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Donald James Mackay was born in the Hague on 22 December 1839. He was naturalised in 1877 and succeeded to the title of 11th Baron Reay in 1881. From 1884-1886 he was Rector of St. Andrew's University. From 1885-1890 he was Governor of Bombay. From 1892-1918 he was Lord-Lieutenant of Roxburghshire. He served as Under-Secretary for India from 1894-1895, and from 1897-1904 as Chairman of the London School Board. He was President of the Royal Asiatic Society and University College London, and the first President of the British Academy from 1901-1907. He died on 1 August 1921.

Charles Mackay was born in Perth, Perthshire, and educated in London and in Brussels. He began working as a journalist in the 1830s and wrote for several papers, including the Morning Chronicle, the Glasgow Argus (which he also edited), the Illustrated London News and The Times. Mackay also published several volume of poetry and works on Celtic philology.

Mackay was in charge of the astronomical observatory at Aberdeen from 1781 to 1795. In 1793 he published The theory and practice of finding the longitude at sea or land (London, 2 vols). When the chair of Natural Philosophy at Aberdeen fell vacant in 1800, MacKay was proposed but the election was contested. In 1802, Nevil Maskelyne (1730-1811), the Astronomer Royal, suggested that he should go to Australia to join the expedition led by Matthew Flinders, as their astronomer had returned home early in the voyage. Mackay, however, still hoped that he might win the Aberdeen election and, in addition, felt the pay offered by the Board of Longitude was too small. In 1804, his hopes having failed, he came to London. He was appointed mathematical examiner to Trinity House in 1805 and to similar posts with the East India Company and Christ's Hospital during the year following. As well as teaching and examining, he published further works on astronomy, navigation and mathematics.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

Born India, 1865. She studied in London with the younger Manuel Garcia and made her debut in 1888 as Micaela at Covent Garden, where she sang regularly until 1897. Her roles included Donna Elvira, Ines (L'Africaine), Mathilde (Guillaume Tell), Aida, Marguerite (Faust), Marguerite de Valois (Les Huguenots), Elsa, Senta, Elisabeth (Tannhauser), Desdemona, Leonora (Il trovatore) and Santuzza. She created Rebecca in Sullivan's Ivanhoe at the Royal English Opera House (1891). She appeared at the Leeds Festival in 1889, 1892 and 1895 and the Birmingham Festival in 1891, and took her role as Elisabeth in Tannhauser to Moscow and Petersburg. She sang Sieglinde at La Scala in the first Milan performance of Die Walkure (1892), and made her only Metropolitan appearance as Margherita (Mefistofele) in 1901. She died in London, Apr 1943.

The National Society for the Exemption of Plant and Machinery from Rating was formed in 1887. It was succeeded in 1893 by the Machinery Users' Association which was incorporated in 1905. It was established to achieve reform in the system of rating of plant and machinery. With the Rating and Valuation Act of 1925 it achieved its main objective.

In 1905 the Association had widened its objectives to include all matters of interest to the owners and users of machinery, assisting its members in appeals against rating assessments. This led, in 1913, to the establishment of a surveying and rating department within the Association, whose services included revaluations and monitoring prospective legislation.

In 1981 MUA Property Services was established, offering advice to industry and commerce on property sales, rent reviews, valuations of land and buildings etc.

The Association had offices at Lawrence Pountney Hill (1887-94), Lawrence Pountney Lane (1895-1913), Lawrence Pountney Hill (1913-84), Chancery Lane (1985-9) and Saville House, Lindsey Street (1989-).

L R R Machin made an attempt to climb Mt Kenya in 1920 with J W Arthur, J T Oulton and James Youngson. Bad conditions made their climb unsuccessful.

Born, 1846; Aberdeen grammar school, 1865; studied medicine at the University of Aberdeen, 1867; Anderson's Medical College; graduated MB, 1872 and MD, 1874; practised medicine in Scotland; Assistant Medical Officer in the Seychelles, 1873; Resident Surgeon in the civil hospital at Port Louis, Mauritius, 1874; Chief Medical Officer for the colony of Fiji, 1875; first Administrator of British New Guinea, 1888-1895; Lieutenant-Governor of British New Guinea, 1895-1898; Founder's medal of the Royal Geographical Society, 1896; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1898-1919; Governor of Lagos, 1899-1904; Governor of Newfoundland, 1904-1909; conducted a scientific expedition to Labrador, [1906]; Governor of Queensland, 1909-1914; retired, 1914; died, 1919.

Following the 1833 Slavery Abolition Act it was decided to use the Royal Navy to bring an end to the slave trade worldwide, and British diplomats began to negotiate treaties granting the Navy stop and search rights over vessels from various nations. The first set of official instructions to commanding officers setting out the limits of their rights under treaty was issued in 1844 with further editions in 1865, 1882 and 1892.

Born 1879; educated Wallasey Grammar School, the Wirral, University College, Liverpool, Victoria University, Manchester, and Balliol College, Oxford University; Assistant Lecturer in Latin and Classics, Liverpool University, 1903-1908; Reader in Greek, 1908-1928, and Professor of Greek, 1928-1936, Bedford College, University of London; Head of Greek Department, Bedford College, 1908-1936; died 1936.

Publications: translation of The birds and the frogs by Aristophanes (E. Arnold and Co, London, 1927); editor of The olynthiac speeches of Demosthenes (University Press, Cambridge, 1915); Leaves of Hellas: essays on some aspects of Greek literature (E. Arnold and Co, London, 1926); Studies and diversions in Greek literature (E. Arnold and Co, London, 1937); introduction and notes for an edition of Ion by Plato (1912).

John MacGregor was a barrister and philanthropist with the nickname 'Rob Roy'. He was active in a number of good causes, sitting on the committees of the Ragged School Union, the British and Foreign Bible Society, the Reformatory and Refuge Union and the Protestant Alliance. In 1851 he founded the Shoe Black Brigade, and in 1853 the founded the Open Air Mission, becoming an open-air preacher himself. In 1854, with long-time associate Lord Shaftesbury, he founded the Pure Literature Society. He died in 1892.

Information from The Times, Friday, Jul 22, 1892; pg. 8; Issue 33697; col B.

As an infant, MacGregor was saved from the Indiaman, KENT, which caught fire in the Bay of Biscay in 1825. He was well known as Rob Roy MacGregor because of his pioneering zeal while travelling in his canoe, the Rob Roy. This was first launched in 1865 and he navigated a network of rivers, canals and lakes, including the Rhine, Danube and Seine and Lakes Constance, Zurich and Lucerne. His most demanding voyage was in 1868 when he went through the Suez Canal down to the Red Sea and from thence to Palestine, navigating the Jordan and Lake Gennesareth. He published ' A Thousand Miles in the Rob Roy Canoe' (London, 1866), 'A voyage alone in the Yawl Rob Roy' (London, 1867), 'The Rob Roy on the Baltic' (London, 1867) and 'The Rob Roy on the Jordan Red Sea and Gennesareth' (London, 1869). See also Edwin Hodder, 'John MacGregor ('Rob Roy')' (London, 1894).

Born, 1913; commissioned into Royal Artillery as Second Lieutenant, 1933; 1 Light Battery, 1934-1935; Lieutenant, 1 Anti Aircraft Brigade, 1936-1938; Lieutenant, (Jacob's) Mountain Battery and 13 (Dardoni) Mountain Battery, 21 Mountain Regiment, North West Frontier, India, 1938-1941; Second in Command, 23 Indian Mountain Regiment, Burma, 1944-1945; Staff College, 1946; Major, 1946; Brigade Major, 10 Anti-Aircraft Brigade, Portsmouth, 1948; British Liaison Officer, XL Greek Infantry Brigade, British Military Mission to Greece, Apr-Oct 1948; Lieutenant Colonel, 1955; retired, 1960; Chairman, British Mule Society, 1993-1996; died 2002.

Publications: Tales of the Mountain Gunners. An anthology, compiled by those who served with them, ed MacFetridge, C and Warren, J, (Edinburgh: William Blackwood), 1973.

Born, 1907; CBE,MD,FRCP, FRS; Haematologist and biographer; died, 1986.

William Archibald MacFadyen was in the employ of several petroleum companies and of the Iraqi government, 1921-1939; served in the Army, 1939-1945; went to British Somaliland in the employ of the General Survey, 1946; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1927-1985; died, 1985.

Margaret Macdonald (nee Gladstone), 1870-1911, was educated largely at home. As a young woman, she was involved in various branches of voluntary social work, including working as a visitor of the Charity Organisation Society in Hoxton. By 1890, she had developed a keen interest in socialism, influenced by the Christian Socialists and the Fabian Society. She joined the Women's Industrial Council (WIC) in 1894, serving on several committees and organising an enquiry into home work in London, which was published in 1897. She met Ramsay Macdonald through this work in 1895 and they married in 1896. Margaret Macdonald's political work continued after her marriage. She was particularly concerned about the need for skilled work and training for women and the first trade schools for girls were established in 1904. She continued to work for the WIC until 1910 and was also an active member of the National Union of Women Workers. A supporter of women's suffrage, Macdonald served on the executive of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, although she was opposed to militant action. In 1906, she was involved in the formation of the Women's Labour League, retaining an interest in its work until her death.

James Ramsay MacDonald, 1866-1937, was born at Lossiemouth, Morayshire, and educated at a Board school, becoming a pupil teacher. He moved to London in 1886, working as a clerk, first for the Cyclists' Touring Club and then for Thomas Lough MP. MacDonald had a growing interest in politics and socialism. He joined the Social Democratic Federation in 1885, and the Fabian Society in 1886. He also went on to edit 'Socialist Library' and 'Socialist Review'. In 1895, he stood, unsuccessfully, as the Labour candidate for Southampton, but he went on to contest Leicester in 1900, the West Division of Leicester in 1918, and the East Division of Woolwich in 1921. He served as the MP for Leicester from 1906 to 1918. MacDonald held many posts within the Labour movement. He was Secretary of the Labour Representation Committee, 1900-1912, Chairman of the Independent Labour Party, 1906-1909, Treasurer of the Labour Party, 1912-1924, Leader of the Labour Party 1911-1914, Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party and Leader of HM Opposition, 1922, Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury, and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1924, and Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury, 1929-1935. He also served on the Royal Commission on Indian Public Services, 1912-1914, as a member of the London County Council, 1901-1904, and as Lord President of the Council, 1935-1937. His particular area of interest was foreign affairs.

This company acted as shipping agents and managers of Australasian United Steam Navigation Company (see CLC/B/123-07). Both companies were part of the Inchcape Group of companies.

George Macdonald was born in Sheffield in 1903, the son of J Smyth Macdonald, Professor of Physiology. George Macdonald graduated MB, Ch.B. at Liverpool in 1924, and adding the DPH in the same year; research assistant at the Sir Alfred Lewis Jones Laboratories in Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1925-1929, followed by 2 years as research officer to the Malaria Survey of India. He returned to England in 1931 to take his MD (Liverpool) and the DPH (London) in 1932; he then moved back to India as Principal Medical Officer to the tea estates of the Mariani Medical Association in Assam. His work there caught the attention of Sir Malcolm Watson, who recruited him as Assistant Director of the Ross Institute in 1937, an appointment which involved serving in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) as malariologist to the Malaria Control Scheme of the tea and rubber estates. He undertook a tour of Malaya with Watson to inspect anti-malaria measures there.

At the outbreak of war in 1939 his commission in the Royal Army Medical Corps led to command of the 1st Malaria Field Laboratory in the Middle East. Later he was advisor to Montgomery during the Allied armies' advance through North Africa and Sicily into Italy. In 1945 he returned to teach tropical hygiene at the Ross Institute, where in 1947 he succeeded Watson (who had retired in 1942) as Director. At the same time he was appointed the first Professor of Tropical Hygiene (University of London) at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He was made Honorary Consultant in Malaria to the Army and in 1955 he was awarded the Darling prize for Malaria.

A member of the World Health Organization expert panel on malaria, Macdonald's strong character and convictions made him an uncompromising opponent in scientific discussion, and he had his enemies within the School; but he was internationally respected and commanded affection as well as loyalty from his own staff. Even during his last year of advancing illness he carried on with research and teaching until his death in December 1967.

Publications: Epidemiology and Control of Malaria (Oxford University Press, London, 1957)

George Macdonald CMG, MD, FRCP, Ch.B, DPH, DTM (1903-1967) was a Professor of Tropical Hygiene, 1946-1967, and Director of the Ross Institute, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 1945-1967. He was an eminent malariologist who is particularly noted for his work on mathematical modelling of the epidemiology of malaria and other vector-borne diseases, in particular schistosomiasis. He was relatively early in perceiving the value of computer analysis in this area.

George MacDonald was born and educated in Aberdeen, graduating MA from King's College (now part of the University of Aberdeen) in 1845. He moved to London to become a tutor and later trained as a Congregational Minister, though his only pastoral position, in Sussex, lasted less than 4 years. MacDonald had begun writing poetry during his student days. His first book was published in 1855 and he continued to write and publish both poetry and prose for more than 40 years. Between 1881 and 1901 he lived for most of the year in Bordighera, Italy, but returned to live in Britain permanently after his wife's death in 1902. Many of MacDonald's most successful works were children's fiction in the form of fairy tales and fantasy. Today, he is no longer widely read by children, but his works influenced many leading writers, including C S Lewis, J R R Tolkien, W H Auden, G K Chesterton and Mark Twain.

Born, 1824; educated at a school at his birthplace in Huntly, West Aberdeenshire, Scotland; attended King's College, Aberdeen, 1840-1845; entered theological college at Highbury, London, 1848; minister, congregational chapel, Arundel, Sussex, 1850-1853; relocates to Manchester, 1853; publishes first book of poetry, Within and without (London, 1855); recuperation from disease in Algiers, 1856; living in Hastings, Sussex, 1857-1860; publishes the prose romance, Phantastes, (London, 1858); settles in London and builds social contacts with literary figures such as John Ruskin, Matthew Arnold and Robert Browning, 1859; Professor of English Literature, Bedford College, London, 1859; lectures at King's College London, 1866-1868; lecture tour of United States, 1872; first performance of play, Pilgrim's Progress, 1877; due to ill health spends large part of year at home, Casa Coraggio, Borighera, Italy, 1881-1902; publishes Lilith; died, 1905. Publications: Within and without (London, 1855); Phantastes, (London, 1858); David Elginbrod (London, 1863); Alec Forbes of Howglen (London, 1865); Robert Falconer (London, 1868); At the back of the north wind (London, 1871); The princess and the goblin (London, 1872); Wilfrid Cumbermede (London, 1872); Exotics. A translation of the spiritual songs of Novalis (London, 1876); The princess and Curdie (London, 1882); Lilith (London, 1895).

Alexander Macdonald was born in Lanarkshire in 1821 and worked as a coal and ironstone miner from the age of nine. He studied Greek and Latin at evening classes and was later able to attend Glasgow University (1846-1849), subsequently becoming a teacher. He became a leading trade unionist in the mid 1850s and lobbied strongly for workers' rights. Macdonald entered Parliament in 1874 as MP for Stafford, remaining in post until his death in 1881. His surname was originally spelt McDonald, but he adopted the spelling Macdonald in the 1870s.

The author obtained his MD at Edinburgh in 1874 and was a Fellow of the Geological Society. After retirement from practice in London, he lived in Guernsey and was elected Jurat of the Royal Court: he died at Bournemouth.

John MacCulloch was born in his grandparents' house in Guernsey on 6 October 1773. The third of eight children of James MacCulloch, a wine merchant, and Elizabeth de Lisle, the young MacCulloch was sent to schools in Cornwall between 1778-1790, before enrolling as a medical student at Edinburgh University in 1790. Whilst there he also read chemistry under Joseph Black and natural history under John Walker. MacCulloch graduated with an MD in 1793, but the following year his postgraduate studies were cut short by his parents' internment during the French Revolution.

MacCulloch became a surgeon's mate in the Royal Artillery on 15 August 1795, and by 1803 had risen to assistant surgeon. He was then drafted into the ordnance chemical department, becoming ordnance chemist in 1806 and retiring from the army with a small pension. He received his licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in 1808, and set up a private medical practice in Blackheath, south east London but had to give it up when ordnance duties demanded prolonged absences for geological surveys. He still, however, managed to be appointed physician to Prince Leopold, later king of the Belgians, in 1820. MacCulloch's main contribution to the field of medicine was his writings on fever, notably his work on malaria in the late 1820s.

MacCulloch's burgeoning interest in geology can be traced back at least to the early 1800s, notably on his tours of the Lake District (1805) and the west country (1807), when he visited mines and noted down comments on local rocks in his diary. He was elected a Member of the Geological Society on 5 February 1808, and his paper on the geology of the Channel Islands, opened the first issue of the Society's 'Transactions' in 1811.

In his search for silica-free limestone for millwheels, MacCulloch conducted geological surveys in Wessex, Wales, and Scotland, between 1809-1813, and then from 1814-1821 acted as geologist to the ordnance trigonometrical survey during which he had surveyed hundreds of Scottish peaks and produced a geological map of west Scotland. However this intense survey work affected his health, and in 1821 he developed an enlargement of the spleen. Although he returned to work in 1822, his consitution remained affected thereafter.

Between 1816-1820, MacCulloch served as president of the Geological Society and in 1820 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. When in 1824, the chemical department of the ordnance was abolished, the now retired MacCulloch instead spent his summer field seasons surveying Scotland for the geological survey. Essentially MacCulloch became the first government sponsored geological surveyor in Britain, a move which was controversial as it cost the Treasury over £1000 per annum. Despite suffering a stroke in 1831, MacCulloch still managed to draft the final reports and map before his death four years later, his geological map Scotland being issued posthumously in 1836. Although criticised for topographical and geological inaccuracies, the map was not superseded for many years.

MacCulloch was a prolific scientific author, writing not only on geology, medicine and chemistry but on varied subjects such as methods of transferring the habitat of saltwater fish to freshwater and horticulture. His most noted geological works were 'A Description of the Western Islands of Scotland' (1819), 'A Geological Classification of Rocks' (1821), 'The Highlands and Western Islands of Scotland' (1824) and 'The System of Geology' (1831). MacCulloch's 'Proofs and Illustrations of the Attributes of God' which connected theology and geology was published by his widow in 1837.

He married Louisa Margaretta White on 6 July 1835, but on whilst on honeymoon in Cornwall was thrown from his carriage and suffered severe leg injuries. Despite an operation to amputate his leg, John MacCulloch died on 20 August 1835.

William MacCormac was born in Belfast, 17 January 1836, the son of Henry MacCormac, MD and his wife Mary Newsham. He was educated at the Belfast Royal Academical Institution, Queen's College, Belfast where he graduated BA, 1855, MA, 1858, MD, MCh, 1879 and DSc, 1882, winning the gold medal of the university. He also became MRCS (England) 1857, and FRCS (Ireland) 1864. After graduation MacCormac studied surgery in Berlin.
He practised as a surgeon in Belfast from 1864 to 1870, becoming successively surgeon, lecturer on clinical surgery, and consulting surgeon to the Royal Hospital. In 1870 at the outbreak of the Franco-German war, MacCormac volunteered for service. Appointed to hospital duties at Metz, he was treated on his arrival as a spy and returned to Paris, where he joined the Anglo-American association for the care of the wounded. Returning to London at the end of the Franco-German war, he became Assistant Surgeon at St. Thomas's Hospital, which had just moved to the Albert Embankment. He was made full surgeon in 1873 following the resignation of Frederick le Gros Clark (1811-1892), and he was for twenty years lecturer on surgery in the medical school. He was elected consulting surgeon to the hospital and emeritus lecturer on clinical surgery in the medical school on retiring from active work in 1893.
As honorary general secretary, he contributed largely to the success of the seventh International Medical Congress in London in 1881, the Transactions' of which he edited; he was knighted on 7 Dec. for these services. He was president of the Medical Society of London in 1880 and of the metropolitan counties branch of the British Medical Association in 1890. MacCormac was also surgeon to the French, the Italian, Queen Charlotte's, and the British lying-in hospitals. He was an examiner in surgery at the University of London and for Her Majesty's Naval, Army, and Indian Medical Services. In 1897 he was created a baronet and was appointed surgeon in ordinary to the Prince of Wales, afterwards King Edward VII; on 27 Sept. 1898 he was appointed K.C.V.O. in recognition of professional services rendered to the Prince when he injured his knee. At the Royal College of Surgeons of England, MacCormac was elected a member of the council in 1883, and in 1887 of the court of examiners. He delivered the Bradshaw lecture in 1893, taking as the subjectSir Astley Cooper and his Surgical Work,' and he was Hunterian orator in 1899. He was elected president in 1896, and enjoyed the unique honour of re-election on four subsequent occasions, during the last of which he presided over the centenary meeting held on 26 July 1900. His war service was still further extended, and his great practical knowledge was utilised in the South African campaign of 1899-1900, when he was appointed `government consulting surgeon to the field force.' In this capacity he visited all the hospitals in Natal and Cape Colony, and went to the front on four occasions. In 1901 he became K.C.B. for his work in South Africa, and an honorary serjeant-surgeon to King Edward VII.
He married in 1861 Katharine Maria Charters of Belfast. He died at Bath on 4 December 1901.
Publications: Notes and Recollections of an Ambulance Surgeon, being an Account of Work done under the Red Cross during the Campaign of 1870, London 1871; Surgical Operations, part 1, 1885, part 2, 1889, Smith, Elder & Co.: London; An Address to the Students of St. Thomas's Hospital ... October 1st, 1874, J W Kolckmann: London, 1874; On Abdominal Section for the Treatment of Intraperitoneal Injury, 1887; Antiseptic Surgery: an address delivered at St. Thomas's Hospital, with the subsequent debate, Smith, Elder & Co.: London, 1880; The Hunterian Oration. Delivered ... February 14, 1899, Smith, Elder & Co.: London, 1899; An Address of Welcome on the Occasion of the Centenary Festival of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1900; with biographical accounts, often with portraits, of the sixty-one masters or presidents.; Transactions of the International Medical Congress. Seventh session held in London ... 1881. Prepared for publication under the direction of the Executive Committee by Sir William Mac Cormac ... assisted by George Henry Makins ... and the secretaries of the sections, J W Kolckmann: London, 1881.

Sir William MacCormac was born in Belfast in 1836. He was educated at the Belfast Royal Academical Institution and afterwards studied at Dublin and Paris. He entered Queen's College, Belfast, in 1851, as a student of engineering, and gained scholarships in engineering during his first and second years. He then studied the arts and graduated B.A. at the Queen's University in 1855, and M.A. in 1858. He won the senior scholarship in natural philosophy in 1856 and was admitted M.D. in the following year. The honorary degree of M.Ch. was conferred upon him in 1879, and the D.Sc. in 1882 with the Gold Medal of the University. The honorary degrees of M.D. and M.Ch. were also bestowed upon him by the University of Dublin in 1900. After graduation he studied surgery in Berlin, where he made lasting friendships with Langenbeck, Billroth, and von Esmarch. He practised in Belfast from 1864-1870 becoming successively Surgeon, Lecturer on Clinical Surgery, and Consulting Surgeon to the Belfast General Hospital. In the Franco-German War in 1870 he undertook hospital duties at Metz. He was given the rare distinction of an ad eundem Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, in 1871 and was elected Assistant Surgeon to St. Thomas's Hospital, which had just moved to the new buildings on the Albert Embankment. He became full Surgeon in 1873 and lectured on surgery for twenty years. He was elected Consulting Surgeon to the hospital and Emeritus Lecturer on Clinical Surgery after resigning his active posts in 1893. He was knioghted in 1881. He was President of the Medical Society of London in 1880, and of the Metropolitan Branch of the British Medical Association in 1890. He was Surgeon to the French, Italian, Queen Charlotte's, and the British Lying-in Hospitals, and was an Examiner in Surgery at the University of London and for Her Majesty's Naval, Military, and Indian Medical Services. He was created a baronet in 1897, was appointed Surgeon-in-Ordinary to the Prince of Wales, afterwards King Edward VII, and was decorated K.C.V.O. in 1898, in recognition of services rendered to the Prince when he injured his knee. At the Royal College of Surgeons MacCormac was elected a Member of the Council in 1883, and of the Court of Examiners in 1887. He served as President from 1896-1900, being specially re-elected on the last occasion that he might occupy the Chair at the centenary of the College. He delivered the Bradshaw Lecture in 1893, and was Hunterian Orator in 1899. He was created K.C.B. in 1901, and was gazetted Hon. Serjeant Surgeon to King Edward VII. He died in 1901. MacCormac was the best decorated practising surgeon of his generation. He was, in addition to the honours already mentioned, an Hon. Member of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg ; an Hon. Fellow or Member of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland, Paris, Brussels, Munich, and Rome; a Commander of the Legion of Honour; of the Orders of Dannebrog of Denmark, of the Crown of Italy, and of Takovo of Serbia; of the Crown of Prussia, St. Iago of Portugal, North Star of Sweden, Ritter-Kreuz of Bavaria, Merit of Spain, and the Medjidie.

James Eugene MacColl, 1908-1971, was educated at Sedbergh School, Balliol College, Oxford, and the University of Chicago. He was librarian of the Oxford Union in 1930, Commonwealth Fund Fellow, 1930-1932, and became a barrister of the Inner Temple in 1933. MacColl's political life began when he became a co-opted a member of the London County Council Education Committee, 1936-1946, and a member of Paddington Metropolitan Borough Council, 1934. He was a research assistant at the Political and Economic Planning Trust, 1945-1950, and Mayor of Paddington, 1947-1949. He was Labour MP for the Widnes Division of Lancashire from 1950 to 1971, and was Minister of Housing and Local Government, 1964-1969. MacColl's particular areas of interest were housing, local government and juvenile courts. He served on the Chairman's Panel, London Juvenile Courts, 1946-1964, on the Hemel Hempstead New Towns Corporation, 1946-1950, and on the Domestic Coal Consumers Council, 1947-1950.

The Maccabi Union of Great Britain (Union of Maccabi Associations in Great Britain and Northern Ireland), like all other 'Maccabi' organisations, takes it name from the Jewish hero Yehuda Ha'Maccabi, leader of the successful National military revolt against the Syrian-Greek oppressors of the Jews in the period of the Second Temple. The festival of Chanukah commemorates this victory.

The first Maccabi organisation was established in Istanbul, Turkey in 1895. At that time, a Jewish National resurgence movement started and it was felt that physical fitness and capability in self defence were increasingly necessary qualities for the Jewish community to develop and enhance. Soon afterwards other clubs were founded elsewhere to encourage the development in Jewish youth of the mind, body and spirit prevalent in the tradition of the first Maccabeans. Some of these clubs were known as "Bar Kochba" (the name of a Jewish fighter for freedom), "Hakoach" (strength) and "Hagibor" (the strong man).

As the network of Maccabi clubs expanded Territorial Organisations were created to co-ordinate activities at national levels. The slogan "A healthy mind in a healthy body" was adopted, along with the greeting "Hazak Ve'Ematz" (be strong and courageous) and the emblem, which is the word Maccabi (in Hebrew) drawn into the shield of David (Magen David), an ancient Jewish emblem.

In 1921 the Maccabi World Union (MWU) was founded at the World Zionist Congress in Carlsbad to serve as the roof organisation for all Maccabi Territorial and National Organisations. It became the co-ordinating body for the promotion and advancement of sports, educational and cultural activities and the State of Israel among Jewish communities world wide. The head office of the MWU is in Israel. It is governed by the World Congress, the assembly of elected representatives of Maccabi Territorial Organisations throughout the world. The Maccabi movement has become the largest Jewish Youth Organisation with clubs in 30 countries and a total membership of over 200,000.

The Maccabi Union Great Britain is the more commonly used shorter name of the Union of Maccabi Assocations in Great Britain and Northern Ireland. This is just one of the Territorial Organisations, and like its counterparts across the globe, it exists to promote the active participation in sports and education of young Jewish men and women, in order to enhance their Jewish identity, values and commitment to the community. It has its own national executive which is elected annually and serves in a voluntary capacity. Its head office is currently in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire. It was previously based at Gildesgame House, 73 Compayne Gardens, London, NW6 (named after Pierre Gildesgame CBE, who started out as Chairman of the Maccabi Association of London and became Chairman of the MWU in 1957).

In 2001 the affiliated clubs of the Maccabi Union Great Britain in the London area are Belmont; Brady; Bushey; Catford; Chigwell & Hainault; E.D.R.S; Ivri; Kadimah/Victoria, Kenton; Kinnor; Launchpad; Luton; Maccabi Association London; Southend-on-Sea. Affiliated clubs in the regions are Brighton & Hove; Cardiff; Dublin; Edinburgh; Glasgow; Liverpool; Leeds; Leicester; Manchester & South Manchester; Newcastle; Sheffield

Physical education is a primary tenet of Maccabi life. This is reflected in the sports competitions held regularly in each country as well as cross continent. The Maccabiah (the "Jewish Olympics") organised by the MWU is the zenith of World Jewish Sports and is held regularly in Israel every four years. The first of these games took place in Tel Aviv in 1932. These games have obtained worldwide recognition and the International Olympic Committee awarded the MWU an "International Federation of Olympic standard". Maccabiah seek not only to achieve high standards in sport but to bring hundreds of Jewish youth to Israel where they compete with each other and see the country. Cultural, educational and social events are always included as part of the offical Maccabiah programme. The International Maccabiah Committee (IMC) is the administrative arm of the MWU now responsible for the organisation of the Maccabiah Games.

Thomas Babington Macaulay was born at Rothley Temple, Leicestershire in 1800. He was the son of the abolitionist Zachary Macaulay and his wife Selina (née Mills). He was educated at Trinity College Cambridge and subsequently studied law at Lincoln's Inn and was called to the bar in 1826. He first entered Parliament in 1830 as MP for Calne and subsequently for Leeds. He left Parliament in 1834 to serve on the Governor-General's Council in British India, returning to Britain in 1838. In 1839 he re-entered Parliament as MP for Edinburgh, keeping the seat until 1847 and spending several years as a cabinet minister. Macaulay was also known as a poet and author. Between 1839 and 1855 he wrote four volumes of a History of England, which was well-received by many critics. He was granted a peerage in 1857 and buried in Westminster Abbey after his death in 1859.

Rose Macaulay was born in Rugby in 1881 and educated at Somerville College, Oxford. She was a prolific writer: her first best-seller was Potterism in 1920 but she also published a biography of John Milton, and wrote verse. Her final novel, The Towers of Trezibond (1956) was especially highly regarded and created a literary sensation. She also wrote many articles for periodicals such as The Spectator and The Observer. Her correspondence with a distant cousin, the Revd. J.H.C. Johnson, was published posthumously as Letters to a Friend (1961) and Last Letters to a Friend (1962).

George, Earl Macartney (1737-1806) was a British statesman and diplomat. He was envoy extraordinary at St Petersburg, Russia, 1764-1767, Chief secretary of Ireland 1768-1772, Governor of Madras 1781-1785 and most notably the first British ambassador to China 1792-1794. He wrote a number of memoirs of his travels.

George Macartney (1737-1806), 1st Earl Macartney, was Governor and President of Fort St George, Madras, 1780-1786.

The Metropolitan Asylums Board was established by an Order of the Poor Law Board, 15 May 1867. This Order combined the London unions and parishes in to one 'Metropolitan Asylum District' to comply with the stipulations of the Metropolitan Poor Act of 29 March 1867 (30 and 31 Vict c 6). This Act provided for "the Establishment in the Metropolis of Asylums for the Sick, Insane, and other Classes of the Poor and of Dispensaries; and for the Distribution over the Metropolis of Portions of the Charge for Poor Relief; and for other Purposes relating to Poor Relief". The Metropolitan Asylum District was responsible for "the reception and relief of poor persons infected with or suffering from fever or the disease of smallpox or who may be insane".

The first Metropolitan Asylums Board consisted of 60 members, 45 represented the parishes and unions of London and 15 were nominated by the Poor Law Board (afterwards by the Local Government Board and latterly by the Ministry of Health). The number was subsequently increased to 73 members.

Fever and smallpox epidemics had revealed deficiencies in Poor Law provision in the Metropolitan area. In most unions patients suffering from all diseases were crowded together in the workhouse infirmaries. The Boards first task was to devise ways of isolating patients with infectious diseases. The main difficulties confronting the Board were the spasmodic nature of the demands for hospital accommodation during the first 30 years of its existence (the worst outbreaks of smallpox occurred in the years 1870-2, 1884-5, 1893-4 and 1901-2), the objections of local residents to the establishment of hospitals in their neighbourhoods and the statutory limitation of patients to persons within the scope of the Poor Law.

MAB was delegated responsibility for accommodating and treating different diseases during the course of its life (taken from Ayers, 1971, pp 269-270):

Physical disorders:

Infectious and contagious diseases

1867 Scarlet fever; typhoid fever; typhus, smallpox. Poor law cases only before 1883

1883; 1893; 1894 Asiatic cholera. Accommodation available in case of need.

1888 Diphtheria. Poor law and non-pauper cases admitted from 1888. Free treatment after 1891

1905 Plague. Accommodation available in case of need.

1907 Cerebro-spinal meningitis

1911 (Feb) (Poor law)

1911 (May) Measles (non-pauper)

1911 Whooping-cough (poor law)

1912 Whooping-cough (non-pauper)

1912; 1926 Puerperal fever and puerperal pyrexia

1919 Trench fever; malaria; dysentery

1924 Certain contagious conditions of the eye (children received through the LCC)

1924 Zymotic enteritis

Tuberculosis

1897 Poor law children

1911 Insured persons under the National Insurance Act, 1911

1913 - 1921 Non-insured persons

Venereal disease

1916 Parturient women

1917 Infants suffering from ophthalmia neonatorum

1919 Other women and girls

Children's diseases

1897 Ophthalmia and ringworm (children)

1924 Interstitial keratitis and infantile paralysis

1925 Marasmus

1925 - 1929 Encephalitis lethargica (cases suffering from after-effects)

1926 Rheumatic fever; acute endocarditis, chorea

Carcinoma

1928 Women suffering from carcinoma of the uterus

Mental disorders and epilepsy

1867 Harmless poor law 'imbeciles' (adults and children, capable of improvement and non-improvable)

1891 Suitable cases certified under the Lunacy Acts transferred form the London County 'lunatic asylums'

1897 Feeble-minded poor law children (uncertified)

1916 - 1917 Sane epileptics (poor law)

1918 Cases certifies under the 1913 Mental Deficiency Act (poor law and non-pauper)

1924 Mentally infirm persons over 70 years of age (poor law) who had not previously been certified

Healthy classes

1875 Poor law boys training for sea service (non-poor law boys were later received through the LCC be private arrangement

1902 - 1910 Juvenile offenders (MAB remand homes were transferred to the LCC in 1910)

1912 Homeless poor

1914-1919 Destitute enemy aliens and war refuges

Throughout its history the Board was kept under strict control by the central authority and approval had to be obtained from the Poor Law Board (later the Local Government Board) for all appointments of staff, purchases and allocation of property, etc. Some extra duties were placed upon the Board solely by Orders issued by the Local Government Board, e.g., the care of children suffering from opthalmia and from contagious diseases of the skin and scalp or because of some physical or mental defect, in need of special schooling (1896); and the control and management of London casual wards (1911). The most important statutes affecting the work of the Board were:-

The Diseases Prevention (London) Act, 1883 (46 and 47 Vic c.35, which removed the civil disabilities which had previously been attached to admission to the Board's hospitals)

The Public Health (London) Act, 1891 (54 and 55 Vic c.76, sanctioning the treatment of fever patients who were not paupers)

The Public Health (Prevention and Treatment of Disease) Act, 1913 (3 and 4 Geo.V c.23, sanctioning the treatment of tuberculosis patients by the Board)

The Youthful Offenders Act, 1901 (1 Edw.VII c.20 under which the Board established remand homes)

The Mental Deficiency Act, 1913 (3 and 4 Geo.V c.28 as a result of which the Board undertook the care of uncertified mental cases)

The Local Authorities (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1928 (18 and 19 Geo.V c.9 under which the Board was given co-ordinating powers over the London Poor Law Unions in respect of the Metropolitan Common Poor Fund)

Under the Local Government Act, 1929 the powers and duties of the Board were transferred to the London County Council.

An explanation of terminology: At the time of the Metropolitan Asylums Board there was no distinction between learning difficulties and mental disorders. The Mental Deficiency Act, 1927 uses the following terms:

(1) The following classes of persons who are mentally defective shall be deemed to be defective within the meaning of this Act:-
(a) Idiots, that is to say, persons in whose case there exists mental defectives of such a degree that they are unable to guard themselves against common physical dangers:

(b) Imbeciles, that is to say, persons in whose case there exists mental defectiveness which, though not amounting to idiocy, is yet so pronounces that they are incapable of managing themselves or their affairs or, in the case of children, of being taught to do so:

(c) Feeble-minded persons, that is to say, persons in whose cases there exists mental defectiveness which, though not amounting to imbecility, is yet so pronounced that they require care, supervision and control for their own protection or for the protection of others or, in the case of children, that they appear to be permanently incapable by reason of such defectiveness of receiving proper benefit from the instruction in ordinary schools:

(d) Moral defectives, that is to say, persons in whose case there exists mental defectiveness couple with strongly vicious or criminal propensities and who require care, supervision and control for the protection of others.

(2) For the purposes of this section, 'mental defectiveness' means a condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind existing before the age of eighteen years, whether arising from inherent causes or induced by disease or injury.
Note: the 1913 Act said that mental deficiency had to exist from birth or from an early age.

The Metropolitan Asylums Board was established by an Order of the Poor Law Board, 15 May 1867. This Order combined the London unions and parishes in to one 'Metropolitan Asylum District' to comply with the stipulations of the Metropolitan Poor Act of 29 March 1867 (30 and 31 Vict c 6). This Act provided for "the Establishment in the Metropolis of Asylums for the Sick, Insane, and other Classes of the Poor and of Dispensaries; and for the Distribution over the Metropolis of Portions of the Charge for Poor Relief; and for other Purposes relating to Poor Relief". The Metropolitan Asylum District was responsible for "the reception and relief of poor persons infected with or suffering from fever or the disease of smallpox or who may be insane".

Under the Local Government Act, 1929 the powers and duties of the Board were transferred to the London County Council.

Hermann Maas was an evangelical minister from Heidelberg who, from a very early age had a great interest in the Jewish faith and empathy for the Jewish people. In 1903 he attended the 6th Zionist Congress where he met Theodor Herzl and even before the Nazis came to power he became a member of an organisation which campaigned against antisemitism. During the Nazi era he continued to help persecuted Jews and in 1944 he was deported to France as a slave labourer for these actions. He was the first German citizen to be formally invited to the state of Israel and in 1967 he was awarded the Yad Vashem medal of the 36 Righteous amongst the People of Jerusalem.

Paul and Martha Rosenzweig, came from a village in the Palatinate. They had the same mother, who was Jewish, became a Protestant and died at Auschwitz. The siblings had difficulty obtaining assistance from Jewish organisations because of their Mischling status- in fact Paul spent some time in Dachau. Hermann Maas saved them from Nazi persecution.

The MA in Gender, Sexualities and Ethnic Studies at the University of East London aims to help students to develop a theoretical and empirical understanding of the diverse ways in which gender, sexualities and ethnic divisions are structured and interrelated.

M Milne Limited was based in Edinburgh. It is possibly the same company as, or associated with, M Milne Off Licences Limited.

Constance Lytton was born in 1869, the daughter of Robert, the first Earl of Lytton and Viceroy of India, and Edith Villiers. She was educated at home, in India and then in Europe where the family returned in 1880. In the 1890s Constance Lytton's attachment to a young man of a lower social class was ended by her mother while her sister Elizabeth married Gerald Balfour. Balfour and his sisters, Frances and Emily, were deeply involved in the women's suffrage movement, and influenced their new sister-in-law, but it was not until 1909 after Lytton had made contact with Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence and Annie Kenney that she joined a suffrage group: the Women's Social and Political Union. The following year, in 1910, Lytton took part in a demonstration at the House of Commons where she was arrested. Her imprisonment was made easier, however, when her identity and her poor health were discovered and she was sent to spend her sentence in the prison infirmary. Consequently, at later demonstrations she took a false name and was arrested as Jane Warton, a London seamstress. She was sentenced to fourteen days, went on hunger strike, and was forced fed eight times until her identity was again uncovered and she was immediately released. In 1910 she was appointed a paid WSPU organiser and in 1911 she was arrested once again for breaking a post office window after the failure of the Conciliation Bill, but the trial was delayed when she suffered a heart attack in custody. She was released when the poor state of her health became clear and her fine was paid anonymously. Soon afterward Lytton suffered a stroke which left her partly paralysed. Her activities from now on were concentrated on writing propaganda for the WSPU. She published a series of pamphlets and articles and a book on her experiences and those of fellow inmates with the title, 'Prisons and Prisoners'. After the cessation of militant activity at the outbreak of the First World War, Lytton began to work with Marie Stopes in the campaign to establish birth-control clinics in Britain but spent much of her time as an invalid cared for by her family. She died in 1923.

General Sir Neville Lyttelton born the third son of the 4th Baron Lyttelton, of Hagley Hall in Worcestershire, 1845; his mother was sister-in-law of William Gladstone; educated at Eton College; entered Rifle Brigade, 1865; helped to suppress Fenian rising, Canada, 1866; Secretary, Oregon Boundary Dispute Commission, Canada, 1867; ADC to Viceroy of Ireland, 1868-1873; served in Jowaki Expedition, India, 1877, and in Egyptian Campaign, 1882; appointed private secretary to the Secretary of State for War in the Liberal Government, 1880; Military Secretary to Governor of Gibraltar, 1883-1885, and to Governor of Bombay, 1885-1890; 2nd in Command, 3 Bn, Rifle Bde, Jullundar, India, 1890-1893; Lt Col, 1892; commanded 2 Bn, Rifle Bde, Dublin, Ireland, 1893-1895; appointed Assistant Adjutant General War Office, 1895; Assistant Military Secretary, War Office, 1897-1898; commanded brigade during Nile Expedition, Sudan, 1898; commanded 2 Infantry Bde, Aldershot, 1899; commanded 4 Infantry Bde, 2 and 4 Divs, South Africa, 1899-1900; served in Natal, 1901-1902; Commander-in-Chief, South Africa, 1902-1904; Chief of General Staff and First Military Member of Army Council, 1904-1908; Commander-in-Chief, Ireland, 1908-1912; appointed Governor of the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, 1912; published Eighty years: soldiering, politics, games (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1927); died, 1931. He married Katherine Stuart-Wortley in 1883 and they had 3 daughters, of whom Lucy (1884-1977) a writer and poet, married Charles Masterman (1873-1927), the Liberal politician.

An assignment of term, or assignment to attend the inheritance, was an assignment of the remaining term of years in a mortgage to a trustee after the mortgage itself has been redeemed. An assignment of a lease is the transfer of the rights laid out in the lease to another party, usually for a consideration (a sum of money).

A demise is the conveyance or transfer of an estate by means of a will or lease.

Tony Lynes worked with Richard Titmuss at the London Sschool of Economics, 1958-1965. He was advisor on social security to Labour Secretaries of State, 1974-1979, and continued to advise the Labour Party into the 1990s. His publications include the Penguin Guide to Supplementary Benefits. He also contributed a weekly column on benefits in New Society and the New Statesman. In addition, he has been secretary of the Child Poverty Action Group, an advisor to the National Pensioners Convention and has worked with pensioners' groups in Southwark, London.

Sir David Eccles opened the Parent Teachers' Association Fête at Lyneham County Primary School, 15th July 1961.

No information available.

Born 1870; Educated, King's College School and King's College London; House Surgeon and Ophthalmic Assistant, King's College Hospital; Resident Medical Officer, St Peter's Hospital, London; Surgeon and Dean, Royal Eye Hospital, London; Ophthalmic Surgeon, Royal Ear Hospital, London; Senior Demonstrator of Anatomy and Tutor, Sheffield Medical School; Demonstrator of Physiology and Lecturer in Animal Biology, King's College London, 1895; Lecturer, Zoology, Animal Biology and Elementary Biology, King's College London, 1900; Lecturer, Physiology, King's College London, 1904; Assistant Ophthalmic Surgeon, King's College Hospital, 1910; Dean, King's College Hospital Medical School, 1911; Fellow, 1922, Associate and Member of the Corporation of King's College London; Consulting Ophthalmic Surgeon to King's College Hospital, 1929, and Beckenham Hospital, Kent; Dean Emeritus and Emeritus Lecturer on Ophthalmology, King's College Hospital Medical School, 1929; Consulting Surgeon, Royal Eye Hospital; Honorary Consulting Ophthalmic Surgeon to Royal School for Blind, and South London Institute for the Blind; died, 13 March 1956. Publications: Manual of physiology for students and practitioners (1911); King's and some King's men: being a record of the Medical Department of King's College, London, from 1830-1909 and of King's College Hospital Medical School from 1909 to 1934 (Oxford University Press, London, 1935, Addendum to 1948, 1950); Applied physiology of the eye assisted by T Keith Lyle (Baillière, Tindall & Cox, London, 1958).

William Lygon was born in London in 1872. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church Oxford, which he left without completing his degree. He succeeded his father as Earl Beauchamp in 1891. During 1899-1901 he was briefly governor of New South Wales. Lord Beauchamp became a privy counsellor in 1906 and served as its president between Jun and Nov 1910. He became a Knight of the Garter in 1914 and was was Liberal leader in the House of Lords from 1924. Between 1929 and 1931 he was Chancellor of the University of London. Alongside his happy marriage and family life, Beauchamp had several homosexual relationships, which damaged his reputation, and he was obliged to live in exile abroad from 1931 after a warrant was issued for his arrest.

No further information available.

The London Waste Regulation Authority was brought into existence under section 10 of the Local Government Act 1985 and became a functional organisation on 1 April 1986. It had an independent regulatory role over both the public and private sectors of waste management. Its purpose was to protect public health, prevent pollution of water and improve the environment by ensuring that wastes were properly handled from the producer through all transport modes up to final disposal.

It was composed of 33 members, one elected member being nominated by each of the 32 London borough councils and the City of London. It was financed by a levy, apportioned on a population basis, on each of the authorities. It met three times a year.

An Executive Committee was responsible for major policy matters, meeting 8 times a year and it had two sub-committees, one concerned (inter alia) with considering applications for new site licences or modifications to existing site licences and the other responsible for senior staff appointments. An Urgency committee could be convened at short notice if there were vital matters requiring attention.

It was responsible for the regulation of almost all waste arising in Greater London, operating under control of the Control of Pollution Act 1974 it issued and enforced licences for waste disposal sites handling 'controlled' waste, the removal of waste deposited in breach of licensing conditions and enforcing the Control of Pollution Regulation 1980 in respect of 'Special' Waste. (Controlled waste is household, industrial and commercial waste while special waste is defined as any waste which is either a prescription only medicinal product or contains one or more scheduled substances whereby it is dangerous to life or highly inflammable.)

The LWRA regulated controlled waste by:

• issuing site licenses, with such conditions as it considered appropriate. There were issued to operators or potential operators of waste disposal facilities in Greater London, after mandatory consultations with the Borough Councils, the National Rivers Authority and Waste Disposal Authorities concerned and discretionary consultations with other bodies such as the HSE and the LFB.

• Modifying, refusing or revoking site licenses.

• Monitoring each licensed site to ensure that the operator was complying with the conditions of the licence and that the activities to which the licence related did not cause pollution of water or danger to public health or become seriously detrimental to the amenities of the locality affected by these activities, taking such action to rectify unsatisfactory practices as it considered necessary, which in the last resort could mean the revocation of a licence.

• Maintaining a register of all licences in force.

• Prosecuting those operators not in possession of a licence or operating in breach of licence conditions.

• Prosecuting persons depositing waste on unlicensed sites and ensuring proper removal to a licensed site, as speedily as possible of such waste.

The LWRA also regulated 'special waste' by administering a system of multi-page consignment notes which were issued to accompany all movements of these materials, to ensure their safe handling and correct disposal. Every movement of special waste was monitored and recorded and any producer, carrier or disposer who failed to comply was liable for prosecution.

The Authority also carried out a programme of regular monitoring of special waste producers to ensure that the, storage, handling and administration systems for dealing with this special waste were maintained to a high standard. Advice regarding disposal of special and hazardous substances was given by the Authority to commercial and industrial waste producers. For householders, registered charities and borough councils, the Authority operated a small scale collection service for hazardous waste.

John Hawkins Luxton came to London from Plymouth to establish his fish trading business in 1883. By 1895 he held a tenancy of a stand in Billingsgate Market. J. H. Luxton transferred the stand to his son Horace Russell Luxton in 1941. The business was incorporated as Luxton and Company (Billingsgate) Limited in 1951, having previously traded as Luxton and Company. J. H. Luxton died in 1961.

Born, 1902-1903, patient of Arthur Henry Cheatle, 1919, moved to New Zealand, 1936; corresponded with King's College Hospital, 1990.

Nothing is known about the author of the manuscript except that he was 82 at the time of writing.

Sachsenhausen concentration camp was established in 1936. It was located at the edge of Berlin, which gave it a prime position among the German concentration camps: the administrative centre of all concentration camps was located in Oranienburg, and Sachsenhausen became a training centre for SS officers (who would often be sent to oversee other camps afterwards). Executions took place at Sachsenhausen, especially those of Soviet POWs. While some Jews were executed at Sachsenhausen and many died there, the Jewish inmates of the camp were relocated to Auschwitz in 1942. Sachsenhausen was not designed as a death camp; instead, the systematic mass murder of Jews was conducted primarily in camps to the east.