Showing 15887 results

The Lord Chancellor's Advisory Committee on Legal Education and Conduct (ACLEC) was established in 1991 under the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990. The Committee had the general duty of assisting in the maintenance and development of standards in the education, training and conduct of those offering legal services. In the field of legal education and training, its brief was as follows:

1. to keep under review the education and training of those who offer to provide legal services.
   2. to consider the need for continuing education and training for such persons and the form it should take.
   3. to consider the steps which professional and other bodies should take to ensure that their members benefit from such continuing education and training.

ACLEC was abolished by Statutory Instrument 1999 No.3296. Its functions were taken over by a new Legal Services Consultative Panel within the Lord Chancellor's Department.

A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.

Unknown.

Beatrice Look was a student at Woolwich Polytechnic in 1921-1922. She was an athlete at the 1st Women's Olympiad in Monte Carlo, 1921. She died in 1995, aged 93.

Born Kathleen Yardley in Newbridge, southern Ireland, 1903; moved with her family to Seven Kings, Essex, 1908; attended the County High School for Girls, Ilford; attended Bedford College for Women and graduated in physics, 1922; finished first in the University of London BSc Honours exam; gained a place in W H Bragg's research team, first at University College London, and subsequently at the Royal Institution, 1923-1927; working with W T Astbury, began to apply space group theories to the study of X-ray diffraction patterns from crystals; with Astbury, published 'Tabulated data for the examination of the 230 space-groups by homogeneous X-rays' in the Royal Society's Philosophical Transactions, 1924; married Thomas Jackson Lonsdale, 1927; worked at the University of Leeds, carrying out analyses of hexamethylbenzene and hexachlorobenzene crystals; returned to the Royal Institution, 1931-1946; concentrated on research on diamagnetic anisotropy; work on the magnetic anisotropy of benzil led to her studies of disorder in crystals caused by thermal motions, one of her principal research interests for the remainder of her career; a member of the editorial group concerned with the production of new tables for crystal structure determination, providing the structure factor formulae for each space group, resulting in the publication of the International Tables, 1935; became a Quaker, 1935; her pacifism led her to refuse to register for civil defence duties and, refusing to pay a fine imposed for non-registration, imprisoned in Holloway gaol for a month, 1943; one of the first two women to be elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1945; Reader in Crystallography, University College London, 1946-1949; first Chairman of the Commission on Tables, 1948; Professor of Chemistry, University College London, 1949; established her own research school and introduced new courses in crystallography for undergraduates and for graduates; her diverse interests included methonium compounds, urinary calculi and synthetic diamonds, though work on the International Tables diverted considerable time away from research; principal editor in the production of the new volumes of International Tables, 1951; Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, 1956; awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society, 1957; British Association General Secretary, 1959-1964, President of the Physics Section, 1967, and (first female) President, 1968; member of Council and Vice-President of the Royal Society, 1960-1961; Vice President of the International Union of Crystallography, 1960-1966, and President, 1966; received honorary degrees from several universities; Vice-President of the Atomic Scientists' Association; President of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom; attended several Pugwash Conferences on World Affairs and expressed her hopes for peace in numerous lectures and articles, including a Penguin Special Is Peace Possible?; her experience in prison led to an interest in penal reform and she was a member of the Board of Visitors, Aylesbury Prison for Women and Borstal Institution for Girls, and Deputy Chairman of the Board of Visitors of Bullwood Hall Borstal, Essex; her interests also included scientific ethics; travelled extensively in connection with her scientific career and peace interests; attended scientific conferences including Congresses of the International Union of Crystallography; undertook some foreign engagements on behalf of the Society of Friends; died, 1971.

The Longton and Fenton Permanent Benefit Building Society can probably be identified as the Longton Mutual Permanent Building Society listed in the trade directories of Staffordshire from 1872. It was based successively in Boardman's Buildings, Anchor Chambers (Market Street) and Commerce Street in Longton.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

The Chancery Division of the High Court of Justice deals with business law, trust law, probate law, and land law in relation to issues of equity; while the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice (or King's Bench Division when the monarch is male) has two roles. It hears a wide range of contract law and personal injury and general negligence cases, but also has special responsibility as a supervisory court.

Longmoor Camp was established in 1930 as a permanent military station. Occupying over 40 acres, in Greatham, Hampshire, near the Petersfield-Farnham road, 2 miles north of Liss. The camp included the garrison church of St. Martin, a Roman Catholic chapel, a military hospital, school and welfare centre. In 1930 the Camp was home to about 1000 soldiers and their families, mainly from the Royal Artillery, and the Royal Engineers Railway Training Centre.

The National Baby Week Council was established in 1917, with the slogan 'It is more dangerous to be a baby in Britain than it is to be a soldier'. The purpose of the campaign was, in part, to give women the education that the government thought they needed in order to be mothers. The Council ran competitions and awarded prizes to the communities which held the most effective Baby Week campaigns.

Longman and Broderip had a timber yard and manufactory of organs, harpsichords, piano fortes and so on in Tottenham Court Road.

Thomas Longman was one of several Thomas Longmans in the publishing family active throughout the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.

Katharine Longley was born in Clapham, London in 1920. She was educated at Clapham Girls' High School and University College London. She became Archivist at York Minster Library until retiring in 1983. Miss Longley became an authority on recusant history and published articles on the subject in the Ampleforth Journal and Recusant History. In 1966 she published under the name of Mary Claridge (her mother's maiden name) Margaret Clitherow 1556-1586, a biography of the Catholic saint. Her recusant papers and related research material are now deposited at Ampleforth Abbey. Miss Longely also wrote about the relationship between Ellen Ternan and Charles Dickens in the unpublished A Pardoner's Tale: The Story of Dickens and Ellen Ternan and in The Dickensian, notably The Real Ellen Ternan, vol. 81 (1985).

Sir Gilbert Longden was born in Durham in 1902. He was the eldest son of Lieutenant Colonel James Morley Longden and Kathleen Morgan and was educated at Haileybury and Emmanuel College, Cambridge. From 1924 to 1930 he practised as a solicitor. In 1930 he accepted the post of Secretary of ICI (India) Ltd, where he remained until 1937. During this time he was also a Sergeant in the Calcutta Light Horse. He travelled extensively throughout Europe, Asia and both North and South America. In 1937 he spent nine months as a student at the University of Paris. In response to the Munich Crisis in 1938 he enrolled in the Army Officer's Emergency Reserve and was commissioned in the Durham Light Infantry in 1940. From 1940 to 1941 he was Adjutant in the Infantry Training Centre. Subsequently he served with the 2nd division in India and with the 36th division in Burma. He was awarded the MBE (military) in November 1945. Longden's political career began in 1938 when he was adopted as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Morpeth. The wartime electoral truce postponed his efforts until the 1945 General Election when he contested Morpeth for the Conservative Party. This proved unsuccessful but he was adopted as prospective Conservative candidate for Watford in 1947. Finally after a revision of constituency boundaries, he contested and won the seat for South-West Hertfordshire in the 1950 General Election and remained there as a Conservative MP until his retirement in 1974. Longden penned his political views in his 1947 publication 'A Conservative Philosophy'. He subsequently became one of the founder members of the One Nation group of Conservatives MPs. As such he contributed to many other publications such as 'One Nation', 'Change is our Ally' (1955), 'A Responsible Society' (1959), 'One Europe' (1969) and 'The Future of Europe'. He maintained an active interest in Europe and was UK representative to the Council of Europe, 1953-1954, and a member of the Conservative Group for Europe. He helped found the Great Britain-East Europe Centre. He was also UK delegate to the 12th and 13th sessions of the United Nations General Assembly, Chairman of the British Atlantic Committee, and Vice-Chairman of the British Council. But Longden's role in the political arena was varied. Having met Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in India to discuss the campaign for Indian independence on 26 May 1945, he retained a concern for Indian affairs. He later became an opponent of apartheid in South Africa and having reportedly made attempts to persuade the Government to take a stronger line on this issue, he was deposed as Chairman of the back-bench Foreign Affairs Committee in 1961. Education policy was a consistent area of attention and he was the longstanding Vice Chairman of the All-Party Select Committee on Education. In later years he emerged as a pro-Israeli and Chairman of the All-Party British Israel Committee. Longden was knighted in 1972. Although he retired in 1974 his interest in politics continued and his views were regularly published in the letters columns of the Daily Telegraph. He died in 1997.

William Long was born in 1747. He became a member of the Corporation of Surgeons in 1769. He was appointed to the Court of Assistants in 1789 until his death, firstly with the Corporation of Surgeons, and also when it became the Royal College of Surgeons in London. He was a member of the Court of Examiners, during 1797-1810. He was elected the second Master of the College in 1800. He became a Governor (equivalent to a Vice-President) between 1800-1807. He was a member of the first Museum Committee set up in 1799. He was Chairman of the Building Committee for the new College building in Lincoln's Inn Fields. He was elected Assistant Surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, in 1784, and became Surgeon, in 1791. He resigned the post in 1807 when he was elected a Governor of the Hospital. He was also a surgeon to the Bluecoat School, 1790-1807. John Painter Vincent, President of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1832 and 1840, was apprenticed to Long. Long became a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, in 1792, and the Royal Society, in 1801. He died in 1818.

Robert Long served as a Member for Parliament for Devizes in 1625, Sussex in 1640 and for Boroughbridge, Yorkshire in 1661. He also served in the court of Charles I, was writer of the tallies in the exchequer, surveyor of the Queen's lands and secretary of the council for the Prince of Wales. On suspicion of treacherous dealings with the Earl of Essex, Long absconded to France. He remained on the continent with the exiled royal court until 1654. On returning to England in 1654 he returned to favour, after the charges made against him were found to be untrue. On the restoration of Charles II he was made a baronet on 1 September 1660. From 1660 to 1667 he was Chancellor of the Exchequer and in May 1662 he was made Auditor of the Exchequer. In September 1670 Charles II granted him a long lease of the Great Park, Great Park Meadow and a house called Worcester House. In July 1672 Long became a privy councillor. He died on 13 July 1673.

Born, 1872; BA, Trinity College, Dublin, 1894; solicitor, 1897-1951; published many articles on anthropology, particularly on the Maya calendar; Fellow of the Royal Anthropological Institute; died, 1951.

George Long was born in Lancashire in 1800. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated in 1822. He became a fellow of Trinity in 1823 and Professor of Ancient Languages at the newly-founded University of Virginia in 1824, returning to England in 1828 as Professor of Greek at the University of London (afterwards University College London), a chair which he held until his resignation in 1831; he returned to University College between 1842 and 1846 as Professor of Latin. Besides classics, Long was also interested in geography and law: he co-founded the Royal Geographical Society in 1830 and lectured at the Middle Temple from 1846 to 1849. He also wrote and edited publications on various topics for the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. From 1849 Long lectured a new progressive school, Brighton College, and remained influential in the field of classical scholarship. After retiring in 1871 he lived in Chichester until his death.

Edward E Long was a member of The Savage Club, Adelphi Terrace, London and a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.

This company was established in 1839 as London, Edinburgh and Dublin Guaranteed Mutual and Proprietary Life Assurance Company, but was known as London, Edinburgh and Dublin Life Assurance Company by 1845. Its offices were at 3 Charlotte Row, Mansion House. In 1846 it merged with Liverpool Fire and Life Insurance Company. This company eventually became part of Royal Insurance.

London Youth Matters was part of the London Voluntary Service Council and acted as an 'umbrella' or 'watchdog' organisation for London Youth Groups and was comprised of the London Headquarters of the voluntary youth organisations in the London Area and the Local Councils for the Youth Service located in the various London Boroughs. It acted on behalf of, and through, its members raising awareness of issues affecting young people and represented its members to central and local government. It maintained comprehensive database of contact details for youth service practitioners and politicians which was published as a Directory and conducted research in the 'health' of services for young people.

The Key dates are:
1945 The London and Middlesex Standing Conference of Voluntary Youth Organisations was formed. Subsequently the name was changed to the Greater London Standing Conference of Voluntary Youth Organisations (GLSCVYO).
1986 Formation of Greater London Youth Matters and Inner London Youth Matters.
1990 Dissolution of Inner London Youth Matters and the name of Greater London Youth Matters was changed to London Youth Matters.

London Wholesale Fish Trade Limited was formed in 1940 to make contingency arrangements for the distribution of fish in the London area in the event of the market being damaged or destroyed by enemy action. The company never came into business and was wound up in 1945.

London Wholesale Fish Trade (Billingsgate) Limited was a trading company formed in 1946 at the incorporation of the London Fish Trade Association (see CLC/B/151-04). The new company was established to deal in, export/import and act as broker and agent for fish. It also took over the various schemes formerly run by the association.

The London University Transport Studies Society existed from 1962 to 1999. The Society came into existence when the Transport Act of 1962 dismembered the British Transport Commission empire denationalising and deregulating large areas of transport. Founded in 1962 by students, lecturers and organisers of University College London Certificate Course in Transport Studies the Society recorded changes in transport over a 37 year period. Meetings, visits and seminars were conducted to complement and support the Certificate and Diploma in Transport Studies at the University of London. The Society sought and provided ongoing educational opportunities to those interested in transport and provided a forum for social contact. The first meeting was held on 19th September 1962 attended by committee members with annual subscriptions of 7 shillings and 6 pence agreed upon. A circular letter was forwarded to prospective members announcing the formation of the society and enlisting support. In 1964 the Society obtained recognition from and became a branch of the University of London Extension Association paying 2 shillings and 6 pence from membership fees to the Association. The end of the Certificate and Diploma Studies Courses in Transport Studies in 1997 and 1999 respectively created a decrease in membership forcing the Society's closure

London United Tramways Company Limited was formed in 1894 in order to buy up the assets of the West Metropolitan Tramways Company, which had gone into receivership. It was part of the Imperial Tramways Company. London United operated in south and west London. It ran London's first electric tram service in 1901, between Hammersmith, Kew Bridge, Shepherd's Bush and Acton. The company was bought by the London and Suburban Traction Company in 1912, which was part of London Electric Railways, known as the London Underground Group. London United passed to the London Passenger Transport Board in 1933.

The London Union of Youth Clubs is a youth association of over 300 clubs and groups with 4,000 adults and 50,000 young people from boroughs across London. Its aims are to build the skills and abilities of young people in London, so that they can seize opportunities to control their own lives, and contribute to the life of their clubs and groups and to society; and to involve young people in participating throughout the organisation, and to promote equal opportunities.

The LUYC provides youth work services to encourage young people to take responsibility in their club; to develop the personal and social skills of young people; to develop work with girls and young women; to work with young black and Asian people; to work with young people with disabilities; to provide information and advice, including a comprehensive newsletter; to provide a wide range of training opportunities, events and activities in arts and sports; to provide assistance with the running of clubs and groups.

Please contact the Archive for further information.

Alan Payling was a bus driver for London Transport during the 1980's, based at Stamford Hill Bus Garage. In 1981/82, Payling was on the branch committee of Stamford Hill Bus Garage trade union, TGWU Branch 1/312, responsible for "Education and Information" and appointed a "Fare Fight Delegate" (ACC/3029/7). He was responsible for the distribution and reception of various trade union, transport and local community leaflets and magazines.

The Public Transport Workers Jobs Campaign (Leaside District) ran a printing workshop and resource centre which were used by individual trade union branches such as Finsbury Park NUR and Wood Green ASLEF (see annual report 1985/86 (ACC/3029/17)). The resource centre held material necessary to those campaigning in the transport industry and included GLC, LRT and TGWU material.

The Busworker group began as part of the campaign against one person operation of buses (OPO) in 1982/83. It derived partly from the LT worker group which was set up in 1982 to fight the proposed loss of jobs/services after the "Fares Fair" campaign. The Transport Worker (which incorporated Busworker Monthly) was a joint rail and bus newsletter for the dissemination of trade union information to all sections of London Transport. Alan Payling was on the editorial board of Transport Worker.

Please contact the Archive for further information.

In 1929 the London County Council tramways, the Underground railways and the London General Omnibus Company proposed to coordinate their services. It was not until 1933, however, that the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB) was established by law. During the Second World War the government assumed control of the LPTB, and remained in charge until 1947.

The LPTB became the London Transport Executive (LTE) in 1948, under the Transport Act 1947. The LTE was publicy owned and was part of the British Transport Commission, which also ran British Rail. In 1963, under the 1962 Transport Act, the London Transport Executive became the London Transport Board, reporting to the Minister of Transport. The company continued to use the name "London Transport" in public, as it had done since 1933.

The LTE was mainly responsible for the repair and reconstruction of Tube stations and lines damaged during the Second World War. The Central line was completed and the entire Tube network fully electrified during this period. The LTE also oversaw the removal of all trams and trolleybuses from London and the introduction of the "Routemaster" bus.

In 1929 the London County Council tramways, the Underground railways and the London General Omnibus Company proposed to coordinate their services. It was not until 1933, however, that the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB) was established by law. During the Second World War the government assumed control of the LPTB, and remained in charge until 1947. The LPTB became the London Transport Executive in 1948.

In 1963, under the 1962 Transport Act, the London Transport Executive became the London Transport Board, reporting to the Minister of Transport. The company continued to use the name "London Transport" in public, as it had done since 1933. The London Transport Board had responsibility for the London Underground and bus services in London, which was roughly defined as the area controlled by the Greater London Council (GLC). In 1970 responsibility for transport was transferred to the Greater London Council.

In 1929 the London County Council tramways, the Underground railways and the London General Omnibus Company proposed to coordinate their services. It was not until 1933, however, that the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB) was established by law.

During the Second World War the government assumed control of the LPTB, and remained in charge until 1947. In that year the Transport Act set up the British Transport Commission, which appointed executive bodies to deal with transport throughout the country. One of these took over the whole of road and rail transport in London, while the LPTB became the London Transport Executive in 1948.

Between 1970 and 1984 the Greater London Council (GLC) was responsible for the overall policy and finances of London Transport, while the London Tranport Executive was responsible for the day-to-day management and operation of services. On the abolition of the GLC in 1984, London Regional Transport was formed as a statutory corporation responsible to the government. It set up a number of wholly owned subsidiaries, including London Underground Limited and London Buses Limited. In 1990 London Regional Transport became known again as London Transport for all but legal purposes.

In 1929 the London County Council tramways, the Underground railways and the London General Omnibus Company proposed to coordinate their services. It was not until 1933, however, that the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB) was established by law.

During the Second World War the government assumed control of the LPTB, and remained in charge until 1947. In that year the Transport Act set up the British Transport Commission, which appointed executive bodies to deal with transport throughout the country. One of these took over the whole of road and rail transport in London, while the LPTB became the London Transport Executive in 1948.

Between 1970 and 1984 the Greater London Council (GLC) was responsible for the overall policy and finances of London Transport, while the London Tranport Executive was responsible for the day-to-day management and operation of services. On the abolition of the GLC in 1984, London Regional Transport was formed as a statutory corporation responsible to the government. It set up a number of wholly owned subsidiaries, including London Underground Limited and London Buses Limited. In 1990 London Regional Transport became known again as London Transport for all but legal purposes.

London Tramways Company Limited of 80 Blackfriars Road opened its first route in 1870 and continued expanding until it reached its full 24 miles by 1892 to become the largest of the southern tramway systems. It laid lines on the major routes from the Thames road bridges to Tooting, Streatham, New Cross and Greenwich, operating 399 horse cars, as well as 40 cable tramcars on the short cable operated section from Kennington Gate to Streatham. Since the whole system was inside the council boundary, it was all acquired by the LCC in 1899 which then made plans for electricification.

The first meeting of the London Trades Council was on 18 May 1860 in Shaftesbury Hall, Aldersgate Street. The Council had been established as a result of a campaign for a nine hour day in the building trade, and was intended "to cheer, instruct and advise in any trade difficulty", (Short History of the London Trades Council, 1935, Acc/3287/02/007), but became increasingly involved in political activity, particularly under two of its Secretaries - George Odger (1862-1872), and George Shipton (1872-1896).

There were trade councils in many industrial areas in the country at this time, but it was the London council which through its links with them and their equivalents abroad was considered to be the leader of British trade unionism. By the early 1870's the Trades Union Congress had been formed and it gradually took over many of the trade councils' functions and political impetus, although the latter remained in existence within the Congress framework. In 1945 Julius Jacobs became Secretary, and for the next seven years the Council became a voice for the Communist Party, distanced from the rest of the trade union movement. The result was expulsion from and deregistration by the Trades Union Congress in 1952; followed by the drawing up of a new constitution, election by the Trades Union Congress of a new committee, and a move into new offices in Rosebery Avenue. The Council is no longer in existence.

The London Trades Council (LTC) was founded in 1860 as one of the first Trades Councils in the country. It was instrumental with other Trades Councils, particularly Manchester and Salford, in setting up the Trades Union Congress. It had a prominent role in the various working class struggles in the capital and nationally. In the 1860s it assisted in the set-up of the International Working Men's Association (the "First International"). It became closely involved in the struggles of New Unionism - particularly in the docks, the match girls, and gas workers. It took a leading role in opposing the use of troops in industrial disputes.

Through all the struggles of the 1900s, the LTC took a leading role - including the period of intense struggle from 1919 to the General Strike of 1926 - and on in to the 30s, 40s and 50s. In the Second World War it campaigned for equal pay for women workers mobilized for the war effort. It promoted increased production in combination with a greater say for workers in organizing production. In 1941 it organized a rally in Trafalgar Square supporting the Soviet Union, thus laying the foundations for the Second Front campaign. In the post-war period it campaigned for the nationalization of the mines, electricity supply and transport. In the 1950s the LTC was in conflict with the TUC and the London Federation of Trades Councils was set up.

The Greater London Association of Trade Union Councils was formed in 1974 to succeed the London Federation, and remains active.

This material contains an unbroken set of minutes of the London Teachers Association, formed in 1932 and known as the "County Association of the National Union of Teachers (NUT) for London." They contain members explicit views on the expansion of post-war secondary education, the development of comprehensive education, as well as routine union business. There are also documents relating to the career of teacher, William Pratt Anderson, son of the founder of the N.U.T. Included also are 2 volumes of minutes of the Middlesex Teachers Association, (see ACC/916 for a larger number of MTA minutes, reports and policy files 1946-1963).

The LTA lost its local authority in 1966 and was amalgamated into the NUT. The national union then ran its affairs with representation from London members and the Middlesex and Essex Associations, also known as the Extra-Metropolitan Associations.

In April 1960 First Limator Limited was registered; in May it was renamed London Sumatra Plantations Limited. It acted as a holding company of various plantation estates companies. In 1960 it acquired
Allied Sumatra Plantations Limited (CLC/B/112-018),
Asahan Rubber Estates Limited (CLC/B/112-020),
Deli Estates Engineering and General Union Limited (CLC/B/112-042),
Lankat Rubber Company (CLC/B/112-102),
Mendaris (Sumatra) Rubber and Produce Estates (CLC/B/112-115),
Soengei Rampah Rubber and Coconut Plantations Company (CLC/B/112-144),
Tandjong Rubber Company (CLC/B/112-153),
Toerangie (Sumatra) Rubber and Produce Estates Limited (CLC/B/112-155), and
United Serdang (Sumatra) Rubber Plantations Limited (CLC/B/112-159).

In 1961 it acquired
Bah Lias Rubber Estates Limited (CLC/B/112-023),
Bajoe Kidoel Rubber and Produce Company (CLC/B/112-024),
Central Sumatra Rubber Estates Limited (CLC/B/112-031),
Djasinga Rubber and Produce Company (CLC/B/112044),
Kulai Rubber Estate Limited (CLC/B/112-098),
Namoe Tongan Rubber Estates Limited (CLC/B/112-119),
Sialang Rubber Estates Limited (CLC/B/112-143) and
United Lankat Plantations Company (CLC/B/112-158).

It acquired Nalek Rubber Estate Limited (CLC/B/112-118) in 1964, and Auxiliary Investments Limited (CLC/B/112-021) in 1967/8.

London Sumatra Plantations Limited became a PLC (public limited company) in 1982. In 1984 it became a wholly owned subsidiary of Harrisons and Crosfield Limited until 1994 when it was sold off.

The Greater London Council (GLC) ran a Policy and Intelligence Programme with the aim of working to overcome the disadvantages faced by large numbers of Londoners. Policy Study Groups were created to identify the implications and possibilities of outline policies, and to propose ways in which policy objectives could be achieved. The Policy Unit was also responsible for identifying and acquiring statistical information relevant to local government functions. The collection of statistics and research set the overall context for the development and implementation of Council policies.

The London Strategic Policy Unit was set up by nine London Boroughs in April 1986 to carry through some of the policy initiatives of the GLC following its abolition. For example, the Police Monitoring and Research Group continued the work of the GLC Police Committee Support Unit.

To alleviate its continuous shortage of cash, the Stuart dynasty issued loan tallies and tickets for future bill settlement. Dealers and tally-brokers carried on a market in these items, whose value depended on the prospect of repayment, first at the Royal Exchange and then in the City coffee houses. Later, these dealers turned to the stocks of new commercial companies. In 1762, 150 substantial brokers attempted to take over Jonathan's Coffee House in Change Alley, Cornhill, for their exclusive use but, thwarted by a law suit, they moved, in 1773, into their own premises in Sweetings Alley, Threadneedle Street, at whichtime the name "Stock Exchange" was formally adopted. A further move was made in 1802 into purpose-built accommodation on the corner of Throgmorton and Old Broad Streets. Further expansion on this site occurred, the premises being rebuilt in the 1880s and 1970s.

Until 1802, the Stock Exchange was open to anyone who paid the 6d a day subscription, but in March 1802 a deed of settlement formalised its constitution and the Exchange was closed to non-members. By its new constitution, a Board of Trustees and Managers (representing the owners) was established to regulate financial affairs and manage the building, while a General Purposes Committee was elected to regulate membership and all aspects of business. Sub-committees were appointed from amongst the members to undertake the detailed work. This arrangement lasted until 1946 when a reorganisation took place to solve the difficulties caused by the two separate bodies. The Stock Exchange became a members' society and the Council for the Stock Exchange assumed responsibility for every aspect of its government. Until 1986, the London Stock Exchange was unique amongst world exchanges in its distinction between dealing and broking. Dealers, or jobbers, offered stocks and shares for purchase or sale, and brokers acted as middlemen between them and the public, with the Settlement Department acting as a clearing house for all transactions. Rules and regulations to ensure fairness and eliminate fraud became numerous and complex. In cases of a member's financial failure, two members known as Official Assignees were appointed to administer the assets of the defaulter. In 1950, a Compensation Fund was established to provide further protection from losses caused directly by members.

The Federation of Stock Exchanges in Great Britain and Ireland was formed in 1965 with the Federal Committee as its governing body with representatives from all the regional stock exchanges. Its objectives were to increase the efficiency of dealing arrangements in the country as a whole and to achieve a common standard for the admission of shares to the market.

The origins of the Justices of the Peace lie in the temporary appointments of 'conservators' or 'keepers' of the peace made at various times of unrest between the late twelfth century and the fourteenth century. In 1361 the 'Custodis Pacis' were merged with the Justices of Labourers, and given the title Justices of the Peace and a commission.

The Commission (of the Peace) gave them the power to try offences in their courts of Quarter Sessions, appointed them to conserve the peace within a stated area, and to enquire on the oaths of "good and lawfull men" into "all manner of poisonings, enchantments, forestallings, disturbances, abuses of weights and measures" and many other things, and to "chastise and punish" anyone who had offended against laws made in order to keep the peace.

During the sixteenth century the work of the Quarter Sessions and the justices was extended to include administrative functions for the counties. These were wide ranging and included maintenance of structures such as bridges, gaols and asylums; regulating weights, measures, prices and wages, and, probably one of their biggest tasks, enforcing the Poor Law.

The bulk of the administrative work was carried out on one specific day during the court's sitting known as the County Day. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, it was clear that the Quarter Sessions' structure was unable to cope with the administrative demands on it, and it lost a lot of functions to bodies set up specifically to deal with particular areas - the most important of these was the Poor Law, reformed in 1834.

Until the seventeenth century the Middlesex court met in the Castle Inn near Smithfield, which was replaced in 1612 by a new sessions house built in Saint John's Street, at the expense of a leading justice, Sir Baptist Hicks. Essentially only a wooden building, Hicks Hall, as it was known, was demolished in 1782, a new sessions house having been built on Clerkenwell Green in 1779, and also known as Hicks Hall. In 1889 following the reduction in size of the County of Middlesex, the sessions moved to the Westminster Guildhall in Broad Sanctuary. When this building proved too small for the amount of work carried out there, a new Middlesex Guildhall was built next to it and opened in 1913. The new County of London sessions continued to meet on Clerkenwell Green until 1919 when they moved to the former Surrey sessions house on Newington Causeway.

As a district, the London South Methodist District was led by a chairman, who was a member of the Connexional leadership team and was appointed by the bishop for a period of 6 years to act as evangelical leader and district administrator. As administrative unities, districts hold a twice yearly synod, which sets direct policy and defines the boundaries of the district. It also holds a ministerial synod for presbyters and deacons, giving the opportunity for ministerial training. As governor of a number of circuits, the district's purpose is to advance the mission of the church by enabling circuits to work together and support each other as well as to link the Connnexion and circuits, especially in training and to approve applications for grant aid to circuits.

The Methodist Church in Britain began to surface during the 1730s as a reaction to the Age of Enlightenment and its attack on religion. The first London Circuit began in 1765, with districts coming into existence in 1791. The Religious Census of 1851 shows that the Wesleyan Methodist and Primitive Methodist areas had extended from Kensington to Poplar, as well as South of the river from Greenwich to Lambeth and Camberwell. Between 1873 and 1932, the districts and circuits within the London and Middlesex areas were divided between the various different factions of the Methodist Church: the Wesleyan, Primitive and United Methodists. Each faction operated differently until 1932, when the three groups were finally united as the Methodist Church. After this unification, six London districts were created: the London North-East, London North, London North-West, London South-West, London South and the London South East. These were changed in 1957 to four districts (London North-East, London North-West, London South-West, and London South-East), until 2006 when all the Methodist districts in Greater London were merged into one, large London District. The areas which were not part of Greater London were distributed into the appropriate South-England districts of: South-East, Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire and Essex.

http://www.methodistlondon.org.uk/londondistrictmap2010.pdf

http://www.aberdeenmethodist.org.uk/AbriefhistoryofMethodism.pdf

http://www.wesleyhistoricalsociety.org.uk/dmbi

The aims of London South Bank Careers (LSBC) were 'to increase the number of young people making successful transition to education, training and employment' by 'exploiting career opportunities offered by the regeneration of the South Bank area'. The service provided careers advice for an area with some of the greatest social and economic deprivation in the country. In 1997 the local unemployment rate was 50,000 people, accounting for 20% of unemployment in Greater London.

The service began as part of the Careers Service operated in all London boroughs by the Inner London Education Authority (ILEA). The Central Services at 9 Carmelite Street managed Careers Services in ten ILEA divisional areas which were run by Divisional Officers. In April 1990, the ILEA was abolished and Local Education Authorities took over the responsibility of running the Careers Services. In May 1991 the Government released a White Paper "Education and Training in the 21st Century" which proposed legislation for putting Careers Services out to tender.

In 1992 a voluntary partnership named the South Thames Careers Service Partnership was developed between the South Thames Training and Enterprise Council (TEC) and the four borough services, Southwark, Greenwich, Lewisham and Lambeth. Its aim was to increase local employer organisations' involvement in how the career services were to run. In July 1993, the Trade Union and Employment Rights Act was passed, opening up a market in careers guidance by transferring the statutory duty to provide careers services from education authorities to the Secretary of State for Employment, who would be able to make arrangements with any agent to provide services in a specific area. The London area was put out for tender in 1994, and bids were submitted for April 1995 for the commencement of new services in April 1996.

In 1995, the Education Committees of the four boroughs and the Board of the South Thames TEC agreed to turn the voluntary partnership set up between them into a formal arrangement called South Thames Careers Limited which would provide a legal vehicle for them to run a bid to run services in south services in 'Area 5' south London. The LSBC was formed in 1996 as a result of the outsourcing of the careers services for the four boroughs. The in-house bid, made by the four local authorities and large local businesses including the Woolwich Building Society and Sainsburys, and supported by the Central London Training and Enterprise Council (CENTEC) and the South London Training and Enterprise Council (SOLOTEC), was not the first choice and it was only when the appointed supplier, Grand Met Trust, pulled out that the in-house team were awarded a four and a half year contract with the Government Office for London (GOL) and under annual contract with the Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) from 1 October 1996. As a result the initial operation began quickly without a lengthy planning period. The first 18 months saw the relocation and refurbishment of premises:

• Head Quarters: moved from Sumner House, Peckham, to Third Floor, Romer House, 132 Lewisham High Street, Lewisham, above the Lewisham Centre.

  • Greenwich Careers Centre: moved from Riverside House, Borough Education Department to high street accommodation above Somerfields supermarket, Woolwich.
  • Lambeth Careers Centre: remained at Acre Lane, Brixton as part of the Lambeth Directions 'one-stop-shop' established as part of the Brixton College initiatives.
  • Lewisham Careers Centre: moved from 39 Lewis Grove to Romer House, 132 Lewisham High Street, Lewisham.
  • Southwark Careers Centre: moved from Sumner House, Peckham to old job centre shop front premises in Rye Lane, Peckham.

  The service was an independent 'not for profit' company with a Board of Directors consisting of four local authority representatives from Greenwich, Lambeth, Lewisham and Southwark, two representatives of the Training and Enterprise Councils, and four employer representatives. The Board chair was the executive of the Woolwich Building Society. An Advisory Network was formed representing stakeholders and community interests to inform the work of the Board.

  The company was one of nine Careers Services Companies (CSCs) operating in London from 1996, selected via the competitive tendering process. The senior organisational structure consisted ofthe Chief Executive, and then three Executive Directors for Operations (Education and Customer Services), Corporate Services (Human Resources and Finance), and Development (Communications). In 1998 there were 101 staff.

  In addition to the running of four careers centres, the service ran outreach support in other organisations' premises and local hostels. The company offered the following: free consultancy services to local schools and colleges which included individual careers guidance interviews, group sessions and support for careers education; advice and guidance for adults; community advocacy; mailshots and publicity; publications; training for teachers and lecturers; special events and programmes for young people; and work experience. The LSBC received funding from Europe, Single Regeneration Budget, New Deal, Learning Partnerships and Learning and Skills Councils and worked in close partnership with statutory and voluntary organisations.

  In July 2001, LSBC merged with Prospects Career Services Limited and became part of the Prospects Group, which at the time ran Careers Services in Bexley and Wandsworth and was closely involved in the developing Phase One Connexions Services in the West Midlands (Dudley, Sandwell, Walsall and Wolverhampton) and North and South London (Enfield, Barnet, Haringey, and Bromley, Croydon, Kingston, Merton, Sutton). LSBC carried on delivering the Careers Service contract in its four boroughs until the end of March 2002, when Connexions was introduced to the London area.

The London Society of Thoracic Surgeons, known as 'Charlie's Club', held it's first meeting on 2 May 1952. The Club was formed for thoracic surgeons to meet annually and report to each other on their mistakes in order to learn from them. The first 'Charlie' or mistake was made by Mr J R Belcher, three years before the first meeting of Charlie's Club. Belcher inadvertently divided the left main bronchus during a lobectomy, and subsequently published a report. The original constitution stated that there should be 15 members of the Club, although this was later extended to 18. The Club met once a year with one member acting as Chairman each year. The original aim was that each member would bring his 2 worst mistakes of the previous year to present at the meeting. Projects for each year were set, and the members would collect statistics on a particular theme, which would then be presented at the meeting, and the results possibly published. The Chairman would usually write the paper for his year in the chair. In 1980, following a fall in attendance, the Club decided that it had reached an end. The last scientific meeting of Charlie's Club took place at St Bartholomew's Hospital on the 1 May 1981. It was decided however that the Charlie's Club Annual Dinner should be continued as a social event for the members. The annual dinners continued for 12 years, the last dinner being held at the Army and Navy Club on 7 May 1992, the 40th anniversary of the Club.

The London Society for Jews and Christians was founded in 1927. It arose from an initiative of the Social Service Committee of the Liberal Jewish Synagogue and was one of the earliest inter-faith organisations in the country. Rabbi Israel Mattuck of the Liberal Jewish Synagogue was a founder member, alongside the Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral.

The aims of the Society are to promote co-operation and understanding between Jews and Christians; to foster respect for differences of faith and to combat religious intolerance. The Society is still extant, co-chaired by a senior rabbi from the Liberal Jewish Synagogue and a senior clergyman from either Westminster Abbey or St Paul's Cathedral. Meetings are held at the Liberal Jewish Synagogue.

The London Shipping Exchange was based at Billiter Street. It was registered in 1892, but merged with the Baltic Committee and the Baltic Mercantile and Shipping Exchange (later known as the Baltic Exchange) in 1903.

The London Schools Football Association is a voluntary body with no paid officials. It was founded in October 1892 at a meeting of officials from football associations from Tower Hamlets, Greenwich, Finsbury, West Ham, Marylebone and South London. The first president was Lord Kinnaird (1892-1920).

The London Schools and Colleges Dining Club was founded in 1926 for the heads of London University schools and colleges and the heads of "secondary schools in London and the neighbourhood". Among the orginal members on the University side was Sir William Beveridge, Director of the London School of Economics. The Club was wound up in 2011.

Until 1874 it was almost impossible for women to train as doctors in Britain. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson was actually the first woman to qualify in Medicine, but as soon as she had done so, in 1865, the loophole which allowed her to do so was closed, preventing others from following in her footsteps.

In 1874 a group of women, led by Sophia Jex-Blake, who had been expelled from Edinburgh University after beginning their medical training, set up the first female medical school, the London School of Medicine for Women (LSMW), in a small house in Henrietta Street, (renamed Handel Street in 1888), and male doctors sympathetic to their cause agreed to teach them. The School could not at this stage offer clinical instruction, but three years later they persuaded the Royal Free Hospital to open their wards to the female students. The Royal Free thus became a teaching hospital, the first to open its doors to women and, until 1947, the only all female medical school. The arrangement between school and hospital worked so well that in 1898 the School officially became the London (Royal Free Hospital) School of Medicine for Women. The school building was rebuilt and enlarged in 1898, the main entrance was moved to the Hunter Street side of the building, and the address changed to reflect this. The School was further enlarged in 1914, when the number of women wishing to study medicine made it necessary to practically double the number of laboratories and lecture rooms. At this time the school had over 300 students, making it the largest of the women's university colleges in Britain. In just 40 years the number of women on the medical register had increased from two to 1000, 600 of whom were graduates of the School.

A long tradition of overseas co-operation began when the first Indian student arrived in 1890. In following years a large number of the LSMW students went abroad to help train women who came from cultures where women could not be seen by male doctors, encouraged by Queen Victoria, who felt very strongly that all her subjects in the Empire should have access to proper medical treatment.

All medical schools became co-educational in 1947, when the first two men entered LSMW and necessitated a change of name, to the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine. A major extension to the School was built in 1950, but conditions nevertheless remained cramped, although the School continued to be pre-eminent in medical research, known particularly for its medical unit, renal unit and haemophilia centre. When the Royal Free Hospital moved to Hampstead in 1974 the new Medical School building was planned on the same site, the last department finally moving from Hunter Street in 1983. After World War Two the School was threatened by successive government reports either with closure or with a merger with another school on three occasions (in 1946, 1968 and 1980) and each time had rejected the proposals. In 1998 however, the School finally merged with University College London to form a new school, the Royal Free and University College Medical School.

The School was originally administered by a Provisional Council, comprising 24 registered medical practitioners. In 1875 the Provisional Council handed over control to a Governing Body, consisting of its own members, and of a number of other influential friends and subscribers, with an Executive Council, who were responsible for the day-to-day administration. In 1898, with the formalisation of the link to the Hospital, the Governing Body and Executive Council were replaced by a Council, with four ex-officio members, including the Dean, and two representatives of the Hospital. The Council was advised by the larger School Committee, mainly comprising the teaching staff of the School. The School Committee was renamed the Education Committee in 1930. In later years several committees reported to the Council or School/Education Committee, of which the most important was the Finance Committee.

The London School of Jewish Studies has until 1998 been known as Jews' College, and is one of the oldest Anglo-Jewish institutions in existence. It was founded by Chief Rabbi Nathan Adler and opened on 11 November 1855. The College has always had very close links with the Chief Rabbinate, as many Jewish leaders, including Lord Jakobovits and Sir Israel Brodie have graduated from the institution.

The formation of the College was planned on 4 January 1852 at a public meeting in Sussex Hall. Chairmanship of the meeting was under Sir Moses Montefiore who was the head of the Sephardic community in England and the generally recognised head of the Anglo-Jewish community. When the College opened three years later with 33 pupils it was "for the purpose of affording a liberal and useful Hebrew and English education to the sons of respectable parents, and training of ministers, readers and teachers" (A.M. Hyamson, Jews' College London 1855-1955). Thus the college was to combine a Jewish day school and a ministerial training college.

Jews' College was first located at 10 Finsbury Square, which was a house in one of the most fashionable parts of London. It was also where many prosperous London Jews lived. Since then the College has had five more locations. In 1881 new premises were found in Tavistock Square, in a house previously owned by Charles Dickens. Soon after in 1900 the college moved to Queen's Square in Guildford Street, then to Woburn House in Upper Woburn Place in 1932, to Montague Place in 1957, most recently to Albert Road, Hendon in 1984. The London School of Jewish Studies is still at this location existing as a recognised department of the University of London.

When the college first opened scholars included boys aged 9-15 years, however at the turn of the century higher education had taken priority at the college and the day school gradually ceased to exist. Many of the changes at the college emerged after 1945, for example the Rabbinical Diploma class, the Hazzanuth class, and the Faculty for the training of teachers were established. This broadening in the scope of teaching lef to teachers being trained to university level, and other diplomas, degrees and postgraduate courses being offered. The college has now developed into Britain's only institution of higher Jewish learning with accreditation under Jewish auspices. Since the war, the college has also been the major supplier of rabbinical and communal leadership.

The academic head of the College was originally the headmaster, but the title later changed to become principal. The first headmaster was Louis Loewe. Within the 150 years of the existence of the college there have been many problems arising including financial difficulties, changes of premises, lack of students and sometimes community support. However the London School of Jewish Studies has become one of the central institutions for the intellctual and spiritual growth of the community.

A survey of growth in the pre-school child in England and Wales, [1977] was conducted by London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the Department of Health and Social Security. This questionnaire for a Longitudinal Group was completed by participants in 1977 and answered on behalf of children by a parent. Although children appear to have been given an identifying serial number, their names have been abbreviated and appear at the top of questionnaires in pencil. Questionnaires focussed upon the milk intake of children, whether they were entitled to subsidised milk, illnesses suffered and measurements. At least three visits were conducted per child, with data collected each time; however it is believed that the results of this study were never published.