Charing Cross Hospital was established in 1823 in Villiers Street, London, as a charitable institution known as the West London Infirmary. The institution had its orgins in a meeting initiated by Dr Benjamin Golding in 1818. The infirmary provided accommodation for twelve beds, and became known as Charing Cross Hospital in 1827.
A new building was opened in Agar Street in 1834 with accommodation for twenty-two students, and was extended several times.
After the second world war it was decided that the hospital should move out of cental London, and in 1957 a link was proposed with Fulham and West London Hospitals. The new Charing Cross Hospital was opened in 1973 on Fulham Palace Road, on the site of the old Fulham Hospital.
John Howship (1781-1841) was assistant surgeon, 1834-1836, and then surgeon, 1836-1841, to Charing Cross Hospital. His casebooks contain notes and letters concerning patient cases, and some illustrations.
After Imperial College received its new charter in 1998, the Governing Body was replaced by a Court and Council, and the Board of Studies by the Senate. The committees of the Board of Studies became committees of the Senate.
Photographic services are divided between a central photographic and television studio and departmental photographic provision.Live-net was a University of London project established in 1986 to establish fibre-optic links between several Schools of the University.
The College Library was known as the Lyon Playfair Library after Lord Playfair of St Andrews (1818-1898), a Chemistry lecturer at the Royal School of Mines and statesman. The Haldane recreational library, was named after Richard Burdon Haldane, MP, (1856-1928) who was involved in the formation of Imperial College. On developing a close working relationship with the Science Museum Library, the national library for the History of Science, the libraries collectively became known as the Central Library, whilst maintaining their individual identities. The Imperial College Library Committee was later know as the Union Library Committee.
During the First World War the Chemistry Department manufactured synthetic substances used in medicine, and College staff conducted research into gas warfare, glass-making and minesweepers. The Physics Department investigated medical x-rays and wireless telegraphy for the Admiralty, as did the Engineering laboratories, which made aircraft parts, gauges and fuses. Soldiers were also billeted in the College buildings.
During the Second World War, the Department of Metallurgy was temporarily transferred to Swansea, Mining to Camborne and Biology to the College Field Station at Slough. Plans to transfer other departments to Edinburgh were not carried out. The military occupied several buildings, including the field station, which was requistioned by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in 1940 and retained by them after the war. A Home Guard company was formed in 1941. College staff contributed to the war effort, notably in the fields of radar, nuclear physics, transport fuel and pesticides and operational research.
Schemes for the development of the College have led to the rebuilding of the South Kensington site, and acquisition of a number of buildings in the area, particularly from the 1950s to mid 1970s. Number 170 Queen's Gate, designed by Norman Shaw (1831-1912), was purchased by Imperial College in 1947. The house was adapted for use by the Governing Body and as the Rector's lodgings, and was scheduled as a building of special architectural or historic interest in 1958.The Goldsmiths extension was the new City and Guilds (Engineering) College building, opened in 1926.
By 1960 a scheme had been proposed to merge the Architectural Association with Imperial College. After negotiations over several years, the scheme foundered in 1970.
The Department of Biology had its origins in the teaching and research of biology in the Government School of Mines and Science as Applied to the Arts (later the Royal School of Mines) in 1851. The department moved to South Kensington in 1872, where T H Huxley was prominent in establishing modern teaching methods of the discipline. In 1881 the Royal College of Science was founded and took over the teaching of biology in two separate departments, Botany and Zoology. The Departments were united into a single Department of Biology in 1913 as part of Imperial College, with professors of Zoology, Plant Physiology, Woods and Fibres and Entomology.
The Department of Biochemistry opened in 1965. Before this, biochemical research and teaching at Imperial College operated within the Department of Botany.
The Division of Life Sciences was formed from the Departments of Botany, Zoology and Biochemistry in 1974. The Life Sciences Committee was established as a committee of the Board of Studies to consider all academic developments within the field and report to the Board as appropriate.
In 1981 the Department of Botany and Plant Technology was merged with the Department of Zoology and Applied Entomology to form the Department of Pure and Applied Biology, with the transfer of Microbiology from the Department of Biochemistry.
The Association of the Mission Homes for English and American Women in Paris, later known (from 1924) as the British and American Ada Leigh Homes and Hostels in Paris, were set up by Miss Ada Leigh (Mrs Travers Lewis) in 1876. The aims of the Association were to provide homes, free of charge, for women and children of, and connected with, the United Kingdom and its colonies, and the United States of America. The first hostel was at 77 Avenue Wagram, Paris, with others later being provided at Bineau Avenue and Washington House, Rue de Milan. The Association also built an Anglican church called Christchurch at Neuilly-sur-Seine, and actively promoted Anglicanism. During the German occupation of Paris during World War Two, Ada Leigh Homes was forced to cease operations, the Chaplain fled to Britain and the hostels were closed. After the war, activities were resumed, though on a smaller scale.
Virginia Adam was born in 1938 and educated at Cheltenham Ladies College and Newnham College, Cambridge University. Following graduation in 1960 she became an Assistant Research Fellow at the Applied Research Unit of the East African Institute of Social Research. The Applied Research Unit, set up to produce research which would be of use to government departments as well as the University, was largely financed by the Ford Foundation. Virginia Adam's project, under the direction of Dr Derrick Stenning, was intended both to supply information to the Community Development Department and to supply facts about a largely unknown area of central Tanzania. From 1961-1963, she took part in the daily life of her study area in Tanzania, investigating the myths, legends and history of the tribes that she studied. Adam worked at University College London from 1964.
Born 1452; Dominican friar; lecturer in the Convent of San Marco, Florence, 1482, gaining a reputation for learning and asceticism; gave prophetic sermons, proposing the reform of the church and speaking against Lorenzo de' Medici; became the leader of Florence following the overthrow of the Medici, setting up a democratic republic; following numerous attempts by the Holy League to undermine his power, he was hanged and burned in 1498.
Born 1941; served in the Royal Marines, 1959-1972, in 41 and 42 Commando and 2 Special Boat Section; 1st Secretary, UK Mission to the United Nations in Geneva, 1971-1976; Commercial Managers' Department, Westland Group, 1976-1978; Senior Manager, Morlands Ltd, Yeovil, 1978-1981; Youth Officer, Dorset County Council, 1981-1983; Liberal MP for Yeovil, 1983-; Liberal Party Spokesman on Trade and Industry, 1985-1987; Liberal/SDP Alliance Spokesman on Education and Science, 1987-1988; Liberal Party Spokesman on Education and Science, 1987; Social and Liberal Democrat Spokesman on Northern Ireland, 1988; Leader of the Social and Liberal Democrat (later Liberal Democrat) Party, 1988-1999.
Publications: Citizen's Britain: a radical agenda for the 1990s (Fourth Estate, London, 1989); The environment (Phillip Charles Media, 1990); Beyond Westminster: finding hope in Britain (Simon and Schuster, London, 1994); Making change our ally (Liberal Democrat Publications, Dorchester, 1994).
The first conference of Societies Registered for Adoption was held in 1949 and the Standing Conference of Societies Registered for Adoption was formed in 1950. In 1958 the Adoption Act transformed the legal framework for adoption services giving local authorities the power to act as adoption agencies. In 1965 the British Adoption Project was launched, a four year project to help find new families for non-white children and stemming from this the Adoption Resource Exchange was set up in 1968. In 1969 the Standing Conference of Societies Registered for Adoption was represented on the Houghton Committee to consider legal policy and procedure on adoption. In 1970 the Standing Conference of Societies Registered for Adoption became ABAA (Association of British Adoption Agencies), and in 1975 ABAA became ABAFA (Association of British Adoption and Fostering Agencies). In 1978 Adoption Resource Exchange was formed by: Lucy Faithfull, M M Carriline, Louise Hancock, R Hughes, Mary Sugden, Anna Martin and Joan Lawton, with registered offices at 40 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AZ. ABAFA and ARE began to share premises at Southwark Street in March 1980, and in November 1980 they merged to form the British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering. The company changed its name from British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering to British Association for Adoption and Fostering in 2001. A full account of the history and development of BAAF and its predecessor bodies can be found in file BAAF/120
The National Society of Children's Nurseries (NSCN), originally known as the National Society of Day Nurseries, was founded in 1906 (the name was changed in 1942). Until 1928 it was closely linked with the National League for Physical Education and Improvement (known from 1918 until its dissolution in 1928 as the National League for Health, Maternity and Child Welfare). The Nursery School Association of Great Britain and Ireland (NSA) was founded in 1923. In 1973, it merged with the NSCN to form the British Association for Early Childhood Education (BAECE).
Ludwig Bamberger was born in Mainz and after studying at Geissen, Heidelberg and Gottingen, became a lawyer. During the 1848 revolution Bamberger was a leader of the Republican party in Mainz and in 1849 he continued to campaign in the Palatinate and Baden, for which he was condemned to death, despite escaping to Switzerland.
Bamberger's exile was spent in London, the Netherlands and Paris, where he became managing director of Bischoffheim and Goldschmidt bank. He returned to Germany in 1866 following an amnesty. He was elected to the Reichstag and joined the National Liberal Party, supporting the work of Bismark. He became a leading authority on finance and economics in the Reichstag, attending the Versailles peace negotiations in 1870. Bamberger was also influential in the establishment of the German Imperial Bank. He retired from public life in 1892.
Sir Gerald Reid Barry, 1898-1968, was educated at Marlborough and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. He served in the RAF during World War One, gaining the rank of captain in 1918. He subsequently spent most of his life working in newspapers, becoming the Assistant Editor of the 'Saturday Review' in 1921, and the Editor in 1924. In 1930, he founded the 'Weekend Review' of which he was Editor until 1934. During 1936, he became the Managing Editor of the 'News Chronicle', a post that he held until 1947. He was also a director of 'New Statesman' and 'Nation'. Barry was also involved in television. He was Deputy Chairman of the Committee on reform of Obscene Libel Laws: radio and television programmes, ITA and BBC, and an Executive of Granada Television Ltd. He served as Director General of the Festival of Britain 1948-1951, and after this consultant to the London County Council on the redevelopment of the Crystal Palace site. He was also one of the co-founders of PEP (Political and Economic Planning).
Reginald Bassett was born in 1901. On leaving school he entered a solicitor's office, but at the age of twenty five he took up a scholarship at Ruskin College, Oxford and later at New College, Oxford. For fifteen years he was a lecturer under the Extra-Mural Studies Delegacy of the University of Oxford, working mainly in Sussex. When the London School of Economics started a course for students from trade unions in 1945, Bassett was appointed as a tutor. He was a tutor in trade union studies 1945-1950, lecturer in Political Science 1950-1953, Reader in Political Science 1953-1961, and Professor of Political Science from 1961 until his death in 1962. Bassett's main interests were politics and parliamentary government. He joined the Independent Labour Party at an early age and was an active member for many years. However by 1931 he had become a MacDonaldite and ceased to be a member of a political party. His first book The Essentials of Parliamentary Democracy (1935) discussed the conduct of parliamentary government, and he remained convinced that this was the best political system. His other works are Democracy and Foreign Policy (1952) and Nineteen Thirty-one: Political Crisis (1958).
John Desmond Bernal, 1901-1971, was born in Nenagh, Ireland and educated at Bedford School and Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He embarked on a career in crystallography, becoming a lecturer and later Assistant Director of Research in Crystallography at Cambridge, 1934-1937, Professor of Physics at Birkbeck College, 1937-1963, and Professor of Crystallography at Birkbeck 1963-1968. He was made Honorary Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge in 1965, and Fellow of Birkbeck College in 1969. He was also interested in the role that science could play in society and published books and pamphlets on this subject. He was a founder member of the World Peace Council, holding the presidency 1958-1965, and was awarded the Lenin Prize for Peace in 1958.
Born in Rangpur, Bengal, 1879; educated at Charterhouse, and Balliol College, Oxford University; Stowell Civil Law Fellow, University College, Oxford University, 1902-1909; Sub-Warden, Toynbee Hall, 1903-1905; leader writer for the Morning Post, 1906-1908; Member of the Central (Unemployed) Body for London and first Chairman of the Employment Exchanges Committee, 1905-1908; employed at Board of Trade, 1908-1916, as Director of Labour Exchanges and Assistant Secretary in charge of the Employment Department; Assistant General Secretary, Ministry of Munitions, 1915-1916; CB, 1916; 2nd Secretary, 1916-1918, and Permanent Secretary, 1919, Ministry of Food; Director of the London School of Economics, 1919-1937; Senator of the University of London, 1919-1937 and 1944-1948; KCB, 1919; Member of the Royal Commission on the Coal Industry, 1925; Vice-Chancellor of the University of London, 1926-1928; Chairman, Unemployment Insurance Statutory Committee, 1934-1944; Chairman, Sub-Committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence on Food Rationing, 1936; Master of University College, Oxford University, 1937-1945; Chairman, Committee on Skilled Men in Services, 1941-1942; Fuel Rationing Enquiry for the President of the Board of Trade, 1942; Chairman, Inter-Departmental Committee on Social Insurance and Allied Services, 1941-1942; Liberal MP for Berwick-on-Tweed, 1944-1945; President of the Royal Economic Society, 1940-1944, and the Royal Statistical Society, 1941-1948; Chairman of the Aycliffe Development Corporation, 1947-1953, and the Peterlee Development Corporation, 1949-1951; Chairman, Broadcasting Committee, 1949-1950; died 1963.
Publications: Insurance for all and everything (Daily News, London, 1924); John and Irene: an anthology of thoughts on women (Longmans and Co, London, 1912); New Towns and the case for them (University of London Press, London, 1952); Planning under socialism and other addresses (Longmans and Co, London, 1936); Power and influence: an autobiography (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1953); A defence of free learning (Oxford University Press, London, 1959); An urgent message from Germany (Pilot Press, London, 1946); Blockade and the civilian population (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1939); British food control (Oxford University Press, London, 1928); Causes and cures of unemployment (Longmans and Co, London, 1931); Changes in family life (Allen and Unwin, London, 1932); Contributions for social insurance: a reconsideration of rates (Reprinted from The Times, 1945); Full employment in a free society (Liberal Publication Department, London, 1944); India called them (George Allen and Unwin, London, 1947); Peace by federation? (London, 1940); Security and adventure (Council for Education in World Citizenship, London, 1946); Tariffs: the case examined. By a committee of economists under the chairmanship of Sir William Beveridge (Longmans and Co, London, 1932); The conditions of peace; The London School of Economics and its problems, 1919-1937 (George Allen and Unwin, London, 1960); The past and present of unemployment insurance (Oxford University press, London, 1930); The pillars of security and other war-time essays and addresses (G Allen and Unwin, London, 1943); The price of peace (Pilot Press, London, 1945); The problem of the unemployed (1907); The public service in war and peace (Constable and Co, London, 1920); Unemployment: a problem of industry (Longmans and Co, London, 1909); Voluntary action: a report on methods of social advance (George Allen and Unwin, London, 1948); Why I am a Liberal (Herbert Jenkins, London, 1945).
The British International Studies Association is a charitable trust which was founded in 1975 at a meeting of the British Coordinating Committee on International Studies 'to promote the study of International Studies and related subjects through teaching, research and facilitating contact between scholars'. It is the world's leading such organisation outside the USA, with a membership of around 750, and aims to represent all of those professionally engaged in International Studies in Britain. It produces a journal entitled the Review of International Studies, and organises conferences, meetings, research and study groups.
Born 1920; educated London School of Economics (BSc, MSc); served British Army, 1943-1947, as part of The Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment); Staff Capt, General Headquarters, India, 1945-1946; Rockefeller Foundation Fellow, University of Paris, 1951-1952; Reader in Sociology, London School of Economics, 1952-1964; Editor, Current Sociology, 1953-1962; English Editor, European Journal of Sociology, 1960-1973; Professor of Sociology and Head of the Department of Anthropology, Political Science and Sociology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, 1965-1967; Professor of Sociology, University of Sussex, 1968-1985; Emeritus Professor, 1985-1992; Executive Secretary, 1953-1959, Vice-President, 1970-1974, and President, 1974-1978, International Sociological Association; President, British Sociological Association, 1969-1971; retired, 1985; British Language Editor, Socialism in the Future; died 1992.
Publications: translator of German Sociology (William Heinemann, London, 1957); Classes in modern society (Ampersand, London, 1955); Critics of society: radical thought in North America (George Allen and Unwin, London, 1967); Élites and society (Watts and Co, London, 1964); Sociology: a guide to problems and literature (George Allen and Unwin, London, 1962); Sociology as social criticism (Allen and Unwin, London, 1975); translator and editor of Marx's Early writings (Watts and Co, London, 1963); editor Selected writings in Sociology and Social Philosophy (Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1963); Citizenship and social class (Pluto Press, London, 1992); A history of sociological analysis (Heinemann Educational, London, 1979); Marxist Sociology (Macmillan, London, 1975); editor Readings in Marxist Sociology (Clarendon, Oxford, 1983); translator and editor Austro-Marxism (Clarendon, Oxford, 1978); Theories of modern capitalism (Allen and Unwin, London, 1985); editor Max Weber and Karl Marx (Allen and Unwin, London, 1982); editor Karl Marx (Blackwood, Oxford, 1979); The Frankfurt School (Horwood, Chichester, 1984); editor Crisis and contention in sociology (Sage, London, 1975); editor Sociology, the state of the art (Sage, London, 1982); Sociology and socialism (Wheatsheaf, Brighton, 1984); translator The philosophy of money (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1981); editor Finance capital: a study of the latest phase of capitalist development (Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1981); editor Modern interpretations of Marx (Blackwell, Oxford, 1981); editor A dictionary of Marxist thought (Blackwell, Oxford, 1983); Between marginalism and Marxism (St Martins, New York, 1992); Political sociology (Pluto, London, 1993); editor The Blackwell dictionary of twentieth century social thought (Blackwell, Oxford, 1993); Economic Sociology of J A Schumpter (Harvester Wheatsheaf, London, 1992); The socialist economy; theory and practice (Harvester Wheatsheaf, London, 1990); editor The capitalist class; an international study (Harvester Wheatsheaf, London, 1989); editor Interpretations of Marx (Blackwell, Oxford, 1988).
The British Sociological Association was founded in 1951, following several meetings held in London, on the initiative of a number of university Professors, including A M Carr-Saunders, D V Glass, V G Childe, Raymond Firth and M Fortes. The Association was aimed at 'promoting interest in sociology, and advancing its study and application in this country, and at encouraging contact and co-operation between workers in all relevant fields of inquiry', bringing together those who were interested in the sociological aspect of their own field of study. The membership of the Association continues to be drawn from a wide range of interest groups, including research, teaching, postgraduates, undergraduates, and practitioners in many professional fields. The BSA promotes the exchange of ideas and information both through it's publications, most notably the journal 'Sociology', and through study groups, Summer Schools and the Postgraduate Forum (a network for postgraduate students). It actively promotes professional standards, advising individuals and institutions, and producing guidelines. It also contributes to policy development in related areas of research and training.
The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) is a non party-political British organisation advocating the abolition of nuclear weapons worldwide. It was formed in 1958 by the philosopher Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, and the Rev Canon (Lewis) John Collins and grew out of the demonstration held outside the government's Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Aldermaston, Berkshire, at Easter 1956. Following a rapid growth of membership in its first years of existence, nuclear issues were overtaken by popular protest concerning the Vietnam War. CND survived, but as a much smaller movement. In 1960, the Committee of 100 was set up to organise Non-Violent Direct Action (NVDA) actions, such as mass sit-ins and blockades.
The decision, taken in 1979, to deploy American Cruise and Pershing missiles in Great Britain and other European countries led to a growth in CND membership and activities, such as protest marches and the harassment of Cruise convoys. Since the end of the Cold War, the emphasis of CND activities has changed to include lobbying of MPs and at international conferences, the tracking and publicising of road and rail shipments of nuclear materials, and the work of talking to people and groups, though there are still regular protests and direct actions at nuclear installations around the country. CND is part of Abolition 2000, a global network, founded in 1995 and with organised support in 76 countries, to press for the elimination of nuclear weapons.
Edwin Cannan, 1861-1935, was born in Funchal, Madeira, and educated at Clifton College and Balliol College, Oxford. Due to an illness which necessitated a long voyage he did not take an honours degree but took political economy as one of his subjects in the pass school. On the strength of his early writings he was invited to lecture on economics at the London School of Economics when it was founded in 1895. He became the effective head of the economics department although he was not created Professor of Political Economy by the University of London until 1907. He also held the position of Dean of the Faculty of Economics in the University of London from 1900 to 1904. He retired in 1926 and spent his time preparing his book A Review of Economic Theory (1929) which embodied the substance of his 60 lecture course on the principles of economics. Cannan was also interested in the practicality of economics. For many years he reviewed current government publications for the Economic Review and he served a term of office on the Oxford City Council. His large knowledge of local government history is shown in his publication History of Local Rates in England. He was also president of Section F of the British Association in 1902 and 1931 and president of the Royal Economic Society 1932 - 1934. The publications for which he is best known are his definitive version of Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1904) and his edition of Smith's Glasgow lectures in jurisprudence (1896).
Papers associated with Carlton's work for the Labour Party. Carlton undertook various roles including Labour Party Local Government Officer.
No information available at present.
The Centre for Reform is a public policy think tank concerned with the values of the Liberal Democrats, also accessible to any person interested in debating social, economic and political reform.
The Centre serves two primary functions: one, to provide an arena for Liberal Democrats to participate in discussion outside the constraints of the formal policy - making structures; two, to introduce ideas from outside the party into Liberal Democrat debates and discussions. The Centre for Reform was created at the Southport Federal Conference in March 1998 and announced its first programme of activities in June 1998. Its structure consists of a full-time Directer, supported by part-time administrative and research support.
Born 1914; educated Benenden School, Cranbrook, and Somerville College, Oxford University; Journalist, 1937-39; temporary Civil Servant, 1939-45; Journalist, Daily News, 1945-47; temporary Principal and Secretary, Colonial Social Science Research Council and Colonial Economic Research Committee, Colonial Office, 1948-57; Director, University of Oxford Institute of Commonwealth Studies, 1957-61; Senior Research Fellow, University of London Institute of Commonwealth Studies, 1961-64; Principal, Bedford College, University of London, 1964-71, and Fellow, 1974; Member, Royal Commission on Medical Education, 1965-68; Trustee, British Museum, 1970-75; Principal of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, 1971-79, and Honorary Fellow, 1979; Member of the Governing Body, School of Oriental and Asian Studies, University of London, 1975-80; retired 1979.
Publications: editor of volume 2 of History of East Africa (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1963-76).
Robert Samuel Theodore Chorley, 1895 - 1978, was born in Kendal and educated at Kendal School and Queens College, Oxford. During World War I, he served in the Foreign Office and Ministry of Labour. Although he was called to the Bar in 1920 he spent most of his early life teaching law. He was a tutor at the Law Society's School of Law 1920 - 1924 and Lecturer in Commercial Law 1924 - 1930, the Sir Ernest Cassel Professor of Commercial and Industrial Law at the London School of Economics 1930 - 1946, Dean of the Faculty of Laws at the University of London 1939 - 1942, and was made an honorary fellow of the London School of Economics in 1970. He was involved with the Association of University Teachers from 1938 to 1965. After the war he contested Northwich Division for Labour in the 1945 General Election. He became interested in penal reform and was a vice president of the Howard League for Penal Reform in 1948, president of the National Council for the Abolition of the Death Penalty 1945 - 1948, chairman of the Institute for the Study and Treatment of Delinquency, 1950 - 1956 and president 1956 - 1976. His other main interest was the countryside, serving as vice-chairman of the National Trust, honorary secretary of the Council for the Preservation of Rural England 1935 - 1967, vice-president and president of the Fell Rock Climbing Club of the English Lake District, and a member of the Friends of the Lake District.
No further information available.
In October 1883 Edith Nesbit (1858-1924) and Hubert Bland (1855-1914) decided to form a socialist debating group with their Quaker friend Edward Pease (1857-1955). They were also joined by Havelock Ellis (1859-1939) and Frank Podmore (1856-1910). In January 1884 they decided to call themselves the Fabian Society. Hubert Bland chaired the first meeting and was elected treasurer. By March 1884 the group had twenty members. However, over the next couple of years the group increased in size and included socialists such as Annie Besant (1847-1933), Sidney Webb (1859-1947), Beatrice Webb (1858-1943), George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), Clement Attlee (1883-1967), Ramsay MacDonald (1866-1937), Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928), H G Wells (1866-1946) and Rupert Brooke (1887-1915). By 1886 the Fabians had sixty-seven members and an income of £35 19s. The official headquarters of the organisation was 14 Dean's Yard, Westminster. The Fabian Society journal, "Today", was edited by Edith Nesbit and Hubert Bland. The Fabians believed that capitalism had created an unjust and inefficient society. They agreed that the ultimate aim of the group should be to reconstruct "society in accordance with the highest moral possibilities". The Fabians adopted the tactic of trying to convince people by "rational factual socialist argument", rather than the "emotional rhetoric and street brawls" of the Social Democratic Federation, Britain's first socialist political party. On 27th Febuary 1900, representatives from the Fabian Society and all the other socialist groups in Britain met at the Memorial Hall, Farringdon Street, London. This conference established the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), which in 1906 changed its name to the Labour Party. At its outset the LRC had one member of the Fabian Society among its members.
When the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government which was supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain. This was led by the rebel Nationalists and supported not only by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners but by the fascist Falange. In contrast, the ruling Republican government was supported by workers, a large number of the educated middle class, militant anarchists and communists. Government forces successfully quelled the uprising in most regions except in parts of NW and SW Spain, where the Nationalists held control and named General Franco (1892-1975) head of state. During the Civil War, both sides repressed opposition, executing and assassinating a combined total of over 50,000 suspected enemies . The Republicans, who were also known as Loyalists, were largely provided with military material by the Soviet Union, and were further supported by the volunteer force of the International Brigade. The Nationalist side gradually gained territory and by April 1938 succeeded in splitting Spain from east to west, causing 250,000 Republican forces to flee into France. In March 1939 the remaining Republican forces surrendered, with Madrid finally falling to the Nationalists on March 28. The war's end brought with it a period of dictatorship that lasted almost until Franco's death in 1975.
The Fabian Society: In October 1883 Edith Nesbit (1858-1924) and Hubert Bland (1855-1914) decided to form a socialist debating group with their Quaker friend Edward Pease (1857-1955). They were also joined by Havelock Ellis (1859-1939) and Frank Podmore (1856-1910). In January 1884 they decided to call themselves the Fabian Society. Hubert Bland chaired the first meeting and was elected treasurer. By March 1884 the group had twenty members. However, over the next couple of years the group increased in size and included socialists such as Annie Besant (1847-1933), Sidney Webb (1859-1947), Beatrice Webb (1858-1943), George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), Clement Attlee (1883-1967), Ramsay MacDonald (1866-1937), Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928), H G Wells (1866-1946) and Rupert Brooke (1887-1915). By 1886 the Fabians had sixty-seven members and an income of £35 19s. The official headquarters of the organisation was 14 Dean's Yard, Westminster. The Fabian Society journal, "Today", was edited by Edith Nesbit and Hubert Bland. The Fabians believed that capitalism had created an unjust and inefficient society. They agreed that the ultimate aim of the group should be to reconstruct "society in accordance with the highest moral possibilities". The Fabians adopted the tactic of trying to convince people by "rational factual socialist argument", rather than the "emotional rhetoric and street brawls" of the Social Democratic Federation, Britain's first socialist political party. On 27th Febuary 1900, representatives from the Fabian Society and all the other socialist groups in Britain met at the Memorial Hall, Farringdon Street, London. This conference established the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), which in 1906 changed its name to the Labour Party. At its outset the LRC had one member of the Fabian Society among its members.
The Russell family, Dukes of Bedford: The Russell family first appeared prominently in the reign of Henry VIII. John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford, c1486-1555, was Lord High Steward and Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal under Henry VIII and Edward VI. He was created 1st Earl of Bedford in 1550, and had a part in arranging the marriage of Mary I to Philip II of Spain. He died possessing lands, which have remained in the family until the 20th century; these now include Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire and large parts of Bloomsbury in London. His son, Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford, c 1527-1585, was an Privy Councillor under Elizabeth I and President of the Council of Wales. Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford, 1593-1641, was an opponent of Charles I in the House of Lords. William Russell, 5th Earl and 1st Duke of Bedford, 1613-1700, fought first for Parliament and then for the king in the Civil War. In 1694, when his sons attainder was reversed, the 5th earl was made Duke of Bedford. John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford, 1710-1771, served in the cabinets of Henry Pelham, 4th Duke of Newcastle, 1696-1754, John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, 1713-1792, and George Grenville, 1712-1770. He was the leader of a faction of Whig politicians, known as the Bedford Group.
In 1911 Henry Hyndman (1842-1921) left the Labour Party to establish the British Socialist Party (BSP). this new party failed to win any of the parliamentary elections it contested. When Hyndman voiced support for Britain's involvement in World War One the party split into two with Hyndman forming a new National Socialist Party, of which he remained leader until his death in 1921.
The Committee consisted of the economist John F V Vicars (b 1899), the MP John Hammond (1900-1997) and Sir Roger Swynnerton (b 1911).
No information available.
The Conservative Party: Conservative instead of the traditional term, Tory, was first used in Britain by George Canning (1770-1827) in 1824. The term became more popular after it was used by Sir Robert Peel (1788-1850) in his Tamworth Manifesto in 1834. In the Tamworth Manifesto Peel attempted to combine the idea of moderate reform with a strong belief in traditional institutions. After Peel became Prime Minister in 1834, his followers tended to describe themselves as Conservatives rather than Tories.
The Stapletons were an old landed family in Carlton, North Yorkshire. Their seat was Carlton Hall. Thomas Stapleton's son Miles claimed the title of Baron Beaumont in 1840.
Sir Dingle Foot (1905-1978) was educated at Bembridge School, Isle of Wight, and Balliol College, Oxford. He was President of the Union, 1928. From 1931 to 1945 he was Liberal MP for Dundee, 1931-45. In 1930 Dingle Foot was called to the bar (Gray's Inn), 1930. He was Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Economic Warfare, 1940, and a member of the British delegation to San Francisco Conference, 1945. Dingle Foot left the Liberal party and joined the Labour party in 1956. He was Labour MP for Ipswich, 1957-1970. He became Solicitor-General and was knighted, 1964. His publications include: "British Political Crises" (1976) and "Despotism in disguise" (1937).
George Hammond (1763-1853) was educated at Merton College, Oxford, and was elected a fellow in 1787. He was secretary to David Hartley the younger at Paris, who was conducting peace negotiations with France and America. Hammond was charge d'affaires at Vienna 1788-1790. In August 1791 Hammond became the first British minister accredited to the United States. He left America in 1795 he returned to London to become foreign under-secretary. Hammond became intimate with his chief at the foreign office Lord Grenville (1759-1834) and the Tory politician George Canning (1770-1827). Hammond was joint editor of the "Anti-Jacobin". This journal was founded by George Canning in 1797. The intentions of the journal was to combat the radical political ideas which had emerged as a result of the French Revolution. It appeared weekly from 20th November 1797 to 7th July 1798.
Resisters Inside The Army or RITA was an American semi-underground group, based in Heidelberg, Germany. It campaigned amongst US GIs against the army, racism and the war in Vietnam.
George Soloveytchik, 1902-1982, was born in St Petersburg, the son of the Managing Director of the Siberian Bank of Commerce. He was educated at St Catharine's School, and The Reformation School, Petrograd, Russia. He also studied at Queen's College, Oxford, Paris University and Berlin University. Soloveytchik escaped from Soviet Russia to England in 1918, and began to write and lecture while still at Oxford. He became a frequent free lance contributor to leading British and overseas newspapers and periodicals chiefly on international affairs, history and biography. He was Editor of the 'Economic Review' 1926-1927, and Foreign Editor of the 'Financial Times' 1938-1939. Soloveytchik was also Director of Publicity at the International Colonial Exhibition at Paris in 1931. From 1941 to 1945 he was Special adviser to the exiled Belgian Government in London, and official lecturer to HM Forces, 1940-1945. Soloveytchik delivered addresses to the American Academy of Political and Social Science, and at Princeton, Yale, etc., in 1944. He went on numerous lecture tours in USA, Canada and Europe from 1946 onwards. He also went on a special mission to Scandinavian countries on behalf of UNESCO, 1947. Soloveytchik was Visiting Lecturer at the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva Univ., 1948-1956, also at School of Economics, St Gallen. His publications include: 'The financier: the life of Ivar Kreuger, (1933); 'Peace or chaos?' (1943); 'Potemkin: a picture of Catherine's Russia' (1938); 'Russia in perspective' (1945); 'Switzerland in perspective' (1954).
Alan Crosland Graham (1896-1964) began his career in the army serving in France and Russia between 1916 and 1920. After leaving the army his political career began as secretary to the Earl of Balfour, 1925-1929 and Viscount Hailsham, 1932-1935. During this time he contested the parliamentary constituencies parliamentary contests of Stirling, Denbigh and Darwen. He was finally elected as Conservative MP for Wirral in 1935. He remained MP for Wirral until 1945. During his time in Parliament he displayed an interest and involvement in anti-Nazi and anti-Communist groups in Europe. This is reflected in his chairmanship of the Anglo-Polish Parliamentary Committee and the files among his papers relate to Austria, Poland, France and the Never Again Committee. His publications include: "Does Poland matter to Britain? [An indictment of political isolationism, a cry for justice and for Christianity in action]".