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The Architectural Association (AA) was founded in London in 1847 by a group of young articled pupils led by Robert Kerr (1823-1904) and Charles Gray (1828-?). Inaugurated primarily as a reaction against the prevailing conditions under which architectural training could be obtained, the AA has since developed into one of the most important and influential architectural schools in the world. The first formal meeting under the name of the Architectural Association took place in May 1847 at Lyons Inn Hall, London, immediately following a merger with the Association of Architectural Draughtsmen. Principal amongst the AA's early aims was the development of a system of mutual aid by 'the association on the largest scale, of the entire body of our professional youth, for the end of self education.' Initially, Friday evening meetings were held, alternating between papers given by invited speakers and design sessions (later named AA Class of Design) at which members would bring solutions to design problems. Affording the opportunity for the forging connections, these meetings also acted as a forum for discussion, debate and campaigning for reform in architectural education and practice. In 1859 the AA left Lyons Inn Court and moved to 9 Conduit Street, Westminster, which it shared with the Royal Institute of Architects (RIBA) and the Architectural Union Company. The AA's Class of Design was there supplemented by the Voluntary Examination Class (1862), later named the Class of Construction & Practice (1867), an Elementary Class of Design (1869) and a Class for Instruction in Surveying and Levelling (1869). To these core classes, were added a Class for the Study of Colour Decoration (1872) and a Class for the Study of Architectural Science (1874). The AA's prospectus or 'Brown Book' was published annually from 1861 and a library was formed, its first catalogue being published in 1869.

Following the introduction of the RIBA's compulsory exam in 1882, the AA experienced a vast increase in student numbers and an expansion in the number of classes held. This growth, coupled with the demands of the new examination system, prompted the AA to re-examine its 'mutual' system of study. Under Leonard Stokes (AA President 1889 -1891), the AA underwent a major structural re-organisation which laid the groundwork for a systematic, methodical course of study and the eventual founding of a day school in 1901. The immediate success of the Day and Evening Schools were such that in 1906 the RIBA granted exception from its Intermediate Examination to all students who successfully passed two years in the Day School and two years in the Evening School. During this period, the AA began to move away from an Arts and Crafts influenced approach (the AA had also operated a short-lived School of Handicraft and Design from 1895 - 1909), towards a Beaux Arts curriculum, influenced by French and American educational models. In 1903 the AA was gifted the premises of the Royal Architectural Museum, at No. 18 Tufton Street, Westminster, where it was to remain until 1917 when it moved to Nos. 34-35 Bedford Square, Bloomsbury. The war period also saw women permitted to enter the school for the first time, with the first female students graduating in 1922.

Following the closure of the Evening School in 1920, the AA Day School course consisted of 5 years of study, the completion of which meant exception from part 1 of the RIBA's Final Examination. 1920 also saw the Association incorporated as a Limited Charitable Company and carry out the purchase, the following year, of the lease on No. 36 Bedford Square. Subsequent re-modelling and construction work in Bedford Square including a first floor Memorial Library (1921), designed by Robert Atkinson (1883-1952) and dedicated to the 96 AA members killed in the war and a Studio Block (1926-8) designed by Easton & Robertson. Whilst interest in American educational practice continued after the war, the AA increasingly came under the influence of Dutch and Scandinavian architectural developments and it was not until the late 1920s that the first serious debates over the continental, French and German, Modernism took place within the school. However, by late 1930s a series of internal clashes resulted in the banishment of the classical orders and the replacement of the Beaux Arts curriculum with team work, the unit system and an approach based upon modernist ideals and theories. The Second World War saw the school re-locate to Mount House, Barnet, before returning to Bedford Square in January 1945, under Raymond Gordon Brown (1912-1962). The student population shot up to an unprecedented 461 by January 1947, as service-men and women were gradually decommissioned, and the AA took over a bombed site on Tottenham Court Road, (No. 4, Morwell Street), erecting a 40 foot Nissen hut and establishing a Practical Training Centre). Robert Furneaux Jordan (1905-1978) replaced Gordon Brown as Principal in 1948 and succeeded in raising the AA's profile internationally as a progressive, modernist school, with Prime Minister Clement Attlee, and Frank Lloyd Wright addressing successive AA Prize-giving ceremonies. Other visitors attracted to the school in this period included Le Corbusier and Walter Gropius (1883-1969), with Alvar Aalto (1898-1976), Ernesto Rogers (1909-1969) and Enrico Peressutti (1908-1976) all teaching short courses. Permanent AA staff included a significant contingent of leading young British modernists, including Peter Smithson (1923-2003), James Gowan (1923-) and John Killick (1924-1972), teaching alongside established figures such as Ove Arup, Arthur Korn and Sir John Summerson. An important development from this period was the 1954 formation of the AA Department of Tropical Architecture (Department of Tropical Studies, from 1961). Under the leadership of Otto Koenigsberger the department arguably founded the field of climatically responsive, energy conscious 'Green Architecture'. With the advent of the 1960s, graduates including Cedric Price and Peter Cook joined the teaching staff and the school became perceived as the hub of Archigram - arguably the pre-eminent architectural neoavant-garde of the 1960s and early 1970s. This influence combined with the work of students such as Sir Nicholas Grimshaw, Piers Gough and Michael Gold conspired to produce what Peter Cook has termed the 'Electric Decade'. Negotiations were begun by the AA Council in the early 1960's to incorporate the AA into the state education system by merging with Imperial College of Science and Technology. In the face of vociferous student and staff protests Imperial broke off negotiations in February 1970 citing concerns at the nature and intentions of the AA school community. The AA Principal, Michael Lloyd, and the AA Council, led by Jane Drew and John Denny, prepared for closure and the winding up of the school. Nevertheless, students and staff mobilised and a search committee for a new Chairman was established, resulting in the election in 1971 of Alvin Boyarsky, director of the International Institute of Design, an itinerant architecture summer school. From 1971 until his death in 1990, Alvin held autocratic sway over Bedford Square, transforming the AA into a major international cultural institution. With the removal from the AA of UK student grants in the early 1970s, Boyarsky focussed upon making the school a global concern. A highly ambitious programme of exhibitions and publications were embarked upon and the annual Projects Review and Prospectus initiated - all designed to publish and promote the school on the international stage. Boyarsky also made changes to the AA's unit system, modifying and extending it to create a competitive market-place, where tutors, all on one year contracts, had to 'sell' their units to students - who in turn underwent a gruelling process of interviews by the tutors before acceptance into their choice. Over a twenty year period Boyarsky succeeded in creating a hot-house atmosphere, attracting and nurturing outstanding academic staff, including Robin Middleton, Charles Jencks, Elia Zhenghelis, Bernard Tschumi, Peter Cook, Dalibar Vasely and Daniel Libeskind. Talented students were co-opted onto the staff, Rem Koolhaas, Zaha Hadid and Nigel Coates all following this route.

The AA's Graduate School flourished, following its inauguration in May 1971, and by 1977/8 was offering six courses consisting of Housing Studies, Energy Studies, Social Institutions and Theory, History Studies, Conservation Studies and Graduate Design. Also serving post-graduate students during this period was the AA's Planning Department (1964-1984) and the Professional Practice course (1976-). Following Boyarsky's death in 1990, Alan Balfour was elected to the post of Chairman, to be succeeded 5 years later by Mohsen Mostafavi, who was to remain in the position until 2004. During this decade the finances of the AA were placed on a secure, stable footing and the Graduate School was developed and enlarged with the addition of the Design Research Laboratory (DRL) in 1997, followed in 1999 by the Landscape Urbanism programme, and the Emergent Technologies and Design (EmTech) programme, in 2001. With the accession of Brett Steele to the position of Director in 2005 the school has expanded to a student population of over 650 full time equivalent students, over 80% of which are from overseas. Alongside the AA's Intermediate and Diploma School, the Graduate School has continued to grow, currently contributing one third of all AA students. Similarly, the AA has also seen a considerable development in its global programme of short term Visiting Schools, which now take place annually in nearly 2 dozen cities worldwide. In terms of property, the AA has also expanded, acquiring Hooke Park in 2002 and from 2005 purchasing leases on no. 16 Morwell Street and nos. 32, 33, 37, 38 and 39 Bedford Square, thereby consolidating the AA onto one campus. Alongside the school, the AA's global membership association flourishes, with over 3000 members supporting the AA's high-profile public programme of lectures, symposia, conferences, exhibitions, site visits and events. Today, the AA remains the only private architecture school in the UK and operates as a participatory democracy with students, staff and members electing a governing Council and taking an active role in the selection of the AA Director. The AA's fiercely guarded independence has permitted the school great freedom and flexibility, nurturing a climate of experimentation and cutting edge architectural practice, which maintains the AA's reputation as one of the leading international architecture schools.

The International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research (ISICR) is a non-profit organization of over 650 scientists devoted to research in the fields of interferon, cytokine and chemokine cell biology, molecular biology, biochemistry and the clinical use of these biological response modifiers. Each year the ISICR sponsors an international meeting where scientists can present their latest findings to the world-wide scientific community.

The school was founded as the Stepney Cottage Homes in 1901 by the Stepney Board of Guardians and was designed by the architect Frank Baggallay. Later plans from 1940-1950 show several buildings and an air raid shelter. The infirmary was demolished around 1980.

The school was originally administered by the London County Council and after 1969 by Essex County Council. It closed in 1995.

Unknown.

In March 1965, at the requests of the Governments of Argentina and Chile, the British Government established a Boundary Court to determine the border between the two countries in a disputed area between Boundary Posts 16 and 17. L P Kirwan, the Secretary and Director of the RGS, was a member of the court and of the field mission. The court made its award on 24 November 1966.

Assam and African Investments Limited was part of the Inchcape Group. It operated in Assam (India) and Kenya and Tanzania (East Africa).

Edward Percy Argyle was born in 1875. He qualified as a Member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (London) in 1901 and saw service with the Army Veterinary Department in South Africa during the Boer War. On his return to England he was commissioned in the Royal Army Veterinary Corps. During World War One he served in France and Egypt, and served in the Gallipoli Campaign of 1915. He was awarded the DSO and Croix de Guerre in 1917. After the war he served in India. He became the Commandant of the Royal Army Veterinary School in 1929. He died in 1935.

Aristophanes was born in c 445 BC. He was a Greek comic dramatist and was also known as the Father of Comedy and the Prince of Ancient Comedy. The Wasps was written in 422 BC. He died in c 386 BC.

The author of the translation is not known.

Anthony John Arkell was born on 29 July 1898. Educated at Bradfield College and Queen's College, Oxford he was a member of the Royal Flying Corps during the First World War and received a military cross in 1918. In 1920 he joined the Sudan Political Service serving from 1921-1924 as Assistant District Commissioner for Darfur Province and then becoming acting Resident at Dar Masalit (1925-1926). He followed this with a period as District Commissioner for Kosti (White Nile Province) from 1926-1929 and then for Sennar (Blue Nile Province) from 1929-1932. In 1928 he married Dorothy Davidson (d. 1945) and was also awarded an MBE. He received the Order of the Nile (Fourth Class) in 1931. He was Deputy Governor for Darfur from 1932-1937. Arkell worked for the Sudanese Government as Commissioner for Archaeology and Anthropology from 1938-1948 as well as being the Chief Transport Officer 1940-1944 and Editor of Sudan Notes and Records, 1945-1948.

From 1948-1953, Arkell was a lecturer in Egyptology at University College, London whilst remaining Archaeological Adviser to the Sudanese Government. In 1950 he married his second wife, Joan Burnell. He was appointed Reader in Egyptian Archaeology in 1953 and held this post as well as that of Curator of the Flinders Petrie Collection of Egyptian Antiquities at University College, London until his retirement in 1963. Following his retirement Arkell entered the Church, becoming Vicar of Cuddington with Dinton from 1963 until 1971. He died on 26 Feb 1980.

Arkell's publications include Early Khartoum (1949); The Old Stone Age in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1949); Shaheinab (1953); History of Sudan from Early Times to 1821 (1955; 2nd. ed. 1961); Wanyanga (1964); and The Prehistory of the Nile Valley (1975).

John Thomas Arlidge was born in Chatham, Kent, in 1822. He was an apprenticed to a general practitioner in Rochdale, and then studied at Kings College London, where he graduated in 1846. Also in 1846 he was elected as a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons. He worked as Physician at the West of London Hospital and Chelsea, Brompton and Belgravia Dispensary; Physician at the Surrey and Farringdon General Dispensary, and Resident Medical Superintendant at St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics. He published his paper On the state of lunacy and the legal provision for the insane, with observations on the construction and organization of asylums. in 1859. Arlidge was appointed a consultant physician to the North Staffordshire Infirmary in 1862, and was the first person to look systematically at life-expectancy in the pottery industry. He made important investigations into the disease known as potter's phthisis and the effects of lead poisoning. Arlidge published Hygiene, Diseases and Mortality of Occupations in 1892, which became his chief work. He was then appointed a member of the Royal Commission in 1893 on conditions of employment in the Potteries. He was elected Mayor of Newcastle-under-Lyme in 1878. He died in 1899.

Doris M Armitage (died Feb 1974) was a friend and student of the pianist Fanny Davies and an acquaintance of the singer Helen Henschel.

Armitage Dispensing Chemists were based at Blackheath, south-east London.

Born Lewisham, London, 1848; educated at the Royal College of Chemistry, 1865-1867, University of Leipzig, 1867-1870; lecturer, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1870; Professor of Chemistry, London Institution, 1870; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1876; Professor of Chemistry at the Cowper Street Schools (later Finsbury Technical College), 1879; Professor of Chemistry, Central Technical College (later the City and Guilds College), 1884-1913; President of the Chemical Society, 1893-1895; Davy medal of the Royal Society, 1911; Professor Emeritus, Imperial College, 1913; died, 1937. Publications include: Essays on the Art and Principles of Chemistry, including the first Messel Memorial Lecture (Ernest Benn, London, 1927); Introduction to the Study of Organic Chemistry Second edition (Longmans & Co, London, 1874); The Teaching of Scientific Method, and other papers on education Second edition (Macmillan & Co, London, 1903).

Born Lewisham, London, 1848; educated at the Royal College of Chemistry, 1865-1867, University of Leipzig, 1867-1870; lecturer, St Batholomew's Hospital, 1870; Professor of Chemistry, London Institution, 1870; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1876; Professor of Chemistry at the Cowper Street Schools (later Finsbury Technical College), 1879; Professor of Chemistry, Central Technical College (later the City and Guilds College), 1884-1913; President of the Chemical Society, 1893-1895; Davy medal of the Royal Society, 1911; Professor Emeritus, Imperial College, 1913; died, 1937.
Publications: include Essays on the Art and Principles of Chemistry, including the first Messel Memorial Lecture (Ernest Benn, London, 1927); Introduction to the Study of Organic Chemistry, etc Second edition (Longmans & Co, London, 1874); The Teaching of Scientific Method, and other papers on education Second edition (Macmillan & Co, London, 1903).

Henry Edward Armstrong: Born Lewisham, London, 1848; educated at the Royal College of Chemistry, 1865-1867, University of Leipzig, 1867-1870; lecturer, St Batholomew's Hospital, 1870; Professor of Chemistry, London Institution, 1870; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1876; Professor of Chemistry at the Cowper Street Schools (later Finsbury Technical College), 1879; Professor of Chemistry, Central Technical College (later the City and Guilds College), 1884-1913; President of the Chemical Society, 1893-1895; Davy medal of the Royal Society, 1911; Professor Emeritus, Imperial College, 1913; died, 1937.
Publications: include: Essays on the Art and Principles of Chemistry, including the first Messel Memorial Lecture (Ernest Benn, London, 1927); Introduction to the Study of Organic Chemistry Second edition (Longmans & Co, London, 1874); The Teaching of Scientific Method, and other papers on education Second edition (Macmillan & Co, London, 1903).

Edward Frankland Armstrong: born Lewisham, London, 1878; educated St Dunstan's College, Royal College of Science, 1895; studied Chemistry at the Central Institution (later City and Guilds College), 1896-1898; student at the Universities of Kiel and Berlin, 1898; awarded PhD, University of Kiel, 1901; Salter's Research Fellow, Central Institution, 1902-1903; Chief Chemist, Huntley and Palmer, 1905; Technical Adviser, later Director, Crosfields, 1914; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1920; President of the Society of Chemical Industry, 1922-1924; Managing Director, British Dyestuffs Corporation, 1925-1928; consultant, 1928; President of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, 1935; Scientific Adviser to the Ministries of Home Security and Works, 1939-1945; died, 1945.
Publications: The Simple Carbohydrates and the Glucosides Second edition (Longmans & Co, London, 1910); Chemistry in the Twentieth Century (Ernest Benn, London, 1924); Raw Materials from the Sea with Laurence Mackenzie Miall (Constructive Publications, Leicester, [1946]).

Henry Edward Armstrong: Born Lewisham, London, 1848; educated at the Royal College of Chemistry, 1865-1867, University of Leipzig, 1867-1870; lecturer, St Batholomew's Hospital, 1870; Professor of Chemistry, London Institution, 1870; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1876; Professor of Chemistry at the Cowper Street Schools (later Finsbury Technical College), 1879; Professor of Chemistry, Central Technical College (later the City and Guilds College), 1884-1913; President of the Chemical Society, 1893-1895; Davy medal of the Royal Society, 1911; Professor Emeritus, Imperial College, 1913; died, 1937.
Publications: include: Essays on the Art and Principles of Chemistry, including the first Messel Memorial Lecture (Ernest Benn, London, 1927); Introduction to the Study of Organic Chemistry Second edition (Longmans & Co, London, 1874); The Teaching of Scientific Method, and other papers on education Second edition (Macmillan & Co, London, 1903).

Edward Frankland Armstrong: born Lewisham, London, 1878; educated St Dunstan's College, Royal College of Science, 1895; studied Chemistry at the Central Institution (later City and Guilds College), 1896-1898; student at the Universities of Kiel and Berlin, 1898; awarded PhD, University of Kiel, 1901; Salter's Research Fellow, Central Institution, 1902-1903; Chief Chemist, Huntley and Palmer, 1905; Technical Adviser, later Director, Crosfields, 1914; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1920; President of the Society of Chemical Industry, 1922-1924; Managing Director, British Dyestuffs Corporation, 1925-1928; consultant, 1928; President of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, 1935; Scientific Adviser to the Ministries of Home Security and Works, 1939-1945; died, 1945.
Publications: The Simple Carbohydrates and the Glucosides Second edition (Longmans & Co, London, 1910); Chemistry in the Twentieth Century (Ernest Benn, London, 1924); Raw Materials from the Sea with Laurence Mackenzie Miall (Constructive Publications, Leicester, [1946]).

Marianne Charlotte Rowe was born at Norwood on 29 Jan 1860, the only child of Charles George and Marianne Rowe, who ran a school for girls at Warwick Hall, Maida Vale. She was a talented child pianist and commenced lessons aged ten with Sir Julius Benedict for nine years. She commenced composition and assumed the name 'Carlotta Rowe' for her publications. She married at nineteen but divorced three months later. She married George William Armstrong, a London solicitor, in 1886. His death two years later prompted her to devote her life to her mother and to composition. She composed numerous songs and dances, 'Jackeydora' a comic opera, 'The Little Reprobate' a musical comedy and the music for a number of one-act plays as well as the incidental music to Sidney Grundy's play 'The Silver Shield'. She died on 2 Feb 1924. A legacy in her will established at the Royal College of Music the Carlotta Rowe Composition Scholarship for a woman composer of light opera, and the Marianne Rowe Singing Scholarship to a soprano or mezzo-soprano.

Engineer, RN, 1921; Engineer Lt Cdr, 1931; Engineer Cdr, 1935; served in the Far East 1937, and in the Mediterranean, 1941.

Founded in August 1837, the Club was formed to meet the needs of the many army officers wanting to join a Service Club, most of which were already full. The Duke of Wellington said he would become neither a patron nor a Member unless membership was also offered to officers of the Royal Navy and Royal Marines. Hence, the "Army and Navy Club" came into being.

The Club acquired its nickname from Captain William (Billy) Higginson Duff. He described the Club as a 'Rag and Famish affair' which was intended as a great insult, since the 'Rag and Famish' was a squalid gaming house 'for broken down gamblers who played for coppers'. The Members were amused rather than insulted by this and formed a 'Rag and Famish' dining club. The name was gradually adopted as the Club's nickname, eventually being reduced to 'The Rag'.

The Club has actively collected and commissioned works of art which decorate the clubhouse (See House Committee Minutes LMA/4179/01/05/01). Their collection even includes a mounted penguin which is a survivor from the first Scott Antarctic Expedition.

From http://www.armynavyclub.co.uk/the-club/club-history/index.html

The Club also assembled an impressive library for its members. The Library Committee records (LMA/4179/01/06) provide an insight into the interests of the membership.

The membership of the club appears to have expected a high level of hospitality. A separate committee was instituted to oversee the Club's wine (LMA/4179/01/07) and the food on offer at the Club was frequently discussed by the General Committee (LMA/4179/01/02).

From 1962 women were granted Associate Membership of the Club (see LMA/4179/02/01/002).

The first club house opened its doors in 1838. Originally the Club leased 18 Saint James Square, which had formerly been occupied by the Oxford and Cambridge Club. Premises then moved to 15 Saint James Square, Lichfield House, in 1843 but the search for more permanent premises began. During 1846-7 six freehold properties in Saint James Square were purchased on the corner with Pall Mall. In January 1846 the Club initiated a competition to design their new club house. After a false start, Alfred Smith and C O Parnell won the competition. Building began in 1848 and doors opened in 1851. Major renovations took place in 1878-9 and 1924-7. New buildings to the rear of the club house were leased in 1919 to accommodate demand for bedrooms.

From http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=40563

The historic building was demolished in 1958. During the rebuilding, the club used 46 and 47 Pall Mall which were subsequently sold. The club house, in its present state, opened in 1963.

See LMA/4179/05 for the documents relating to the club real estate.

This catalogue is dedicated to the memory of Anthony Dixon, the Army and Navy Club's Honorary Archivist. He was instrumental in the transfer of this collection to LMA and provided invaluable assistance in the cataloguing of this collection as a volunteer. Unfortunately, he passed away before the catalogue could be completed.

Vivian Bartley Green-Armytage (1882-1961) was a Foundation Fellow of the College and served as its Vice President from 1949-1951. He endowed the Green-Armytage Short Term Travelling Scholarship Fund, the Green-Armytage Anglo-American Lectureship and the J Y Simpson Oration (bibliography: see Sir John Peel, Lives of the Fellows, pp.179-181).

Tony Arnell is a casting director who worked for many years for LWT, ITV and other companies. Also worked for Spotlight in the 1960s, alongside Cary Ellison. Arnell also chaired the 12 club for the last years of its existence.

Arnhold and Company Limited existed in China since 1866, when it was initially known as Arnhold, Karberg and Company. It traded in and became a leading distributor of building materials and engineering equipment. It was reconstituted as a British company after 1919 and Sir Victor Sassoon became the majority shareholder after 1919 after a merger. The company is still trading and is now known as Arnhold Holdings Limited. The initial chairman was Harry Edward Arnhold, a close business associate of Sir Victor Sassoon. The Company's headquarters were in the Arnhold Building at 6 Kiukiang Road, Shanghai, China until its relocation in 1930 to the third floor of Sassoon House, 1 Nanking Road, Shanghai, China. Arnhold and Company Limited flourished until 1949 when, with the change of Government in China, the headquarters relocated to Hong Kong. Maurice Green, who had been associated with the company since the Sassoon takeover, acquired the controlling interest in Arnhold and Company Limited in 1957.

Arnhold and Company Limited existed in China since 1866, when it was initially known as Arnhold, Karberg and Company. It traded in and became a leading distributor of building materials and engineering equipment. It was reconstituted as a British company after 1919 and Sir Victor Sassoon became the majority shareholder after 1919 after a merger. The company is still trading and is now known as Arnhold Holdings Limited. The initial chairman was Harry Edward Arnhold, a close business associate of Sir Victor Sassoon. The Company's headquarters were in the Arnhold Building at 6 Kiukiang Road, Shanghai, China until its relocation in 1930 to the third floor of Sassoon House, 1 Nanking Road, Shanghai, China. Arnhold and Company Limited flourished until 1949 when, with the change of Government in China, the headquarters relocated to Hong Kong. Maurice Green, who had been associated with the company since the Sassoon takeover, acquired the controlling interest in Arnhold and Company Limited in 1957.

Messrs J. and J. Arnold were druggists [dispensers of medicinal drugs] based at No. 59, Barbican, London.

A footpad was a highwayman who robbed on foot.

Matthew Arnold was born in Middlesex in 1822. He was educated at Rugby School (where his father was headmaster) and Balliol College, Oxford. As a young man he published several books of poetry and was appointed Professor of Poetry at Oxford. After the age of forty he wrote less poetry and turned to literary and cultural criticism; his most famous poem, Dover Beach was published in 1867 but was probably written some years earlier. From 1851 until 1886 he also worked as a school inspector.

See the history of the International Federation of Women Lawyers (United Kingdom section); c 1929-fl 1993

Roxane Arnold (fl 1950-1993) was a member of the Six Point Group and Treasurer of the International Federation of Women Lawyers (UK section).

The International Federation of Women Lawyers (c 1929-fl 1993) was established in 1929 in Paris by a group of European women lawyers. Their aim was to improve the status of women in the legal profession and to foster social networks. The Federation developed national groups across the world, including a United Kingdom (UK) section, with the international headquarters remaining in Paris. By the 1990s the Federation also worked to support implementation of the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights. The UK section held seminars and social events and members attended international congresses and conferences.

Born 1832 in Gravesend; educated at King's School, Rochester and at King's College London where he was a student of the General Literature and Science course,1850; University College, Oxford, 1851-1854; BA, 1854; MA, 1856; Scholar and Newdigate Prizeman, 1852; wrote Poems, narrative and lyrical (Francis Macpherson, Oxford, 1853); Second English Master at King Edward's School, Birmingham, 1854-1856; Principal of Government Deccan College, Poona, Bombay, 1856-1861; studied Eastern and Oriental languages and at this time was author of a number of translations and histories including The Marquis of Dalhousie's administration of British India 2 vols (Saunders, Otley and Co., London, 1862); returned to England, 1861 and became leader-writer on The Daily Telegraph and chief editor, 1873; made CSI, 1877; his Eastern education inspired his popular epic poem, The light of Asia (Trübner and Co., London, 1879), which achieved notoriety in England and America; made KICE, 1888; became Travelling commissioner for the Telegraph, 1888, visited Japan and the Pacific coast, 1889, resulting in a series of publications including Wandering words (Longmans and Co., London, 1894), and East and West (Longmans and Co, London, 1896); visited America on a reading tour, 1891; died 1904.

Thomas Walker Arnold was born on 19 April 1864 and educated at the City of London School. He entered Magdalene College, Cambridge University in 1883. From 1888 he worked as a teacher at the Mahommedan Anglo-Orient College, Aligarh. In 1898, he accepted a post as Professor of Philosophy at the Government College, Lahore and later became Dean of the Oriental Faculty at Punjab University. From 1904 to 1909 he was on the staff of the India Office as Assistant Librarian. In 1909 he was appointed Educational Adviser to Indian students in Britain. From 1917 to 1920 he acted as Adviser to the Secretary of State for India. He was Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies at the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, 1921-1930. He was made Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1912, and in 1921 was given a Knighthood by the Crown. He married Celia Mary Hickson in 1892. He died on 9 June 1930.

The records relate to an unidentified person, possibly Thomas Arnold Junior. Places referred to are mainly in the Stepney area.

D W Arnott was Professor at the School of Oriental and African Studies. Publications include: The nominal and verbal systems of Fula (1970); supplementary bibliography in Diedrich Hermann Westermann and Margaret Arminel Bryan's The languages of West Africa (1970).

Enlisted, Apr 1917; served with Royal Garrison Artillery, North West Frontier, India, 1917-1919; awarded Indian General Service Medal with clasp, 'Afghan 1919'.

Art and Architecture (A and A) (est 1982) is a membership organisation which provides a network for practitioners and a forum for debate surrounding the role of public art, design and building. Its origins can be found in a conference, Art and Architecture, held at the Institute of Contemporary Art in London in 1982. The event represented a coming together of various strands of thought and activity which had been considering the notion of art in a public context as beneficial to the environment. Art and Architecture as a membership society was formed in the wake of the conference and soon organised itself into four working parties, each addressing a different issue which had been prioritised during the conference. These included Per Cent for Art legislation (promoting the notion that a percentage of the capital costs for building should be allocated to an artistic contribution); the Live Projects Commissions group; the Events group, which organised a series of lectures; and Information and Education, which resulted in production of a newsletter (later the Art and Architecture Journal). A single A and A management board was established under the chair Sir Peter Shepherd. Later chairs included Theo Crosby, Peter Rawstorne, Jenny Towndrow, Christopher Martin, Peter Lloyd-Jones and Graham Cooper.

A and A has organised many lectures, conferences and other events in addition to producing the Art and Architecture journal, edited for many years by former Royal College of Art Librarian Hans Brill. An overriding theme of its work has been the interdisciplinary process and the potential for collaboration and communication between architects and artists, designers and makers.

In 2002, A and A organised a series of events under the banner 'Next Generation' to mark its twentieth anniversary and to consider new approaches to public art and collaboration for the 21st century. The donation of the archive coincided with its twenty-fifth anniversary, around which a number of events were planned, including a three-month exhibition at the Buildings Centre.

Arthur H Brown founded a company in 1860 trading in naval stores, turpentine, tallow etc. The firm is first listed in the trade directories in 1864 at 15 Rood Lane, before moving in 1867 to 44 Eastcheap. In 1871 the firm was bought by William Thompson Burningham, and moved to 26 Great St Helen's. It is listed as a firm of petroleum and colonial brokers. On Burningham's death the firm was taken on by his son, W J Burningham. It moved successively to 95 Bishopsgate Street (1880-9), 70 and 71 Bishopsgate Street (1890-1910), 91 and 93 Bishopsgate Street (1911-14), 36 Camomile Street (1915-18), 126 Bishopsgate Street (1919-25), Bevis Marks House (1926-35), Staple Hall, Stone House Court (1936-41), Bishops Avenue, N2 (1942-5), Bevis Marks House again (1946-62) and Lee House, London Wall (1963-7). Its primary concern was the trade of oil petroleum and wax. The firm expanded significantly after World War I when they became one of the first importers of Russian oil. In 1968 ABCO Petroleum Ltd, as it had become known, became a subsidiary of the Sinclair Oil Corporation.

The company was established in about 1800 as Dyer, Wyld and Jeve of Bristol, and was later known as Wyld and Company Limited, of Bath Street, Bristol. It was taken over by Charles Kinloch and Company Limited in 1962 as a non-trading subsidiary. The name was changed to Arthur Cooper (Wine Merchant) Limited in 1978 to avoid loss of name (which was previously used from 1961 by Carlos and Thrale Ltd). There may be some confusion over name changes so researchers are advised to investigate further.

Hilda Margaret Grenfell née Lyttelton born the second daughter of General Sir Neville Lyttelton and Katherine Stuart-Wortley, 1886; died 1972. She married Arthur Morton Grenfell in 1909 and they had 4 daughters, Mary, Katherine, Frances and Laura.

Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Morton Grenfell was born the sixth son of Pascoe du Pré Grenfell and Sophia Grenfell, 1873; educated at Eton College; fought in the First World War; he gained the rank of Colonel in the service of the Royal Buckinghamshire Hussars; died 1958. He first married Victoria Sybil Mary Grey in 1901 and they had 3 children, daughter Sybil and sons Reginald and Harry. He married, secondly, Hilda Margaret Lyttelton in 1909.

Arthur's Club, a social club for gentlemen, was founded in 1811, and originated in Arthur's Chocolate House, a club in St James's Street. The hall of the club had a portrait of courtesan Kitty Fisher, who by tradition had been kept for a time by a fund to which all the club members subscribed. Arthur's is now closed.

Information from The London Encyclopaedia, eds. Weinreb and Hibbert (LMA Library Reference 67.2 WEI).

The Artists' fund was established in 1810 for the protection and relief of artists engaged in painting, sculpture, architecture and engraving, and of their orphans and widows. All artists of merit, female and male, were eligible to become members, though most members were from London or the immediate surroundings. The fund was incorporated by royal charter in 1827 as the Society for the Management and Distribution of the Artists' Fund.

The fund was divided into two distinct branches. The annuity fund was maintained by members' subscriptions as an insurance fund for the payment of benefits on the sickness or death of subscribers. Each subscriber to the annuity fund was automatically a subscriber to the benevolent fund, which was for the exclusive relief of widows and orphans of subscribers to the annuity fund. For a time the benevolent fund was maintained not only by subscribers to the annuity fund, but also by means of appeals to the general public, but the latter method of raising money later declined.

Meetings of both branches of the fund were originally held in the Freemasons Tavern, Great Queen Street, but premises were eventually acquired in Suffolk Street, SW1 (ca. 1910). The registered office of the fund at the time of the records' deposit (1988) was 1 Serjeants' Inn.

The Artists League of Great Britain was founded in 1909 as The Imperial Arts League. Its purpose was to "protect and promote the interests of Artists and to inform, advise and assist Artists, who have enrolled as members, in matters of business connected with the practice of the Arts."

These 'business matters' included copyright, contracts, reproduction rights, export problems and insurance. The League was directed by a council of experienced Artists who gave their services on a voluntary basis.

In 1971 the Imperial Arts League changed its name to The Artists League of Great Britain.

The period between 1903 and 1914 was one of resurgence in the women's suffrage movement. At this time, the methods by all those involved began to change: although the suffragists' efforts were mainly aimed at forming parliamentary opinion, they also began to engage in public demonstrations and other propaganda activities. The ASL was established in January 1907 in order to assist with the preparations for the 'Mud March' organised by the NUWSS in February of that year. However, it continued with the creation of suffrage propaganda for the NUWSS after this date. Other than the central committee of chairperson, vice-chair and treasurer, the organisation had no traditional formal structure or statement of aims. The body was responsible for the creation of a large number of posters, Christmas cards, postcards and banners designed by artists who included the chairperson Mary Lowndes, Emily Ford, Barbara Forbes, May H Barker, Clara Billing, Dora Meeson Coates, Violet Garrard, Bertha Newcombe, C Hedly Charlton and Emily J Harding. The ASL was responsible for the decoration of the Queens Hall for the celebrations in 1918 that had been organised by the NUWSS.

The Association of Social Anthropologists (ASA) was founded in 1946 with the following objectives: to promote the study and teaching of social anthropology; to hold periodical meetings; to present the interests of social anthropology and to maintain its professional status; to assist in any possible in planning research; and to collate and, if possible, publish information on social anthropology and a register of social anthropologists. The founder members were Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown as President, Professor Sir Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard as Chair, and Professor Sir Raymond William Firth as Secretary.

Asahan Rubber Estates Limited was registered in 1910 as Asahan (Sumatra) Rubber Estates Limited to acquire Soengei Bedjankar estate in Sumatra. In 1913 it was re-registered as Asahan Rubber Estates Limited. It was acquired by London Sumatra Plantations Limited (CLC/B/112-110) in 1960, and in April 1982 it became a private company.

Jacob Vale Asbury, of Enfield, Middlesex, became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, and a Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries in 1816. He was surgeon at the Government Union School in Enfield, and at the North Division Metropolitan Police. He was the inventor of an instrument for puncturing the Membrana Tympani, and the inventor and patentee of the Esse in Tuto railway carriage. Asbury published A treatise on epidemic cholera: illustrating a new theory of the disease, on which the principles of a systematic mode of treatment are established (London: Longman, 1833).

(Charles) Neal Ascherson (1932-) was born in Edinburgh and educated at Cambridge. He is a journalist and writer who has written extensively on Eastern Europe, particularly Poland. Ascherson first visited Poland in 1957, to report for the Manchester Guardian and has returned frequently. In 1980-1981 he covered the rise of the Solidarity movement and the subsequent imposition of martial law for The Observer. Ascherson also reported on the "Prague Spring" in Czechoslovakia in 1968. His publications on Eastern European topics have included Polish August (London, 1981), The Struggles for Poland (London, 1987) and Black Sea (London, 1995).

Born, 1722; probably educated at King Henry VIII School, Coventry, before entering Trinity College, Oxford, BA 1743; MA 1746; MB 1750; MD 1754; practiced in Birmingham, 1752-1769; founder member of Birmingham General Hospital, 1779; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, 1787; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1787; leading member of the Royal College of Physicians, being censor in 1789 and 1793, Harveian orator in 1790, Goulstonian lecturer in 1791, and Croonian lecturer in 1793; died, 1798.

Born, 1928; educated at University College School, Imperial College; Research Fellow, Stamford University, California, 1952-1954; Queen Mary College, London, 1954-1955; Research Engineer, Standard Telecommunication Laboratories Ltd, 1955-1963; Senior Lecturer, 1963-1965, Reader, 1965-1967, Professor, 1967-1985, Pender Professor and Head of Department, 1980-1985, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London; Rector, Imperial College, 1985-1993; Faraday medal, Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1980; Royal medal, Royal Society, 1986; Director, BT, 1987-1993; President, Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1987-1988; Chairman, BBC Science Advisory Committee, 1987-; Trustee, Science Museum, 1987-; Secretary, 1984-1988, Vice-Chairman and Chairman of Council, 1995-, Royal Institution.

Publications: include: Towards the 21st century a prospectus for UK universities (London, CVCP, 1991); Sir Frederick Sykes and the air revolution, 1912-1918 (London, Frank Cass, 1999); papers on physical electronics in scientific journals.

Born 1906; educated at City and Guilds College, London and the Royal Naval College, Greenwich; Assistant Electrical Engineer (Civil Officer), Electrical Engineering Department, Admiralty (Submarine design), 1932-1937; Visiting Lecturer in electrical machinery design, Royal Naval College, Greenwich, 1934-1937; Electrical Engineer (Civil Officer), Electrical Engineering Department, Admiralty (Battleship design), 1937-1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Fleet Electrical Engineer, Staff of Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, 1939-1940; Superintending Electrical Engineer, Admiralty (Supply and Production), 1940-1945; Superintending Electrical Engineer, HM Dockyard, Hong Kong, 1945-1948; Superintending Electrical Engineer, Admiralty Engineering Laboratory, West Drayton, Middlesex, 1948-1949; Cdr, HMS MONTCLARE, 1950-1951; Capt (Electrical), RN, 1951; Admiralty (Weapon Control Design), 1951-1953; served in Electrical Engineering Department, Admiralty, 1953-1954; Electrical Engineering Manager, HM Dockyard, Devonport, 1954-1958; Chairman, South Western Sub-Centre, Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1957-1958; Aide de Camp to HM Queen Elizabeth II, 1958-1960; Ship Design Department, Admiralty, 1959-1960; R Adm, 1960; Deputy Director of Electrical Engineering Division, Ship Department, Admiralty, 1960-1963; awarded CB, 1962; retired 1963; Fellow, Institution of Electrical Engineers; died 1998.

Ashanti Goldfields Corporation Limited was incorporated in May 1897 as a company to work the concession acquired by Edwin Cade in 1895. A small company, the Cote d'Or Company, had been established to provide funds for an expedition by Cade to Ashanti, during which he had signed an agreement with local chiefs and had secured the concession to mine for gold. In 1896 Ashanti had been annexed by the British Government and negotiations secured agreement whereby the concession to mining, trading and agricultural rights over a square mile area was recognised by the Government for 90 years, and the Ashanti Goldfields Corporation Limited was registered.

Edwin Cade and John Daw were members of the first expedition to work the concession and both were important figures in the early development of the Corporation, the former as a director until his death in 1903, the latter as consultant engineer, general manager, and eventually director until 1906. In 1972 Lonrho acquired an interest in the company which became jointly owned by them and the Ghanian Government until 1996. In 2000 the company entered into a strategic alliance with AngloGold which resulted in merger in 2004. The new company is called AngloGold Ashanti and continues to mine in Ghana. The Corporation had offices at 9 Broad Street in 1900; 6 Southampton Street 1902-1935; 10 Old Jewry 1936-1963; Moor House, London Wall 1964-1970; Cheapside House, 138 Cheapside from 1971; and Roman House, 4Wood Street from 1996. In 2004, the company closed its London offices.

The Ashburnham family lived at Ashburnham Place, East Sussex, from the 12th century onwards. The family rose to a position of prominence during the reign of Charles I, and supported the monarchy in the Civil War. They lost their estates during the Interregnum but regained Ashburnham Place during the Restoration. John Ashburnham was made the 1st Baron Ashburnham in 1689. The line became extinct on the death of Thomas Ashburnham, the 6th Earl, and the estate was broken up and sold.

The family had extensive estates across England and Wales, including a house in Dean's Yard, Westminster, and at Dover Street, Piccadilly (both known as Ashburnham House), and property in Chiswick and Chelsea. The Dean's Yard property is now part of Westminster School. The Dover Street property was constructed by the 2nd Earl, John Ashburnham (1724-1812).

Ashburnham served in the British Army in the Indian Mutiny, 1857-1858, the Second Afghan War, 1878-1880, the first Boer War, and in Egypt and the Sudan from 1882-1884. He was an ADC to Queen Victoria and awarded the KCB in 1882. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society,1897-1917.

Margery Corbett Ashby was born at Danehill, Sussex in 1882 to Charles Corbett, the future Liberal MP for Grinstead, and Marie Corbett. At the age of eighteen, she formed a society called the Younger Suffragists with a group of friends and her younger sister Cicely. The following year, in 1901, Margery won a place at Newnham College, Cambridge, to read Classics. Three years later, despite passing her examinations, Cambridge refused to grant her a degree on the grounds of her gender. Subsequently, she obtained a place at the Cambridge Teachers Training College, though she would later decide against teaching as a profession. That same year, in 1904, she and her sister attended the first meeting of the International Women Suffrage Alliance in Berlin with their mother.

She had been involved in the women's suffrage movement since Cambridge, where she had joined the local branch of the National Union of Women s Suffrage Societies. In 1907 Corbett was appointed Secretary of that same organisation and editor of the journal, The Common Cause, positions that she held until she was elected to the executive committee two years later. It was in 1909 that she also became a member of the Cambridge Women s Suffrage Association as well as becoming involved in the International Woman Suffrage Alliance as a speaker at their conferences in Berlin and Stockholm. The following year, she married the barrister, Brian Ashby, giving birth to their only child four years later. In 1912 she became a poor law guardian in Wandsworth and in 1914 was the chairperson of the Barnes, Mortlake and East Sheen branch of the London Society for Women s Suffrage. However, when that year the NUWSS launched the Election Fighting Fund policy, which promised support to any party officially supporting suffrage in an election where the candidate was challenging an anti-suffrage Liberal, Corbett Ashby felt compelled to resign form the organisation.

Corbett Ashby passed the First World War carrying out work in hospitals and running a canteen at an outbuilding of Woodgate for local schoolchildren. In 1919, she attended the Versailles Peace Conference in place of Millicent Garrett Fawcett as a member of the International Alliance of Women. After the passing of the Qualification of Women Act in 1918, she became one of the seventeen women candidates that stood in the post-war election. She stood as the Liberal candidate for Ladywood, Birmingham, but lost her deposit in the process, having advocated feminist policies that would have given women full political equality with men. The following year she took part in the first post-war congress of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance and was elected president of the organisation in 1923, a position she would hold until she retired in 1946. She succeeded Eleanor Rathbone as the president of the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship and co-founded the Towns Womens Guild with Eva Hubback in the late 1920s which she also presided over for a time. In 1932 Corbett Ashby was the British delegate to the Geneva Disarmament Conference, but resigned from this position in 1935 in protest at the British Government's refusal to support any practical scheme for mutual security and defence. That same year, she resigned from the head of the Towns Womens Guild but accepted the presidency of the Women s Freedom League instead. Around the same time, she became the vice president of the Fawcett Society.

Corbett Ashby continued to be active in politics after the Second World War. In 1952, at the age of seventy, she became editor of International Women's News. Her last political action was at the age of ninety-eight when she took part in the Women's Day of Action in London in 1980. She died at Danehill on 22nd May 1981.