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Tom Lewis was born in Hampstead, London, 27 May 1918. He spent his early childhood with his grandfather, A J S Lewis, a civil servant and later mayor of Cape Town, South Africa, where Tom attended the Diocesan College, Rondebosch. In 1933 he moved to London to live with his father, the artist Neville Lewis, and was educated at St Paul's School. He studied medicine at Jesus College, Cambridge and at Guy's Hospital, London, qualifying in 1942. He obtained the Gold Medal in Obstetrics.

In 1943 Lewis returned to Cape Town and enlisted in the South African Air Force, but was seconded to the Royal Army Medical Corps. He served in Egypt, Italy and Greece. After the Second World War, Lewis returned to Guy's Hospital, gaining the FRCS in 1946 and the MRCOG in 1948. He was appointed consultant at Guy's in 1948 and at Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital for Women in 1950. He also developed a thriving private practice.

Lewis was a keen supporter of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. He served three times on the College Council, was Honorary Secretary, 1961-1968, and Senior Vice-President, 1975-1978. He was also active in the obstetric section of the Royal Society of Medicine and a member of the Gynaecological Club. He was awarded the CBE in 1979. Lewis died aged 85, 9 April 2004.

Publications: Progress in Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology (London: Churchill, 1956).

Born 1841, Hafod, Wales, and brought up on the family farm in Pembrokeshire; apprenticed to a local apothecary; aged nineteen moved to London, worked at a chemist in Streatham and then as dispenser to the German Hospital; attended German lectures at University College London; moved to Aberdeen where he qualified in 1867; Army Medical School at Netley, Hampshire, 1868, where at the end of the four-month course passed out first on the list; posted to India in 1869, where he investigated cholera; while studying chyluria (the presence of lymphatic fluid in urine), he discovered minute worms in the urine of one particular patient - subsequently they were identified as Filariidae; in 1872 Lewis found similar worms in a blood sample and when this work was written up Lewis was amazed to discover the original patient setting up the type for its publication by the Government Printing Office in Calcutta. Later he found the mature worm but it had already been discovered independently of him by Joseph Bancroft in Australia. However he discovered and described the first trypanosome, which was named Trypanosoma lewisei after him, in the blood of a mammal; appointed, 1883, Assistant Professor of Pathology at Netley where he introduced practical bacteriology to the curriculum; died of pneumonia, 1886, allegedly as a consequence of a laboratory accident.

Born, 1908; educated at Haileybury College, Hertfordshire, and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge University; research in radioactivity and nuclear physics, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, 1930-1939; University Demonstrator in Physics, 1934; Research Fellowship, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge University, 1934-1940; University Lecturer in Physics, 1937; seconded, as Senior Scientific Officer, to Air Ministry Research Establishment, Bawdsey Manor, Suffolk, 1939; establishment moved to Dundee and then to Worth Matravers, Dorset; work on radar for Air Ministry/Ministry of Supply at the Telecommunications Research Establishment, Great Malvern, Worcestershire, 1942-1946; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1945; Chief Superintendent, Telecommunications Research Establishment, Ministry of Aircraft Production, 1945-1946; awarded CBE, 1946; Director of Division of Atomic Energy Research, National Research Council of Canada, 1946-1952; Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, 1952; Vice President, Research and Development, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, 1952-1963; Canadian Representative, UN Scientific Advisory Committee, 1955-1987; President, American Nuclear Society, 1961; Senior Vice President, Science, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, 1963-1973; Companion of the Order of Canada, 1967; Canadian Association of Physicists 25th Anniversary Gold Medal, 1970; Honorary Fellow, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge; Royal Medal, Royal Society, 1972; Distinguished Professor of Science, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, 1973-1987; died, 1987. Publications include: Electrical counting, with special reference to counting alpha and beta particles (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1942); as joint editor with Abram Chayes, International arrangements for nuclear fuel reprocessing (Ballinger, for the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1977); articles in Wireless Engineer.

Business partners Nathaniel Lewis and Alexander Baily were merchants and shippers, based in Charleston, South Carolina, USA.

John Pope was a merchant, possibly of Bristol from internal evidence.

Lewis and Burrows Ltd was formed in 1895 to acquire and amalgamate under one management several pharmacy businesses in north and west London, including Burrow's Drug Stores in Brompton Road and Westbourne Grove, Matterson's Drug Stores in New Oxford Street and Wigmore Street, Lewis's Drug Stores in Great Portland Street, Kilburn High Road and Baker Street, and Trick's Drug Stores in Green Lanes and Abney Park Terrace, Stamford Hill. Photographs of the premises are reproduced in the prospectus, a copy of which is enclosed in the Allotment Book (GC/134/2).

The church of Saint Mary the Virgin in the High Street, Lewisham was a medieval foundation which has undergone several rebuildings. The churchyard was closed to burials in 1856. District Boards of Works handled aspects of local government and administration relating to public health, such as sewerage, drainage, maintenance of roads and highways, transport systems and the management of public open spaces.

The Emmanuel Church on Hornsey Road, Holloway, in the borough of Islington was constructed in 1886 and is still used for worship.

Lewisham Friend was founded in 1976 as a voluntary organisation to run a telephone helpline providing in confidence information and advice to lesbian, gay and bisexual people on issues they may have in connection with their sexuality and others who may be worried about issues concerning the sexuality of a relative or friend. Lewisham Friend was affiliated to National Friend. The organisation folded in 2006.

Lewisham Hospital opened as a workhouse in 1817 and then as a hospital in 1894. It admitted cholera cases from 1867 and lunatics from 1897. It became Lewisham Hospital Group in 1948. In 1974 the Group became one of the four Health Districts in the Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham Area Health Authority (Teaching). The other three Districts were King's College Hospital, Guy's, and St Thomas's. In 1982 it became Lewisham and North Southwark District Health Authority. In 1993 it became Lewisham Hospital National Health Service Trust.

Under the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, the Poor Law Commission was given the power to unite parishes in England and Wales into Poor Law Unions. Each Union was to be administered by a local Board of Guardians. Relief was to be provided through the provision of a workhouse. Although there was some reorganisation of union boundaries, particularly in London, the majority of Unions created under the 1834 Act remained in operation until 1930.

The Lewisham Poor Law Union was formed in 1836 from the parishes of Lewisham, Charlton, Eltham, Mottingham, Kidbrooke, Lee and Plumstead. In 1887 the parish of Mottingham separated to become part of the Bromley Union.

Poor relief was based on the Act for the Relief of the Poor of 1601 which obliged parishes to take care of the aged and needy in their area. Parish overseers were empowered to collect a local income tax known as the poor-rate which would be put towards the relief of the poor. This evolved into the rating system, where the amount of poor-rate charged was based on the value of a person's property. Early workhouses were constructed and managed by the parish. However, this process was expensive and various schemes were devised where groups of parishes could act together and pool their resources. As early as 1647 towns were setting up 'Corporations' of parishes. An Act of 1782, promoted by Thomas Gilbert, allowed adjacent parishes to combine into Unions and provide workhouses. These were known as 'Gilbert's Unions' and were managed by a board of Guardians.

Under the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, the Poor Law Commission was given the power to unite parishes in England and Wales into Poor Law Unions. Each Union was to be administered by a local Board of Guardians. Relief was to be provided through the provision of a workhouse. An amendment to the 1834 Act allowed already existing 'Gilbert's Unions' or Corporations of parishes to remain in existence, although they were encouraged to convert themselves into Poor Law Unions. Although there was some reorganisation of union boundaries, particularly in London, the majority of Unions created under the 1834 Act remained in operation until 1930. In March 1930 a new Local Government Bill abolished the Poor Law Unions and the Board of Guardians. Responsibility for their institutions passed to Public Assistance Committees managed by the county councils - in the metropolis either the London County Council or the Middlesex County Council.

The Lewisham Poor Law Union was formed in 1836, constituting parishes of Lewisham, Charlton, Eltham, Mottingham, Kidbrooke, Lee and Plumstead. In 1868 the parishes of Charlton, Kidbrooke and Plumstead separated to become part of the Woolwich Union; in 1887 the parish of Mottingham separated to become part of the Bromley Union; and in 1905 the parishes of Lee and Lewisham united and became known as the Parish of Lewisham. The Union at first decided to continue using the existing workhouse on Lewisham High Street, which had been constructed in 1817. The workhouse was expanded over time as adjacent land was acquired and later became Lewisham Hospital.

Source of information: Peter Higginbotham at The Workhouse website.

The RAC was founded in 1897 as the Automobile Club of Great Britain, and has been consistently at the forefront in developing motoring services - from introducing uniformed patrols in 1901 and roadside emergency telephone boxes in 1912. In 1907 it received Royal Approval and became the Royal Automobile Club. In 1998 RAC acquired the British School of Motoring (BSM), and in 1999 RAC Motoring Services was bought by Lex Service PLC, and no longer has any formal connection with previous owners, the members of the Royal Automobile Club in Pall Mall, London. Address: 89-91 Pall Mall, London SW1Y 5HS. Lex Service PLC had been founded in 1928 as a parking garage business. In 2001 Lex acquired Auto Windscreens, and in 2002 Lex renamed itself to RAC plc, which was acquired by Aviva in 2005.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The tourist resort of Leysin in Switzerland had a full time chaplain until 1965. It is now served by a part-time, seasonal Anglican chaplain.

Opened in September 1898, the Leyton Technical Institute offered a range of technical education for the local community. A day school for boys and girls provided classes in commercial subjects alongside the normal subjects taught in secondary schools. Boys could learn commercial geography, book-keeping, commercial correspondence and shorthand. Girls were offered the additional subjects of needlework and cooking. For students over the age of 16 years, the institute ran evening courses in art, science, commercial, technical and trade subjects.

The secondary school moved out in 1916, to be replaced by an engineering and trade school and by 1928 the institute, now renamed Leyton Technical College, was providing full-time three-year courses for boys over 12.

In the 1930s the college was recognized for national certificate courses in chemistry (1931), building (1931), mechanical engineering (1932), and electrical engineering (1933). Although very popular, in 1934 there were 2,134 students in the junior technical and art schools, a survey of technical education in 1929 had deemed the existing college buildings unsuitable for expansion. When no suitable new site could be found in the local area, a new building was instead constructed in Walthamstow. Leyton merged with its counterpart in Walthamstow to become the new South West Essex Technical College in 1938.

The London Fire and Civil Defence Authority (LFCDA) took over the responsibility of managing and operating London's fire brigade from the Greater London Council (GLC) in April 1986. Its members were drawn from the various London boroughs and other tiers of London government, with the aim to set strategy for the provision of fire services in Greater London, including ensuring that fire-fighters were well trained and well equipped, providing advice on fire prevention and running the London civil defence emergency control centres.

In July 2000 the LFCDA was reconstituted as the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority, accountable to the Mayor.

Mr Li Muk Wan immigrated to London from Hong Kong, China in 1960. He travelled to Marseille aboard the SS LAO, from where he took the train and the ferry to arrive in the UK. Mr Li subsequently worked in the laundry and catering trades. He opened the 'Hong Kong Chinese Restaurant' on 58/60 Shaftesbury Avenue. Mr Li retired in the 1980s.

Born in 1906; son of Major General Sir Claude Francis Liardet; educated at Bedford College; commissioned into Territorial Army, 1924; regular commission, Royal Tank Corps, 1927; served in India and Egypt, 1927-1938; Staff College, Camberley, 1939; served in War Office 1939-1941; commanded 6 Royal Tank Regiment, 1942-1944; General Staff Officer 1, 10 Armoured Division, El Alamein, 1942; Commander, 1 Armoured Replacement Group, 1944; Second in Command, 25 Tank Brigade (later Assault Brigade), 1944-1945; Commander, 25 Armoured Engineer Brigade, Apr-Sep 1945; Assistant Adjutant & Quartermaster General 1945-1946; Colonel in Command of Administration, 1946; served with 1 Armoured Division, Palestine, 1947; Brigadier, Royal Armoured Corps, Middle East Land Forces, 1947-1949; Commander, 8 Royal Tank Regiment, 1949-1950; Deputy Director of Manpower Planning, War Office, 1950-1952; Commander, 23 Armoured Brigade, 1953-1954; Imperial Defence College, 1955; Chief of Staff, British Joint Services Mission (Army Staff), Washington DC, USA, 1956-1958; Aide de Camp to the Queen, 1956-1958; Director General of Fighting Vehicles, War Office, 1958-1961; Deputy Master General of the Ordnance, War Office, 1961-1964; retired, 1964; Colonel Commandant, Royal Tank Regiment, 1961-1967; died 1996.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

Liepaja, or Libau, is the third largest city in Latvia, situated on the Baltic coast. The Anglican chaplaincy was presumably established for merchants and sailors visiting the port.

The Liberal Democratic Party, known as the Social and Liberal Democratic Party until 1989, is a political party formed in 1988 from the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party. The two latter had previously formed a loose union (1981-1987) for electoral purposes, but failure in the 1987 General Election led to both parties voting for an official merger. The party operates separate but parallel English, Scottish, Welsh, and Federal party structures. In policy making, the Federal Conference, which meets twice a year, is formally sovereign, though much of the decisive influence over policy proposals put before conference is wielded by the Federal Policy Committee. The Policy Committee also has control over the process by which the party's election manifestos are drafted. It consists of the party leader, the party president, and representatives of the parliamentary party, the national parties, the local councillors, and the grass-roots organizations. The Federal Executive, chaired by the party president, oversees the party's general affairs. It consists of the party leader, the vice presidents, members of Parliament, local councillors, representatives of the national parties, members elected by the Federal Conference, and various other members. The rank and file party members have the right to elect the party leader and president, the right to vote in any consultative policy referendum called by the Federal Executive, and the right to vote for parliamentary candidates.

The Liberal Movement was formed in February 1988 as a forum for the maintenance for Liberal principles in British politics following the merger of the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party (SDP) to form the Social and Liberal Democrats (SLD). The Liberal Movement was not a political party and did not promote candidates for election. Its membership included individuals from the SLD, the re-launched Liberal Party and the Green Party. The founding conference on 20 February 1988 elected an interim steering committee to initiate the work of the group, which was replaced by an Executive Committee in summer 1988. The Liberal Movement has a commitment to regional organisation which was reflected in the development of local groups; the Devon Liberal Movement was formed in March 1988. The Liberal Movement's stated aim was to 'begin a longterm re-evaluation of liberal principles', and to this end it organised assemblies and publications, including a range of briefings and discussion papers.

The Liberal Party, the successor to the Whig Party, was formed on 6 June 1859, when Whigs, Peelites and Radicals met at Willis's Rooms in St. James Street, London, to unite in opposition to the Conservatives. It became a major political force, holding power for a large proportion of the next sixty years. Following World War One, however, it was supplanted by the Labour Party and remained on the sidelines until the leadership of Jo Grimond (1956-1967), when the party generated a revived reputation as an intellectually credible left-of-centre group. From the early 1960s on, the party enjoyed spectacular by-election successes; fuelled by these performances, an increasing number of Liberal candidates was fielded. Under Jeremy Thorpe the party made substantial progress in the 1974 general election, returning almost 20 percent of the popular vote, and under Thorpe's successor as party leader, David Steel (1976-88), the Liberals retained their position as a significant national force in British politics. In return for supporting the minority Labour government of James Callaghan, Steel was able to extract a number of concessions, including an agreement to consult the Liberals on legislation prior to its presentation in Parliament. This "Lib-Lab" pact foundered in 1978, and the Liberals fared poorly in the general election of 1979, but their strategic importance was enhanced by the emergence of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981. An Alliance (as their cooperation became known) was forged between the two parties in time for the 1983 general election, in which they won 25 percent of the popular vote. Following a disappointing result in the 1987 general election, a majority in both parties voted for a formal merger, and the Social and Liberal Democratic Party, known from 1989 as the Liberal Democratic Party, was formed. Those Liberals who opposed the merger re-launched the Liberal Party in 1989. The structure of the Liberal Party was decentralised; the local parties controlled the process of candidate selection, and also afforded their members a direct vote in the election of the party leader. The day-to-day business of the party was directed by the National Executive Committee.

The Liberal Party was re-launched in 1989 by those Liberals who opposed the merger of the Liberal and Social Democrat Parties in 1988. The party is run by a National Executive Committee (NEC), elected in a postal ballot of all members. It holds an Annual Assembly where motions are debated and, if passed, become party policy. The party publishes a journal, Liberal News, which contains articles on policy matters as well as news of campaigns and other events. In 2005, the Liberal Party had around 1300 members, and in that year's general election it won 19,068 votes. In 2007, it had 30 local councillors.

The Rev Eric Liberty and his wife Edith served the China Inland Mission from the 1920s, in China, the Philippines and Taiwan, retiring to England in 1970 following a motorbike accident. Eric Liberty died in 1971 and his wife is thought to have died in 1978. Eric Liberty's publications: Sons of China won to Christ (1943); Chinese Students at the Cross-Roads (1948).

Until 1686 the Liberty of the Tower comprised the area within the wall and land on Tower Hill. In 1686 the Libery was separated from the jurisdiction of the City, and it included Little Minories, the Old Artillery Ground and Well Close. The Liberty also had its own courthouse and prison. In 1858 it became a civil parish. The precinct of "Tower Without" comprised George Street and the properties adjoining.

The Library Committee was responsible for the direction of the Guildhall Library and Art Gallery, other Corporation libraries, the Barbican Art Gallery and the Guildhall Museum (now part of the Museum of London). On 24 Oct 1985 the Common Council agreed to transfer the Greater London Record Office to the Corporation following the GLC's abolition on 1 Apr 1986. It was recommended that the Library Committee should be responsible for the GLRO once it was transferred to the Corporation, and its title was changed to the Libraries, Art Galleries and Records Committee to reflect this wider scope. In April 1998 the transfer of responsibility for the Barbican Art Gallery, from the committee to the Barbican Centre Committee, caused a further change of name to The Libraries, Guildhall Art Gallery and Archives Committee.

Following the creation of the Libraries, Archives and Guildhall Art Gallery Department (through the merger of the Libraries and Guildhall Art Gallery Department and the Joint Archive Service) the name of the Committee was again changed in April 2005. The new title, reflecting the departmental reorgansation, is the Libraries, Archives and Guildhall Art Gallery Committee.

CILIP: the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals, was inaugurated on 1 April 2002, following the unification of two predecessor bodies - the Library Association (LA) and the Institute of Information Scientists (IIS). CILIP is primarily a personal membership organisation, with a Royal Charter and charitable status. CILIP speaks out on behalf of the profession to the media, government and decision makers and provides practical support for members on academic education, professional qualifications, job hunting and continuing professional development.

The LA was formed in 1877 and received its Royal Charter, which permitted it to award professional (Chartered) status to members, in 1898. It became a registered charity in 1963 and was awarded a supplemental Royal Charter in 1986. The Scottish Library Association was founded in 1908, and formally affiliated with the LA (of the UK) in 1931. The Welsh Library Association (WLA) was a branch of the UK LA, and a further branch existed in Northern Ireland.

In the late 1950s, a group of professionals working predominantly in scientific and technological research took the view that a separate body was required to meet their more specialist form of practice and split off to form the Institute of Information Scientists (IIS) in 1958. The IIS was founded to promote and maintain high standards in scientific and technical information work and to establish qualifications for those engaged in the profession. Thereafter increasingly the IIS also attracted those working in the rapidly expanding field of financial and business information, and subsequent technological developments meant that its members were in a better position to pay close attention to developments in digital technology. Like the LA, it also had charitable status.

Count Guglielmo Bruto Icilio Timoleone Libri-Carrucci dalla Sommaia was born into an aristocratic family in Florence and educated at the University of Pisa, from which he received his doctorate in 1820. From 1823 until his death in 1869 he was officially Professor of Mathematical Physics at Pisa, although he did not teach there after 1824. Libri subsequently spent many years researching in Florence, Paris and London. He was also a prolific collector of and dealer in books and manuscripts, though his reputation was heavily tainted by accusations (proved true after his death) that he had stolen many items from libraries, mainly in France, during the 1840s. Whilst, his usually known simply as Guglielmo Libri, the French form of his name, Guillaume Libri, is sometimes used.

Libris was an independent publishing company based in London, which opened in September 1986, and published its first titles in 1988. Libris started out with a general list, including Victorian religious doubters (Froude and 'Mark Rutherford'), Neruda poems (now out of print), biographies of Italo Svevo and Wordsworth, and the late Brigid Brophy's Mozart book. However, from 1990 Libris concentrated almost exclusively on books of and about German literature from Goethe to Brecht. It closed in 2014.

The Licensed Trade Charity cares for people working in, or retired from, the licensed drink trade and their dependents.
It was founded by Royal Charter on 3 May 1836 as the Society of Licensed Victuallers and adopted the working name Licensed Trade Charity in October 2004 following a merger with the Licensed Victuallers National Homes charity.

Today the Charity has two main aims: Support and Care, and Education, and its objectives are to:

Assist those who are sick, infirm or distressed

Provide assistance in the case of financial hardship

Provide assistance with the relief of the ills of old age

Educate children from the general public, with preference to those from families working in the licensed drinks trade, through guaranteed places, discounts and bursaries.

The Charity runs three independent schools. LVS Ascot is a day and boarding school for girls and boys aged 4 to 18 years providing education for 900 pupils. LVS Hassocks a specialist school offering day and residential education for girls and boys aged 8 to 19 with learning difficulties such as autism and Asperger's syndrome. The school opened in 2009. LVS Oxford which opened in 2014 and provides education and weekly residential places for children 11-19 years old who have a diagnosis on the Autism spectrum.

See website for further details www.licensedtradecharity.org.uk

The Society of Licensed Victuallers was founded in 1793 as a friendly society for the mutual benefit of publicans and the relief of members of the licensed victualing trade and their families. It was formed by men who could afford to pay an annual subscription of one guinea and the idea was to create a fund from which a weekly allowance could be paid to those on hard times. A daily newspaper the Morning Advertiser was established in 1794 to promote the Society's interests and raise funds. It was devoted to trade interests and still exists claiming the title of the oldest continually produced paper in the United Kingdom.

In 1803 the Licensed Victuallers School was established in Kennington. The school was built by the society to educate and look after the children of licensees. Although the school was initially small, numbers increased and the original school was demolished in 1835 and a new larger one built on the same site. In 1921 the school moved to new premises in Slough, Berkshire and then to Ascot in 1980.

An additional school in Ilkley was acquired by the SLV in 1982 and closed in 2005.

In 1997 the SLV merged with the Licensed Trade Convalescent Homes (LTCH). The LTCH was founded in 1962 to provide a place where licensees and their wives could go to recuperate after illness. In 1965 a hotel was purchased in Margate, Kent (Croft House) shortly followed by another in Lytham St Anne's and a third in Exmouth. Over the years continuous investment saw the acquisition of the Grafton Hotel near Hereford and its development into a more modern rest home providing care and relaxation.

The Licensed Victuallers National Homes (LVNH) started life as the Licensed Victuallers Asylum became Licensed Victuallers Benevolent Institution in 1921 and the Licensed Victuallers National Homes in 1959.

The Licensed Victuallers' Asylum (LVA) was formed in 1826 to relieve poor and aged members of the licensed victualing trade and their wives or widows. Alms houses were built in Caroline Gardens (still there today) including a central chapel. The Alms houses were sold to Southwark Council in 1960 when the Licensed Victuallers Benevolent Institution decided to move the residents to new premises in Denham Garden Village, Buckinghamshire. The dwellings in Peckham are still used, although the chapel is listed on English Heritage's national register of buildings at risk.

Denham Garden Village was built in the 1950s by the Licensed Victuallers National Homes (LVNH) to provide accommodation for retired licensees and became part of about 30 estates UK wide owned by LVNH. Licensees could pay a yearly subscription that would enable them to be considered for a place in one of its estates and to receive a basic pension. Denham was innovative for the time. Residents lived in new bungalows with shared communal gardens. The 'village' had all amenities on site including a, shop, pub, social club as well as a nursing home, medical care and a welfare officer.

In the late 1990's LVNH transferred its homes to Anchor Housing Trust to enable the management and upgrading of the properties to be done to comply with changes in housing law.

In 1826, a group of members of the licensed victualling trade formed a society, named the Licensed Victuallers' Asylum, to relieve decayed and aged members of their trade, and their wives or widows. The following year, they acquired land in the Old Kent Road, Camberwell, on which they subsequently erected 103 separate dwellings to serve as almshouses. The asylum was incorporated by royal charter in 1842. In 1921, the asylum was renamed the Licensed Victuallers' Benevolent Institution, which last appears in the London Post Office directories in 1960. Its subsequent history is unknown.

The Licensed Victuallers and Beersellers Protection Society was a predecessor of the National Licensed Victuallers Association.

This company was established in 1890 as the Licenses Insurance Corporation and Guarantee Fund for insurance against loss of liquor licences. It expanded into fire and accident insurance from 1936 onwards. The company was renamed Licenses and General Insurance Company in 1917. From its inception its premises were at 24 Moorgate Street.

Licenses and General Insurance became a subsidiary of Guardian Assurance in 1956 and this company merged with Royal Exchange Insurance in 1968.

The son of a physician, Edward George Tandy Liddell was born on 25 March 1895 in Harrogate. Suffering from pneumonia bouts during his first years, Liddell was to remain in poor health throughout his life, but completed a vast amount of experimental work on the nature of the nervous system.

As an undergraduate reading medicine at Trinity College, Oxford, Liddell was greatly influenced by Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, who at that time held the position of Waynflete Professor of Physiology at Oxford. Sherrington had already made significant contributions to the study of the nervous system and reflexes with finely-tuned experiments on cats and dogs. His results demonstrated 'Sherrington's Law,' the principle that when one muscle is stimulated, muscles that work in opposition are simultaneously inhibited, a turning point in the understanding of co-ordinated motion. Liddell was to be Sherrington's sole assistant in research until 1926. Much of their collaboration appears in Liddell's dissertation, which provided concrete experimental evidence of Sherrington's theories of inhibition.

Liddell continued to refine his experimental techniques in recording reflexes and contributed many details to the emerging picture of the integrated nervous system, often collaborating with pioneers of neurology such as D Denny-Brown and J C Eccles. He conducted several experiments concerning postural reflexes and their origin of control in the brain, work which proved crucial in understanding spinal cord injuries. Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1939 and Waynflete Professor of Physiology in 1940, he was increasingly active in administration and the rebuilding of laboratories at Oxford after the war.

In 1960 Liddell published a book/memoir, 'The Discovery of Reflexes,' detailing the history of ideas about the nervous system up through the exciting time of Sherrington's laboratory work.

The collection of Liddell's papers includes his unpublished degree thesis, 'The excitatory and inhibitory states in reflex activity,' as well as notebooks from his early school years through university. A later notebook contains Liddell's own detailed instructions for cat dissection with an emphasis on features of the nervous system. The collection also includes correspondence relating to the publication of his book 'The Discovery of Reflexes,' with notes and reminiscing from Sherrington's son Carr, D Denny-Brown, R S Creed, R Granit and other well-known names in the history of neurophysiology.

Born, 1916; educated at the City of London School and Guy's Dental Hospital where he graduated in 1938; year in private practice and part-time teaching; joined Royal Air Force Reserve during World War Two; appointed Head of the Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, King's College Hospital Dental School, 1947; Professor of Prosthetic Dentistry at the University of London, 1959; helped open new Dental School, 1966; appointed Dean of Dental Studies, 1972; Dean of the Board of the Faculty of Dental Surgery of the Royal College of Surgeons, 1977; pioneer in the use of film in dental teaching and also in the development of new remote control devices used by disabled people; died 2003.

Jane Lidderdale (1909-1996) was born in Hampstead in Jul 1909, the granddaughter of the painter C S Lidderdale. She was educated at the Society for Home Students (later St Anne's College), Oxford, where she studied PPE. After briefly working at the Royal Institute of British Architects, she moved to the Ministry of Shipping in 1940 where she became the secretary to a number of cabinet committees during the Second World War and its aftermath. She was appointed secretary to the Fuel Committee during the crisis of the winter 1946-7 and went on to work closely with Herbert Morrison during the organisation of the Festival of Britain which took place in 1951, for which she was awarded the OBE the following year. She was then appointed secretary and head researcher for the Nathan Report on Trust Law in 1952 before leaving the Civil Service the following year. After her withdrawal from the service, Lidderdale opened Ray House with Rachel Alexander to provide care for older women. She went on to help found the Kensington Day Centre in 1963 and remained its chair until 1988. She also became involved with the Byham Shaw School of Painting and Drawing in this period and was elected to its council of management in 1961, becoming its Chair nine years later. In 1962 she became one of the guardians of James Joyce's daughter Lucia. Her connection with the Modernists was emphasised in the 1960's when Lidderdale was invited by to write a memoir of Harriet Shaw Weaver, her own godmother and the patron of Joyce, Eliot and Pound. This was published in 1970. She died in Sep 1996.

Liddon entered the Navy in 1804 and after service in the West Indies, South America and the Mediterranean, was promoted to lieutenant in 1811. In January 1819 he commanded the GRIPER, which accompanied an expedition to the Arctic under Lieutenant (later Rear-Admiral Sir William Edward) Parry (1790-1855), the object of which was to discover the North-West Passage. He paid off the GRIPER in December 1820 and saw no further active service, although he was promoted to captain on the retired list.

See the biography for Lidiard; Victoria Simmonds (1889-1992); suffragette

Victoria Lidiard (1889-1992) was born Victoria Simmons in Bristol in Dec 1889, one of 12 siblings. She became a vegetarian at the age of ten, and remained interested in animal rights for all of her life. She left school when she was fourteen, later taking evening classes in shorthand and bookkeeping. She, her sisters and her mother became member of the Women's Social & Political Union in Bristol in 1907 and rapidly took part in militant activity such as disrupting political meetings and selling 'Votes for Women' in the streets. In Mar 1912, she took part in a window-smashing raid on Oxford Street and broke a window in the War Office. She was arrested, along with 200 other suffragettes, and sentenced to two months hard labour in Holloway Prison. During the First World War she ran a guesthouse in Kensington for professional women and worked at Battersea Power Station making anti-aircraft shells at weekends. In 1918 she married Major Alexander Lidiard MC of the First Manchester Rifles and a member of the Men's Political Union for Women's Enfranchisement. After the war the couple both trained as opticians and would work together as consultants at the London Refraction Hospital at Elephant and Castle where, in 1927, she became the first female refractionist. They subsequently took practices in Maidenhead and High Wycombe. She was a member of the National Council of Women for most of her working life and became involved with the Movement for the Ordination of Women during the last ten years of her life. She published a book, Christianity, Faith, Love and Healing at the age of 99 and canvassed MPs on improvement in the conditions in the transport of live animals. She died in Oct 1992, aged 102.

Prince Paul Ivan Lieven (1875-1963) was born into one of Russia's leading aristocratic families. He worked briefly as an engineer before going to live on his estates in Livland Province. He was a senior Red Cross official during the Russo-Japanese War. In exile after 1917 he lived in Germany, Belgium, and Ireland. He was married to Nathalie, Baroness von Taube (1876-1964).

The Life Offices' Association was founded in 1889 by representatives of the major life assurance offices. It acted as a forum for consultation and combined action in response to problems arising from the expansion of life assurance business, geographically and in the new types of risk being rated. The Association was concerned in particular with the effects of insurance and tax legislation.

The Association had offices as follows: 1890: 19-20 Cornhill; 1891: 9-10 King Street; 1892-6: 25 Abchurch Lane; 1897-1906: 5 Lombard Street; 1907-10: 18 Bishopsgate Street Within; 1911-13: 28 Bishopsgate; 1914-29: 6 Broad Street Place; 1929-34: 15 Queen Street; 1935-54: 20 Aldermanbury; 1955-62: 33 King Street; 1962 onwards: Aldermary House, 10-15 Queen Street.

The Association ceased to exist in 1985 when its functions were taken over by the Association of British Insurers.

Originally called the London International Festival of Student Theatre, LIFT was formed in 1980 by Rose de Wend Fenton and Lucy Neal inspired by their participation in a student theatre festival in Portugal. LIFT became a registered charity in 1981 and in that year, along with another student, Simon Evans, Rose and Lucy organised the first London International Festival of Theatre which presented companies from Poland, France, Brazil, The Netherlands, Malaysia, West Germany, Japan, Peru, and the UK. Following the success of the first festival Rose and Lucy, along with a growing number of permanent and freelance employees, volunteers and placements, researched and organised another eleven festivals including one 'Out of LIFT' season especially for young people. In the early years LIFT had to overcome a number of funding problems including almost having to cease trading in 1983 and the abolition of the Greater London Council in 1986. LIFT continued to present and commission work from all over the world; in the period 1981-2001 companies from over 60 countries participated in the festivals. LIFT presented theatre for a variety of audiences, both in conventional theatres and at unusual and different sites. Over the years work has been presented at places such as Bankside Power Station, the site for the LIFT, '93 Launch, Limehouse Basin, the site for Welfare State International's ‚'The Raising of the Titanic‚' LIFT, '83, and Euston Tower, the site for Deborah Warner's ‚'The Tower Project‚' in LIFT, '99. LIFT not only presented new theatre it also re-presented old or forgotten places in London. In 1991 LIFT piloted an Education and Community Programme in order to devise a long term strategy for working in this sector in the future. An Education Officer, Tony Fegan, was employed in 1993 and produced LIFT's first Education Programme for the 1993 festival called the BT LIFT Education Programme. By LIFT '95 the Learning Programme was integrated into the main programme of festival events and has remained so ever since. Festivals presented many education and community projects including ‚'Sang Song ‚' River Crossing‚' at LIFT, '93, 'Sirk Uzay‚' Celestial Circus‚' at LIFT, '95, and ‚'Utshob‚' in LIFT, '97. From early on LIFT, realising the potential for debate and learning that existed in the coming together of different cultures and countries included workshops and discussions in the festivals. LIFT, '93 launched the first Daily Dialogues and each festival had lectures or forums in addition to the main programme of events. Other projects grew out of LIFT, 's passion for learning and participation. In 1996 Phakama, an international arts exchange project for young people, was born, the first Business Arts Forum took place in 1995 and the Teachers Forum began in 1999. After twelve festivals LIFT decided to break with the traditional biennial festival format and enter the Enquiry period, a five-year venture to investigate theatre and present year round events.

Francis Light was born in Suffolk. Although his date of birth is unknown, his baptism is recorded as 15 December 1740. He was educated at Seckford's Grammar School, Woodbridge from 1747. He entered service as a surgeon's servant on the HMS Mars in February 1754, and subsequently served as midshipman on the HMS Captain, the HMS Dragon and in 1761 aboard the HMS Arrogant. His employment with the Navy ended in 1763. In 1765 he embarked on a journey bound for Madras and Bombay aboard the East India Company's ship 'Clive'. In India, he secured command of a 'Country Ship' (owned in India and engaged in trade in Eastern waters) belonging to a Madras firm of merchants, Jourdain, Sulivan & Desouza. Light was posted to Kedah with the company, where he quickly attained an influential position with the Sultan of Kedah. From 1771, he was involved in various proposals to cede land belonging to Kedah to the British. In 1786 Light was able to report to the Bengal Government that he had persuaded the Sultan to cede the Island of Penang (Pulau Penang) to the East India Company for $6000 a year. The offer was accepted and in June 1786 Light was appointed first Superintendent of the new British colony. He landed with his forces in July 1786, and on 11 August the colony was christened Prince of Wales Island. He combined his position as Superintendent with his role as principal merchant.

By 1791, the Sultan of Kedah found that his revenues were being seriously diminished by the growing prosperity of Penang, and he demanded additional income to compensate for this loss. He simultaneously made preparations to seize the island, constructing a fort at Prye. Light obtained reinforcements from Bengal and attacked the fort, capturing it on 12 April 1791. The Sultan sued for peace and a treaty was agreed. The Sultan was granted an annual payment of $6000, on condition that the English could continue in possession of Penang. The settlement entered a period of relative quiet during which Light oversaw its administration, with periodic requests to the Bengal Government for a larger administrative staff.

With the beginning of the French War with England in February 1793, and the threat that this posed to English trade in the East, Light called for the reinforcement of troops in Indian waters. He also set about rebuilding Penang's defences. Naval reinforcements arrived in Madras at the end of 1793. The French attempt to capture Penang did not take place until 1796, after Light's death.

Light married Martina Rozells, by whom he had 3 daughters and 2 sons. His eldest son, William Light, became the first Surveyor General of Southern Australia and founder of the city of Adelaide. Francis Light died from a Malarial attack on 21 October 1794.

Further reading: A F Steuert, The Founders of Penang and Adelaide: a Short Sketch of the Lives of Francis and William Light (London, 1901); H P Clodd, Malaya's First British Pioneer: the Life of Francis Light (London, 1948).

The regiment was formed in 1779, disbanded in 1783, reformed in 1794, and finally disbanded in 1829. Its members were mainly wealthy Londoners, including many merchants and bankers.

According to the original paper wrapper (now tipped in at the front of the volume), the volume belonged to Colonel Bosanquet who was commanding officer when the corps disbanded in 1829. The volume was evidently among the archives of the regiment held by him which are mentioned on page i of An historical account of the Light Horse Volunteers of London and Westminster... by James N. Collyer and John Innes Pocock (London, 1843). The subsequent provenance of the volume is unknown.

Martin Lightfoot (1942-1999) was educated at St. Christopher's School in Letchworth, Tiffin School in Kingston and Downing College, Cambridge University, where he read English. Having spent some years as a Director of Penguin Books Ltd and Managing Director of Penguin Education, during which time he was also a key supporter of the National Association for the Teaching of English, in 1974 Lightfoot was appointed as Deputy Education Officer (Services) at the Inner London Education Authority where he was responsible for relations with the Inner London Boroughs and the Greater London Council and community and race relations issues. In 1977 he became Director of the Schools Council Industry Project, conducted jointly with the Confederation of British Industry and Trades Union Congress. From 1981-1983 he served as Specialist Adviser to the Select Committee on Education, Science and Arts where he was responsible for the drafting of reports, including on secondary examinations and curriculum, school meals and on 16-19 education. Lightfoot then took up an academic post at Brunel University, where he was a Senior Research Fellow, Director of the Centre for the Study of Community and Race Relations (1984-1988), and Co-Director of the Education Policy Centre. At Brunel, Lightfoot lectured on law and public services in the Departments of Law and Government, and taught education policy and management, community and race relations, education policy and public service organisation on postgraduate courses in Public and Social Administration. His research projects included 'Expectations of higher education' (c.1980s) during which the perspectives of undergraduates, graduate employers, academic staff, politicians and administrators were examined and 'Recreating Education: London and Education Reform' (1990-1991), which was funded by the Leverhulme Trust and examined the process of setting up education authorities in the Inner London boroughs subsequent to the break-up of the Inner London Education Authority. During his time at Brunel, he also acted as a consultant to the London Borough of Southwark during its preparations to take over educational administration from the Inner Lonodn Education Authority. He retired from Brunel University in 1990 and then worked as an independent educational consultant. During 1992-1993 he was a Visiting Fellow at the Department of Policy Studies, Institute of Education, University of London.

Born in Paris 1924; family returned to England 1927; Winchester College, 1936-; Trinity College, Cambridge, 1941-1943; worked in the aerodynamics division of the National Physical Laboratory, 1943-1945; prize fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge, 1945; Senior Lecturer, University of Manchester, 1946; Beyer Chair of Applied Mathematics, University of Manchester, 1950-1959; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1953; Director of the Royal Aircraft Establishment, 1959-1964; founder member and President of the of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications, 1964; Royal Society Research Professor at Imperial College, London, 1964-1969; served as Secretary (physical sciences) and Vice-President of the Royal Society, 1965-1969; Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge, 1969-1979; President of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction, 1971-1974; Provost of University College, London, 1979-1989; President of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 1984-1988; retired, 1989; chairman of the International Council of Scientific Unions committee on the international decade for natural disaster relief, 1990-1995; died, 1998.

A magazine entitled Lightning was established in 1891, based initially at Faraday House, Charing Cross Road. At the end of 1891 it moved to 117 Bishopsgate Street. By 1900 it was based at 18 Bream's Buildings. From January 1902 it was titled the Electrical Times, the name it continues under to date (2011). It described itself as the newspaper for 'engineers and technical management'.

Alliance Israélite Universelle was a Jewish organisation founded in France in 1865 as a reaction to antisemitism, and the main aim of which was the defence of world Jewry. The Ligue Internationale contre le Racisme et l'Antisémitisme was created in 1928. The latter was not an exclusively Jewish organisation but its defence of East European Jews attracted many Jews and the tendency of many of its members to seek confrontation with antisemites on the streets brought it into alliance with left-wing organisations.

Lillicrap became a shipwright apprentice at Devonport in 1902. After a time at Keyham and Greenwich he was appointed Assistant Constructor at Devonport in 1910. He then joined the Director of Naval Construction's department at the Admiralty, where he was made Acting Constructor in 1917. Lillicrap was appointed Lecturer in Naval Architecture to Probationary Assistant Constructors at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, in 1921 and became Constructor, Director of Naval Construction Department, in 1922. He was Acting Assistant Director of Naval Construction, in charge of submarines from 1936, and Assistant Director of Naval Construction in charge of cruisers from 1938. In 1941 he was appointed Deputy Director, and in 1944, Director, of Naval Construction, a post he held until his retirement in 1951.

Denis Gascoigne Lillie was born in 1888. He studied zoology at Birmingham University and at St. John's College, Cambridge, in the years 1903-1910. In 1910 he was appointed marine zoologist to the British Antarctic Expedition led by Robert Falcon Scott (1868-1912). He died in 1963.

John Lillie D.D. was the grandfather of the biologist Denis Gascoigne Lillie (b 1888).

Born, 1936; educated St Olave's and St Saviour's Grammar School; national service, Royal Navy; University College London (UCL), (BSc, PhD, DSc); worked under Patricia Clarke researching microbial enzymes, UCL; transferred to the Department of Chemical Engineering, UCL; Lecturer in Biochemical Engineering, UCL 1963-1972; Reader in Enzyme Technology, 1972-1979; Professor of Biochemical Engineering, UCL, 1979; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1991; died, 1998.

Shu Pao Lim was born in Burma in the 1920s. In 1942, with her family, Shu Pao fled across the Burmese border into China. After the war, she was awarded a scholarship in the USA. However, in 1959, she decided to move to London, England. At the age of 50, she went to Oxford University and studied Social Administration. In 1979, Camden Council employed Shu Pao as a community worker with the Chinese and in 1982, she set up the Camden Chinese Community Centre. The centre provides various services for the local Chinese community. Shu Pao later founded the Great Wall Society Limited which provides sheltered housing for elderly members of the Chinese community in London. In 1999, she was awarded the MBE.