwide (I CAN) is a national registered charity (number 210031) for children with speech and language difficulties. The charity began as the Invalid Children's Aid Association (ICAA) on 26 November 1888, founded by Allen Dowdeswell Graham, a clergyman, to help poor children who were either seriously ill or handicapped. In 1888, he wrote 'Poverty is bad enough, God knows, but the poor handicapped exist in a living hell. It's up to us to do something about it'. Allen Graham organised a group of home visit volunteers who took food, bedding and medicine to children and their families, and helped arrange admissions into hospitals and convalescent homes, holidays, apprenticeships, and the loan of spinal carriages, wheel chairs and perambulators. Royal patronage began in 1891 and continued throughout the 20th century.

As the Association grew, volunteers were gradually replaced by professional social workers and 'Homes of Recovery' were set up, where the treatment of children with tuberculosis and rheumatic heart disease was first pioneered. The first of these residential establishments was Holt Sanatorium opened in 1906 and Parkstone Home for boys was opened in 1909. In 1935, the ICAA helped publicise the need for immunisation against diptheria by holding a conference in London. The ICAA worked closely with the London County Council in providing Care Committee Secretaries to the Schools for Physically Handicapped Children, and acting as an agent for the tuberculosis 'TB Contact Scheme' from 1925. During 1939 to 1945, the Association was involved in the special arrangements for the evacuation of physically handicapped children to homes or selected foster homes.

The National Health Service Act 1948 introduced financial support for medical care and appliances required by the Association's social workers, enabling greater concentration on providing casework support to help alleviate the stress experienced by families with handicapped children. The Act also led to the transferral of the Association's Heart Hospital, which had been opened in 1926 to the Health Authorities and the gradual replacement of convalescence by short term holidays.

In the 1950s the Association's motto was 'To every child a chance' and aims were:
"1. To collect and put at the disposal of parents and others, all information with regard to the care of invalid and crippled children, and the facilities which exist for their treatment.

2. To co-operate with doctors, hospital almoners and others by reporting on those aspects of the child's social background which are relevant to the understanding and treatment of the illness.
3. To assist parents to carry out the doctor's advice with regard to treatment by :-
   a) Arranging convalescence where necessary.
   b) Helping them to understand, and where possible rectify, any adverse social conditions that may exist.
4. To help in the re-establishment of the child in normal life.

5. To visit the seriously invalided child."

   With improvements in health care, the Association also began to concentrate on the educational problems arising from specific disabilities or chronic illness. In 1961 the Association organised an International Conference of Dyslexia and in 1964 the Word Blind Centre, Coram's Fields, was opened to study dyslexia and other reading difficulties. This led to the formation of the British Dyslexia Association.

   By 1981 the ICAA was maintaining five residential schools for children with special educational needs. It also ran a central information service, which provided free advice, and hired publications and films, and centres run by social workers in London and Surrey offering support to families with handicapped children. Social work services were run partly through grant aid from local authorities, and included Keith Grove Centre, Hammersmith which was opened in 1967, and Grenfell House Social Work Centre in 1981.

   In 1983 a Curriculum Development centre was opened for the research of teaching materials for children with speech and language disorders. The ICAA also expanded its area of work to include the Midlands and the North East with the opening of Carshalton Family Advice and Support Centre and regional offices.

   In 1986 the ICAA was renamed as I CAN. In the late 1990s I CAN delivered a range of direct and partnership services to help children by pioneering work in special schools, nurseries and centres within local schools and by providing training and information for parents, teachers and therapists. In 1999 there were 25,000 children with severe and complex speech and language impairment, with only 14 specialised schools available in the country, I CAN managing three of these at Dawn House School, John Horniman School and Meath School. In these schools I CAN employed teachers, speech and language therapists, educational psychologists, care staff and social workers. In the financial year April 2000 to March 2001 the charity's gross income was £6,151,000, and expenditure was £7,035,000. I CAN has been involved in national projects such as 'Changing lives', an initiative launched in 1999, aimed at changing 'early years' provision to support 1,200 children in 2002.

   Schools managed by ICAA and I CAN:

   • Meath School, Surrey, established 1945, for junior boys with severe asthma and other respiratory disorders, later from1982 for pupils with speech, language and communication difficulties.
   • Pilgrims School, East Sussex, established in 1955, for senior boys with severe asthma and eczemia (the only specialised school for these conditions in England and Wales).
   • John Horniman School, West Sussex, established in 1958, for children with severe communication disorders including hearing impairment.
   • Dawn House School, Nottinghamshire, established in 1974, for children with hearing impairment.
   • Edith Edwards House School, Surrey, established in 1956, for children with severe communication disorders and behavioural difficulties.

   Royal patrons
   1891 Princess Mary of Teck (later Queen Mary);
   1953 Elizabeth II.

   Presidents
   Before 1957 Duchess of Portland;
   1957 Princess Margaret.

Claire Rayner was born in January 1931 in London, and died in October 2010. She trained as a nurse at the Royal Northern Hospital, London winning the gold medal for outstanding achievement when she became an SRN in 1954. She also studied midwifery at Guy's Hopsital, worked at Royal Free Hospital and as a Paediatric Sister at the Whittington Hospital.

She is probably best known as an "Agony Aunt", and has written over 90 books both fiction and non-fiction cover topics such as home-nursing, sex-education, baby and child care. Her fiction has covered scenarios from medical ethics, to crime, to the Holocaust.

The year 1810 is regarded as that in which the Independent Order was established. It grew out of the Grand United Order or London order whose headquarters were at the Bohemia Tavern in Wych Street. The United Order itself was formed about 1779 by the partial amalgamation of two earlier Orders: the 'Ancient' and the 'Patriotic'. These earlier Orders were both convivial and political, and were also benevolent in that financial assistance was given to the poor. On the merger of these two Orders, the benevolence aspect became the principal aim of the brethren.

The most useful benefit was the 'travelling relief'. This was afforded to members travelling in search of employment and was calculated on the cost of providing bed and board on a daily basis. A member obtained a travelling card and a password and could use these to obtain a bed at any Lodge in any Town were he intended to spend the night, and was assisted by a monetary payment sufficient to provide bed and board for the next 24 hours.

The title Independent Order of Odd Fellows Manchester Unity Friendly Society was adopted from the Order set up in Manchester in 1810 by members of the Union Order who were 'Independent' because they had left the Union Order. The Order is also known as The Independent Order of Oddfellows (Manchester Unity) or The Manchester Unity Order of Odd Fellows.

The Odd Fellows are one of the largest friendly societies in Great Britain and their motto is 'Friendship, Love and Truth'. They are a non-profit making Friendly Society who offer benefits including health insurance, life assurance, annuities and endowments.

The society is 190 years old, and the North London Division is over 160 years old.

Many of the Lodges have now been amalgamated and this is in part reflected in the catalogue, most noticeably in the Trafalgar Lodge which, since 1992, is made up of Duke of Sussex Lodge, King Edward Lodge Union Lodge, Rose of York Lodge and Prince Albert Lodge; and also incorporating Pioneer Lodge, which consisted of Sir Thomas Dallas Lodge, Prince of Wales and Chandos Lodges, and Queen Victoria and Blenheim Lodges.

William Whitaker Thompson was chairman of the London County Council from 1910-1911 before undertaking the role of Mayor of Kensington 1911-1912.

He was a member of the Municipal Reform Party Regime from 1907-1919, who advocated the maintenance and improvement of local bodies in London.

They were content to administer duties assigned by Parliament to the council and were champions of private enterprise and opposed to municipal trading.

Samuel and Henrietta Barnett were important figures in the social reform movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Samuel was the vicar of Saint Jude's Whitechapel, founder of Toynbee Hall, Whitechapel Art Gallery and the Education Reform League. Later he became Canon of Bristol and Canon and Sub-Dean of Westminster Abbey.

Henrietta was the founder of the London Pupil Teachers' Association, and is widely reknowned as the founder of Hampstead Garden Suburb.

Lincoln's Inn is one of the four Inns of Court. It was founded in the 14th century and moved to its present site off Chancery Lane in 1412.

The Federation of London Working Boys' Clubs was founded in 1887 by a number of boys' clubs, to provide an organisation which could formulate a unified policy and philosophy and provide backup services for the Boys' Clubs movement. Many of the clubs involved had been started by universities, public schools and public-spirited individuals to help underprivileged and exploited boys in London, particularly the East End. The clubs provided recreational activities and also acted as education and welfare institutions: the clubs were often the only recourse boys had to medical attention, clothing and food.

The federation was renamed in the early 20th century as the London Federation of Boys' Clubs, and changed its name again in 1994/1995 to the London Federation of Clubs for Young People, to reflect the changing social situation and the increasing inclusion of girls.

The activities provided by the federation for its member clubs include the use of two residential centres, Hindleap Warren in the Ashdown Forest, Surrey, and Woodrow High House in Amersham, Buckinghamshire. Clubs can hire these outdoor education centres on a weekly basis.

The federation maintains close links with other, similar charitable bodies, most notably the National Association of Boys' Clubs. Its patron is the Duke of Edinburgh, who has retained close links with the federation for more than 50 years.

The Ramblers Association was formed in 1935. It grew out of the National Council of Rambling Federations which in turn was formed in 1930 as an amalgam of the local Federations of Rambling clubs which had been increasing in number since 1905. The association consists of a National Council, responsible for general policy, and an Executive Committee which controls the work of the association. It is organised locally into Areas, which are responsible for all local activities and for recruitment of members.

The association's main aims are to protect public paths and rights of way, including provision of signposts and other waymarkers; to increase access for walkers by establishing statutory rights of access; to safeguard the countryside from overdevelopment and pollution by organising national and local campaigns; to educate the public about their rights and responsibilities in respect of the countryside.

Past presidents of the association have included Tom Stephenson, an eminent walker and journalist who steered the association through its early years, Janet Street-Porter, journalist and television personality and Fay Godwin, photographer and countryside campaigner.

Saint George's School was founded by the parish of Saint George, Hanover Square, in 1803. The school aimed to teach the poor children of the parish basic education and practical skills. The school was successful and grew, incorporating an infant's section and amalgamating with another local charity school. In 1898 the school moved to a larger building on adjoining premises. In 1952 the senior pupils were separated to form a secondary school in Saint Martin in the Fields, leaving only infant and junior children. St George's (Hanover Square) Church of England Primary School still operates from the 1898 building in South Street.

Source of information: http://www.stgeorgeshanoversquare.org/Education.htm (accessed August 2010).

The Jews' Free School (now JFS Comprehensive) is the largest Jewish school in Britain.

It was founded by Moses Hart, who paid for the restoration of the Great Synagogue where the school opened as a Talmud Torah for 15 boys in 1732. It was originally a charity school for orphaned boys with priority given to those of German parentage. By 1788 the school had moved to Houndsditch and in the late 1790s moved again to Gun Square where the number of pupils increased in 21. In the nineteenth century Dr. Joshua Van Oven found a permanent site for the school in Bell Lane.

Between 1880 and 1900, one third of all London's Jewish children passed through its doors - by 1900 it had some 4,000 pupils and was the largest school in Europe. The School provided these children with a refuge from poverty, a religious and secular education and in the spirit of the times anglicised them. Famous pupils from this time include Barney Barnato, Bud Flanagan, Alfred Marks and the novelist Israel Zangwill. The school enjoyed the patronage of the Rothschilds and had for 51 years a headmaster called Moses Angel. Angel was probably the most influential figure in Jewish education in the nineteenth century and a great advocate of "anglicising" his pupils. They were, he said "ignorant even of the elements of sound; until they had been Anglicised."

The school remained there until 1939 when it was evacuated to Ely. The Bell Lane building was destroyed during enemy action and after the Second World War the school remained closed untilk a new site was found on the Camden Road. In 1958 the school reopened as JFS Comprehensive.

The Museum Of was a series of temporary "museums" housed in the Bargehouse building at Oxo Tower Wharf on London's South Bank; a building owned by the Coin Street Community Builders that had been derelict for the previous forty years. Beginning in October 1998 and ending in July 2001, The Museum Of ran five temporary "Museum" projects: The Museum of Collectors (Nov 1998 - Mar 1999), The Museum of Me (May 1999 - Oct 1999), The Museum of Emotions (Feb 2000 - Jun 2000), The Museum of the Unknown (Oct 2000 - Feb 2001) and The Museum of The River Thames (Mar 2001 - Jul 2001). The aim was to explore and question the place of museums in our culture, our experience of them and what we might want from them in the future. The project also aimed to encourage new audiences, commission new work, animate the building and surrounding area and create possibilites for innovative collaboration and partnership with a lasting legacy.

The core values of The Museum Of:
Question - At the heart of The Museum Of's concept lies a question about museums. What is a museum? Why do we visit? What do we want from a "museum" experience?
Participation - The five temporary "museum" projects that made up The Museum Of involved the participation of a broad range of people both in the creative process, as visitors to the museums and as decision makers, shaping the future of the project and regeneration of the area. The project encompassed the ideas and aspirations of people who lived and worked in the area together with local schools, colleges, arts and business organisations. Participation in the project and access to the museum was free.
Innovation - The Museum Of commissioned new work, created new partnerships and encouraged new audiences. The work explored and challenged our relationship with museums and culture in a different way from a "traditional" arts event and animated the interior and exterior of a disused building.
Collaboration - Each "museum" invited the contribution of artists, performers, local people, museum professionals, anthropologists, businesses, schools and audience members. Since the launch of the project The Museum Of has collaborated with: The Central School of Speech and Drama, The Horniman Museum, University College London, The Social Sculpture Unit at Oxford Brookes University, The Poetry Society, Wimbledon School of Art, The London Contemporary Dance School, Scarabeus Theatre Company, Primitive Science Theatre Company, Shunt Theatre Company, Crazy Horse Theatre Company, The London School of Fashion, The Actors Centre, Trinity College of Music, and numerous residents and business people.

The Museum Of has received support from: Coin Street Community Builders, The South Bank Employers Group, Erco lighting, Mills and Allen, The Poetry Society, The Body Shop, The Sirat Trust, The Arts Council of England, NESTA, London Arts, Bloomberg and Thames Water.

London Youth Matters was part of the London Voluntary Service Council and acted as an 'umbrella' or 'watchdog' organisation for London Youth Groups and was comprised of the London Headquarters of the voluntary youth organisations in the London Area and the Local Councils for the Youth Service located in the various London Boroughs. It acted on behalf of, and through, its members raising awareness of issues affecting young people and represented its members to central and local government. It maintained comprehensive database of contact details for youth service practitioners and politicians which was published as a Directory and conducted research in the 'health' of services for young people.

The Key dates are:
1945 The London and Middlesex Standing Conference of Voluntary Youth Organisations was formed. Subsequently the name was changed to the Greater London Standing Conference of Voluntary Youth Organisations (GLSCVYO).
1986 Formation of Greater London Youth Matters and Inner London Youth Matters.
1990 Dissolution of Inner London Youth Matters and the name of Greater London Youth Matters was changed to London Youth Matters.

The Southern Housing Group is made up of four organisations: Samuel Lewis Housing trust, City and Countries Housing Association, The Women's Housing Trust and Southern Housing Foundation. It manages nearly 16, 000 properties, concentrated in the South of England and has about 30, 000 tenants and leaseholders. It has a century of experience in providing affordable housing to meet local needs.

The Samuel Lewis Trust Limited was founded in 1901 by a bequest from the wealthy financier Samuel Lewis, this is the parent body of the Group. It is a charitable housing association and one of the largest providers of rented accommodation in south east England.

The City and Countries Housing Association Limited is the Group's non-charitable arm and looks after all home ownership and leasehold properties. It develops and manages a range of low cost housing and provides a specialist management service to over 1000 retirement leasehold properties.

The Women's Housing Trust is a specialist charitable association operating in London and providing mainly hostel accommodation for single women.

The Southern Housing Foundation was formed in 1998 to resource the Groups Housing Plus work, by funding community development and estate projects, training and employment initiativesand, in partnership with other agencies, regenerating former local authority estates.

The Gluckstein and Salmon families grew to prominence in the second half of the nineteenth century through their involvement in the tobacco industry. Beginning as small-time cigar manufacturers, by the turn of the century Salmon and Gluckstein Ltd was the world's largest retail tobacconist, owning 140 shops in 1901. The business was started in 1855 by Samuel Gluckstein who, having arrived in London in 1841 from Germany, began working in the Jewish tobacco industry. The first business operated from Crown Street, Soho, and by 1864, when the firm was incorporated, Samuel Gluckstein had been joined by Henry Gluckstein and Laurence Abrahams. By that date the business had relocated to 43 Leman Street.

In 1870 a difference of opinion concerning the sharing of the profits resulted in the firm's dissolution. Henry Gluckstein and Laurence Abrahams went on to found Abrahams & Gluckstein, cigar manufacturers of 26 Whitechapel High Street, while Samuel Gluckstein formed a partnership with his two sons Isidore and Montague Gluckstein. They were also joined by Barnett Salmon, a tobacco salesman, who later became Samuel's son-in-law by marrying Helena Gluckstein. In 1873 Samuel Gluckstein died leaving the business to his two sons and Barnett Salmon.

In order to avoid future family disputes the three men decided to form a family fund by pooling their resources. The principle of the venture was to encourage the strong to support the weak, with each member withdrawing what was required. As the number of members increased over the years, a more ordered system developed, but essentially this tightly-organised pooling arrangement formed the basis of the bulk of the family's business activities from the late nineteenth century onwards.

Until 1887 these business interests were centred on the firm of Salmon and Gluckstein, tobacco manufacturers and tobacconists. From 1887, however, Montague Gluckstein became interested in the idea of providing catering services for the large exhibitions which were sweeping Victorian Britain. Judging the business of catering to be beneath them, the family only gave their support to Montague on the understanding that the family name would not be used. Accordingly, Montague began searching for a suitable figurehead for his new venture, finding him in Joseph Lyons, a distant family relation. As a result the family company of J. Lyons and Co. was formed.

Reader Brothers was a firm of builders established in the 1890's by Tom and Richard Reader. They began work drafting designs in the front room of a terrace house in Hackney, renting lock-ups in the area. The firm expanded in the years leading up to the First World War building fashionable houses for the middle class. By the 1920's the firm was renting premises in a defunct Hackney corset factory. These premises seem to have been acquired as the firm re-built them to their own design in 1928.

The 1930's brought renewed prosperity to the firm. Between 1932 and 1939 they built and sold some 'two thousand houses' at Chingford, Winchmore Hill, Loughton, Cricklewood and Edgware, as well as undertaking housing schemes for the borough of Poplar and additional wings to Saint Andrews Hospital. Building began again after the Second World War along with work repairing bomb damaged properties. New designs were created in the late forties and fifties and extension work became more common. The work of the firm gradually moved eastwards, into what was once Essex, as land around London became more built-up. The firm was finally wound up in 1972/3.

The Star Inn, High Street, Romford, Essex was established in 1708. In 1799 it was acquired by Edward Ind from George Cardon and a brew house was built on the site. Ind went into partnership with Octavius and George Coope in 1845, Edward Vipan Ind joined the partnership in 1848. They were known as Ind Coope and Company from 1856. Also in 1856 a second brewery opened in Station Street, Burton-on-Trent, Staffordshire. Ind Coope and Company Limited was registered as a limited liability company in November 1886. Ind Coope took over numerous other breweries around the country before going into receivership in January 1909. A new company was registered in 1912 named Ind Coope and Company (1912) Limited which obtained certain assets from the receivers and expanded, acquiring several other breweries. In 1922 Ind Coope and Company Limited was removed from the register of companies and in the following year Ind Coope and Company (1912) Limited changed its name to Ind Coope and Company Limited and continued to expand. After acquiring Samuel Allsopp and Sons Limited, High Street, Burton-on-Trent in 1934 the company became known as Ind Coope and Allsopp Limited. In 1959 Ind Coope took over Taylor Walker and Company Limited before changing its name to Ind Coope Limited in the same year.

Ind Coope Tetley Ansell Limited was registered as a limited company in 1961 and was the result of a merger between Ind Coope Limited, Romford, Essex and Burton-on-Trent, Staffordshire, Tetley Walker Limited, Leeds, West Yorkshire and Ansells Brewery Limited, Birmingham, West Midlands. In 1963 the company was renamed Allied Breweries Limited. The companies pooled their resources but still functioned independently. In 1968 the Showerings, Vine Products and Whiteways group merged with Allied Breweries.

A new parent company, Allied-Lyons plc was established after the acquisition of J Lyons and Company Limited, a food manufacturing and distribution company. Allied Breweries acquired numerous other companies including Wm Teacher and Sons Limited in 1976, United Rum Merchants Limited in 1984, and the Canadian group Hiram Walker-Gooderham and Worts Limited in 1984, which made Allied Breweries the leading international wines and spirits producer and distributor. This position was reinforced by the acquisition of James Burroughs Distillers in 1989 and the buy-out of Whitbread's 50 per cent holding in the companies joint venture company, European Cellars (Holdings) Limited. During the 1980s Allied Breweries began to fragment with various companies being sold off. The result was Allied Domecq which concentrated on wines and spirits. Allied Breweries pulled out of the brewing business around 1990.

Curtis Nicholson began as The Mile End Distillery Company Limited and subsequently changed it's name to Curtis Distillery Company Limited, then Curtis Nicholson Limited.

The Stepney Brewery was founded in London by Salmon and Hare in 1730. In 1796 John Taylor bought Richard Hare's share in the business and was joined by Issac Walker in 1816 when the business became known as Taylor Walker. In 1889 the business moved from Fore Street, Limehouse, London where it had been since circa 1823, and a new brewery was built at Church Row, Limehouse, London named the Barley Mow Brewery. Taylor Walker and Company Limited was registered as a limited liability company in 1907. Taylor Walker took over numerous other breweries and related companies, notably, the Victoria Wine Company Limited in 1929 and the Cannon Brewery Company Limited in 1930. Taylor Walker was itself acquired by Ind Coope Limited, Romford, Essex and Burton-on-Trent, Staffordshire in 1959 and became known as Ind Coope (East Anglia) Limited. The brewery ceased to brew in 1960. Alperton Bottling Company Limited was a subsidiary company to Taylor Walker and Company Limited, as was Pioneer Trading Company Limited.

Cannon Brewery Company Limited was established by Rivers Dickson at 192 St John Street, Clerkenwell, London around 1720. It was named the Cannon Brewery in 1751. The company has operate under various names. By 1798 it was trading under the name John Richard and Rivers Dickson and by 1818 as John Dickson. The brewery was run by Gardner and Company by 1823 and known as William and Philip Gardner from 1828/9. By 1863 the business was owned by George Hanbury and Barclay Field and in 1876 it became the Cannon Brewery Company. It was registered as a limited liability company in January 1895. The Cannon Brewery Company Limited acquired Holt and Company, Marine Brewery, Radcliffe Road, East Ham, London (established circa 1823) in 1913 and Clutterbuck and Company, Stanmore Brewery, Stanmore Hill, Harrow, Middlesex (established circa 1773) in 1923. The Taylor Walker and Company Limited, Limehouse, London acquired the Cannon Brewery Company Limited in 1930 and it became known as Ind Coope (London) Limited in 1960. The brewery ceased to brew in 1955.

Alperton Bottling Company Limited became a subsidiary company to Taylor Walker and Company Limited in 1951, in order to meet increasing demand for bottled beers.

Bartlett and Hobbs Limited were company number 446382. They were wine merchants based in Bristol.

In 1947 the London and Provincial Wine Company Limited of Aylesbury changed their name to Valentine Charles Limited and moved their registered offices to Bilbao House, New Broad Street, EC2. Two of the original shareholders were Charles Henry Jarvis and Valentine Harry Jarvis. The company owned several wine shops in south England. Company number: 292900.

The Vintage Wine Company Limited was founded in 1924, holding its first meeting at St Swithins Lane, E6. The company operated as wine merchants and owned shops, bottling stores and cellars, particularly in the south of England. In 1925 their name was changed to Castle and Company Limited. In 1936 they aqcuired Town and Country Wine Company Limited. The Company number was 202362.

Preston Watson and Company Limited were wine and spirit merchants of Havant, Hampshire. The Company number was 38301. The company was wound up on 23/01/1964.

Taylors (Wine Merchants) Limited were formerly known as London Wine Importers Limited. They were based at 12-20 Osborn Street, London, E1.

James Farren and Joseph Till leased the Nine Elms Brewery, Nine Elms Lane, Vauxhall, London from 1833 to 1841 after which it was acquired by John Mills Thorne who was joined by his brother Benjamin Thorne in 1861. Thorne Bros Limited was registered as a limited liability company in 1897.

Thorne Bros Limited took over a number of other breweries in London and Surrey and were themselves acquired by Meux's Brewery Company Limited, London in 1914. In 1921 Meux's Brewery transferred its operations to the Nine Elms Brewery which was renamed the Horseshoe Brewery. The brewery was closed in 1964.

Burge and Company Limited was founded at Victoria Brewery, Victoria Street, Windsor, Berkshire, prior to 1840 when Burge and Burn began trading. Between 1866 and 1896 the company was managed by Alexander Shipley and then by Sir A W Shipley until his death in 1922.

The company was registered as a limited liability company in 1920 and was acquired by Meux's Brewery Company Limited in 1931. The brewery site was sold in 1935 and the company went into liquidation in 1962.

The Aged Poor Society was established in 1708 as a benevolent Catholic charity to give permanent relief to poor Catholics of 'good character', at a time when it was a capital offence for a priest to say Mass. The Annual Report for 1820 reminded its supporters that 'The Aged Poor Society has met with the approbation and support of many persons equally distinguished for piety and learning, among whom our venerable and illustrous prelates have held first rank'. Other Catholic societies were also established in London during the 18th century which provided pensions and other support to aged poor, for example the Benevolent Society for the Aged and Infirm Poor, founded in 1761.

In 1851, the Aged Poor Society founded Saint Joseph's Alms Houses on the same plot as the new Catholic church at Brook Green, Hammersmith. The first foundation stones were laid by the Countess of Arundel and Surrey. In 1852 Miss J Molineux, of Curzon Street, Mayfair left a bequest of £1,740 to the Society, setting up the Molineux Trust and Pension Funds, which was used to complete building work at Brook Green, and later donations from the family were distributed as pensions among aged poor cared for by the Society. Donations also came from anonymous donors and T J Eyre.

Relief of the poor was achieved by:
a) the payment of pensions or making of allowances,
b) the provision of almshouses or other accommodation,
c) the maintenance and support of beneficiaries,
d) other charitable means.

In 1915 the Society reported that 130 weekly pensioners were receiving payments of £4 for men and £3 for women, and that 'among other benevolent works, the society grants pensions of £26 per annum to 40 aged and necessitous Catholics who must be persons "reduced from a superior station of society." The same condition applies to those who are admitted to almshouses conducted by the society at Hammersmith, some of whom are also eligible for an endowment of £20 a year'.

The Society was run by the following:
Governors: persons who have given not less than £20 in one payment to the Society, or an annual subscription payment
Officers: the President, not more than five Vice Presidents, and the Treasurer (all appointed by the Governors)
Directors: the President, Vice President, and Treasurer and five other members elected by the Governors Secretary (appointed by the Directors).

The Duke of Norfolk became President of the Society from 1874 and Patrons included the Archbishop of Westminster (1916), the Bishop of Southwark (1916), and the Bishop of Brentwood (1930).

During the 19th and 20th centuries, the Society had offices at the following premises:
37 Gerrard Street (1861)
Room 18, 82 Victoria Street (1916-1920)
60 Victoria Street (1930)
38 Eccleston Square (1931-1936)
39 Eccleston Square (1937-1956).

In circa 1980, the name of the Society was changed, and the organisation began work in Liverpool.

In 2002 London Catholic charities were running homes for the aged poor at Nazareth House, Hammersmith, and the convent of the Little Sisters of the Poor at Notting Hill and almshouses at Brook Green, Chelsea, and Ingatestone.

Bernard Susser was born in 1930 in London. He was educated in Islington, at Jews College (now the London School of Jewish Studies) and at Exeter University where he wrote a PhD thesis on the Jewish communities of South-West England. Rabbi Susser worked as a minister in England, Israel and South Africa. His interest in Anglo-Jewish history lasted his whole life and he published many articles and edited several books: his book Jews of South-West England was much acclaimed. Rabbi Susser died in London, his last home, in 1997.

In 1993 the Working Party on Jewish Monuments in the UK and Ireland started a survey of the Alderney Road Cemetery in Stepney with Rabbi Susser as one of the supervisors. Rabbi Susser's last published work Alderney Road Jewish Cemetery, London E1 1697-1853 reported on this survey as well as marking the tercentenary of what is the oldest Ashkenazi cemetery in England. Following the resettlement of Jews in 1656 Ashkenazi Jews at first used the Sephardi cemetery in Mile End (opened 1657). The Alderney Road (previously known as Colt Yard and Three Colt Yard) site was acquired in 1696/97 by a prominent Jewish broker Benjamin Levy. Famous members of the Jewish community who were buried here include: the first Chief Rabbi of Great Britain, Aaron Hart; the Baal Shem of London, Rabbi Hayim Samuel Jacob de Falk; and Judith Levy, sometimes known as the "Duchess of Richmond Green".

Rabbi Susser's "Alderney Road" was published in the summer of 1997, just after his death in April 1997. As he had planned a tercentenary service was held at the Cemetery in the June; the ceremony was conducted by the Chief Rabbi Dr. Jonathan Sacks and the book was launched as part of the day's events.

The Manor of Osterley in Heston was purchased by property developer Nicholas Barbon in 1683. Barbon conveyed the Manor to two co-mortgagees including the banker Sir Francis Child the elder (1642-1718). Child took possession of the Manor on Barbon's death in 1698, while his son Robert Child (d 1721) bought out the co-mortgagee, so that the Child family owned the whole estate. The family expanded the estates by purchasing nearby Manors and commissioned Robert Adam to redesign the house.

The estates and Child's Bank were inherited by Sarah Anne (1764-1793), daughter and sole heir of Robert Child (d. 1782). Under the terms of Robert Child's will the estates passed to Sarah Anne's daughter Lady Sarah Sophia Fane (1785-1867), who was said to have an income of £60,000 a year. Lady Sarah married George Villiers, the fifth Earl of Jersey (1773-1859) who took the name Child-Villiers in 1812. Osterley Park stayed in the Jersey family until 1949 when it was sold to the National Trust.

In 1800 the Manor of Hayes was sold to the executors of Robert Child's will and was therefore added to Osterley and passed to Lady Sarah Sophia Fane and her husband the Earl of Jersey. They sold the Manor in 1829 to Robert Willis Blencowe.

The Manors of Norwood and Southall were united in 1547. In 1754 they were sold to Agatha Child who left them to her son Francis Child. They were united with the Manor of Hayes and followed the same descent-passing to the Jersey family and then sold to Robert Willis Blencowe.

For more information about Osterley Park and Manor see 'Heston and Isleworth: Osterley Park', and 'Heston and Isleworth: Manors', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3: Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell, Sunbury, Teddington, Heston and Isleworth, Twickenham, Cowley, Cranford, West Drayton, Greenford, Hanwell, Harefield and Harlington (1962), pp. 100-111 (available online).

See also 'Hayes: Manors and other estates' and 'Norwood, including Southall: Manors', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4: Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood with Southall, Hillingdon with Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow with Pinner (1971), pp. 26-29 and pp. 43-45.

The Grand Order of Israel Friendly Society was inaugurated by Henry Angel and friends on 9 September 1896. Their aim was "to establish a Lodge in every town and city where our co-religionists reside". Membership involved a permanent allegiance to the Jewish cause and service for one's co-religionists and believed that co-operation among Jewish people helps to foster the Jewish conscience and one's obligation to fellow Jews by supporting Communal Institutions and endeavours.

In 1901 17 lodges had been established (13 in London and 4 in the provinces) with 1,856 members and funds totalling £2,733. By 1914 there were 81 lodges, 9,474 members and funds totalling £23,425.

The Grand Order of Israel became the first Jewish approved Society in the country after the introduction of the National Insurance Act in 1912 and full time staff were appointed. London was the centre of activity for the Order but lodges were set up in all the large cities of Great Britain and Ireland. During the two World Wars the Order gave assistance to 'aliens' and succour to refugees. The Order was the first Jewish Approved Society under the National Health Insurance Scheme. At the time of the merger with the Order Shield of David in 1935 there were 54 lodges, 5,871 members and funds totalling £59,000

The Order Shield of David was established in 1896 and was originally known as the Hebrew Order of Druids. By 1903 it had ten lodges in London. The first General Secretary was Frank W Woolf who held the post for more than 30 years. In 1913 the Order Shield of David became an approved Society under the National Insurance Act 1912. At the time of the merger with the Grand Order of Israel there were 41 lodges, 3,578 members and funds totalling £19,000.

The Grand Order of Israel and the Order Shield of David merged in 1935. Details of the merger were agreed at conferences in 1932 and formally confirmed on 26 August 1934. Branksome Dene Convalescent Home was opened in 1951 in Bournemouth. Members were given two weeks at the home to recover from serious illness or after hospital treatment. The stay was covered by the benefit paid by the member. It closed after 30 years and instead members received grants from the Convalescent Fund.

The 'Messenger' was established in the early 1950s was a means of communicating with Order members and increase the profile generally in the Jewish community. The Messenger was replaced by 'Achov' which was published twice a year.

The introduction of the National Health Act resulted in a decline in membership as the National Health Service provided for the medical needs of people. The Order adapted to the changing needs of its members and the focus turned to social activities, which has lead to an increase in membership. The Society ran a number of schemes from which members and their dependents benefited. These include death and sickness funds, the private patients scheme and the holiday scheme. The Order also ran a number of social events and conferences including the annual dinner and ball, quiz evenings and the annual conference.

List of Grand Masters:

Grand Order of Israel:-
1896 - 1904 H Goodman
1904 - 1907 S Ginsberg
1907 - 1910 I Kutner
1910 - 1913 P M Phillips
1913 - 1917 M Levy
1917 - 1919 H Chesney
1919 - 1922 E Goldman
1922 - 1925 J Smith
1925 - 1928 E Moss
1928 - 1934 E Goldman
1931 - 1932 A J Jacobs
1932 - 1934 J Goldberg

Order Shield of David:-
1896 - 1906 H Harris
1906 M Appleby
1906 - 1907 C F Isaacs
1907 - 1910 J W Coevorden
1910 - 1917 H Harris
1917 - 1920 M Clapper
1920 - 1923 M Goldberg
1923 - 1926 J P Grossman
1926 - 1927 A Lazarus
1928 - 1931 A Ogus

Grand Order of Israel and Shield of David Friendly Society:-
1935 E Goldman
1935 - 1936 J Goldberg
1936 - 1939 J Wilks
1939 - 1942 J Slutsky
1942 - 1949 J F Sager
1949 - 1951 S Cohen
1951 - 1952 L L Tobin
1952 - 1954 J Solomons
1954 - 1955 L L Tobin
1955 - 1957 Dr K Jessel
1957 - 1958 M Simms
1958 - 1959 Dr K Jessel
1959 - 1961 L Davis
1962 - 1964 M Simms
1964 - 1965 L Davis
1965 - 1966 H C Goodman
1966 - 1969 J Brand
1969 - 1971 J Gold
1972 - 1974 W Phillips
1975 - 1979 B Steel
1979 - 1982 N Bloom
1982 - 1985 J Sampson
1985 - 1988 M Levine
1988 - 1990 S Cross
1990 - 1993 M Birnbaum
1993 - 1996 D Collins.

Secretaries of the Orders:

Grand Order of Israel:-
A Harries 1897 - 1915
E Moss 1916 - 1920
J Solomon 1921 - 1934.

Order of Shield of David:-
H Richland 1896 - 1897
F Woolf 1897 - 1930
M Lipton 1930 - 1934.

Grand Order of Israel and Shield of David:-
J Solomon 1935 - 1948
A Richmond 1948 - 1953
J Solomon 1953 - 1959
M Pliskin 1960 - 1978
J Lindsey 1978 - 1981
S Merrin 1981 - 1984
R Meth 1984 - 1993
R Salasnik 1993.

Whitbread International was formed in 1967 as a subsidiary company to be responsible for Whitbread Group's overseas interests. The aim was to increase earnings from overseas assets to make up a third of all Company profits. However, following a reorganisation of the company's divisions in mid 1980s, Whitbread International disappeared into the new divisions of North America and Wines and Spirits. This reflected the company's focus on North American trade following the decision not to invest on the scale needed to exploit Continental business.

Whitbread and Company was offered a majority sharehold in Welwyn Restaurants Limited in 1937 following the success of Whitbread's Improved Public House Company. This gave the Brewery a monopoly on supply to the Welwyn Garden City's five pubs. Welwyn Garden City is a planned town in Hertfordshire, founded in 1920.

The Improved Public House Company Limited located at 15 Red Lion Square was founded in 1920 and began as the pet project of Sir Sydney Nevile, managing director of Whitbread. Nevile believed strongly in the need for reform of public houses both for commercial as well as social benefit and he persuaded Whitbread to fund his project.

He had been encouraged by the success of the Carlisle Scheme where the Central Control Board, of which Nevile was a member, had taken control of the licensed trade. They has achieved great success by improving many of their assets with better ventilation, lighting and seating, music, meals, recreation and sometimes even separate rooms for women.

Due to the stubborness of magistrates who refused to allow existing houses to be enlarged, Nevile commissioned the building of a completely new Improved Public House and the Welcome Inn at Eltham was opened by Sir Kingsley Wood in the early 1920s.

Over time the company prospered by incorporating some of Whitbread's bigger and more successful public houses, including the Railway Tavern which was acquired by Whitbread in 1936. Although there was a feeling among some of the other tenants that this was creating a division of class between Whitbread's pubs, the Improved Public House Company helped to improve Whitbread's profile and contributed to the securing of a majority shareholding in Welwyn Restaurants giving the brewery a monopoly on supply to Welwyn Garden City's five pubs.

The Central Catering Company, located at 100 Theobald's Road, was contracted by Whitbread in the early 1900s to supply food to its public houses. This was in response to legislation allowing magistrates to refuse license renewal to public houses that were deemed unsavoury. Whitbread decided that one of the key issues was the absence of good food in pubs and by 1905 the Central Catering Company was supplying 400 pubs daily.

Whitbread was so enthusiastic about the scheme that it decided to take over the Central Catering Company and extend the scheme to all of its tied houses. However, by the end of 1906 the company was running at a loss. The scheme had failed due to lack of background research - it has become clear that it was very difficult to supply pubs with food at the exact time that they needed it and also that many Whitbread pubs were serving their own food already. In order to prevent further financial damage it was agreed in 1907 that the company should be closed, a decision signed by Francis Pelham Whitbread (known as Frank) then company director.

Manor Park was one of Whitbread and Company's brewing depots, located in Ilford.

Theydon Hall Farm was the largest farm located within the ancient parish of Theydon Bois near Epping with land totalling 261 acres. The Farm was used by Whitbread and Company Limited for crops and fodder and for raising horses used at the firm's breweries and depots.

The Kent brewery of Frederick Leney and Sons was bought in the mid-1920s for £270,000. As with the purchase of the Forest Hill brewery this action was primarily designed to secure outlets for the Whitbread brand. Frederick Leney & Sons brought with them 130 pubs of which most were freehold.

When the companies of Jude Hanbury and Mackeson were acquired in 1929, Leney and Sons was merged under the old management of Jude Hanbury. The group were known collectively as the Kent Breweries and were later controlled personally by Whitbread managing director Sydney Nevile.

Amey's Brewery Limited were acquired by Whitbread and Company Limited in 1951.