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In 1802 Matthew Clark began work for a firm of British merchants in Rotterdam. In 1809 another firm, Christopher Idle and Company, sent him to the Dutch island of Walcheren to investigate general trading prospects. Matthew Clark set up his own wine and spirit broking business in 1810. He took E.H. Keeling into partnership with him in 1825, and the business became known as Matthew Clark and Keeling. The firm was an important client of Johannes de Kuyper and Zoon bv of Rotterdam. In 1833 the company was appointed sole London agents of Martell and Company.

E.H. Keeling retired in 1844 and the company was known as Matthew Clark and Son, becoming Matthew Clark and Sons in around 1847. Matthew Clark retired in 1849 and his sons, Gordon Wyatt Clark and Matthew Edward Clark took over the business as sworn brokers and auctioneers. In 1873 the brokering and auctioneering side of the business was given up. They traded many brands of port, sherry, madeira, tarragona, bordeaux and Rhone wines, as well as cognac and gin, and exported to Australia and New Zealand.

In 1920 the business became a limited company. In 1963 the name was changed to Matthew Clark and Sons (Holdings) Limited. It was taken over in 1998.

The company was based at 68 Great Tower Street (1812-21), 72 Great Tower Street (1822-82), 6-7 Great Tower Street (1882-1925), 14 Trinity Square (1925-56) and Walbrook House, 23-29 Walbrook (1956-1972), Moreland Street, Islington (1972-1998).

Matthew and Son Limited of Cambridge were described in Kelly's Directory as "grocers, provision and wine and spirit merchants". Their registered office was 20 Trinity Street but they had branches throughout Cambridge. The company became a subsidiary of William Perry Wine Merchants Limited which was purchased by the Victoria Wine Company Limited (see LMA/4434/P).

William George Maton was born, 1774; educated at Salisbury's Free Grammar School; Queen's College, Oxford, 1790-1797; medical studies at Westminster Hospital, 1779-[1801]; Fellow of the College of Surgeons, 1802; Goulstonian lecturer in 1803, Censor 1804, 1813, and 1824; Treasurer, 1814-1820; Harveian orator, 1815; Physician to the Westminster Hospital, 1800-1808; Physician-Extraordinary to Queen Charlotte, 1816; Physician-in-Ordinary to the Duchess of Kent and to the infant Princess Victoria, 1820; died, 1835.

The Southern Rhodesia African National Congress was founded in 1957 under the leadership of Joshua Nkomo. It was banned by the Government in 1959, and several prominent members were arrested and detained. The detainees were released early in 1961. Their claim for compensation does not appear to have been successful.

Castle Wemyss was a sugar estate situated in the parish of St James in Jamaica, on the north side of the island, inland and east of Montego Bay, and close to the area known as the Cockpit Country. By 1802 it had become the property of Gilbert Mathison who had inherited it from his father, also Gilbert Mathison. The younger Gilbert inherited a debt of some £16,000 along with the estate, and in January 1802 obtained a mortgage to pay off half this sum. Later in the same year, a settlement was drawn up prior to the marriage of Mathison to Catherine Farquhar, including provision for the payment out of the estate to the future Mrs Mathison, of an annuity of £600, beginning from the death of Gilbert Mathison.
Subsequently, Mathison had to raise further mortgages to meet further debts he had incurred. Latterly the estate was mortgaged to one Simon Halliday, the husband of Catherine Mathison's half-sister, who took on all previous mortgages, and in 1823 Gilbert Mathison was obliged to convey the estate to Halliday to resolve his financial problems. There followed a few years which saw reasonable returns on the sugar and rum produced at Castle Wemyss; but by 1830, by which time the estate was held by Rev Walter Halliday(the son of Simon Halliday, who had died in 1829) as the heir in tail under his father's will, it was proving less profitable. Gilbert Mathison had died in 1828, triggering the payment of the annuity to his widow, but because the estate was giving low returns, it was not possible to pay it regularly or in full. Further, in 1830 investigations showed that the first mortgage taken out by Gilbert Mathison pre-dated the annuity, which meant that Walter Halliday had a prior claim on the estate and was not obliged to pay the annuity: however, he continued to make payments when returns from the estate permitted it, out of consideration to Mrs Mathison.
The Abolition Act, which took effect in 1834, had serious implications for Walter Halliday as the owner of the Castle Wemyss estate. Despite receiving a substantial compensation payment under the Act (after resolving counterclaims for this money from Mrs Mathison and from Peter Wallace and JP Hopkins, all of whom claimed entitlement to annuities payable upon the estate), the estate became very difficult to run owing to the scarcity of affordable labour. There was also the long-standing problem of the relatively lengthy journey from Castle Wemyss to local ports (usually Montego Bay or Falmouth) along poor roads, frequently made particularly difficult by wet weather. The amount of sugar produced dwindled significantly, and by 1843 the estate was considered to be unable to support itself, and Halliday was seriously seeking means of extricating himself from the financial demands it placed on him. Sale or lease were both considered (although sale was made difficult by the fact that Walter Halliday was only tenant for life), as well as placing the estate in the hands of the Chancellor's Court to be managed for the interests of the heirs in tail. Halliday took steps to put into effect a fourth option, by instructing that Castle Wemyss had to support itself - he would not authorise payments of any debts arising - and indicating that the estate should be abandoned if it was not possible to cover the costs of planting a crop from the sale of the sugar and rum it produced. It is not clear to what extent these instructions were carried out. However, at the end of the period covered by these documents, an agreement appeared to have been reached for the lease of the estate by a Dr Macarthey.
Meanwhile, the practical management of the estate and sale of its produce had been continuing. Gilbert Mathison had instituted a system of management developed by himself, on principles of treating the slaves on the estate with greater humanity. These methods had been outlined by him in his published work, 'Notices respecting Jamaica 1808-1809-1810' (London: printed for J Stockdale, 1811), and although an advance on the treatment of slaves by many of Mathison's contemporaries, did not reject the principle of slavery itself. Mathison lived on the estate himself at one period and saw to its management directly, but latterly he became an absentee owner and his last attorney, JR Phillips, was Simon Halliday's first when he became the owner in 1823. Halliday appointed a new attorney in 1825: there are indications that he was dissatisfied with Phillips' performance. David McNish, the next attorney, died in 1827, and following an interim period when John Irving was informally in charge, was replaced by William Reeves who continued in the post until at least 1835. In the 1840s, the brothers Dewar and Peter McLaren held the post. The attorneys reported on all aspects of the practical and financial management of the estate on the island, including the work and state of health of the slaves.
Simon Halliday initially used the firm of Mathison, Jenkins & Co. to receive shipments of and sell the sugar and rum produced by the estate, an arrangement inherited from Gilbert Mathison. When that firm of merchants became bankrupt (causing significant financial loss to Halliday) in 1824, he used David Lyon and Co., one of the partners of which was a personal friend, John Watson. On the retirement of David Lyon, Watson continued on his own account, and his assistant, Robert Hawthorn, appears eventually to have set up the firm of Hawthorn and Sheddon who dealt with Walter Halliday's interests in the 1830s and 1840s. Besides receiving shipments of produce, these firms arranged despatch of supplies to Jamaica for the use of the estate. While Simon Halliday took a direct interest in the running of Castle Wemyss, his son Walter Halliday appears to have left much of the responsibility for the estate's management with others: his solicitor, Nash Hilliard; the merchants Hawthorn and Sheddon; and his attorneys in Jamaica itself.

Born, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1849; educated at Kidd's school, Aberdeen, and at the Insch Free Church School; migrated to Queensland, Australia, 1864; became familiar with the language and culture of the Kabi and Wakka peoples; gold-digger at Imbil and Ravenswood, 1864-1866; teacher for Queensland Department of Public Instruction at Dalby, 1872-1875, and the Brisbane Normal School, 1875-1876; called to the priesthood; matriculated and graduated from the University of Melbourne (BA, 1884; MA, 1886); inducted to the parish of Ballan,1887; minister at the suburban charge of Coburg, 1889-1923; lifelong interest in Aboriginal ethnography, publishing two books and numerous papers and articles on the subject; died 1929.

Publications: Eaglehawk and Crow (1899)

Two Representative Tribes of Queensland (1910)

(Marie) Cécile Matheson (c 1870-1950) was educated privately and at Bedford College, London. She did not proceed to a degree, but studied English Language, Latin and Maths for two years, additionally taking French and Physics in her second year. She matriculated in Class II in 1892. Cécile worked as a teacher and secretary, moving to Birmingham and living at Selly Oak from 1904. She participated in club work and wrote Women Work and Wages with Edward Cadbury and Clr. George Shann. In 1906 she took up a post at the Birmingham Women's Settlement (Summer Lane) as joint warden (junior to Miss Allbright), becoming sole warden from 1910-1916. In this post she became well known and did much public speaking, leaving only after wartime conditions and staff shortages caused her health to fail. While at Birmingham, Cécile was a prominent member of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies. In Aug 1911 she did a caravan tour in Shropshire, speaking on women's suffrage for Common Cause. She was also a supporter of the temperance movement, serving on the Women's Advisory Committee: Board of Liquor Control (1915). After leaving the Settlement Cécile was a member of the Departmental Committee on Old Age Pensions (1919) and the Cutlery Safeguarding Enquiry: Board of Trade (1925). She lectured on social economics for the Delegacies of Extra-Mural Studies of the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge and London and undertook research and commissions in England, Europe, India and the USA for the Board of Education and various government and private enquiries. She was a member of the British Industrial Court and served on Trade Boards. Cécile Matheson published widely on women's wages and employment, the teaching of domestic science, citizenship, Indian industry and social work and welfare. She was active in the Women's Industrial Welfare Society, the London Council of Social Service and the National Women Citizen's Association. Cécile Matheson was obviously very well known in her day and, unusually for a woman of her generation, featured in Who's Who. On leaving Birmingham she said ‘I came here a theoretical suffragist and I leave here thinking it is one of the most important of pregnant and urgent reform problems of the country'. She died 28 Apr 1950.

Born in Fleetwood, England, 1884; employed by the railways; converted to Wesleyan Methodism, 1903; became a Sunday school teacher and local preacher; applied to join the China Inland Mission, 1908; pioneering missionary to central Asia; sailed to Shanghai, China, 1910; moved upriver to Anking (Anqing) language school; proceeded to Ningkwo (Ningguo) in Anhwei (Anhui) province, 1911; influenced by Roland Allen's Missionary Methods: St Paul's or Ours? (1912) and volunteered to join George Hunter (1861-1946) among the Islamic peoples of Urumchi (Urumqi), Chinese Turkestan (later Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region) and arrived, 1914; with Hunter, itinerated in Outer Mongolia among Mongol tribes and Chinese traders and border settlers, 1914-1926; pursued intensive medical studies on furlough, 1927; subsequently concentrated on medical work and on translations, grammars, and dictionaries of Mongolian languages; to Kashgar, 1928; became involved in hostilities in China and was accused of political intrigue; died of typhus during the siege of Urumchi, 1933. Publication: letters published as The Making of a Pioneer: Percy Mather of Central Asia, ed Alice Mildred Cable and Francesca Law French (1935).

The Maternity Nursing Association was started in 1897 by Miss Edith May. Miss May had trained as a midwife in 1892, and returned to her home parish of St Jude, Gray's Inn Road to practise. She united this parish with her father's parish of St Andrew, Holborn, to form the Maternity Nursing Mission, which was based in 2 flats in King's Cross Road. The mission opened on Mar 25 1897 but has since been called the Maternity Nursing Association. Its aim was to enable women to be attended in their own homes by fully qualified nurses, to receive pupils for training and to provide Maternity and Infant Welfare Centres. After the advent of the National Health Service in 1948 the association came under the control of the Northern Group Hospital Management Committee, but in 1954 was transferred to London County Council control.

Maternity Alliance (1980-2005) was a national charity working to improve rights and services for pregnant women, new parents and their families, created in 1980 through the support of three organisations (National Council for One-Parent Families, The Spastics Society and Child Poverty Action Group) and individual campaigners, all concerned with issues surrounding poverty, pregnancy, birth and early parenthood. The Maternity Alliance was established as an alliance of organisations and individuals in response to inequalities in treatment outcomes and the need for support for pregnant women and families on low income. The focus of the organisation's work shifted over time to take into account social, medical and economic changes, in particular the perceived increase in the number of women who combined pregnancy and parenthood with work. Initially the organisation operated as a collective - the staffing structure was 'flat' without a hierarchy and with all staff on the same pay scale - though this changed over time. The organisation's priority in 2004 was to support families who were disadvantaged - talking to mothers and fathers about their experiences, working to find solutions to their needs and raising awareness of how to improve services and support during pregnancy, birth and the first year of life. The Maternity Alliance was a non-party-political campaign group that was very vocal on behalf of groups that did not traditionally have a voice within the political and health provision arenas. As such, MA was seen as being 'edgy' and more radical than other bodies working on the issues around maternity. The organisation ceased operating in Dec 2005, due to a financial crisis.

In June 1888, Clementina Black gave a speech on Female Labour at a Fabian Society meeting in London. Annie Besant, a member of the audience, was horrified when she heard about the pay and conditions of the women working at the Bryant & May match factory.

The next day, Besant went and interviewed some of the people who worked at Bryant & May. She discovered that the women worked fourteen hours a day for a wage of less than five shillings a week. However, they did not always receive their full wage because of a system of fines, ranging from three pence to one shilling, imposed by the Bryant & May management. Offences included talking, dropping matches or going to the toilet without permission. The women worked from 6.30 am in summer (8.00 in winter) to 6.00 pm. If workers were late, they were fined a half-day's pay.

Annie Besant also discovered that the health of the women had been severely affected by the phosphorous that they used to make the matches. This caused yellowing of the skin and hair loss and 'phossy jaw', a form of bone cancer. Although phosphorous was banned in Sweden and the USA, the British government had refused to follow their example, arguing that it would be a restraint of free trade.

On 23rd June 1888, Besant wrote an article in her newspaper, The Link. The article, entitled White Slavery in London, complained about the way the women at Bryant & May were being treated. The company reacted by attempting to force their workers to sign a statement that they were happy with their working conditions. When a group of women refused to sign, the organisers of the group were sacked. The response was immediate - 1400 of the women at Bryant & May went on strike.

William Stead, the editor of the Pall Mall Gazette, Henry Hyde Champion of the Labour Elector and Catharine Booth of the Salvation Army joined Besant in her campaign for better working conditions in the factory. So also did Sydney Oliver, Stewart Headlam, Hubert Bland, Graham Wallas and George Bernard Shaw. However, other newspapers, including The Times, blamed Besant and other socialist agitators for the dispute.

Besant, Stead and Champion used their newspapers to call for a boycott of Bryant & May matches. The women at the company also decided to form a Matchmakers' Union and Besant agreed to become its leader. After three weeks the company announced that it was willing to re-employ the dismissed women and would also bring an end to the fines system. The women accepted the terms and returned in triumph. The Bryant & May dispute was the first strike by unorganized workers to gain national publicity. It also helped to inspire the formation of unions all over the Country.

Annie Besant, William Stead, Catharine Booth, William Booth and Henry Hyde Champion continued to campaign against the use of yellow phosphorous. In 1891 the Salvation Army opened its own match-factory in Old Ford, East London. Only using harmless red phosphorus, the workers were soon producing six million boxes a year. Whereas Bryant & May paid their workers just over twopence a gross, the Salvation Army paid their employees twice this amount. William Booth organised conducted tours for MPs and journalists round this 'model' factory. He also took them to the homes of those "sweated workers" who were working eleven and twelve hours a day producing matches for companies like Bryant & May.The bad publicity that the company received forced the company to reconsider its policy. In 1901, Gilbert Bartholomew, managing director of Bryant & May, announced it had stopped used yellow phosphorus.

Norbert Masur, born in Friedrichstadt, Germany in 1901, later moved to Stockholm as an exiled Jewish German. Masur aided in the rescue of Nazi concentration camp detainees during World War Two. He, in secret, met Heinrich Himmler, April 1945 and negotiated the release of over 1,000 prisoners from Ravensbrück concentration camp to Sweden. Later a further 7,000 prisoners were rescued by Swedish Red Cross. Masur was Sweden's representative to the World Jewish Congress, where he described his meeting with Himmler. Masur died in 1971.

David Mather Masson was born in Aberdeen and educated at Marischal College, Aberdeen, and the University of Edinburgh. He worked as a journalist in Scotland and London for several years, becoming acquainted with many leading literary figures. Masson became Professor of English at University College London in 1852 and Professor of Rhetoric and Literature at the University of Edinburgh in 1865, holding the latter position until his retirement in 1895. He became well-known as an editor and biographer and was named historiographer-royal for Scotland in 1893. He was also a noted supporter of tertiary education for women.

Thomas Carlyle was born in Ecclefechan, Annandale, Scotland on 4 December 1795. Brought up as a strict Calvinist, he was educated at the village school, Annan Academy and Edinburgh University (1809-1814) where he studied science and mathematics. After graduating from university he became a teacher at Kirkcaldy. In 1818 he moved to Edinburgh where he worked on translating German authors. Whilst in Edinburgh he also wrote articles for the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia and the Edinburgh Review. After spending two years in Edinburgh he moved to an isolated hill farm, Graigenputtoch, Dumfriesshire. At Graigenputtoch he worked on the Sartor Resartus, which was published in 1836. Carlyle moved to Chelsea, London in 1834, where he continued to give lectures, write articles, essays and books on many subjects including, history, philosophy and politics. He also contributed essays to the Westminster Review. Carlyle died age 85 in London on 5 February 1881.

Born 1871; educated at Charterhouse School, and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; 2nd Lt, Royal Artillery, 1891; Lt, 1894; served with Royal Field Artillery in Second Boer War, 1899-1902; Capt, 1900; Adjutant, 1904-1905; attended Staff College, 1905-1906; Special Employment, Army Headquarters, 1905-1906; Staff Capt to the Inspector of Royal Horse and Royal Field Artillery, 1907-1908; General Staff Officer, Grade 3, Aldershot Command, 1908-1911; Maj, 1909; General Staff Officer, Grade 2, Staff College, Quetta, India, 1912-1914; General Staff Officer, Grade 2, Staff College, Camberley, Surrey, 1914; temporary Lt Col, 1914; General Staff Officer, Grade 2, 4 Div, BEF (British Expeditionary Force), 1914; General Staff Officer, Grade 1, 4 Div, and temporary Col, 1914-1915; Brevet and substantive Lt Col, 1915; Brig Gen, General Staff, and Chief of General Staff, 4 Corps, BEF (British Expeditionary Force), 1915-1916; Brevet Col, 1916; Maj Gen, General Staff, and Chief of General Staff, 4 Army, BEF (British Expeditionary Force), 1916-1919; Maj Gen, 1917; Chief of General Staff, British Army of the Rhine, 1919; Deputy Chief of General Staff, India, 1920-1922; Commander, 53 (Welsh) Territorial Div, Western Command, 1922-1923; Commander 1 Div, Aldershot Command, 1923-1926; Lt Gen, 1926; assumed additional name of Massingberd, 1926; General Officer Commanding in Chief, Southern Command, 1928-1931; Gen, 1930; Adjutant General to the Forces, 1931-1933; Aide de Camp General to HM King George V, 1931-1935; Chief of the Imperial General Staff, 1933- 1936; FM, 1935; Col Commandant, Royal Artillery, 1927-1941; Col Commandant, Royal Tank Corps, 1934-1939; Col Commandant, 20 Burma Rifles, 1935; Col Commandant, Royal Malta Artillery, 1937-1941; Honorary Col, 46 (Lincoln Regt) Anti-Aircraft Bn, 1937; died, 1947. Publications: The story of the Fourth Army in the battles of the hundred days, August 8th-November 11th, 1918 (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1920).

Massie entered the Navy in 1818 and was in the ASIA, flagship of Sir Edward Codrington, at Navarino in 1827, the year he was promoted to lieutenant. Between 1831 and 1832 he was First Lieutenant of the CARYSFORT in the Mediterranean and was then in the SATELLITE, 1833 to 1836, on the South American Station. In 1838 he was made commander and the next year was sent to assist in organizing the Turkish Navy. He was appointed to the THUNDERER in 1840, took part in the capture of ACRE and was promoted to captain in 1841. In 1849 he was given the command of the CLEOPATRA, East Indies and China Station, and took part in the Second Burma War (1852-1853). He commissioned in 1854 the POWERFUL, which was on the North American and West Indies Station in the latter part of 1855 and during 1856. Massie saw no further service, was promoted to rear-admiral in 1860 and was placed on the retired list in 1866 as a vice-admiral, becoming an admiral in 1872.

Gaston Maspero was born in Paris in 1846. He studied at the École Normale Supérieure. Whilst still a student he met Auguste Mariette and became interested in Egyptology. He taught the Egyptian language and archaeology at the École Pratique des Hautes Études and the Collège de France before heading an archaeological expedition to Egypt in 1880. In 1881 he succeeded Mariette as the director-general of excavations. In 1886 he resumed his professorship in Paris but returned to Egypt in 1899 where he remained director-general of antiquities until his retirement in 1914. The archaeologist Howard Carter was his protegée. Unusually for a foreigner, Maspero was awarded a British knighthood in 1909.

part of the Ruskin College/History Workshop/Raphael Samuel History collection

Born, 1923; educated, Wyggeston Grammar School; Wadham College, Oxford; BA, 1945; D Phil, 1947; college tutorship at Wadham College, Oxford, [1947-1953]; departmental demonstrator, Museum for the History of Science, Oxford, 1947-1953; Fellow of the Australian National Laboratory; Charles Coulson's Summer Schools in Theoretical Chemistry, 1955; Lecturer in Physical Organic Chemistry, University of Exeter, 1956; Reader, 1963; foundation chair of Chemistry at the University of East Anglia, 1964-1970; Kings College London, 1970-1988; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1982; extraordinary Fellowship at Wolfson College, 1988-1990; died, 2007.

Publications:

A History of the Sciences (1956)

Molecular Optical Activity and the Chiral Discriminations (1982)

Chemical Evolution: Origins of the Elements, Molecules and Living Systems (1991)

Born, 1887; military education at Cheltenham and Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; joined the Royal Engineers; joined the Survey of India, 1909; served in First World War; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), 1911-1976; RGS Cuthbert Peek Grant 1926; RGS Founder's Medal 1927; Chair of Geography, Oxford University, 1932-1953; RGS Council member 1932-1942 and 1952-1954; Acting RGS President, 1937; died, 1976.

Born 1926; Second Lieutenant, 1946; Lieutenant, Royal Engineers, 1947; Captain, 1953; Lieutenant Colonel, 1970; Chief Instructor and Deputy Commandant, Army Apprentices College, Chepstow, 1970-1972; Assistant Adjutant General, Army Recruiting, Ministry of Defence, 1972-1976; Camp Staff Commandant, Northern Ireland Headquarters, 1976; died 1998.

No information available at the time of compilation.

Mason entered the Navy in 1803 and served on the Channel Station and then in the AMPHION, Mediterranean. He was captured by the French in 1809, escaped the following year and was made a lieutenant in 1811. His subsequent service was off Lisbon and in the Mediterranean. He was promoted to commander in 1815, after which he saw no further active service.

Mason trained as a nurse at King's College Hospital 1917-1920, gaining General Nursing Council registration in 1922.

No further information available.

Ethel Marshall attended Avery Hill College, a London County Council teacher training college for women in Eltham, from 1909 to 1911.

Maskeylyne was educated at Westminster school with a good grounding in classics, and tutored in his vacations in writing and arithmetic. His interest in optics and astronomy led to his study of mathematics as the essential tool for their proper study. He applied his knowledge to other aspects of natural philosophy, especially mechanics, pneumatics, and hydrostatics, first at Catherine Hall and then Trinity College Cambridge, graduating in 1754 as Seventh Wrangler. He was ordained in 1755 and accepted a curacy at Barnet in Hertfordshire, devoting his leisure hours to assisting the Astronomer Royal, James Bradley, in computing tables of refraction. Bradley's influence with the Royal Society sent Maskelyne in 1761 to the island of St Helena to observe the Transit of Venus. This was unsuccessful because of cloud cover. However, he kept tidal records and determined the altered rate of one of Shelton's clocks. His observations regarding the method of determining longitude at sea made on the voyage were more successful. He used the lunar tables of Tobias Mayer which had been submitted in 1755 to support his application for a parliamentary bounty offered for discovery of longitude at sea. The instrument used was a reflecting quadrant of the type invented by John Hadley in 1731. Maskelyne's second voyage, to Bridgetown in Barbados in 1764, was to assess the accuracy of the rival chronometer method of longitude determination championed by John Harrison, and two other methods based on observations of the satellites of Jupiter and on occultations of stars by the moon. He attended the Board of Longitude meeting of 9 February 1765 where the sums to be awarded to Harrison and Mayer were specified, where he testified to the usefulness of the lunar-distance method for finding longitude at sea to within one degree or 60 miles, and proposed the practical application of this method by a nautical ephemeris with auxiliary tables and explanations. This last resulted in the publication of the Nautical Almanac for 1767, which Maskelyne continued to supervise until his death and was his major contribution to astronomical science. He was responsible for the publication of Mayer's lunar theory (1767), his solar and lunar tables (1770) and the preparation of 'Requisite Tables' (1767) for eliminating the effects of astronomical refraction and parallax from the observed lunar distances. As Astronomer Royal he also assessed the large numbers of chronometers submitted for official trial by such pioneers of watchmaking as John Arnold, Thomas Mudge and Thomas Earnshaw. This led to the establishment of a consistent system of rating and the introduction in 1823 of trial or test numbers, modified by George Airy in 1840 to a system which is still used. In 1774 with the aid of Charles Hutton and John Playfair he determined the earth's density in a famous experiment on Mt Schiehallion in Scotland, the first convincing experiment demonstrating the universality of gravitation, meaning it not only operates between the bodies of the solar system but also between the elements of matter of which each body is composed. For this he was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1775. He was elected in 1802 one of eight foreign members of the French Institute. He died while working at the Observatory in 1811.

Educated at Westminster school with a good grounding in classics, tutored in his vacations in writing and arithmetic. His interest in optics and astronomy led to his study of mathematics as the essential tool for their proper study. He applied his knowledge to other aspects of natural philospohy, especially mechanics, pneumatics, and hydrostatics first at Catherine Hall and thenTrinity College Cambridge, graduating in 1754 as Seventh Wrangler. He was ordained in 1755 and accepted a curacy at Barnet in Hertfordshire, devoting his leisure hours to assisting the Astronomer Royal, James Bradley, in computing tables of refraction. Bradley's influence with the Royal Society sent Maskelyne in 1761 to the island of St Helena to observe the Transit of Venus. This was unsuccessful because of cloud cover. However, he kept tidal records and determined the altered rate of one of Shelton's clocks. His observations regarding the method of determining longitude at sea made on the voyage were more successful. He used the lunar tables of Tobias Mayer which had been submitted in 1755 to support his application for a parliamentary bounty offered for discovery of longitude at sea. The instrument used was a reflecting quadrant of the type invented by John Hadley in 1731. Maskelyne's second voyage, to Bridgetown in Barbados in 1764, was to assess the accuracy of the rival chronometer method of longitude determination championed by John Harrison, and two other methods based on observations of the satellites of Jupiter and on occultations of stars by the moon. He attended the Board of Longitude meeting of 9 February 1765 where the sums to be awarded to Harrison and Mayer were specified, where he testified to the usefulness of the lunar-distance method for finding longitude at sea to within one degree or 60 miles, and proposed the practical application of this method by a nautical ephemeris with auxiliary tables and explanations. This last resulted in the publication of the 'Nautical Almanac' for 1767, which Maskelyne continued to supervise until his death and was his major contribution to astronomical science. He was responsible for the publication of Mayer's lunar theory (1767) his solar and lunar tables (1770) and the preparation of 'Requisite Tables' (1767) for eliminating the effects of astronomical refraction and parallax from the observed lunar distances. As Astronomer Royal he also assessed the large numbers of chronometers submitted for official trial by such pioneers of watchmaking as John Arnold, Thomas Mudge and Thomas Earnshaw. This led to the establishment of a consistent system of rating and the introduction in 1823 of trial or test numbers , modified by George Airy in 1840 to a system which is still used. In 1774 with the aid of Charles Hutton and John Playfair he determined the earth's density in a famous experiment on Mt Schiehallion in Scotland, the first convincing experiment demonstrating the universality of gravitation, meaning it not only operates between the bodies of the solar system but also between the elements of matter of which each body is composed. For this he was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1775. He was elected in 1802 one of eight foreign members of the French Institute. He died while working at the Observatory in 1811.

Mervyn Herbert Nevil Story-Maskelyne was born at Basset Down House, near Wroughton, Wiltshire, on 3 September 1823. He was educated at Bruton and graduated in mathematics from Oxford in 1845. He studied law, but abandoned this for science in 1847, attending lectures at the Royal Institution given by Michael Faraday (item 16). He lectured on mineralogy at Oxford from 1850, and was appointed Professor of Mineralogy in 1856. Story-Maskelyne became Keeper of Mineralogy at the Museum in 1857, and although he moved to London, he retained his Oxford professorship until 1895. At the Museum he worked with Thomas Davies on the proper documentation of mineral specimens in the collection, and in 1875 he started work on a 'Scientific Catalogue of the Whole Collection ...', containing both crystallographic and chemical data. He pressed for the establishment of a chemical laboratory, and studied and published papers on meteorites.

Outside his Museum work, Story-Maskelyne was a man of wide antiquarian and classical interests. He published papers on ancient mineralogy and, as papers in the class show, made detailed study of the history of the Koh-i-noor diamond. He was also a popular lecturer, and gave a notable series to the Chemical Society in 1874 (item 13). He inherited the family estate of Basset Down in 1879 and resigned from the keepership in 1880 to devote himself to its management. However, he continued to work and publish in mineralogy, and was elected Member of Parliament for Cricklade.

Masefield was born in Ledbury in 1878. Having entered the Merchant Navy Masefield deserted ship in America where he drifted for some time. Returning to England he became a journalist and his interest in writing was explored, publishing several volumes of poetry before the outbreak of World War One. During the war Masefield was a member of the Red Cross and witnessed the disaster at Gallipoli, which he later wrote about in his position as head of the War Propaganda Bureau. During the twenties and thirties Masefield wrote numerous volumes of poetry which were most successful, as well as two novels and an autobiography. Masefield continued to write until his death in 1967.

John Edward Masefield was born in Ledbury, Herefordshire in 1878. He entered the Merchant Navy and deserted ship in America, where he drifted for some time. Returning to England he became a journalist. He published several volumes of poetry before the outbreak of World War One. During the war Masefield was a member of the Red Cross and witnessed the disaster at Gallipoli, which he later wrote about in his position as head of the War Propaganda Bureau. During the 1920s and 1930s Masefield wrote numerous successful volumes of poetry, as well as two novels and an autobiography. Masefield continued to write until his death in 1967.

Jan Garrigue Masaryk (1886-1948), politician and diplomat, was the son of the first President of Czechoslovakia, Tomas Garrigue Masaryk. He was Czechoslovak Minister in London 1925-1938 and Foreign Minister in both the Czech émigré Government in London during World War Two and the first Czech post-war Government 1940-1948. He remained in his post after the Communist takeover in February 1948 but died soon afterwards in unclear circumstances as the result of a fall from the window of the Foreign Office.

Britain granted internal self-government to Uganda in 1961, with the first elections held on 1 March 1961. Benedicto Kiwanuka of the Democratic Party became the first Chief Minister. Uganda maintained its Commonwealth membership. In succeeding years, supporters of a centralized state vied with those in favor of a loose federation and a strong role for tribally based local kingdoms. Political manoeuvering climaxed in February 1966, when Prime Minister Milton Obote suspended the constitution, assumed all government powers, and removed the president and vice president. In September 1967, a new constitution proclaimed Uganda a republic, gave the president even greater powers, and abolished the traditional kingdoms. On 25 January 1971, Obote's government was ousted in a military coup led by armed forces commander Idi Amin Dada. Amin declared himself president, dissolved the parliament, and amended the constitution to give himself absolute power.Idi Amin's 8-year rule produced economic decline, social disintegration, and massive human rights violations. The Acholi and Langi tribes were particular objects of Amin's political persecution because Obote and many of his supporters belonged to those tribes and constituted the largest group in the army. In 1978, the International Commission of Jurists estimated that more than 100,000 Ugandans had been murdered during Amin's reign of terror; some authorities place the figure much higher. In October 1978, Tanzanian armed forces repulsed an incursion of Amin's troops into Tanzanian territory. The Tanzanian force, backed by Ugandan exiles, waged a war of liberation against Amin's troops and Libyan soldiers sent to help him. On 11 April 1979, Kampala was captured, and Amin fled with his remaining forces. After Amin's removal, the Uganda National Liberation Front formed an interim government with Yusuf Lule as president. This government adopted a ministerial system of administration and created a quasi-parliamentary organ known as the National Consultative Commission (NCC). The NCC and the Lule cabinet reflected widely differing political views. In June 1979, following a dispute over the extent of presidential powers, the NCC replaced President Lule with Godfrey Binaisa. In a continuing dispute over the powers of the interim presidency, Binaisa was removed in May 1980. Thereafter, Uganda was ruled by a military commission chaired by Paulo Muwanga. The December 1980 elections returned the UPC to power under the leadership of President Obote, with Muwanga serving as vice president. Under Obote, the security forces had one of the world's worst human rights records. In their efforts to stamp out an insurgency led by Yoweri Museveni's National Resistance Army (NRA), they laid waste to a substantial section of the country, especially in the Luwero area north of Kampala.Obote ruled until 27 Jul 1985, when an army brigade, composed mostly of Acholi troops and commanded by Lt. Gen. Basilio Olara-Okello, took Kampala and proclaimed a military government. Obote fled to exile in Zambia.

Marylebone Magistrates Court:
After the Second World War the County Court at 179 Marylebone Road, at the corner with Seymour Place, was still in session, as it had been for the previous hundred years or so. In 1961 the old Marylebone Police Court moved from Seymour Place into a former swimming baths at 181 Marylebone Road. Marylebone Magistrates Court was closed and transferred to City of Westminster Magistrates Court in March 2007.

History of magistrates courts:
An Act of 1792 established seven 'Public Offices' (later Police offices and Police courts) in the central Metropolitan area. The aim was to establish fixed locations where 'fit and able magistrates' would attend at fixed times to deal with an increasing number of criminal offences.

Offices were opened in St Margaret Westminster, St James Westminster, Clerkenwell, Shoreditch, Whitechapel, Shadwell and Southwark. An office in Bow Street, Covent Garden, originally the home of the local magistrate, had been operating for almost 50 years and was largely the model for the new offices.

In 1800 the Marine Police Office or Thames Police Office, opened by 'private enterprise' in 1798, was incorporated into the statutory system. In 1821 an office was opened in Marylebone, apparently replacing the one in Shadwell.

Each office was assigned three Justices of the Peace. They were to receive a salary of £400 per annum. These were the first stipendiary magistrates. Later they were expected to be highly qualified in the law, indeed, to be experienced barristers. This distinguished them from the local lay justices who after the setting up of Police Offices were largely confined, in the Metropolitan area, to the licensing of innkeepers. In addition each office could appoint up to six constables to be attached to it.

The commonly used term of 'Police Court' was found to be misleading. The word 'police' gave the impression that the Metropolitan Police controlled and administered the courts. This was never the case, the word 'police' was being used in its original meaning of 'pertaining to civil administration', 'regulating', etc.

In April 1965 (following the Administration of Justice Act 1964) the London Police Courts with their stipendiary magistrates were integrated with the lay magistrates to form the modern Inner London Magistrates' Courts.

The police courts dealt with a wide range of business coming under the general heading of 'summary jurisdiction', i.e. trial without a jury. The cases heard were largely criminal and of the less serious kind. Over the years statutes created many offences that the courts could deal with in addition to Common Law offences. Examples include: drunk and disorderly conduct, assault, theft, begging, possessing stolen goods, cruelty to animals, desertion from the armed forces, betting, soliciting, loitering with intent, obstructing highways, and motoring offences. Non-criminal matters included small debts concerning income tax and local rates, landlord and tenant matters, matrimonial problems and bastardy.

Offences beyond the powers of the Court would normally be passed to the Sessions of the Peace or Gaol Delivery Sessions in the Old Bailey (from 1835 called the Central Criminal Court). From the late 19th century such cases would be the subject of preliminary hearings or committal proceedings in the magistrates' courts.

Outside the London Police Court Area but within the administrative county of Middlesex lay justices continued to deal with both criminal offences and administrative matters such as the licensing of innkeepers.

The exact area covered by a Court at any particular time can be found in the Kelly's Post Office London Directories, available on microfilm at LMA. The entries are based on the original Orders-in-Council establishing police court districts. A map showing police court districts is kept in the Information Area of LMA with other reference maps. Please ask a member of staff for assistance.

Cross Arrows Cricket Club was founded in 1880 by members of MCC staff. Prior to 1880 they played away matches against other local cricket clubs, calling themselves the ‘St. John’s Wood Ramblers Cricket Club’. When they discovered another cricket club had the same name, they needed to call themselves something different. The day before they played against Northwood Cricket Club, one of the staff members asked where Northwood was and received a reply of ‘It’s cross ‘arrow way’ meaning that it was beyond the District of Harrow. J Fennell, who worked at Lord’s as an Assistant Tennis Marker, said ‘That’s it, let’s call the club the Cross Arrows’. Membership of the club was initially only for MCC employees but nowadays allows for MCC and Middlesex County Cricket Club employees past and present and also members of both clubs.

J A Murdoch, Assistant Secretary of MCC between 1878 and 1907, became the Cross Arrows’ first President. Since Murdoch, all the Presidents have also been the MCC Secretary, from Sir Francis Lacey onwards. The captain is usually Assistant Secretary of MCC. Famous players who have represented Cross Arrows during the years include Albert Trott (the only man to have ever hit a ball over the top of the Lord’s Pavilion), Gubby Allen, Denis Compton, Bill Edrich, Jim Laker, Fred Titmus, Mike Brearley, Garfield Sobers, and also non-cricketers such as Gary Lineker. The current Secretary of MCC and President of Cross Arrows, Derek Brewer, played against Cross Arrows for NatWest in 1988.

The club usually plays its fixtures in September, and regularly against teams such as Adastrians (Royal Air Force), Stage, Butterflies, Royal Navy, Stragglers of Asia, and MCC themselves. Cross Arrows fixtures have either been played on the Main Ground at Lord’s or the Nursery Ground. In 1980 Cross Arrows celebrated its centenary with a match against a combined MCC and Middlesex XI, while in 2014, to commemorate Lord's 200th anniversary, a match between a President of Cross Arrows XI and a Cross Arrows XI was played on the main ground at Lord's, made up of MCC staff.

This collection consists of minute books, files relating to fixture arrangements, scorebooks, membership and financial information. Not all records have been retained.

Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) was founded in 1787 - a fact gathered from a poster for a cricket match in 1837 between the North and South of England Box and Cobbet, announcing MCC's Golden Jubilee on 10 July 1837. As London's population grew, so did the nobility's impatience with the crowds who gathered to watch them play. In pursuit of exclusivity, they decided to approach Thomas Lord, a bowler with White Conduit CC, and asked him to set up a new private ground. An ambitious entrepreneur, Lord was encouraged by Lord Winchilsea to lease a ground on Dorset Fields in Marylebone - the site of the modern Dorset Square. He staged his first match - Middlesex (with two of Berkshire and one of Kent) versus Essex (with two given men) - on 31st May 1787. Thus the Marylebone Cricket Club was formed. A year later, it laid down a Code of Laws, which were adopted throughout the game - and MCC today remains responsible for the Laws of Cricket. After a short stay at Marylebone Bank, Regent's Park, between 1811 and 1813, Lord's moved to a new ground in St John's Wood in 1814. It remains MCC's home to this day.

In 1825 Lord sold the ground to a Bank of England director, William Ward, for £5,000. Having provided the Marylebone Cricket Club with a ground for 38 years, Lord retired and then died seven years later. Also in 1825, the Pavilion was destroyed in a fire and as a consequence the initial minute books and records were lost. Work commenced immediately on a replacement, which opened the following year. In 1866 MCC agreed to purchase the freehold of Lord's from Isaac Moses Marsden for £18,333 thanks to money advanced from William Nicholson. Then in 1867 MCC decided to build a Grand Stand and established the 'Lord's Grand Stand Company' - made up of figures including the MCC secretary and trustees - to achieve this aim. The Grand Stand was erected in 1867 at a cost of £1,435. In 1877 MCC accepted an application from Middlesex County Cricket Club to adopt Lord's as its county ground - an arrangement which continues today. Meanwhile, MCC in 1873 put forward plans to create a tournament for county cricket entitled 'Champion County Cup Matches', including regulations, and established county qualifications explaining that no cricketer was allowed to play for more than one county in the same season, and allowing players to choose between the county of birth and of residence at the start of each season. In 1888, the decision was made to erect a new Pavilion designed by the architect Thomas Verity and was built in 1889-1890 thanks to money borrowed from William Nicholson. Then in 1890 it was opened in time for the new season.

By the early part of the twentieth century, the Board of Control for Test Matches (1898), the Advisory County Cricket Committee (1904) and the Imperial Cricket Conference (1909) had been established to oversee domestic and international cricket, while MCC in 1901 became responsible for administering England tours, which were known as MCC tours rather than England tours until 1977. In 1933, following the death of Lord Harris, former cricketer, President, Trustee and Honorary Treasurer of MCC, the Committee decided to set up a memorial for him and thus the Harris Garden was built, which remains at Lord's today. During the Second World War the MCC Committee, the principal committee responsible for club affairs, became known as an Emergency Committee, the ground was requisitioned for use by the Royal Air Force, and Stanley Christopherson remained as President for the duration of the war, thus becoming the longest serving MCC President (Presidents usually served for a term of one year). 1953 saw the Imperial Memorial Gallery opened by the Duke of Edinburgh (twice MCC President in 1949 and 1974) which was dedicated to all cricketers who died in the First and Second World Wars.

In 1967 the MCC committee were warned that a form of re-organisation was required to maintain its status as the governing body of cricket. Since MCC was a private club it could not receive public funds, so in 1968 it set up a Cricket Council as the governing body of cricket and the Test and County Cricket Board (TCCB, now known as the English Cricket Board) to administer professional cricket. It also established the National Cricket Association (NCA) to manage the recreational game. As a result, cricket started to receive financial help from the Government, but MCC's responsibility for the game was reduced. ICC became independent of MCC by 1993, while TCCB took control of the England team and arrangements for big matches including those held at Lord's. MCC celebrated its Bicentenary with a match between themselves and the Rest of the World in 1987, and elected to admit women among its 18,000 members in 1998. There have been fifteen secretaries of the MCC since 1825; Benjamin Aislabie, Roger Kynaston, Alfred Bailie, R A Fitzgerald, Henry Perkins, Francis Lacey, William Findlay, Colonel Rowan Rait Kerr, Ronald Aird, S C (Billy) Griffith, Jack Bailey, J R Stephenson, Roger Knight, Keith Bradshaw and Derek Brewer, who became Secretary and Chief Executive in 2012.

In 1749 Mary Westby of Linton, Cambridgeshire, a widow, obtained land in Hoxton in the parish of St Leonard, Shoreditch on which she erected ten almshouses for poor women. In addition, she invested stock in trust for the charity and set up a body of trustees to administer it. Regulations made in 1770 specified that the almswomen must be poor members of the Independent, Presbyterian or Anti-paedo Baptist communities.

In 1881, the School Board for London purchased the land on which the almshouses were built and agreed to compensate the almswomen for the loss of their homes and removal expenses. The money raised by the sale was invested, and from thence forward the charity became a pension charity providing pensions for poor female Protestant Dissenters. The nine trustees were to be members of the Weigh House Chapel, the City Temple, formerly the Poultry Chapel, and New Court Chapel.

Mary Ward House (number 5 Tavistock Place) is an architecturally significant building, completed in 1898 by architects Smith and Brewer to house the Mary Ward Settlement (originally called the Passmore Edwards Settlement), founded by the novelist Mary Ward (better known as Mrs Humphrey Ward). The settlement was a residential community for lecturers and students, who were required to give their time to a community centre where local people could attend lectures and workshops, join special interest groups and self-help groups, and access a legal advice service. 9 Tavistock Place, adjacent to the House, was built later to accommodate the expansion of the Settlement, housing the first school for physically handicapped children in England.

Due to financial difficulties, the Mary Ward Settlement were forced to sell the building to the Nuffield Trust and lease it from them. In the 1960s the National Institute for Social Work began leasing Mary Ward House and 9 Tavistock Place, at first sub-letting part of it to the Mary Ward Settlement. They purchased the house outright in 1980, and the Mary Ward Settlement (by now called the Mary Ward Centre) moved to nearby 42/43 Queen Square.

The Mary Ward House Trust was established in 1997 by the National Institute for Social Work as part of their attempts to secure funding to restore Mary Ward House and improve disabled access. The aims of the Trust were:
to preserve for the benefit of the nation Mary Ward House and 9 Tavistock Place;
to support restoration and repair of these properties;
to promote access to the buildings;
to promote access to information about the buildings;
to make Mary Ward House wheelchair accessible;
and to make the historical features of the building more widely known.

Plans to carry out work on the house were developed from 1994, with the first of several approaches to the Heritage Lottery Fund. In 1996 an international architectural competition was held which resulted in the appointment of an architect, Karen Butti of Patricia Brock Associates. The Heritage Lottery Fund provided a grant towards feasibility stage work and 'The Mary Ward House Project' was begun. Unfortunately, the project became more complicated and expensive than was originally envisaged and in July 1999 it was announced that the Heritage Lottery Fund would not provide support. The Project was therefore closed without being implemented, and the National Institute for Social Work sold Mary Ward House to a private individual. The Mary Ward House Trust continued to monitor the House and promote information about its important historical features, before winding down in 2007.

Karl Heinrich Marx was born in Trier, Germany in 1818. His family was Jewish but he and his siblings were baptised into the Protestant church. He studied law and philosophy at the Universities of Bonn and Berlin before becoming a journalist and editor, initially in Berlin and later in Paris and Brussels. From 1849 onwards he and his family lived in exile in London. From the 1840s onwards Marx developed the set of economic and political theories now known as Marxism. Many of his ideas were developed in collaboration with Friedrich Engels (1820-1895). His best known works are The Communist Manifesto [with Engels] (1848) and Das Kapital vol 1 (1867). Marx died in 1883 and was buried in Highgate cemetery. His ideas were very influential during the 20th century and the original source of the ideology adopted by Communist revolutions and governments in Soviet Russia and elsewhere.

Born 1818 in Trier, Prussia; studied at the University of Bonn, 1835-1836, and the University of Berlin, 1836-1841; contributor to and editor of the Cologne liberal democratic newspaper, the Rheinische Zeitung, 1842; following marriage to Jenny von Westphalen, moved to Paris, where he became a revolutionary and communist; co-editor, with Arnold Ruge, of a new review, the Deutsch-französische Jahrbücher (German-French Yearbooks), 1843-1845, during which time he met Friedrich Engels; expelled from France, 1845, moved to Belgium, and renounced Prussian nationality; wrote and published Die heilige Familie (1845) with Engels; in Jun 1847 joined a secret society in London, the League of the Just, which afterwards became the Communist League, for whom he and Engels wrote a pamphlet entitled The Communist Manifesto, (1848); returned to Prussia, 1848, where he founded the Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1849, and used the newspaper to urge a constitutional democracy and war with Russia; became leader of the Workers' Union and organized the first Rhineland Democratic Congress in August 1848; banished in May 1849, and moved to London; European correspondent for the New York Tribune, 1851-1862, though for the most part he and his family lived in poverty; published his first book on economic theory, Zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie (A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy), 1859; member of the General Council of the International Working Men's Association, 1864-1876; published Das Kapital, Berlin 1867 (the second and third volumes, unfinished by Marx, were edited by Engels and published in 1885 and 1894); died 1883.

Thomas Marwood was physician to James I. Dr William Munk, who made an exhaustive study of the manuscript doubted the authorship of Dr Marwood, and rather favoured the suggestion that 'the volume is really neither more nor less than the daily entry book of a leading and fashionable Apothecary in London, containing the copies in extenso of the prescriptions he compounded for the physicians who patronised and the persons who employed him. He may even have been 'Apothecary to the Person.' As such he would have been in immediate attendance on the king, as glysters and cupping had to be employed. Or lastly, the report of the illness and of the post-mortem examination may have been merely copied by the writer of the volume from the notes of one of the many physicians who were present throughout. It is clear that the author of the report was a medical man, and one thoroughly conversant with the habits of the king and the king and the whole course of his illness'.

No information available at present.

Eileen Palmer, Olive Johnson, and Edith How-Martyn worked closely together in the British birth control movement during a period from the 1920s to the 1950s. How-Martyn had been active in this cause since before the First World War. They were all involved with the Birth Control International Information Centre and Birth Control Worldwide organisations during the 1930s, and Palmer accompanied How-Martyn on one of her several tours of India to promote birth control. How-Martyn undertook a number of other foreign tours, before emigrating to Australia with her husband around 1940. There is an entry for How-Martyn in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, and some obituaries and other biographical material in A.8.

Edith How-Martyn (1875-1954) nee How, mathematician, suffragist and birth control campaigner, was an early member of the Women's Social and Political Union, one of the founders of the Women's Freedom League in 1907 and the first female member of the Middlesex County Council (1919-1922). She was also the founder of the Birth Control Information Centre in 1929 and remained active in this movement, along with establishing the Suffragette Fellowship in 1926. At the outbreak of the Second World War she moved to Australia and due to ill-health remained in that country until she died in 1954.

Edith How Martyn (1875-1954) was born in London in 1875, sister of Florence Earengey. She attended the North London Collegiate School and then University College, Aberystwyth where she took the associateship in Physics and Mathematics. She married Herbet Martyn in 1899, completing her BSc the following year. From youth, she had radical political opinions and was a member of the Independent Labour Party before becoming an early member of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in 1905. The following year she was appointed joint secretary of the WSPU with Charlotte Despard and it was in Oct 1906 that she was arrested in the lobby of the House of Commons and given a two-month sentence. However, the future direction of the WSPU under the Pankhursts was a matter of some concern to her as it was to other members at this time and in 1907 she left the group along with Charlotte Despard to form the Women's Freedom League (WFL). This abandoned the violent tactics of the older group in favour of non-violent illegal acts to convey their message. She was honorary secretary of the new group from 1907 to 1911, when she became head of the Political and Militant section. However, she resigned in Apr 1912, disappointed with the WFL's progress after the defeat of the Conciliation Bill. How-Martyn's next political act was to stand as an independent candidate in Hendon in the 1918 general election, an attempt she was not successful in. How Martyn held public office for the first time In 1919, when she became a member of the Middlesex County Council, a post she held until 1922. From now on, her interests would be mainly directed to the issue of birth control. She met the American family planning leader Margaret Sanger in 1915 and had been impressed by her ideas, subsequently organising the 1927 World Population Conference in Geneva with the New Yorker and becoming honorary director of the Birth Control International Information Centre in London in 1930. Between Nov 1934 and Mar 1935 the Englishwoman would travel through India campaigning for birth control, then went with Sanger on her trip to Asia the following year. How-Martyn returned the sub-continent several times in the following years to continue the work started there at this point. However, her past campaigning for women's suffrage was not forgotten: in 1926 she also established the Suffragette Fellowship that would begin the process of documenting the movement. She would continue this work in the following decades through a local branch in Australia which she established after she moved there at the outbreak of the Second World. Due to ill health, she remained in that country until she died in 1954.

Sarah Madeleine Martineau (1872-1972) was a successful Arts and Crafts jeweller. She was born in Clapham, London on 2 May 1872, to Utilitarians David and Sarah Martineau. Sarah, known as Lena, and her two unmarried sisters probably remained together in the family home until the 1940s, living near or with each other in South London until their deaths. Lena began her education boarding at Roedean School in Sussex. She initially attended Clapham Art School, and subsequently attended Westminster School of Art with her sister Lucy and Sophie Pemberton, a Canadian artist. By autumn 1897 Lena and Lucy had found a studio to rent and in 1899 and 1900 Lena concentrated on submitting pictures to the Royal Academy, all of which were rejected. Later that year she sat a modelling design exam, passing first class, and a life exam which was awarded a book prize in the National Competition run by the Science and Art Department of the Committee of the Council on Education and entered by thousands of art students. In 1902 she decided to commit to metal work, buying a muffle furnace and a year later studying metal work at Sir John Cass Technical Institute in Whitechapel. She was also a member of the Sir John Cass Arts and Crafts Society. By 1904 she was an established jewellery maker, and in 1906 she had had two pendants accepted for the Arts and Crafts Exhibition at the Granfton Galleries. By 1909 she was showing her jewellery at various galleries and exhibitions, including the Society of Women Artists and was featured in 'Studio' magazine for various achievements. By the 1916 Arts and Crafts Exhibition her work was not exhibited suggesting she no longer actively participated in the arts and crafts scene. She died in 1972.

Harriet Martineau (1802-1876) was born in 1802, the daughter of Thomas Martineau, a textile manufacturer from Norwich and his wife Elizabeth Martineau. Both were Unitarians and were in favour of education for girls. Consequently, Harriet and her two sisters were taught in a similar way to their three brothers until the latter left for university. Harriet became deaf at an early age. She began writing while in her period of 'mourning' when her brother James, to whom she was closest, left for university. Her first article, 'Female Writers On Practical Divinity', was published anonymously in The Monthly Repository in 1821. Whilst in 1823 the Unitarian journal, The Monthly Repository, published her anonymous article, 'On Female Education', which described the differences between the sexes as being caused by differing methods of training. Martineau was engaged to John Hugh Worthington but he died of 'brain fever' before the marriage took place. This, combined with the financial difficulties (resulting from the economic crash of 1826) and death of her father, necessitated her earning her own living and freed her to pursue a writing career. she continued to work for the 'Monthly Repository' to support herself. Additionally, she began writing religious works such as Devotional Exercises for the Use of Young Persons and Addresses for the Use of Families, both published in 1826. Martineau worked as a seamstress, taking in sewing at home (as opposed to working in a 'sweat shop'), sewing during the day and writing at night until the 'Illustrations' was accepted for publication. Harriet's interest soon moved to politics and she created the series of stories entitled Illustrations of Political Economy, in order to popularise the utilitarian theories of Bentham and Priestly and the economic of Smith. When the series of 24 volumes was published in 1832-3, they became a huge success and were followed up by Poor Laws and Paupers illustrated (1834). The profits enabled her to set up home in London and undertake a two-year tour of the United States of America. She based two books on this experience: Society in America (1837) and Retrospect of Western Travel (1838). Martineau remained ambivalent towards women's suffrage, arguing that until women had education, access to professions, and economic independence, their votes would be compromised by the men in their lives. She was, however, keen on the Garrisonian branch of the abolition movement, because it focused on emancipation and included women activists, as opposed to more politically-oriented groups as illustrated in one of her chapters entitled 'The Political Non-Existence of Women'.

In this period despite increasing illness, and in addition to her political and historical works, Martineau began writing different genres. Her only novel Deerbrook was published in 1839; followed by a historical biography The Hour and the Man in 1840; and a series of novelettes for children The Playfellow in 1841.

She moved to Ambleside in the Lake District in 1845. In 1847 Harriet went with friends on a tour of the Near East for eight months, returning with the manuscript of 'Eastern Life Present and Past', published in 1848. The proceeds from this work paid for her to build her own home in Ambleside. The work was well received but the religious views that it presented were treated with some hostility. During this period she also worked on The History of the Peace, which was published in 1849.

The publication of 'Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development' in 1851 was received with more hostility. In this work Martineau advocated agnosticism. The scandal with which it was received was due partly to her insistence that three of the world's primary religions - Judaism, Islam, and Christianity - grew out of the same geographical area and the same, or similar, theological systems, and were not necessarily incompatible. The scandal was also due to her challenge to the dating of human life and cultures, as presented in the scriptures. Martineau, as well as her historical and anthropological sources (Wilkinson, for example) predate the scientific revolution heralded by Darwinism, by nearly twelve years (1859). Martineau's views expressed in 'Letters on the Laws' also destroyed the relationship between her and several members of her family.

Harriet returned to journalism in 1852 as a member of staff at the Daily News where she wrote over 1600 articles during a 16-year period. Harriet also contributed articles for other publications, including pieces on the employment of women for the Edinburgh Review and on the state of girls' education for the Cornhill Magazine. Plagued by invalidism periodically throughout her life, ill health became a problem again in 1855 and she wrote an autobiography in that year in the belief that she was dying. However, she recovered and continued with her career in journalism for approximately another twenty years. Harriet was always interested in and vocal on women's employment, women's education and the legal position of married women. In 1866 she joined Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, Emily Davies, Dorothea Beale and Francis Mary Buss in creating and presenting a petition asking Parliament to grant the vote to women. Harriet also campaigned for women's entry into the medical profession. From 1864, and again in 1869, Harriet was active in the campaign against the Contagious Diseases Acts in which she would later be joined by Josephine Butler. Eventually, ill health began to restrict her public activities during the 1870s, though she continued to write until her death. She died of bronchitis aged 74 in 1876.

William Martindale (1840-1902) began trading in 1873. This business, situated in New Cavendish Street, central London, traded thereafter as W Martindale. In the 1890s William's son, William Harrison Martindale (1874-1932) assumed control of his father's firm and expanded the manufacturing side of the business. 1928 he rebuilt the New Cavendish Street premises and erected a factory in Chenies Mews behind University College Hospital. The business, W Martindale, was acquired by Savory and Moore Ltd in 1933, following which the retail operation at New Cavendish Street continued to trade as W Martindale until the mid-1970s.

Born, 1840; apprenticed in 1856 to his great-uncle, William Robinson Martindale; Martindale went to London to gain further experience for two years he worked with James Merrel, 1862; attended the Pharmaceutical Society's school of pharmacy at Bloomsbury Square, passed the 'minor' examination in 1864 and the 'major' 1866; assistant at the pharmacy and manufacturing house of T. N. R. Morson in Southampton Row; pharmacist to the University College Hospital, where also he taught pharmacy in the medical school and became demonstrator in materia medica, 1868-; carried out original research, such as that on carbolic acid plaster and dressings with Joseph Lister, and he improved excipients for pills, and bases for pessaries and suppositories; took over the New Cavendish Street pharmacy of Hopkin and Williams, 1873; examiner for the Pharmaceutical Society, 1873-1883; Elected to the Pharmaceutical Society's council in 1889, treasurer in 1898 and then president for the year 1899–1900; died, 1902.

Publications: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (1883)

Louisa Martindale was born in 1872. She was a keen proponent of women's rights and their admission to the professions on equal terms. She received her MB from the London School of Medicine for Women (Royal Free Hospital) in 1900 and subsequently studied on the continent. Her particular interest was the use of radiotherapy for gynaecological disorders although much of her practice was of a general medical and surgical nature. She practised in Hull and Berlin for 5 years before taking the M.D.Lond. and then moving to Brighton, where she was one of the founders of the New Sussex Hospital for Women and Children, of which she was an Honorary Consultant Surgeon for many years. During World War One, 1914-1918, she served with the Scottish Women's Hospital at Royaumont (France). In 1921 she moved to London and later settled permanently in consulting practice in Weymouth Street. She was involved in the establishment of the Marie Curie Hospital in 1924 of which she became an Honorary Consultant Surgeon. She was active in the Medical Women's Federation of which she became President in 1931. In that year she was also appointed C.B.E. She was elected F.R.C.O.G. in 1933. She was elected president of the Medical Women's International Association in 1937 and kept the organisation going throughout the Second World War, 1939-1945, promoting its revival in 1946. She died in her London home on 5 Feb 1966, aged 93. Fuller details of her life and career can be found in her autobiography A Woman Surgeon (Victor Gollanz, 1951), and the lengthy obituaries in the Lancet and British Medical Journal

Louisa Martindale was born in 1872 and studied at the London School of Medicine for Women and in Vienna, Berlin and Freiburg, obtaining her M.D. in London in 1906. She practised in Brighton and was founder of the New Sussex Hospital here in 1918, where she was Senior Honorary Surgeon. In 1921 she moved to London as a Consultant Surgeon and was Honorary Surgeon to the Marie Curie Hospital at Hampstead. During a visit to New York in 1919 she was a moving force behind the foundation of the Medical Women's Federation and in 1931 she was elected President of that body. She was a pioneer in the treatment of uterine cancer and fibroid growths in women through deep X-ray therapy. She died in 1966.