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Probate (also called proving a will) is the process of establishing the validity of a will, which was recorded in the grant of probate.

If a person died intestate (without a valid will) their money, goods and possessions passed to their next of kin through an administration (or letters of administration) which had the same form in law as a will.

William Harrison Ainsworth (1805-1882), novelist, was born on 4 February 1805 at 21 King Street, Manchester, the elder of two sons of Thomas Ainsworth (1778-1824), a solicitor, and his wife, Ann (1778-1842), daughter of the Revd Ralph Harrison (1748-1810), a nonconformist minister and tutor of languages and literature at the Manchester Academy. His parents both belonged to old Lancashire families, on his mother's side including prosperous merchants and members of the peerage; and his paternal grandfather was the noted mathematician Jeremiah Ainsworth.

Thomas Martin was a General Practitioner in Dorking.

Born 1866; educated privately and King's College London; St Thomas's Hospital; University of Leipzig; Demonstrator in Biology and Physiology, King's College London and evening lecturer in Comparative Anatomy, 1887; Demonstrator in Physiology, University of Sydney, 1891; Professor of Physiology, University of Melbourne, 1901; 1903-1930 Director, Lister Insititute of Preventive Medicine, 1903-1930; Professor of Experimental Pathology, University of London; Chief of Division of Animal Nutrition of Australian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, 1931-1933; Professor of Bio-chemistry and General Physiology, Adelaide University, 1931-1933; Committees and other appointments: served Gallipoli, Egypt, Palestine Expeditionary Force and France, 1915-1919; Lieutenant-Colonel, Australian Army Medical Corps and Consultant Pathologist, Australian Imperial Forces; Chairman of War Office Committee on anti-typhoid innoculation, 1904-1907; Member of Advisory Committee for Investigation of Plague in India, appointed jointly by the India Office, Royal Society and the Lister Institute, 1905-1913; Honours and awards: Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, 1901; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1901; Companion of St Michael and St George, 1919; knighted, 1927; Doctor of Science (honorary) Sheffield and Dublin, Doctor of Laws (honorary) Edinburgh, Doctor of Civil Law (honorary) Durham, Master ofArts (honorary) Cambridge, Fellow of King's College London; Other information: married Edythe Cross, one daughter.

Melanie Manchot (1966-fl 2002) was born in Witten, Germany and was a student at New York University (1988 -1989) before going on to study at the Royal College of Art in London (1990-1992) where she received a Master of Fine Art in Photography. She undertook a series of exhibitions including: 'Look at you loving me' shown at the Zelda Cheatle Gallery, London (1998) as well as at the Poster Project, Bucknell University, USA and Galerie Fiebig, Berlin (1999); 'Intimate Distance' at the Fotogallery, Cardiff, (2000); and 'Just one kiss?' at the Rhodes + Mann Gallery, London and the Fotogalerie in der Feuerwache, Mannheim, Germany (2001) as well as at the Cornerhouse Manchester, the Portland Institute for Contemporary Art, Portland, Oregon, USA and the Staedtische Galerie Wolfsburg, Wolfsburg, Germany (2002). Her work was been published as a number of monographs: 'Love is a stranger' (Prestel Verlag: Munich, 2001), 'Look at you loving me' (Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag: Basel, 1998) and 'Vile Bodies' (Prestel Verlag: Munich, 1998). She regularly worked on pieces of public and commercial art. She was nominated for the 1996 Citibank Photography Prize and won the Fuji Award in 1992. She also lectured at Bournemouth and Poole College of Art and Design, Central St Martins School of Art and Middlesex University.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

Born, Haydon Bridge, Northumberland, 1789; apprenticed to a Newcastle coach-painter, 1804; ran away after a dispute over wages; apprenticed to a Newcastle china-painter, Boniface Musso; moved to London and supported himself painting on china and glass whilst studying perspective and architecture; sent the Royal Academy his first pictures, 1812; became an opponent of the Royal Academy after becoming aggrieved over the hanging of his pictures in 1814 and 1816, but continued to contribute to their exhibitions; appointed historical painter to Princess Charlotte and Prince Leopold, 1817; exhibited at the British Institution, 1819-1821, including 'Belshazzar's Feast'; joined the Royal Society of British Artists on its foundation and exhibited there, 1824-1831,1837-1838; exhibited 'The Fall of Nineveh' at Brussels, 1833, bought by the Belgian government; elected a member of the Belgian Academy and awarded the order of Leopold by the King of Belgium; quarrelled with the British Institution, 1836; exhibited many works at the Royal Academy, 1837-1852, including many landscapes in water-colours; drew illustrations (with Westall) to Milton's Paradise Lost; worked on plans for improving London, including water supply and recycling of sewerage, 1827-1853; died, 1854.

Martin, James (fl 1904-1913), trained as a veterinary surgeon at the Royal College of Veterinary Surgery and later became a vet in Wellington Salop.

The Rev J Martin was a missionary in China, possibly with the Church Missionary Society.

Henry Victor Martin was born in 1811. He studied in Birmingham, and St Bartholomews Hospital, London. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1834 and a fellow in 1859. He was surgeon to the 1st Devon Militia before taking medical charge of the military wards of the Barrington Hospital, Limerick. He practised at Staines, Middlesex, before retiring to Hounslow, and later to Epsom College. He died in 1901.

Martin served in the Mediterranean in the steam frigate CURACOA from 1854 to 1857 and on the west coast of Africa in the SPITFIRE from the end of 1857 to 1860, when he became acting mate. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1861 and appointed to the SURPRISE, gun vessel, in the Mediterranean, until 1866. In 1869 he became a commander.

Evelyn Henrietta Dyer was the daughter of Colonel Henry Clement Swinnerton Dyer and Amelia Ward. She married Colonel George Blake Napier Martin on 16 December 1889. She died on 12 December 1921.

Christopher Martin obtained his MB, CM at Edinburgh in 1887, and in 1890 was appointed surgeon to the Birmingham and Midland Women's Hospital. He became FRCS in 1891, and later served in the RAMC in the First World War. (For more biographical information see material held as MS.6886/11-12, and Martin's entry in Plarr, Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, 1953.)

Department of Surveys, Nyasaland; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1961-1987.

Bruce Martin (b 1917) studied at Cambridge and then with the Architectural Association. Following World War Two he worked in the Architects' Department of Hertfordshire County Council. The County Architects Department was formed in 1946 with C.H. Aslin as County Architect and Stirrat Johnson-Marshall as his Deputy. On the instigation of the County Education Department and under the influence of its famous Education Officer, John Newsom, it immediately embarked on what became known as 'The Hertfordshire experiment': a large building programme designed to provide many new primary schools for the County. In order to meet this challenge The Architects' Department used many pioneering techniques, including the pre-ordering of building materials, and the use of prefabricated construction. It also employed innovative educational ideas, which were associated with the move to 'child-centred' schools. The programme received widespread coverage in the architectural press. As part of the team responsible for the design and construction of primary schools in the County, Martin worked alongside Mary Crowley, A.R. Garrod, W.D. Lacey, David Medd, Oliver Carey, Anthony Cox and W.A. Henderson. Many of this group went on to become influential figures in the 'new school building' movement. The 1947 Primary School Programme of the County Council included the design of ten new primary schools: The Burleigh School, Blindman's Lane, Cheshunt; Essendon; Mill Lane Junior Mixed Infants School, Bushey; Strathmore Avenue Infant School, Hitchin; Bedford Road Junior Mixed Infants School, Letchworth; LCC Estate Junior School, Oxhey; Oliver Road Junior Mixed Infants School, Hemel Hempstead; and Little Green Lane Junior School, Croxley Green. In the following years he was also involved in the design and construction of Morgans Road Junior Mixed Infants School, Hertford.

Joshua Marshman was Professor of English Law at University College London from 1844 to 1849.

Conveyances are transfers of land from one party to another, usually for money. Early forms of conveyance include feoffments, surrenders and admissions at manor courts (if the property was copyhold), final concords, common recoveries, bargains and sales and leases and releases.

Lease and release was the most common method of conveying freehold property from the later seventeenth century onwards, before the introduction of the modern conveyance in the late nineteenth century. The lease was granted for a year (sometimes six months), then on the following day the lessor released their right of ownership in return for the consideration (the thing for which land was transferred from one party to another, usually, of course, a sum of money).

From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".

Conveyances are transfers of land from one party to another, usually for money. Early forms of conveyance include feoffments, surrenders and admissions at manor courts (if the property was copyhold), final concords, common recoveries, bargains and sales and leases and releases.

Probate (also called proving a will) is the process of establishing the validity of a will, which was recorded in the grant of probate.

From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".

Born 1893; educated at Rugby School, and Trinity College, Cambridge University; civilian prisoner in Germany during World War One, 1914-18; Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1919-25; Lecturer, London School of Economics, 1925; Reader in Sociology, London University, 1930; Head of German Section, Research Dept of Foreign Office; Deputy Director, Research Department of Foreign Office, 1939-44; Head of the Social Science Department, London School of Economics, 1944-50; Member, Lord Chancellor's Committee on the Practice and Procedure of Supreme Court, 1947-53; Educational Adviser in the British Zone of Germany, 1949-50; Member, UK Committee for Unesco; Member, UK Delegation to Unesco General Conference, 1952; Martin White Professor of Sociology, London School of Economics, London University, 1954-56; Director, Social Sciences Department, Unesco, 1956-60; President, International Sociological Association, 1959-62; Professor Emeritus, University of London; died 1981. Publications: Sociology at the crossroads (Longmans, Green and Co, London, 1947); Citizenship and social class (University Press, Cambridge, 1950); International comprehension in and through social science (Oxford University Press, London, 1960); Social policy (Hutchinson and Co, London, 1965); Sociology at the crossroads (Heinemann, London, 1963); The approach of the utopians; Training for social work (Oxford University Press, London, 1946); Citizenship and social class (Pluto press, London, 1992); The right to welfare and other essays (Heinemann, London, 1981).

Robert Leckie Marshall was born in 1913, in to a Lancastrian mining community. Marshall flourished at school, and went on to study English Literature at the University of St. Andrews. His education was supported by Carnegie Foundation grant, a miners' scholarship and a university bursary. After graduating in 1935, Marshall travelled to America and gained a Masters in Politics from Yale University.

Returning to England in 1937, Marshall was commissioned to the Royal Army Services Corps after the outbreak of the Second World War. In May 1940, Marshall was injured at Dunkirk. After returning home, he joined the Royal Army Education Corps. During his posting at the Home Office, Marshall produced a series of booklets named The British Way and Purpose: an Army handbook of elementary citizenship. This led to his appointment to Commandant at the Army School of Education with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and was appointed OBE (Military) in 1945.

Marshall's successes within education system continued when he was headhunted for the position of Principal of the Co-operative and Chief Education Officer of the Co-operative Union. Marshall built partnerships with Nottingham University and other educational institutions to expand the college's curriculum and provide accreditation for the college awards. Marshall became heavily involved in the Co-operative movement, regularly giving speeches and looked to promote co-operative ideals aboard. Marshall went on several Co-operative missions, including those to Tanganyika, Nigeria, India, Kenya, and Thailand. Marshall's enthusiasm and commitment brought him respect and admiration from the over 3,000 students that passed through the Co-operative College during the 30 years he was Principal.

Marshall's association with the Co-operative extended much further than his work with the College; he was elected president of the Co-operative Congress in 1976 and served as editor of the Journal of Society for Co-operative Studies from 1967 to 1995. Marshall went on to serve on many public bodies, including the advisory council (1973-77), and the Monopolies and Mergers Commission (1976-82).

On Friday 30 July 1714 Queen Anne suffered two consecutive violent convulsions; lasting from nine until eleven a.m. When she recovered consciousness, she could barely speak and it was clear she would not recover. She died on Sunday 1 August 1714 at the age of 49.

Born 5 Sep 1874; educated Rugby School and King's College, Cambridge; First Class Mechanical Sciences Tripos, Part I 1896, and Part II (with special distinction), 1898; called to Bar, Inner Temple, 1902; subsequently engaged in scientific research; Fellow of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene; organised in 1920, a scheme for mosquito control of Hayling Island; built and equipped the British Mosquito Control Institute, Hayling Island, 1925; died 5 Dec 1949. Publications: Unofficial Mosquito Control in England (1922); Coastal Mosquitoes and their Control (British Association Address, 1925); Principles and Practice of Mosquito Control (1927); The Organization of Mosquito Control Work (Presidential Address in Zoology Section, South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, Portsmouth Congress, 1930); The British Mosquitoes (1938); The Morphology and Biology of Culex molestus (1944).

No information was available at the time of compilation.

John Marshall was a student in the Faculty of Arts at University College London from 1874 to 1876. He studied comparative philology and became a philologist.

Eric Marshall was surgeon and cartographer on Ernest Shackleton's British Antarctic Expedition 1907-1909, he was one of the party of four who reached Furthest South on 9 Jan 1909.

Henry Fauntleroy (1784-1824) succeeded his father as managing partner in the banking house of Marsh, Stracey, Fauntleroy and Graham, situated in Berners Street, London. Fauntleroy speculated on the stock market, suffered heavy losses, and committed forgery to cover his losses. He was arrested in September 1824, tried and found guilty of forging with intent to defraud the Bank of England and other parties of around £20,000, and after unsuccessful appeals was hanged at Newgate on 30 Nov 1824.

Dr S B (Stan) Marsh (1926-1998) was a barrister and law teacher. After three and a half years' war service in the Royal Navy he graduated BCom from the University of London in 1949 and DipEd from Leicester University in 1950; he then taught at Leicester College of Technology from 1950-1956. During this time he obtained his LL.B from the University of London, and was called to the Bar of Gray's Inn in 1958. He was Head of the Commerce Department at Peterborough Technical College from 1956-1958 and Head of the Department of Business and Secretarial Studies at Manchester College of Commerce in 1958. From the latter Department grew the Department of Law, subsequently incorporated into Manchester Polytechnic. Dr Marsh's first foray into research in legal education was his thesis for a higher degree, for which he was awarded a PhD at Leicester University in 1956. This research was later continued in association with Professor John Wilson of Southampton University and then with Dr Julia Bailey, then lecturing at Manchester. Dr Marsh served as a member of the Lord Chancellor's Committee on Legal Education (the Ormrod Committee) and the Advisory Committee on Legal Education set up by the Inns of Court and the Law Society. He was the founding Chairman of the Association of Law Teachers from 1965-1967 and President from 1989-1996. Publications: The Association of Law Teachers; the First 25 Years (ALT, 1990).

Edward Howard Marsh was born in London in 1872. He was educated at Westminster School and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He joined the Colonial Office in 1896 and subsequently enjoyed a distinguished career in several civil service departments, much of it as Winston Churchill's private secretary. He received a knighthood on his retirement in 1937. Marsh was also an active art collector, literary critic and translator. On his death in 1953, The Times declared him 'the last individual patron of the arts'.

Born 1943; educated at Framlingham College, Suffolk, 1953-1961; student of Physiology and Zoology at Queen Elizabeth College, University of London, 1962-1965; PhD London Hospital Medical College, 1965-1968; Lecturer in Physiology at Queen Elizabeth, 1968-1985, and at King's College London, 1985-1986, following the merger between QEC and KCL; Senior Lecturer in Physiology at King's, 1986-1991; Alumnus Relations Officer at King's, 1986-1991; moved to Australia and became Head of the Division of Anatomy and Physiology in the Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, and is currently Associate Professor in the School of Life Sciences; author of numerous studies on haemostasis, fibrinolysis and many aspects of circulation and the mechanism of blood clotting, including Fibrinolysis (London, 1981). Also the author of The history of Queen Elizabeth College (London, 1986).

Globe Telegraph and Trust Company Limited was incorporated in 1873 by John Pender, a Liberal MP, who also founded the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group. Globe was formed in order to spread the short term risk of cable laying over a number of companies, and shares in Globe were offered in exchange for shares in submarine telegraph and associated companies. The Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group, meanwhile, was built up by Pender over a number of years in the late 19th century.

The Marseilles, Algiers and Malta Telegraph Company Limited was formed in 1870 by John Pender and merged in 1872 with Anglo-Mediterranean Telegraph Co, Falmouth, Gibraltar and Malta Telegraph Co (CLC/B/101-22), and British Indian Submarine Telegraph Co (CLC/B/101-08) to form Eastern Telegraph Co (CLC/B/101-19).

Born at Verval, county Wicklow, Ireland, 1754; classically educated at schools in Dublin; obtained an appointment from the East India Company and left Gravesend, 1770; reached Bencoolen, Sumatra, 1771; served in Sumatra first as a sub-secretary and afterwards as principal secretary to the government; learnt Malayan; departed for England, 1779; became acquainted with Sir Joseph Banks, 1780; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1783; later became its treasurer and vice-president, often presiding during Banks' illness; elected fellow of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, 1784; Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, 1785; an original member of the Royal Irish Academy, 1785; invested his savings and with his brother John established an East India agency business in Gower Street, London, 1785; honorary degree of DCL, Oxford, 1786; member and treasurer of the Royal Society Club, 1787; accepted the post of second secretary of the admiralty, 1795; member of the Literary Club, 1799; promoted to first secretary of the admiralty, 1804; resigned, 1807; suffered from apoplexy, 1833; died from an apoplectic attack, 1836; buried at the cemetery at Kensal Green, London. Publications include: The History of Sumatra (London, 1783, and later editions); Dictionary of the Malayan Language (London, 1812); The Travels of Marco Polo (1818), translated from the Italian; Numismata Orientalia (London, 1823-5); Bibliotheca Marsdeniana Philologica et Orientalis: a Catalogue of Books and Manuscripts (London, 1827). His autobiography was edited and published by his widow Elizabeth as A Brief Memoir of ... William Marsden (London, 1838).

Marryat entered the Navy in 1806 and served under Lord Cochrane (1775-1860), whose career was the model for many of Marryat's heroes in his novels. In 1810 he served in the CONTOUR under Sir Samuel Hood in the West Indies and North America, was made a lieutenant in 1812 and went again to the West Indies in the ESPIEGLE; he was forced to return in 1815 because of ill-health. He was appointed commander into the BEAVER in 1820, at St. Helena, and remained there until the death of Napoleon. He then went in the LARNE to the East Indies, 1823, where he played a distinguished part in the First Burmese War, 1824. In 1825 he was promoted to Captain of the Tees and returned to England in 1826. He resigned from the service in 1830. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1819 for his work on Sir Home Popham's system of signalling. Biographies of Marryat include Florence Marryat, The life and letters of Captain Marryat (London, 1872), C.C. Lloyd, Captain Marryat and the old navy (London, 1939), and Maurice-Paul Gautier, Captain Frederick Marryat l'homme et l'oeuvre (Paris, 1972).

Os Marron was a Lancashire poet (d1947). He was the son of a miner and cotton worker and one of a small number of working class poets writing in the 1940s. He died of tubercolosis.

Alex Comfort (1920-2000) was a gerontologist and author.

Born 1916; educated Brunswick Preparatory School, Hayward's Heath, 1926-1929; Uppingham School, 1930-1934; Sandhurst, 1934-1935; Lt, 2 Bn, Leicestershire Regt, 1936; service in Londonderry, 1936; Aldershot, 1936-1938; Palestine, 1938-1940, including night patrols in the Nablus region; Battalion Intelligence Officer, Acre, 1939; Western Desert, 1940-1941, including Sollum and Bardia, Dec 1940-Jan 1941; battle of Crete, May 1941; Syria, Jun-Sep 1941; Tobruk, Sep-Dec 1941; India, 1942-Aug 1943; Brigade Major, 16 Infantry Bde, 70 Div (subsequently renamed 3 Indian Div) Long Range Penetration (LRP) operations under Bernard Ferguson, Burma, 1943-1944; Brigade Major, 1 Parachute Bde, UK; Denmark to take the surrender of the German Forces, VE Day; instructor at the Joint Army/RAF Staff College, Haifa; commander, 3 Parachute Battalion in Germany; instructor at Mons Officer Cadet School; instructor at the Royal Navy Staff College; returned to the Leicesters in Iserlohn, 1953 and then on to the Sudan; Support Company Commander, Cyprus; staff appointments in GHQ, Nicosia; commander 5 Territorial Battalion, Leicester, 1959; British Military Staff, Washington, 1963-1965; retired, 1971; died, 2007.

George Wharton Marriott was born in Eton around 1843; he was agent to a rich landowner in Blakeney, Norfolk, on whose expense he travelled around the world. He later became private secretary to Lord Northcote and acted as agent for him in London while Lord Northcote was governer general of Australia. He died in 1921.

The Married Women's Association (1938-1988) was formed in 1938 as a result of the failed attempts of the Equal Rights International Group, set up by members of the Six Point Group, to persuade the League of Nations to incorporate an Equal Rights Treaty in the Equal Rights International Group Constitution. Juanita Frances had been working in Geneva as part of the operative. After three unsuccessful meetings she drew up plans for a separate organisation to work chiefly for the rights of housewives and mothers and the Married Women's Association was born. It was to be a 'non - party and non - sectarian' association and its management was initially conducted at 20 Buckingham Street, London WC2. Prominent members included Edith (later Baroness) Summerskill, Vera Brittain, Helena Normanton and Lady Helen Nutting. Edith (later Baroness) Summerskill was the association's first president, other presidents included Vera Brittain and Juanita Frances. The aims of the Association were to: a) promote legislation to regulate the financial relations between husband and wife as between equal partners; b) secure for the mother and children a legal right to a share in the marital home; c) secure equal guardianship rights for both parents; d) extent the National Insurance Acts to include women on the same terms as men. The Association later included additional objectives, which were to: e) extend family allowances; f) establish equal pay; g) awaken women to their full political responsibilities. In order to achieve these goals members conducted deputations to ministers; held public meetings, debates and social activities and the Association published its own newsletters, namely: Wife and Citizen (1945-1951) and the Married Women's Association Newsletter [1966-1987]. In 1952 a significant disagreement between members led to a split within the Association. Helena Normanton had prepared evidence for submission to the Royal Commission on Marriage and Divorce and she had included proposals, which other members vehemently objected to. It was felt that the evidence was for the benefit of privileged women and as such, the position of ordinary women would remain at a disadvantage, which would be contrary to the Association's objectives. Helena Normanton and Mrs Gorsky (Chair) left to form the Council of Married Women and were joined by Lady Helen Nutting. The Married Women's Association continued up until the 1980s. A rough minute book entry of 6 Dec 1981 states that there will be no further meetings due to ill health and family commitments. However, the records contain Executive and AGM minutes to 1983 and correspondence to 1988. The extension of family allowances, establishment of equal pay and helping women to recognise their political responsibilities became later objectives. 'Wife and Citizen' (1945-1951) and the 'MWA Newsletter' were the official organs of the Association.

Paul Ehrlich was a leading medical researcher of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He won the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1908. He is best remembered for 'Dr Ehrlich's Magic Bullet', Compound 606, the arsephanemine drug salvarsan which was a cure for syphilis, discovered in 1909.

Philip de la Hay le Marquand was a City and Guilds evening class student at the Northampton Polytechnic Institute, 1923-1924.

The papers in this collection pertain to a competition organised by W Marmorek to create the best English translation of a poem originally written in German concerning life in Buchenwald concentration camp.

Marmorek was originally asked to help out with the translation by a friend and former inmate of Buchenwald. He placed an advertisement in the AJR Newsletter offering a prize for the best translation.

Not given.

Hans van Marle was born Adrianus van Marle in Baarn, Holland in 1922. During the Second World War, he joined the Dutch resistance and operated under a false name from 1943. He was deeply interested in Indonesia, having travelled to the Dutch East Indies in 1946: a lengthy article by van Marle on the new republic of Indonesia was published in a student newspaper in 1948. The first of numerous articles by van Marle on Joseph Conrad, a note on Lingard, was published in 1960. Van Marle also edited two volumes on Indonesian history. From 1957-1975 van Marle was involved in editing Delta: A Review of Arts, Life and Thought in the Netherlands. He was awarded an honorary life membership of the Joseph Conrad (UK) Society in 1996.

Marlborough Street court was one of the seven Public Offices established in 1792. It has the distinction of being the only Metropolitan Police Court to remain on its original site, 21 Great Marlborough Street, Westminster.

An Act of 1792 established seven 'Public Offices' (later Police offices and Police courts) in the central Metropolitan area. The aim was to establish fixed locations where 'fit and able magistrates' would attend at fixed times to deal with an increasing number of criminal offences.

Offices were opened in St Margaret Westminster, St James Westminster, Clerkenwell, Shoreditch, Whitechapel, Shadwell and Southwark. An office in Bow Street, Covent Garden, originally the home of the local magistrate, had been operating for almost 50 years and was largely the model for the new offices.

In 1800 the Marine Police Office or Thames Police Office, opened by 'private enterprise' in 1798, was incorporated into the statutory system. In 1821 an office was opened in Marylebone, apparently replacing the one in Shadwell.

Each office was assigned three Justices of the Peace. They were to receive a salary of £400 per annum. These were the first stipendiary magistrates. Later they were expected to be highly qualified in the law, indeed, to be experienced barristers. This distinguished them from the local lay justices who after the setting up of Police Offices were largely confined, in the Metropolitan area, to the licensing of innkeepers. In addition each office could appoint up to six constables to be attached to it.

The commonly used term of 'Police Court' was found to be misleading. The word 'police' gave the impression that the Metropolitan Police controlled and administered the courts. This was never the case, the word 'police' was being used in its original meaning of 'pertaining to civil administration', 'regulating', etc.

In April 1965 (following the Administration of Justice Act 1964) the London Police Courts with their stipendiary magistrates were integrated with the lay magistrates to form the modern Inner London Magistrates' Courts.

The police courts dealt with a wide range of business coming under the general heading of 'summary jurisdiction', i.e. trial without a jury. The cases heard were largely criminal and of the less serious kind. Over the years statutes created many offences that the courts could deal with in addition to Common Law offences. Examples include: drunk and disorderly conduct, assault, theft, begging, possessing stolen goods, cruelty to animals, desertion from the armed forces, betting, soliciting, loitering with intent, obstructing highways, and motoring offences. Non-criminal matters included small debts concerning income tax and local rates, landlord and tenant matters, matrimonial problems and bastardy.

Offences beyond the powers of the Court would normally be passed to the Sessions of the Peace or Gaol Delivery Sessions in the Old Bailey (from 1835 called the Central Criminal Court). From the late 19th century such cases would be the subject of preliminary hearings or committal proceedings in the magistrates' courts.

Outside the London Police Court Area but within the administrative county of Middlesex lay justices continued to deal with both criminal offences and administrative matters such as the licensing of innkeepers.

The exact area covered by a Court at any particular time can be found in the Kelly's Post Office London Directories, available on microfilm at LMA. The entries are based on the original Orders-in-Council establishing police court districts. A map showing police court districts is kept in the Information Area of LMA with other reference maps. Please ask a member of staff for assistance.

A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.

Conveyances are transfers of land from one party to another, usually for money. Early forms of conveyance include feoffments, surrenders and admissions at manor courts (if the property was copyhold), final concords, common recoveries, bargains and sales and leases and releases.

Abstract of title is a summary of prior ownership of a property, drawn up by solicitors. Such an abstract may go back several hundred years or just a few months, and was usually drawn up just prior to a sale.

From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".

The certificates relate to ceremonies in St Mary Lambeth, St Clement Danes, St Luke Old Street, St Leonard Shoreditch and Christ Church Hoxton.

Violet Rosa Markham, 1872-1959, grew up near Chesterfield and maintained links with the town throughout her life. Her independent income allowed her to devote much of her time to public service, both locally and nationally, and to travel extensively. Markham's first interest was education. She was a member of the Chesterfield Education Authority from 1899 to 1934, and in 1902, she was the founder President of the Chesterfield Settlement, an educational foundation for the local community. At the outbreak of World War I, the National Relief Fund was established to alleviate distress caused by the war. The fund dispensed aid to service families and dependents, as well as civilians. The experience of serving on the Executive Committee of this organisation left Violet Markham with a lifelong interest in reducing the effects of poverty and unemployment, especially with regard to women. In 1934, she became a member of the Unemployment Assistance Board and she also worked on the Central Committee on Women's Employment. Markham was also active politically. She stood as an Independent Liberal for the Mansfield Division of Nottinghamshire in the 1918 general election, was elected as a town councillor for Chesterfield in 1924, and served as Mayor of Chesterfield in 1927.

Markham entered the Navy in 1856 and served for eight years on the China Station in the CAMILLA, NIGER, RETRIBUTION, IMPERIEUSE, COROMANDEL and CENTAUR.He was promoted to lieutenant in 1862 and served in the VICTORIA in the Mediterranean from 1864 to 1867 and in the BLANCHE on the Australian Station from 1868 to 1871. He was then acting commander of the ROSARIO, 1871 to 1872, during a voyage to the New Hebrides in connection with the suppression of the South Seas labour trade. He became a commander in 1872 and, while on leave in 1873, sailed in the whaler ARCTIC to Davis Strait and Baffin Bay. From 1873 to 1874 he served in the SULTAN, Channel Squadron. Markham was commander of the ALERT under Sir George Nares during the British Arctic expedition of 1875 to 1876. His sledging party reached remained a record until 1895. 1879 he accompanied Sir Henry Gore-Booth (1800-1881) on a cruise to Novaya Zemlya. He was Captain of the TRIUMPH, flagship on the Pacific Station, 1879 to 1882, and Captain of VERNON, 1883 to 1886. In 1885 he was senior officer on board the HECLA torpedo depot ship, when she collided with the schooner CHEERFUL. Whilst on leave in 1886 Markham made a survey of Hudson Bay and Strait for the proposed Hudson Bay Railway Company. From 1886 to 1889 he was Commodore of the Training Squadron. He was promoted to rear-admiral in 1891 and from 1892 to 1894 was second-in-command in the Mediterranean. In 1893, off the Syrian coast, Markham's flagship the CAMPERDOWN collided with the fleet flagship, the VICTORIA, which sank with great loss of life. The courts-martial exonerated Markham but he was later censured in an Admiralty minute. He became vice-admiral in 1897 and served on the Joint Antarctic Committee and on the Executive Committee for Scott's first Antarctic expedition of 1901 to 1904 in the DISCOVERY. He was Commander-in-Chief at the NORE, 1901 to 1904, knighted in 1903 and retired in 1906. Markham combined his naval career with a considerable literary output, which included The cruise of the Rosario (London, 1873), The great frozen sea (London, 1878) (on the British Arctic expedition), a Life of Sir John Franklin, (London, 1889) and a Life of Sir Clements R. Markham (London, 1917). See M.E. and F.A. Markham, The Life of Sir Albert Hastings Markham (Cambridge, 1927).

Born, 1830; educated: private school at Cheam, Surrey, 1839-1842 and Westminster School, 1842-1844; joined the Royal Navy as a cadet; first sailed on HMS COLLINGWOOD to South America; transferred to the Arctic squadron and sailed on the ASSISTANCE in search of Franklin, 1850-1851; left the Royal Navy; expedition to Peru, 1852-1853; returned to England and took up a position at what was to become the India Office, 1854; commissioned to carry from Peru to India seeds of the cinchona tree; built up the geographical department of the India Office in London; took unauthorized leave to sail to Greenland with the north polar expedition, 1867-1868, and was obliged to resign in 1877 as a consequence; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), 1853-1916; one of the Society's Honorary Secretaries, 1863-1888; President of the RGS, 1893-1905; died, 1916.

Publications: Franklin's Footsteps

(1853)

Cuzco … and Lima

(1856)

Travels in Peru and India
(1862)

Peruvian Bark

(1880)

Memoir on the Indian Surveys

(1871)

History of the Abyssinian Expedition

(1869),

Richard III

(1906)

Clements Markham was born in 1830. He served in the Royal Navy from 1844 to 1851, taking part in the search for Sir John Franklin (1786-1847). In 1853 he entered the civil service, being from 1867 to 1877 in charge of the geographical work of the India Office. During the latter years of the 19th century he lobbied for the resumption of Polar exploration by the United Kingdom, his pressure lying behind the 1875 Nares expedition to the Arctic. He was President of the Royal Geographical Society from 1893 to 1905 and became a Knight-Commander of the Bath in 1896. He died in 1916.

Born, 1841; educated at home and at Eastman's Royal Naval Academy, Southsea; entered the Royal Navy, 1856; served eight years on the China station; served in the Mediterranean and then on the Australian station; took advantage of a period of leave to sail as second mate in the whaler ARCTIC to Davis Strait and Baffin's Bay in order to study ice conditions, 1873; commanded HMS ALERT in the Arctic expedition under George Strong Nares, 1875-1876; accompanied Sir Henry Gore-Booth on a cruise to Novaya Zemlya, 1879; surveyed ice conditions in Hudson Strait and Bay, 1886; served in the Pacific, 1879-1882; captain of HMS VERNON, the naval torpedo school at Portsmouth, 1883-1886; commodore of the training squadron, 891-1892; second in command of the Mediterranean squadron under Sir George Tryon, 1892; commander-in-chief at the Nore, 1901-1904; retired from the navy, 1906; died, 1918.

Publications: A Whaling Cruise to Baffin's Bay (1874).

A Polar Reconnaissance(1879)