Lupton was a watchmaker with premises at 3 Newman's Court, Cornhill. The book is believed to have been kept by Lupton when he was working for P. Hilton Barraud, chronometer maker, of 41, Cornhill.
Lunuva (Ceylon) Tea and Rubber Estates Limited was registered in 1907 to acquire the Swinton, Rookatenne, Waldemar, Amblangoda, Galloola and Hopton tea and rubber estates in Ceylon [Sri Lanka]. In 1926 it acquired Hingurugama Tea and Rubber Estates Limited, Brambrakelly (Ceylon) Tea and Rubber Company and Sapumalkande Rubber Company. In 1945 it acquired Crawley Tea Estates Limited.
The company was nationalised by the Sri Lankan government in 1975. In April 1982 it became a PLC (public limited company), and in 1983 it became a wholly owned subsidiary of Harrisons and Crosfield Limited (CLC/B/112).
Dov Lungu was a postgraduate student at Queen Mary College, London, 1976.
John Lunan was the author of several books on the laws and court system of colonial Jamaica. He was probably the same John Lunan whose botanical work Hortus Jamaicensis (1814) is cited by the Oxford English Dictionary as the earliest example of the word 'grapefruit'.
Lumut Rubber Estates Limited was registered in 1909 to acquire the Sungei Wangie and Riverside estates in Malaya and Perak. Harrisons and Crosfield Limited (CLC/B/112) acted as secretary of the company from 1924. In 1947 Lumut Rubber Estates Limited acquired Dusun Durian Rubber Estates Limited (CLC/B/112-056). In 1952 it was acquired by Golden Hope Rubber Estate Limited (CLC/B/112-054).
W H Russell Lumsden was born, 1914; graduated in science and medicine from the University of Glasgow; studied tropical medicine and hygiene at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, and worked as a research fellow in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology. During World War Two he served in malaria field laboratories of the Royal Army Medical Corps and then spent a year with Patrick Buxton becoming Medical Research Council Senior Fellow in Buxton's department, 1946-1947; joined the Yellow Fever Research Institute at Entebbe, Uganda where he remained until he became Director of the East African Trypanosomiasis Research Organisation (EATRO) from 1957 to 1963. Lumsden was Chair of Medical Protozoology 1968-1979.
Eric Templeton Lummis was born, 1920; commissioned into the Royal Anglian Regiment, 1939; Lt Col, 1966; retired from the Army, 1968; died 1999.
William Murrell Lummis was born, 1885 or 1886; enlisted in the 11th Hussars, 1904; served in France and Belgium, First World War; transferred the Suffolk Regiment, 1916; 2 Lt, 1916; Lt, 1917; Adjutant and Quarter Master, School of Education, India, 1921-1925; Capt, 1928; retired from the army, 1930; ordained deacon in the Church of England; canon of Ipswich, 1955; died, 1985.
This company of brick merchants was formed in around 1914 and was based at Swinton House, 324 Grays Inn Road, WC1. It was also concerned with selling coal in the first few years of its existence and is believed to have folded in the mid-1960s.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
George Luckyj and Jaroslav Rudnykj are both Canadian academics with Ukrainian family backgrounds. Luckyj is professor emeritus, Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Toronto. He is the author, translator and editor of more than 30 books on Ukrainian language and literature.
The James Joyces Centre was set up in 1973. The collection was started with the help of the Trustees of the Joyce Estate, Faber & Faber, the Society of Authors and other donors. The Centre started collecting archival material in 1974.
A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.
Lease and release was the most common method of conveying freehold property from the later seventeenth century onwards, before the introduction of the modern conveyance in the late nineteenth century. The lease was granted for a year (sometimes six months), then on the following day the lessor released their right of ownership in return for the consideration (the thing for which land was transferred from one party to another, usually, of course, a sum of money).
A quitclaim was a deed renouncing any possible right to a property. The name comes from the Latin Quietus Clamatus.
An assignment of term, or assignment to attend the inheritance, was an assignment of the remaining term of years in a mortgage to a trustee after the mortgage itself has been redeemed. An assignment of a lease is the transfer of the rights laid out in the lease to another party, usually for a consideration (a sum of money).
From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".
Richard Clement Lucas was born on 16 April 1846, son of William Lucas of Oaklands, Midhurst, Sussex. Educated at Queenwood College, Stockbridge, Hants; Guy's Hospital, and the University of London. Passed First Division at every examination; awarded gold medal at MB, Honours at BS, and FRCS. Lucas was appointed Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy at Guy's, 1872, Senior Demonstrator, 1874, Demonstrator in Practical Surgery, 1877. In 1875, he was elected Assistant Surgeon, and was Surgeon from 1888-1906. He also lectured in the Medical School on Anatomy, 1888-1900, and Surgery 1900-1906, retiring in 1906. Lucas served as a member of the Council of the Royal College of Surgeons from 1901-1914, and as Vice President of the College, 1909-1911. Bradshaw Lecturer, 1911. He was married to Kathleen Emma Pelly. He died on 30 June 1915.
Publications: The Bradshaw Lecture on Some Points in Heredity. Delivered before the Royal College of Surgeons, December 6th, 1911, Adlard & Son: London, 1912
Born, 1851, educated at University College School; read chemistry at University College London; ascended Mont Blanc, 1870; visited the USA and Canada, 1872; Egypt, 1873; expedition to find the source of the Congo, 1875-1876; died on the expedition 1876; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1875-1876.
John William Lubbock, third Baronet, astronomer and mathematician, was born on 29 March 1803 in Duke Street, Westminster, only child of Sir John William Lubbock, head of the banking firm of Lubbock & Co., by his wife Mary, daughter of James Entwhistle of Rusholme, Manchester. He attended Eton, then in 1821 Trinity College Cambridge, where he graduated as first senior optime in 1825, and MA in 1833. In 1825 he became a partner in his father's bank, dividing his time between business and study. He joined the Astronomical Society in 1828, the Royal Society in 1829 (Treasurer, 1830-1835 and 1838-1845, and Vice-President, 1830-1835, 1836-1837 and 1838-1846), and was a member of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge from 1829. He aided the establishment of the British Almanac in 1827, and published a descriptive memoir on tides in the 'Companion' volume in 1830. His research on tidal observations formed the subject of his Bakerian Lecture in 1836 and a paper to the Royal Society of 1837. In 1834 the Royal Society awarded him a Royal Medal for his work on tides. His researches into physical astronomy were directed towards simplifying methods, and introducing uniformity into the calculation of lunar and planetary perturbations. Mathematically, he was foremost among English mathematicians in adopting Laplace's doctrine of probability and with Drinkwater was the author of a joint elementary treatise on probability published in 1830 (reprinted in 1844) by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. He was the first Vice-Chancellor of London University (1837-1842), one of the treasurers of the Great Exhibition of 1851, a visitor to the Royal Observatory, and a member of various scientific commissions, especially those on standards and weights and measures. He saw the bank through the commercial panics of 1847 and 1857, and in 1860 amalgamated it with another bank, to become Roberts, Lubbock & Co. From 1840 he led a retired life at his home at High Elms in Farnborough, Kent, where he died on 20 June 1865. On 20 June 1833 he had married Harriet, daughter of Lieutenant General Hotham of York, and had 11 children, of whom the eldest, Sir John Lubbock, was created Baron Avebury in 1900.
Basil Lubbock (1876-1944) was educated at Eton and in 1897 went to Canada and on to the KLONDYKE in the second year of the gold rush. He shipped home in 1899 from the West Coast round the Horn as an ordinary seaman on the four-masted barque ROYALSHIRE, a voyage recorded in his Round the Horn Before the Mast (London, 1902). After the First World War Lubbock devoted himself to recording the history of sailing ships between 1850 and 1930 in a series of over fifteen volumes, most of which are still in print as standard reference works. These include The China Clippers (1914), The Colonial Clippers (1921), The Blackwall Frigates (1922), The Last of the Windjammers (2 vols, 1927-8) and his last book The Arctic Whalers (1937).
Kut-el-Amara, Mesopotamia, garrisoned by the British Army, was the scene of a lengthy siege by the Turkish Army during World War One. The British troops eventually surrendered in Apr 1916 following the failure of several relief attempts.
This material was gathered by the LSE History Project team in support of Ralf Gustav Dahrendorf's LSE: a history of the London School of Economics and Political Science, 1895-1995 (Oxford University Press, 1995).
Samuel Jones Loyd was born on 25 September 1796. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a BA in 1818 and an MA in 1822. Loyd's father, the Reverend Lewis Loyd, accepted a partnership in Jones' Manchester Bank to form Jones, Loyd & Co. On Lewis Loyd's retirement in 1844, Samuel Loyd took control of the bank which merged with the London and Westminster Bank in 1863. Samuel Loyd was also involved in politics. He sat as the Liberal member for Hythe from 1819 to 1826 and in 1832 he unsuccessfully contested Manchester as a Liberal. In 1832, Loyd gave evidence before a parliamentary committee which was working on the Bank Act. Loyd warned against multiplying the issue of paper and permitting more than one bank of issue. He later went on to publish his evidence in 1837 in a work entitled Reflections on the State of the Currency. He again gave evidence before the committee of the House of Commons upon the banks of issue in 1840. The Bank Act, 1844, incorporated many of the ideas expressed by Loyd. During the 1840s and 50s Loyd published many pamphlets on financial matters and became a parliamentary advisor. Loyd was chairman of the Irish Famine Committee of 1846-9, received a peerage as Baron Overstone of Overstone and Fotheringhay in 1850. That same year he became a trustee of the National Gallery and, in 1851, he was a Commissioner of the Great Exhibition. He died at his house, 2 Carlton Gardens, London on 17 November 1883.
The Loyal London Volunteers were a militia unit formed to protect London against the threat of French invasion during the Napoleonic wars.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
Lowndes was born in Staffordshire, 1892. His first job was as a Laboratory Assistant in the Department of Chemistry and Physics at Stafford Technical School. In 1909, he moved to Canada where he worked with Prof R B Macallum in the Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto. On the outbreak of war, he joined the 1st Canadian Expeditionary Force, after being taken prisoner at Ypres, 1915, he spent three years as a prisoner of war in Germay. After his release in 1918, he studied Chemistry in Delft, Holland, under Jan Boesekin. He married C A V Broydon. Lowndes was for some time Science Master at Rugeley Grammar School, Staffordshire, before taking up a position in 1921 as Research Assistant to Huia Onslow. In 1923, he was appointed Demonstrator in the Department of Chemistry at St Thomas's Hospital Medical School, subsequently becoming the Senior Lecturer in Chemistry. He retired in 1957.
No historical information has been traced for Richard Lowndes or his father William Lowndes.
Louis Löwenthal, was a Jewish travelling salesman, in Berlin and other locations in Germany.
Otto Löwenstein was Jewish but his wife was not. He died in prison, 1938, though it is not known why he was sent there.
Heinz Werner Löwenstein emigrated to South Africa in 1935. He became a sergeant in the South African Army [1941]; saw action in North Africa, 1942; Italian prisoner of war, Oct 1942; repatriated, Apr 1943.
Dr Margaret Lowenfeld was a paediatrician who became a pioneer of child psychology and psychotherapy. Her outstanding contributions sprang from her recognition that play is an important activity in children's development. She invented non-verbal techniques that enabled children to express themselves, including The Lowenfeld World Technique and Lowenfeld Mosaics. The former involved the use of sand trays and miniature toys. The child guidance clinic Lowenfeld established in the late 1920s in London's Notting Hill developed into the Institute for Child Psychology.
Further biographical information can be found on the Dr Margaret Lowenfeld Trust website at http://www.lowenfeld.org/Lowenfeld/default.asp.
Eveline Mary Lowe (1869-1956) (née Farren) was the first woman Chair of the London County Council. She was born and spent most of her life in Bermondsey. She was the daughter of Reverend J Farren, a Congregational minister. She was educated at Milton Mount College, Gravesend and trained as a teacher at Homerton College, where she became a lecturer and then vice-principal. She married Dr George C Lowe in 1903. Eveline was politically active - she was one of the earliest members of the Women's Labour League; a founder member of the Bermondsey International Labour party and of the West Bermondsey Divisional Labour Party (serving as Treasurer from 1919); President of the West Bermondsey Women's Section; member of the London Labour Party Executive (which she represented on the London Women's Advisory Committee from 1918). She was also active in local government, serving on the education committee as London County Council member for Bermondsey from 1922 onwards; Chair of the London Education Committee, 1934; Chair of the Establishments Committee, 1937; and first woman Chair of the London County Council, 1939. She retired from the London County Council in 1946 and died 30 May 1956.
Elias Avery Loew was born in Moscow, Russia, and emigrated to New York City as a child; he became an American citizen in 1900 and changed the spelling of his surname to Lowe in 1918. Lowe was educated at the College of the City of New York, Cornell University, the University of Halle and the University of Munich, earning his PhD in 1907. He lectured in palaeography at the University of Oxford from 1913 until 1936, when he was given a professorship at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. The author of the seminal Codices Latini antiquiores (11 vols, 1934-1971) Lowe was recognized as one of the world's leading researchers in palaeography. He received many academic honours, including the Bibliographical Society's gold medal (1959).
See information in 'Scope and content'.
William Lowder graduated doctor of medicine, Aberdeen, 1775; licentiate of the College of Physicians, 1786; practised midwifery; lectured at Guy's Hospital and at the anatomy theatre he and John Haighton ran in St. Saviour's churchyard, Southwark, died, 1801.
Born in New Zealand, 1891; educated at Christchurch Boys' High School; political cartoonist, Spectator and Canterbury Times; joined Sydney Bulletin, 1911,and became resident cartoonist, 1914; cartoons published in The Billy Book (Sydney, 1918); arrived in London, 1919; political cartoonist, The Star, 1919-1926; Evening Standard, 1926-1949; joined Daily Herald, 1950-1953; Manchester Guardian, 1953; created "Colonel Blimp"; knighted, 1962; died 1963. Publications: Lloyd George and Co. (Allen and Unwin, London, 1922); Low and I (Methuen and Co, London, 1923); Low and I holiday book (Daily News, London, 1925); The best of Low (Jonathan Cape, London, 1930); Low's Russian sketchbook (Victor Gollancz, London, 1932); Low and Terry (Hutchinson and Co, London, 1934); The New Rake's Progress (Hutchinson and Co, London, 1934); Ye Madde Designer (The Studio, London, 1935); Political Parade (Cresset Press, London, 1936); Low Again (Cresset Press, London, 1938); A Cartoon History of our Times (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1939); Europe since Versailles (Harmondsworth, 1939); Europe at War (Allen Lane, Harmondsworth, 1940); Low's War Cartoons (Cresset Press, London, 1941); The World at War (Harmondsworth, New York, 1942); C'est la Guerre (New Europe Publishing Company, London, 1943); Válka Zaeala Mnichovem (New Europe Publishing Company, London, 1945); Years of Wrath (Victor Gollancz, London, 1949); Low's company (Methuen and Co, London, 1952); Low Visibility (Cresset Press, London, 1953); Low's Autobiography (Michael Joseph, London, 1956); The Fearful Fifties (Bodley Head, London, 1960); British Cartoonists, Caricaturists and Comic Artists (William Collins, London, 1942).
William Cullen was born,1710; educated Hamilton Grammar School and the University of Glasgow; medical apprenticeship, Glasgow; service as a ship's surgeon; assistant to an apothecary, London; medical practice near Shotts in Lanarkshire, 1732-1734; practised in Hamilton, 1736-1744; graduating MD, Glasgow, 1740; moved to Glasgow continuing in private practice and lecturing semi-officially on medicine for the University of Glasgow, 1744; Lectureship in Chemistry in Glasgow, 1747; Chair of Medicine, 1751; lectured on chemistry and medicine and continued with his practice, 1747-1755; in 1755 he was appointed conjoint Professor with Plummer in Edinburgh with the succession on Plummer's death which occurred in 1756 and Cullen held the Chair until 1766; Professor of the Institutes of Medicine (Physiology) and of the Practice of Medicine, Edinburgh; retired, 1789; died, 1790.
Edward Low, son of Edward Low, a farmer, entered Trinity College Dublin in 1754, and took his BA degree in 1759. He proceeded to the study of medicine at Edinburgh, but did not graduate there.
Born, 1890; educated at Westminster School (scholar); Oriel College Oxford (scholar); 1st Class Moderations, 1911; 2nd Class Literae Humaniores, 1914; BA, 1914; MA, 1915; Assistant Master, Marlborough College, 1914-1918; Westminster School, 1919-1921; Rector of Kelvinside Academy, Glasgow, 1921-1929; temporary Junior Assistant, Air Ministry, 1941-1943; temporary Senior Assistant, Foreign Office, 1943-1945; Lecturer in Department of Classics and Sub-Dean of the Faculty of Arts, King's College London, 1945-1957; Chairman, English Association, 1959-1964; Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature; died, 1972. Publications: with B V F Brackenbury, Elementary French Exercises (1917); Kelvinside Academy, 1878-1928; Gibbon's Journal (1929); Edward Gibbon (1937); London is London (1949); Virgil and the English Augustans (a paper read to the Virgil Society, 1952); Norman Douglas, A Selection from his Works (1955); A Century of Writers, 1855-1955 (1955); Essays and Studies Collected for the English Association (1955); abridged Edward Gibbon's The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1960); Trends in English Pronunciation (1960). Contributor to: Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature; Encyclopaedia Britannica. Novels: Twice Shy (1933); This Sweet Work (1935). Translations: Natalia Ginzburg, Voices in the Evening (1963) and Family Sayings (1967); Ercole Patti, Roman Chronicle (1965).
Born in Cornwall in 1800; migrated to London, 1821, where he worked as a cabinet maker; Member, later President, Cabinet Makers Society; Storekeeper to the first London Cooperative Trading Society; Secretary, British Association for Promoting Co-operative Knowledge, 1830; Member, Grand National Consolidated Trades Union; arrested and tried for rioting, 1832; helped found the London Working Man's Association, 1836, and played a large part in their drafting of the People's Charter in 1838; arrested for his manifesto against the police, tried, and imprisoned in Warwick jail, 1839-1840; opened a bookseller's shop, and published Chartism; a new Organisation of the People, on the organisation of the Chartist party (1841); established the national Association for promoting the Political and Social Improvement of the People, 1841; member of the council of the Anti-Slavery League, 1846; published textbooks on elementary science after 1857; died 1877.
After a relatively poor upbringing Lovett became interested in the social conditions of the working classes. Around 1830 he was appointed secretary to the British Association for promoting Co-operative Knowledge and during that time was also connected with agitation against stamp duty on newspapers. In 1831 he went on to join the National Union of the Working Classes. In 1836 he assisted to draft the Benefit Societies Act and to draft other People's Bills and Charters. With his collegue Collins he wrote Chartism: A New Organisation of the People in 1841. Later in his life he also became interested in educational issues, writing some educational text books. He was also involved in promoting the establishment of free libraries to parliamentarians.
Beryl Loveridge was the headmistress of Starcross School for Girls, which became the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson School in Angel, Islington. Loveridge retired as headmistress of the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson School in 1994, and died in 1996.
Augustus Lovell Reeve (1814–1865), conchologist and publisher, was born at Ludgate Hill, London, on 19 April 1814, the son of Thomas Reeve, draper and mercer, and his wife, Fanny Lovell. After attending school at Stockwell he was apprenticed at the age of thirteen to a Mr Graham, a grocer of Ludgate Hill. The chance visit of a sailor to the family shop with a calico handkerchief full of cowry shells, which he purchased for a few pence, led to Reeve's becoming a lifelong student of conchology. In 1833 he attended the meeting of the British Association at Cambridge where he acted as conchologist to the natural history section on its excursion into the fens between Cambridge and Ely.
His apprenticeship over, Reeve visited Paris where he read a paper on the classification of the Mollusca before the French Academy of Sciences. He returned to London and began work on his first book, Conchologia systematica (2 vols, 1841–1842). The publication costs, however, used up all the moneys left to him by his father and compelled him to make a fresh start in life. An opportunity to make some money came from his purchase, at Rotterdam, of a large collection of shells amassed by the Dutch governor-general of the Moluccas, General Ryder. Its profitable sale enabled Reeve to open a shop in King William Street, Strand, where he established himself as a dealer in natural objects and as a publisher specializing in natural history books.
About 1848 Reeve moved his business to 5 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, the address which also became his home from 1864. As a publisher he dealt with eminent scientists such as the botanist William Jackson Hooker, the geologist Charles Lyell, and the traveller–naturalist Alfred Russell Wallace. He was considered the leading Natural History publisher of his time ‘one of the most eminent scientific publishers this country has produced’ said the Bookseller in Dec 1865. He was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society (1846) and of the Geological Society (1853), but, despite being sponsored by Charles Darwin, was unsuccessful in his attempt (1849) to become a fellow of the Royal Society. He married, on 12 October 1837, Eliza Baker, a relative of his former master, Mr Graham; after her death he married, on 9 January 1854, Martha Reeve (possibly the author of Edible British Molluscs (1867) under the pen name M. S. Lovell).
In 1845, as William Hooker and Samuel Curtis launched the Third Series of the Botanical Magazine, Lovell Reeve considered purchasing the publication. The magazine had a new sub-title which defined its limits ‘The plants of the Royal Botanical Gardens of Kew, and of other botanical establishment in Great Britain’. When Lovell Reeve finally acquired the magazine, he had a new vignette of the Palm House cut, designed by its Architect Decimus Burton, to emphasize the importance of its links with the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; he also asked William Hooker, who had by then become the first official Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, to write an advertisement to launch its new publication. In 1852, financial difficulties compelled Reeve to cut down on the colouring of illustration plates, which became only partly coloured. In May 1860, Reeve undertook to publish a new magazine, to run alongside the Botanical Magazine, the Floral Magazine, which was announced for publication in May 1860. The Botanical Magazine under Sir William Hooker, would continue ‘to represent the scientific department of Garden Botany’ whereas the Floral Magazine would be devoted ‘chiefly to meritorious varieties of such introduced plants only are as of popular character, and likely to become established favourites in the Garden, Hothouse or Conservatory’. The Floral Magazine ceased publication in 1881 and 14 years later the firm of Lovell Reeve was still trying to dispose of stocks of loose plates related to the magazine, offering them at 6d. or 1s., ‘for screens, scrap-books, studies in flower-paintings etc..’. However, this did not affect the Botanical Magazine, who pursued its traditional policy of reviewing new interesting species. The plants described by Sir William Hooker in the magazine, reflected the fruits of botanical exploration but also his own personal interest.
Reeve was a competent photographer and edited and published the Stereoscopic Magazine from 1858. He also issued several sets of stereoscopic pictures. The Stereoscopic Magazine came out monthly at a cost of 2 shillings and sixpence containing 3 stereo photos, with descriptive letterpress. The Stereoscopic Magazine was only published for seven years as Lovell Reeve died in 1865. Reeve died at his home in Henrietta Street on 18 November 1865. His wife, Martha, survived him.
When Lovell Reeve died, the management of the firm passed on to his partner, Francis Lesiter Soper, the editorship of the Botanical Magazine to Joseph Hooker, after his father’s death in Aug 1865. In the early 1900s, Joseph Hooker’s resigned, and his son in law, Sir William Thiselton-Dyer, who was also the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, took over the editorship of the magazine. A few years later, the post went to Sir David Prain, Curator of the Herbarium and Library at Kew. When Francis Soper died in the early 1910s, his son succeeded him, but the magazine was then running into trouble, because of the First World War, but also because of the lack of flair and imagination which the Hookers had brought in. The War brought on a shortage of staff and the magazine went from a monthly publication to a quarterly one.
In the 1920s, the magazine was running at a loss and Soper sought a new owner. In 1921, the magazine was finally bought by the Royal Horticultural Society, who also acquired the Company’s old stock. The tradition of Directors of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew being appointed as Editor was continued, with Sir Arthur Hill succeeding David Prain when the latter retired in 1922. The new owners of the Magazine formed a committee to decide on the format the magazine was going to take, choosing in the process scientific publishers H.F and G Witherby to publish it for three years. Lillian Snelling was appointed as Artist, succeeding the previous one, Matilda Smith who had retired in 1921. Despite the quality of the editorship and the excellence of the drawings, the Magazine was not breaking even nor making a profit and the Royal Horticultural Society had to commit £500 as annual subsidy. In the 1930s, another crisis faced the Magazine, as hand colouring, which had traditionally been used up to this date, was proving by then to be very expensive. As a result, the Royal Horticultural Society decided to cut down on the number of colour plates and also to make extra colour plates available in the form of a colour supplement for those wishing to pay extra.
The Second World War brought on its own set of problems, with the evacuation of the Library and Herbarium specimen rendering the taxonomic research needed for the Magazine impossible, as well a shortage of hand colourists. Hand colouring was abandoned in the late 1940s, and was changed, first to a system of half-tone plates, and later to photogravure; the content was also changed so that more plants likely to be of interest to the average Gardener and available through nurseries were included. In the 1950s, the publication was spread over two years, with only two volumes published per year. Lilian Snelling retired and Stella Ross-Craig was joined by Anne Webster and Margaret Stones as regular Artists. In 1966, Sir George Taylor, Director of the Gardens at Kew and Editor, succeeded in obtaining financial assistance for the magazine, from the Bentham-Moxon Trustees and in 1966 the Trustees helped with artists’ fees. In 1970, the copyright was transferred from the Royal Horticultural Society to the Bentham-Moxon Trust. In the later years of the Magazine, there was little change in style or content and in 1984, it was finally decided that it had to appeal to a wider audience as it had always been criticised as being ‘written by botanists for botanists’. It was therefore decided to incorporate it within the Kew Magazine. The first number appeared in April 1984 ‘Kew Magazine, incorporating Curtis’s Botanical Magazine’, subscribers being sought amongst botanists, ecologists, conservationists, gardeners and admirers of botanical art.
Dr Forrest Loveland, general practitioner, was born in 1885. He graduated from Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska in 1911, and was licensed to practise in 1912. In 1965 the American Medical Directory listed him as a general practitioner in Topeka, Kansas, with a secondary specialism in occupational medicine.
James Bowden Lovelace moved to Malaga to pursue business interests, working for his uncle John Lovelace.
Born 1931; joined Army as National Serviceman, 1949; 2nd Lt 1950; joined Royal Artillery, Lt 1952; temp Capt 1954; Capt 1958; Maj 1965; passed Staff College, 1966; MBE 1970; Lt Col 1971; Col 1978; Defence Attaché, British Embassy, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1979-1982; Project Director, 'Falklands Pilgrimage', 1983; died 1999.
Mary Ethel Corry Knocker was the daughter of Colonel Cuthbert and Janie Knocker of Dover. Born 21 Sep 1883 at Woolwich, she married Hugh McCaskey Love in Los Angeles, California, USA, in 1921, and had one son, Cuthbert. She lived in the USA from 1921 until her death, 9 Dec 1970 at La Jolla, California.
Louis XIV, the elder son of Louis XIII and Anne of Austria, succeded to the French throne in 1643 aged 4. His mother served as regent until he came of age in 1651, but he did not take personal control of the government until the death of his First Minister, Cardinal Mazarin, in 1661. In 1660 he married Maria Theresa, daughter of King Philip IV of Spain; she died in 1683 and he later contracted a morganatic marriage to the Marquise de Maintenon. Throughout his reign, Louis was often involved in wars with neighbouring countries, including the War of the Grand Alliance and the War of the Spanish Succession. His lavish spending at court and patronage of the arts and academia earned him the nickname of 'the Sun King'. A large French territory in North America was named Louisiane (Louisiana) in his honour. Louis XIV died in 1715 aged almost 77. His eldest son and grandson having predeceased him, he was succeeded by his 5-year-old great grandson, who became Louis XV.
Thomas Louis entered the Navy in 1770, was promoted to lieutenant in 1777 and to captain in 1783. In 1794 he took command of the MINOTAUR, one of the ships in Nelson's squadron during the battle of the Nile, 1798; he continued under Nelson's orders in 1799, off the coast of Italy. Promoted to Rear-Admiral in 1804, Louis commanded the blockade off Boulogne, after which he hoisted his flag in the CANOPUS, off Toulon, in 1805. Still in the CANOPUS, Louis was second-in-command of the squadron which destroyed the French fleet at the battle of San Domingo, 1806; for this he was rewarded with a baronetcy. Later in 1806 he took charge of a small squadron in the Eastern Mediterranean and remained there until his death. See H.B. Louis, 'One of Nelson's Band of Brothers: Admiral Sir Thomas Louis, bart' (Malta, 1951). John Louis, son of Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Louis (q.v.), entered the Navy in 1795, was promoted to lieutenant in 1801, to commander in 1805 and to captain in 1806. He served during 1810 off the coast of Ireland and off Cadiz, was in the Mediterranean in 1811 and then went out to the West Indies. After several years on half-pay, he served again in the West Indies, 1826 to 1830. In 1837 he was appointed Captain Superintendent of Woolwich Dockyard and also to the command of the WILLIAM AND MARY yacht. He was Superintendent of Malta Dockyard, 1838 to 1843, and of Devonport, 1846 to 1850. Louis became Rear-Admiral in 1838, Vice-Admiral in 1849 and Admiral in 1851.
Thomas Louis entered the Navy in 1770, was promoted to lieutenant in 1777 and to captain in 1783. In 1794 he took command of the MINOTAUR, one of the ships in Nelson's squadron during the battle of the Nile, 1798; he continued under Nelson's orders in 1799, off the coast of Italy. Promoted to Rear-Admiral in 1804, Louis commanded the blockade off Boulogne, after which he hoisted his flag in the CANOPUS, off Toulon, in 1805. Still in the CANOPUS, Louis was second-in-command of the squadron which destroyed the French fleet at the battle of San Domingo, 1806; for this he was rewarded with a baronetcy. Later in 1806 he took charge of a small squadron in the Eastern Mediterranean and remained there until his death. See H.B. Louis, 'One of Nelson's Band of Brothers: Admiral Sir Thomas Louis, bart' (Malta, 1951).
Professor Michael Laughton, Emeritus Professor of Electrical Engineering, University of London; Employed at Queen Mary College in Faculty of Engineering 1961-2000. Became a Professor in 1977, Inaugural lecture 1978, Dean of the Faculty of Engineering 1983-1986; Pro-Principal 1986-1991 and Dean of the Faculty of Engineering.
According to a trade journal of 1938, the Lorival Manufacturing Company Limited were based at 50 - 51 Lime Street, London, EC, with their manufacturing taking place at Norwood Works, Southall. They made fine mouldings in synthetic resin, urea-formaldehyde and cellulose acetate materials; and a large variety of mouldings in special materials for aircraft components.
The Chloride Electrical Storage Company Limited purchased Lorival in 1927, and purchased United Ebonite Manufacturers Limited in 1934. In 1939 United Ebonite acquired the assets of Lorival and the name was changed to United Ebonite and Lorival Limited.
The author was a younger brother of C. I. Lorinser and obtained his MD and MS at Vienna in 1848-1851. He worked mainly at the Vienna Allgemeines Krankenhaus, and later founded the Orthopaedic Institute.
David Lockhart Robertson Lorimer was born on 24 December 1876. He entered the Indian Army in 1896. From 1898 to 1903 he served with the QVO Corps of Guides, and was seconded with the Khalibar Rifles from 1901 to 1903. He entered the Indian Political Service in 1903, serving with them until 1924. His posts included HBMS Vice-Consul for Arabistan (1903-1909); Political Agent, Bahrein (1911-1912); HM Consul, Kerman and Persian Baluchistan, and ex-officio Assistant to the Political Resident, Persian Gulf (1912-1914); Assistant Political Agent, Chitral (1915); on field service with the IEFD, Mesopotamia, and Civil Governor Amara (1915-1916); HM Consul Kerman and Persian Baluchistan (1916-1917); Political Agent, Loralai, Baluchistan (1920); and Political Agent, Gilgit (1920-1924). Lorimer was awarded a Leverhulme Research Fellowship for 1933-1935. He also received an honorary fellowship of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, in 1953.
Lorimer's publications included Syntax of Colloquial Pashtu (1915); Persian Tales (1919); The Phonology of the Bakhtiari, Badakshani, and Madaglashti Dialects of Modern Persian (1922); The Burushaski Language, volumes I and II (1935), and volume III (1938); The Dumaki Language (1939); The Wakhi Language (1958).
Until the Sixteenth Century the Crown's main representative in the shires was the Sheriff, but in the middle of the century a new officer appeared to take over his military duties. The King's Lieutenants were first appointed in 1549 to organise the local militia - it was at first only a temporary appointment used in time of emergency. However appointments became more frequent from the late Sixteenth Century and in the first half of the Seventeenth Century as local unrest and the threat of invasion increased. Various Acts were passed reflecting the growing role of the Lord Lieutenant. The Milita Act of 1662 made the Lieutenant responsible for the entire county militia; and the post became personal to one man - in some cases even hereditary. The office was reorganised in 1757 when it was laid down that the sovereign would appoint them by Commissions of Lieutenancy; and Lieutenants themselves would have full authority to assemble, arm and command the militia, and appoint twenty or more deputy lieutenants to help them. The office was unpaid, but with deputies to carry out many of the tasks, it was in effect a post which did not involve much expense or onerous duties for the holder. It did, however, give the holder a great deal of social standing in the local community - he was a powerful man having close contact with both the centre of government and the local magistracy. It is not surprising to find therefore that the post was always held by one of the main county landowners, almost always a member of the nobility - hence the change (early on in the office's history) of prefix from 'King's' to 'Lord' Lieutenant. He was appointed directly by the sovereign - and still is, although now on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. He was responsible not to the Justices but to the Privy Council. It was the Lord Lieutenant's main duty in times of emergency to raise and supervise the local militia (see MR/ML), and from the Eighteenth Century to train it, although it remained very much an amateur force.
By the end of the Seventeenth Century the militia had all but disappeared due to low demand on their services, but with the regular army serving abroad in the Seven Years War, and subsequent conflicts, the need for them returned again in the 1740s. The 1757 Militia Act defined the role of the Lord Lieutenant and his deputy lieutenants in the militia, and addressed such practicalities as training, pay and billeting. However, whatever new regulations were introduced were not properly enforced until the 1770s during the time of trouble caused by the American War of Independence.
The main problem following the militia's downsizing was the shortage of volunteers. Lists of potential conscripts (Militia Ballot Lists) had to be drawn up; the Lord Lieutenant and his deputies formed a general meeting to issue orders to constables to return lists of eligible men; and names were then chosen in a ballot supervised by the Lieutenant.
Middlesex had a quota of 1600 men and the final list of volunteers which was drawn up was known as the Militia Muster Roll. New lists were to be made after each group of men had served three years (1757-1786, therafter five years service); exemption appeals were to be heard by deputy lieutenants in divisional meetings. The militia continued to be called into action at various times during the Nineteenth Century. Although the Lord Lieutenant's command over it was taken from him and given to the Crown under the 1871 Army Regulation Act, he was still able to make officer recommendations.
It was during the prolonged period of the threat of invasion caused by the Napoleonic Wars that the need for supplementary forces to the militia arose, and resulted in a variety of different forces which worked alongside, or was separate, from the main militia. None of these forces were under militia regulations, but they were all controlled to some small extent by the county lieutenancy. Special constables would occasionally be appointed (from 1831) to deal with areas of local disturbance, by the Justices although they had to send notice of appointments and circumstances to the lord Lieutenant.
The other major role of the Lord Lieutenant aside from his military one, was (from the reign of Elizabeth I) as (nominal) chief Justice of the Peace and head of the local magistracy known as Keeper of the Peace. He was the person who recommended the names of people to the Lord Chancellor as potential Justices of the Peace. Since the turn of the last century, this has been done through his chairmanship of the county's Advisory Committee on Justices. The links between Quarter Sessions and the work of the Lord Lieutenant were many and close. Perhaps the best example is that of the usual practice of appointing the Clerk of the Peace as Clerk of the Lieutenancy. Many more militia records than those required to have ended up among sessions records in local county record offices; a lot of the pre-Eighteenth Century records are in the National Archives. The Lord Lieutenant was by the end of the Seventeenth Century the Custos Rotolorum or Keeper of the Records, officially responsible for the care of the county records, although in practice it was the Clerk of the Peace who carried out this work (MC).