Daniel Larratt died intestate on or about 11 May 1848, leaving his eldest son, also named Daniel Larratt, his heir at law. On 19 June 1848 letters of administration were granted to his widow, Eliza Downing.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
No information was discovered at the time of compilation.
Richard Stroud was born in December 1799. He joined the excise service in 1827 and began his training in the Dorchester 2nd division. By December 1827, Stroud was qualified to survey brewers, victuallers, tanners, soapmakers and other dealers. His career was peripatetic and took him to Bristol, Andover, Campbeltown, Oxford, and the Isle of Wight amongst other places. He retired on grounds of ill health in 1853.
Aside from the poor rate, which was set by the overseers of the poor, much of the money for local poor relief came from various charities. The parish of Lutton was in the Thrapston Union of Northamptonshire for Poor Law administration.
The East India Company (formally called the Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies (1600-1708) and the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies (1708-1873)), was an English company formed for the exploitation of the spice trade in East and Southeast Asia and India. It was incorporated by Royal Charter in December 1600.
Penelope Baynes and her twin sister, Frances, were born on 25th February 1782. She died 10th September 1849 in Upper Weston, Bath. Her mother was Penelope Dove and her father William Baynes (1740-1827), who served as Rector of Rickinghall and Vicar of Sherborne. Her grandparents were Katherine Wogan, decendant of Ethelred Wogan, and Robert Baynes (1718-1782), Rector of Stonham, Suffolk.
No information available at present.
Quincampoix is a parish in France, in the Rouen area, founded in 1215.
See J. Day, Bristol brass: the history of the industry (Newton Abbot, 1973).
Work on the Grand Junction Canal was begun in 1793, to provide a london link with the rest of the UK canal system. The construction was overssen by William Jessop as Chief Engineer, and the Chairman of the Company was William Praed. The Canal opened as a through route in 1805, though sections of it had been opened earlier. In 1929 the Grand Junction Canal merged with the Regent's Canal and the Warwick Canal to become the Grand Union Canal Company.
No information available at present.
During the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713), Britain occupied Gibraltar (1704) and Minorca (1708). Both were officially ceded to Britain in the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) which ended the war.
Botany has been taught at King's from 1831 and was part of the Department of General Literature and Science, and also the Evening Class Department from 1861. Lessons in Botany and Practical Biology became available for Medical Department students during the 1880s. Botany and Vegetable/Plant Biology was principally part of the Natural Science Division of the Faculty of Science from 1893, though instruction also continued for students of the Medical Division. It was incorporated into the School of Biological Studies, formed in 1964, that also comprised the departments of Biochemistry, Biophysics, Physiology, and Zoology and Animal Biology. This prevailed until the merger in 1985, when Botany/Plant Sciences was absorbed within an enlarged Department of Biology, itself part of the Faculty of Life Sciences, and, from 1989, successively part of the Biosphere and Life Sciences Divisions of the School of Life, Basic Medical and Health Sciences. Since 1998 it has been part of the Division of Life Sciences in the School of Health and Life Sciences.
Evening classes in subjects as diverse as English, History, Divinity, Drawing, French, Mathematics and Chemistry commenced at King's College in 1848. Teaching remained the responsibility of the separate faculties to which classes were appended administratively, until around 1907 when a distinct department emerged covering all evening class education at King's College. The department was discontinued upon the outbreak of war in 1939, although some few classes were transferred to Birkbeck College.
German has been taught at King's since the opening of the Senior Department in 1831, later coming under the Department of General Literature and Science. The Department of German was formerly part of the Faculty of Arts, and, since 1989, the School of Humanities.
The first Professor of Mineralogy and Geology at King's College London was Charles Lyell, who resigned in 1833 in response to criticism that his lectures undermined accepted biblical chronology. The subject was taught under the various titles of Geology and Mining, Geology, Palaeontology and Mining, and Geology and Geography, with Mineralogy, in the Departments of Applied Sciences, Evening Classes and the Faculty of Science, Natural Science Division, from 1893. The Department of Geology was part of the Faculty of Natural Science from its inception in 1921 until the merger of King's, Queen Elizabeth and Chelsea Colleges in 1985, when the teaching of geology was discontinued and transferred to Royal Holloway College.
The Department of Physiology was formerly part of the Faculty of Medical Science. After the merger of King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry with King's College Medical School in 1983 it was split off into the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences. The Department merged with those of Chelsea College and Queen Elizabeth College in 1985 and the faculties joined to create the School of Life, Basic Medical and Health Sciences in 1989. The School was made up of separate divisions, including the Biomedical Sciences Division of which Physiology was a part. It is now the Division of Physiology, part of the GKT (Guy's King's and St Thomas') School of Biomedical Sciences that was formed in 1998 from the Biomedical Sciences and the Basic Medical Sciences Divisions at UMDS (United Medical and Dental Schools).
Physiotherapy provision was available at King's College Hospital and later academic instruction was devolved to the Centre for Physiotherapy Research under the Department of Physiology. The Physiotherapy Department was formed in 1989, part of the Biomedical Sciences Division of the School of Life, Basic Medical and Health Sciences, to become one of the first academic departments of Physiotherapy in England. In 1998 a Division of Physiotherapy was formed, part of the School of Biomedical Sciences, itself the product of the merger of the Biomedical Sciences Division at King's and the Basic Medical Sciences Division at UMDS (United Medical and Dental Schools). The Centre for Physiotherapy Research carried out various research projects, including the The Role for Physiotherapy in the Care of Adults with Learning Difficulties (Mental Handicap) study. The study surveyed physiotherapists to gain a national picture of physiotherapy services for adults with learning difficulties.
Instruction in physics began in 1831 in the form of lectures in natural and experimental philosophy delivered to students in the Senior Department, from 1839 the Department of General Literature and Science and later the Department of Applied Sciences. Natural and experimental divisions were separated in 1834 when Charles Wheatstone was appointed Professor of Experimental Philosophy, a post he occupied until his death in 1875. Classes in natural philosophy were available to Evening Class students and students of the Medical Faculty and Faculty of Engineering, but the Physics Department properly became part of the Faculty of Science in 1893. In 1923 Physics became part of the Faculty of Natural Science, which later formed part of the Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences. This became the School of Physical Sciences and Engineering in 1991. Charles Wheatstone, responsible for pioneering experiments in the fields of electric telegraphy, batteries, harmonics and optics, upon his death bequeathed an extensive collection of scientific instruments and equipment to the College to form the Wheatstone Laboratory, one of the earliest physical laboratories in the country. Other notables include James Clerk Maxwell, pioneer in the study of electromagnetism, who was Professor of Natural Philosophy, 1860-1865; Charles Glover Barkla, Wheatstone Professor of Physics, 1909-1914, who whilst at the University of Edinburgh was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1917 for work on X-rays; Sir Owen Richardson, Wheatstone Professor of Physics, 1914-1922, awarded a Nobel Prize for Physics in 1928 for prior work on thermionics undertaken at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge; Sir Edward Appleton, Wheatstone Professor of Physics, 1924-1936, who conducted experiments on the interaction of radio waves with the earth's atmosphere at the Strand and at the College's Halley Stewart Laboratories, Hampstead, for which he was subsequently awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1947, whilst employed by the British Government's Department of Scientific and Industrial Research; and Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins, Deputy Director of the Medical Research Council Biophysics Research Unit, later the Department of Biophysics, King's College London, 1955, whose work on the structure of the DNA molecule was rewarded with the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1962.
The Faculty of Arts was established in 1893 from what was the General Literature Department. After the merger with Chelsea and Queen Elizabeth College in 1985, it was known as the Faculty of Arts and Music. It then became the School of Humanities in 1989. The academic departments currently comprised within the School are: Byzantine & Modern Greek Studies, Classics, English and Palaeography, English Language Centre, European Studies, French, German, History, Menzies Centre for Australian Studies, Modern Language Centre, Music, Philosophy, Portuguese & Brazilian Studies, Spanish & Spanish-American Studies, Theology and Religious Studies, and Mediterranean Studies. The departments of War Studies and Geography also formed part of the Faculty and School until 2001 when they were incorporated into a new School of Social Science and Public Policy.
Law has been taught at King's College London since it formally opened in 1831, and originally came under the Senior Department and then the Department of General Literature and Science. Under the Faculty of Arts from 1893, it was known as the Division of Laws and Economics. The Faculty of Laws was founded in association with the London School of Economics in 1909, and became known as the School of Law in 1989. It is a single department school, but is comprised of various research centres and groups, including the Centre of European Law and the Centre of Medical Law and Ethics, whose student records are included in this section.
The Faculty of Science was originally founded in 1893, of which the Division of Natural Science formed a part, before becoming the Faculty of Natural Science in 1921. The Faculty was eventually closed in 1985 and its constituent departments and successors now fall mainly under the School of Physical Sciences and Engineering and the School of Life and Health Sciences.
King's College London Department of Theology was established in 1846 for the preparation of graduates and other candidates for Holy Orders. The Transfer Act of 1908 separated the secular and theological components of King's, creating institutions known respectively as The University of London, King's College, and the Theological Department of King's College London. The College Council retained all its powers in relation to the Faculty of Theology, but a Theological Committee was instituted to advise the Council and to superintend, under its direction, the work carried on in the Theological Department of the College. The Theological Department was thereafter a School of the University within the Faculty of Theology and the Head of the Theological Department was the Dean of King's College. Undergraduate courses available included the BD, intended as a first stage for teaching in schools or as a preparation for ordination, and the AKC, which overlapped with the BD but contained a more practical element for those meaning to enter ordained ministry. Postgraduate courses included the MTh, MPhil and PhD. In 1958 the University decided to make money available for more teaching posts in Theology, which were established within the Faculty of Arts, King's College. This led to the development of more non-vocational theological classes including courses in Religious Studies. Theology was formally reunited with the rest of the College in 1980 under the title King's College London. It is currently known as the Department of Theology and Religious Studies and is part of the School of Humanities.
Prior to UDI in 1965 only all-white unions and African unions formed after 1959 were legally recognised in what was then Southern Rhodesia, and in addition these unions had to be skill-based rather than general. After 1965, repressive labour policies forced many unionists, including the leadership of the African Trades Union Congress (ATUC), into exile. Given government antipathy and splits within the labour movement, with some unionists advocating a less political stance and association with the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) while others left to support the guerrilla war (1966-1980), trade unions remained weak until independence. Subsequently the ZANU-PF regime sought to control the workforce through the creation of a new confederation, the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU), designed to be compliant with government labour policy. The majority of the materials held here date from before 1980, and originate from both blue and white-collar and African and European unions.
Livestock have historically been an important feature of Argentina's economy, and the establishment of refrigerating plants for meat stimulated the expansion of trade. Britain was among the prime consumers of Argentine products and a substantial investor in the development of infrastructure.
Details of the Anglo-Argentine Refrigerating Company Ltd are not known.
Unknown.
Following the Spanish-American War a treaty (1898) established Cuba as an independent republic, although US military occupation continued until 1902, and subsequently US influence remained strong. US investment in Cuban enterprises increased, and many economic concerns passed to American ownership.
Details of the American Cuban Estates Corporation are not known.
Biometrika, a journal for the statistical study of biological problems, was founded by the eugenicist (Sir) Francis Galton (1822-1911), the mathematician and biologist Karl Pearson (1857-1936), and the zoologist Walter Frank Raphael Weldon (1860-1906), in 1901. It was initially edited by Pearson and Weldon. The journal was later published by the Biometrika Trust, whose offices are accommodated in the the Department of Statistical Science at University College London (founded in 1911 as the Department of Applied Statistics). It is distributed by Oxford University Press.
Members of the Brougham family of Brougham, Westmorland, included Henry, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux (1778-1868), who served as Lord Chancellor, 1830-1834; James (1780-1833); John Waugh (1785-1829); and William, 2nd Baron Brougham and Vaux (1795-1886).
Born in London, 1920; educated at Highgate School, Trinity College Cambridge (Robert Styring Scholar, Classics, and Senior Scholar, Natural Sciences), and the London Hospital (Scholar); visited Buenos Aires and West Africa, 1936; refused military service in World War Two, 1939-1945; 1st Class Natural Science Tripos, Part I, 1940; 2nd Class Natural Science Tripos, 1st Division (Pathology), 1941; BA, 1943; married Ruth Muriel Harris, 1943; Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, Cambridge, 1944; Member of the Royal College of Surgeons and Licentiate, Royal College of Physicians, London, 1944; MA, Cambridge, 1945; Diploma in Child Health, London, 1945; one son, Nicholas, born, 1946; Lecturer in Physiology, London Hospital Medical College, 1948-1951; PhD in Biochemistry, London, 1949; Honorary Research Associate, Department of Zoology, University College London, 1951-1973; DSc in Gerontology, London, 1963; Director of Research in Gerontology, Zoology Department, University College London, 1966-1973; President, British Society for Research on Ageing, 1967; first marriage dissolved and married Jane Tristram Henderson (d 1991), 1973; Clinical Lecturer, Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, 1974-1983; Professor, Department of Pathology, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, 1976-1978; Consultant psychiatrist, Brentwood VA Hospital, Los Angeles, 1978-1981; Adjunct Professor, Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, from 1980; Consultant, Ventura County Hospital (Medical Education), from 1981; member of the Royal Society of Medicine; member of the American Psychiatric Association; a prolific author, best known for books on sexual behaviour - in which he advocated greater sexual freedom, including the bestselling and widely translated The Joy of Sex and its sequels - but wrote on a diverse range of subjects; an anarchist, and published works on anarchy; a pacifist, and active in the movement for nuclear disarmament; died in Banbury, Oxfordshire, 2000. Publications include: Fiction: No Such Liberty (1941); The Almond Tree (1943); The Powerhouse (1944); Letters from an Outpost (1947); On This Side Nothing (1949); A Giant's Strength (1952); Come Out to Play (1961); Tetrarch (1980); Imperial Patient (1987); The Philosophers (1989). Poetry: France and Other Poems (1942); A Wreath for the Living (1943); Elegies (1944); The Song of Lazarus (USA, 1945); The Signal to Engage (1947); And All But He Departed (1951); Haste to the Wedding (1961); Poems (1979); Mikrokosmos (1994). Plays: Into Egypt (1942); Cities of the Plain (1943); Gengulphus (1948). Songs: Are You Sitting Comfortably? (1962). Non-fiction: The Silver River (1938); Art and Social Responsibility (1946); First Year Physiological Technique (1948); The Novel and Our Time (1948); Barbarism and Sexual Freedom (1948); Sexual Behaviour in Society (1950); The Pattern of the Future (1950); Authority and Delinquency in the Modern State (1950); The Biology of Senescence (1956); Darwin and the Naked Lady (1961); Sex in Society (1963); Ageing, the Biology of Senescence (1964); The Process of Ageing (1964); Nature and Human Nature (1966); The Anxiety Makers (1967); The Joy of Sex (1972); More Joy (1974); A Good Age (1977); as editor, Sexual Consequences of Disability (1978); I and That: Notes on the Biology of Religion (1979); A practice of Geriatric Psychiatry (1979); The Facts of Love (1980); What is a Doctor? (1980); Reality and Empathy (1984); with Jane T Comfort, What about Alcohol? (1983); The New Joy of Sex (1991); Against Power and Death (1994). Translation: The Koka Shastra (1964).
Peter Davison was editor of The Complete Works of George Orwell and Professor and Senior Research Fellow in English and Media, De Montfort University, Leicester. Davison was originally commissioned in 1981 to produce corrected versions of Orwell's nine separate books. He also edited the Facsimile of the Manuscript of Nineteen Eighty-Four and was commissioned in 1982 to produce a collected edition of Orwell's shorter writing which developed into the production of The Complete Works. He was President of the Bibliographical Society, 1992-1994, whose journal, The Library, he edited for 12 years. He was also a Shakespeare expert on whose plays he published a number of works.
Publications:
The Complete Works of George Orwell editor
Songs of the British Music Hall: A Critical Study
Popular Appeal in English Drama to 1850
Contemporary Drama and the Popular Dramatic Tradition
Hamlet: Text and Performance
Henry V: Masterguide
Othello: The Critical Debate
George Orwell: A Literary Life
De Beer was born on 1 November 1899 at Malden, Surrey. His early life was spent abroad and he attended the Ecole Pascale in Paris. He came to England in 1912 and attended Harrow School, followed by Magdalen College Oxford. He joined the Grenadier Guards and was called up, but the First World War ended soon afterwards. He returned to Oxford and studied zoology, achieving a first class honours in 1921. He was elected to a Prize Fellowship of Merton College in 1923, and held this until 1938. From 1926 to 1938 De Beer was Jenkinson Lecturer in Embryology at Oxford. He served in the Second World War, being involved with psychological warfare. From 1946 to 1950 he was Professor of Embryology at University College London and from 1950 to 1960 Director of the British Museum (Natural History). He then joined the publishing company Thomas Nelson, initially as a Director and later as Editorial Consultant. He was President of the Linnean Society from 1946 to 1949. He was knighted in 1954. He won many medals during his lifetime and published a many of books on a range of subjects, from embryology and genetics to travelling in Switzerland. De Beer died on 21 June 1972.
Unknown.
The Gilchrist Educational Trust was founded on the bequest of Dr John Borthwick Gilchrist (1759-1841) who left the residue of his estate to the Trustees 'for the benefit advancement and propagation of education and learning in every part of the world as far as circumstances will permit'. After long litigation procedures the Educational Trust was founded in 1865.
The principle which guided the Trustees in the administration of the funds under their control was that of doing pioneering work, such as seeking to fill up educational gaps; making some provision for the educational needs of classes of persons not already provided for; aiding new educational movements which, for lack of public support at their initiation, needed financial help to enable them to grow in strength. They began by establishing scholarships to bring natives of India to England for a University education that would fit them to undertake public work on their return. These, later taken over by the Government of India, were followed by similar scholarships in the (then) Colonies which were, in turn, taken over by the appropriate authorities. There followed scholarships in England for women at the time when Women's Colleges were being established. The Trust is perhaps best known for its establishment of the Gilchrist Lecturers, 1867-1939, which were given in industrial communities by eminent men and were attended by many thousands of people. After the Lectures began, the University Extension movement started to develop; the Trust worked in close association with it and, later, with the Workers' Educational Association.
H K Lewis & Company Ltd was founded in 1844 as medical publishers and booksellers. The firm occupied 136 Gower Street and 28 Gower Place. In 1989 the business was purchased by Pentos publishing group.
The Chilean merchants Balfour Williamson & Company Ltd were founded in 1851.
Victor Horsley was born in Kensington, London, and educated at Cranbrook School in Kent and at University College London, where he studied medicine under John Burdon Sanderson and G D Thane. In 1880 he was appointed House Surgeon at University College Hospital where he experimented with anaesthetics. Horsley studied at postgraduate level in Berlin in 1881 and in 1882 was appointed Surgical Registrar at University College Hospital. From 1884 to 1890 Horsley was Professor-Superintendent of the Brown Institute, where he did experiments on localization of brain function (with Charles Beevor), on the pituitary gland, on the relation of the larynx to the nervous system (with Felix Semon), and on the thyroid gland, myxoedema and cachexia strumipriva. In 1885 he was promoted to assistant surgeon. In 1886 he took the position of Assistant Professor of Surgery at the National Hospital for Paralysis and Epilepsy, Queen Square, where he performed operations on the brain and spinal cord. In 1886 he was appointed secretary of the Local Government Board Commission on Hydrophobia, and also studied Pasteur's anti-rabies vaccine. In the same year he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. From 1887 to 1896 Horsley was Professor of Pathology at University College London. He married Eldred, daughter of Sir Frederick Bramwell, in 1887, and the couple had two sons and one daughter. Horsley was elected President of the Medical Defence Union in 1893 and the British Medical Temperance Association in 1896. In 1897 he was appointed to the Senate of the University of London and elected to the General Medical Council. From 1899 to 1902 he was Professor of Clinical Surgery at University College London. In 1902 he was knighted for his work in medicine. In 1907 he published Alcohol and the Human Body with Dr Mary Sturge. Towards the end of his life he stood as a Liberal candidate in London but later resigned; he was also rejected by Leicester. In 1915 and 1916 he travelled extensively in a medical capacity, performing surgery on the war field. He died at Amara from heatstroke and pyrexia in July 1916. Lady Horsley continued to be involved in radical causes after her husband's death. Their sons, Siward and Oswald, were both educated at Bedales School in Hampshire, then at Oxford University. Both fought in the Great War, the younger, Oswald, being killed in a flying accident at the end of 1918. The elder, Siward, died in 1920. In 1917 Victor's daughter Pamela married Stanley Robinson, who was knighted in 1972 for his work in the British Museum. Pamela and her husband helped to found a Babies Club in Chelsea.
Unknown.
Born in Paris 1924; family returned to England 1927; Winchester College, 1936-; Trinity College, Cambridge, 1941-1943; worked in the aerodynamics division of the National Physical Laboratory, 1943-1945; prize fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge, 1945; Senior Lecturer, University of Manchester, 1946; Beyer Chair of Applied Mathematics, University of Manchester, 1950-1959; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1953; Director of the Royal Aircraft Establishment, 1959-1964; founder member and President of the of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications, 1964; Royal Society Research Professor at Imperial College, London, 1964-1969; served as Secretary (physical sciences) and Vice-President of the Royal Society, 1965-1969; Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge, 1969-1979; President of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction, 1971-1974; Provost of University College, London, 1979-1989; President of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 1984-1988; retired, 1989; chairman of the International Council of Scientific Unions committee on the international decade for natural disaster relief, 1990-1995; died, 1998.
Robert Grant was born in Edinburgh on 11 November 1793. He was educated at Edinburgh High School and at the University of Edinburgh, graduating M.D. in 1814. From 1815 to 1820 Grant studied medicine and natural history in Paris and at many continental universities. He returned to Edinburgh in 1820 and devoted himself to natural history. In 1824 he gave lectures on comparative anatomy of the invertebrate for his friend Dr John Barclay, and he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He believed in the transformation of species and the Darwinian theory of natural selection. Charles Darwin was his intimate companion in study. Grant wrote numerous original papers during this period. In June 1827 he was elected Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Zoology at University College London and became absorbed in teaching for the next 46 years. He also lectured at other institutions. In 1836 he became a fellow of the Royal Society. Grant died on 23 August 1874 at the age of 80.
Born, 10 June 1866; educated at University College School and University College London (UCL); graduated with honours in English Language and Literature, 1888; awarded the degree of PhD by Strasburg University for a thesis on the old English poem 'Judith', which was also published, 1892; taught in the English department at UCL as Quain student, 1894-1899; also Professor of English Language and Literature at Bedford College for Women, London, 1897-1900; Assistant Professor at UCL, 1900-1904; appointed Secretary to UCL, 1900; elected Principal, 1904; the title was changed to Provost, 1907; knighted, 1917; Vice-Chancellor of London University, 1928-1930; created a baronet, 1930; died in London, 24 September 1931.
Unknown.
Os Marron was a Lancashire poet (d1947). He was the son of a miner and cotton worker and one of a small number of working class poets writing in the 1940s. He died of tubercolosis.
Alex Comfort (1920-2000) was a gerontologist and author.
John Thomas Graves: born in Dublin, 1806; undergraduate at Trinity College, Dublin; distinguished himself in science and classics; a contemporary and friend of Sir William Rowan Hamilton; researches respecting exponential functions led him to important results, 1826; graduated BA, 1827; printed in the Philosophical Transactions the discovery of two arbitrary and independent integers in the complete expression of an imaginary logarithm, and considered it a solution for various difficulties that had perplexed mathematicians, believing that he had elucidated the subject of the logarithms of negative and imaginary quantities, 1829; removed to Oxford and became an incorporated member of Oriel College, 1830; entered the King's Inns, Dublin, 1830; MA, Oxford, 1831; MA, Dublin, 1832; called to the English bar as member of the Inner Temple, 1831; for a short time went on the western circuit; since his mathematical conclusions were not at first universally accepted by contemporaries such as Sir John Herschel, he communicated to the British Association a defence and explanation of his discovery, supported by Sir William Rowan Hamilton's paper published in the British Association's Report, 1834; corresponded for many years with Hamilton, also interested in algebraical science and imaginaries, who communicated his discovery of quaternions to Graves first of all, and acknowledged his debt to his friend for his stimulus in 1843; Graves continued his mathematical investigations; stimulated Sir William Rowan Hamilton in the study of polyhedra, and received from him the first intimation of the discovery of the icosian calculus; contributed various papers on mathematical subjects to the Philosophical Magazine, London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and others, 1836-1856; member of the committee of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; elected a member of the Royal Society, 1839; subsequently sat on its council; Professor of Jurisprudence, University College London, 1839-1843; elected an examiner in laws in the University of London; twelve lectures on the law of nations were reported in the Law Times from 1845; a member of the Philological Society and of the Royal Society of Literature; appointed an assistant Poor Law Commissioner, 1846; appointed a poor-law inspector of England and Wales, 1847; died, 1870. Publications: articles on Roman law and canon law for the Encyclopædia Metropolitana; articles in Sir William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography (3 volumes, London, 1844-1849), including lives of the jurists Cato, Crassus, Drusus, Gaius, and an article on the legislation of Justinian; various scientific papers.
John Ruskin was born 8 February 1819. He was educated privately, then went to Christ Church Oxford, otaining his BA 1842 and MA in 1843. He was Rede Lecturer at Cambridge in 1867, and Slade Professor of Fine Art at Oxford from 1870 to 1879 and 1882 to 1884. He was an honorary member of the Royal Society of Painters in Watercolours, 1873. He was also a member of several foreign Academies. Ruskin produced numerous publications, many about painting and architecture. He died on 20 January 1900.
James Smith was born in Liverpool on 26 March 1805, the son of Joshua Smith. He entered a merchant's office at an early age, and, after remaining there seventeen years, he started his own business, retiring in 1855. He studied geometry and mathematics for practical purposes, and made some mechanical experiments with a view to facilitating mining operations. He became interested in the problem of squaring the circle, and in 1859 he published a work entitled 'The Problem of squaring the Circle solved', which was followed in 1861 by 'The Quadrature of the Circle: Correspondence between an Eminent Mathematician and J. Smith, Esq'. This was ridiculed in the 'Athenaeum', and Smith replied in a letter which was inserted as an advertisement. From this time the establishment of his theory became the central interest of his life, and he bombarded the Royal Society and most of the mathematicians of the day with many letters and pamphlets on the subject. Augustus De Morgan was selected as his peculiar victim on account of certain reflections he had cast on him in the 'Athenaeum'. Smith was not content to claim that he was able graphically to construct a square equal in area to a given circle, but boldly laid down the proposition that the diameter of a circle was to the circumference in the exact proportion of 1 to 3x125. In ordinary business matters, however, he was shrewd and capable. He was nominated by the Board of Trade to a seat on the Liverpool local marine board, and was a member of the Mersey docks and harbour board. He died at his residence, Barkeley House, Seaforth, near Liverpool, in March 1872.