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M Milne Limited was based in Edinburgh. It is possibly the same company as, or associated with, M Milne Off Licences Limited.

The MA in Gender, Sexualities and Ethnic Studies at the University of East London aims to help students to develop a theoretical and empirical understanding of the diverse ways in which gender, sexualities and ethnic divisions are structured and interrelated.

Hermann Maas was an evangelical minister from Heidelberg who, from a very early age had a great interest in the Jewish faith and empathy for the Jewish people. In 1903 he attended the 6th Zionist Congress where he met Theodor Herzl and even before the Nazis came to power he became a member of an organisation which campaigned against antisemitism. During the Nazi era he continued to help persecuted Jews and in 1944 he was deported to France as a slave labourer for these actions. He was the first German citizen to be formally invited to the state of Israel and in 1967 he was awarded the Yad Vashem medal of the 36 Righteous amongst the People of Jerusalem.

Paul and Martha Rosenzweig, came from a village in the Palatinate. They had the same mother, who was Jewish, became a Protestant and died at Auschwitz. The siblings had difficulty obtaining assistance from Jewish organisations because of their Mischling status- in fact Paul spent some time in Dachau. Hermann Maas saved them from Nazi persecution.

The Metropolitan Asylums Board was established by an Order of the Poor Law Board, 15 May 1867. This Order combined the London unions and parishes in to one 'Metropolitan Asylum District' to comply with the stipulations of the Metropolitan Poor Act of 29 March 1867 (30 and 31 Vict c 6). This Act provided for "the Establishment in the Metropolis of Asylums for the Sick, Insane, and other Classes of the Poor and of Dispensaries; and for the Distribution over the Metropolis of Portions of the Charge for Poor Relief; and for other Purposes relating to Poor Relief". The Metropolitan Asylum District was responsible for "the reception and relief of poor persons infected with or suffering from fever or the disease of smallpox or who may be insane".

The first Metropolitan Asylums Board consisted of 60 members, 45 represented the parishes and unions of London and 15 were nominated by the Poor Law Board (afterwards by the Local Government Board and latterly by the Ministry of Health). The number was subsequently increased to 73 members.

Fever and smallpox epidemics had revealed deficiencies in Poor Law provision in the Metropolitan area. In most unions patients suffering from all diseases were crowded together in the workhouse infirmaries. The Boards first task was to devise ways of isolating patients with infectious diseases. The main difficulties confronting the Board were the spasmodic nature of the demands for hospital accommodation during the first 30 years of its existence (the worst outbreaks of smallpox occurred in the years 1870-2, 1884-5, 1893-4 and 1901-2), the objections of local residents to the establishment of hospitals in their neighbourhoods and the statutory limitation of patients to persons within the scope of the Poor Law.

MAB was delegated responsibility for accommodating and treating different diseases during the course of its life (taken from Ayers, 1971, pp 269-270):

Physical disorders:

Infectious and contagious diseases

1867 Scarlet fever; typhoid fever; typhus, smallpox. Poor law cases only before 1883

1883; 1893; 1894 Asiatic cholera. Accommodation available in case of need.

1888 Diphtheria. Poor law and non-pauper cases admitted from 1888. Free treatment after 1891

1905 Plague. Accommodation available in case of need.

1907 Cerebro-spinal meningitis

1911 (Feb) (Poor law)

1911 (May) Measles (non-pauper)

1911 Whooping-cough (poor law)

1912 Whooping-cough (non-pauper)

1912; 1926 Puerperal fever and puerperal pyrexia

1919 Trench fever; malaria; dysentery

1924 Certain contagious conditions of the eye (children received through the LCC)

1924 Zymotic enteritis

Tuberculosis

1897 Poor law children

1911 Insured persons under the National Insurance Act, 1911

1913 - 1921 Non-insured persons

Venereal disease

1916 Parturient women

1917 Infants suffering from ophthalmia neonatorum

1919 Other women and girls

Children's diseases

1897 Ophthalmia and ringworm (children)

1924 Interstitial keratitis and infantile paralysis

1925 Marasmus

1925 - 1929 Encephalitis lethargica (cases suffering from after-effects)

1926 Rheumatic fever; acute endocarditis, chorea

Carcinoma

1928 Women suffering from carcinoma of the uterus

Mental disorders and epilepsy

1867 Harmless poor law 'imbeciles' (adults and children, capable of improvement and non-improvable)

1891 Suitable cases certified under the Lunacy Acts transferred form the London County 'lunatic asylums'

1897 Feeble-minded poor law children (uncertified)

1916 - 1917 Sane epileptics (poor law)

1918 Cases certifies under the 1913 Mental Deficiency Act (poor law and non-pauper)

1924 Mentally infirm persons over 70 years of age (poor law) who had not previously been certified

Healthy classes

1875 Poor law boys training for sea service (non-poor law boys were later received through the LCC be private arrangement

1902 - 1910 Juvenile offenders (MAB remand homes were transferred to the LCC in 1910)

1912 Homeless poor

1914-1919 Destitute enemy aliens and war refuges

Throughout its history the Board was kept under strict control by the central authority and approval had to be obtained from the Poor Law Board (later the Local Government Board) for all appointments of staff, purchases and allocation of property, etc. Some extra duties were placed upon the Board solely by Orders issued by the Local Government Board, e.g., the care of children suffering from opthalmia and from contagious diseases of the skin and scalp or because of some physical or mental defect, in need of special schooling (1896); and the control and management of London casual wards (1911). The most important statutes affecting the work of the Board were:-

The Diseases Prevention (London) Act, 1883 (46 and 47 Vic c.35, which removed the civil disabilities which had previously been attached to admission to the Board's hospitals)

The Public Health (London) Act, 1891 (54 and 55 Vic c.76, sanctioning the treatment of fever patients who were not paupers)

The Public Health (Prevention and Treatment of Disease) Act, 1913 (3 and 4 Geo.V c.23, sanctioning the treatment of tuberculosis patients by the Board)

The Youthful Offenders Act, 1901 (1 Edw.VII c.20 under which the Board established remand homes)

The Mental Deficiency Act, 1913 (3 and 4 Geo.V c.28 as a result of which the Board undertook the care of uncertified mental cases)

The Local Authorities (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1928 (18 and 19 Geo.V c.9 under which the Board was given co-ordinating powers over the London Poor Law Unions in respect of the Metropolitan Common Poor Fund)

Under the Local Government Act, 1929 the powers and duties of the Board were transferred to the London County Council.

An explanation of terminology: At the time of the Metropolitan Asylums Board there was no distinction between learning difficulties and mental disorders. The Mental Deficiency Act, 1927 uses the following terms:

(1) The following classes of persons who are mentally defective shall be deemed to be defective within the meaning of this Act:-
(a) Idiots, that is to say, persons in whose case there exists mental defectives of such a degree that they are unable to guard themselves against common physical dangers:

(b) Imbeciles, that is to say, persons in whose case there exists mental defectiveness which, though not amounting to idiocy, is yet so pronounces that they are incapable of managing themselves or their affairs or, in the case of children, of being taught to do so:

(c) Feeble-minded persons, that is to say, persons in whose cases there exists mental defectiveness which, though not amounting to imbecility, is yet so pronounced that they require care, supervision and control for their own protection or for the protection of others or, in the case of children, that they appear to be permanently incapable by reason of such defectiveness of receiving proper benefit from the instruction in ordinary schools:

(d) Moral defectives, that is to say, persons in whose case there exists mental defectiveness couple with strongly vicious or criminal propensities and who require care, supervision and control for the protection of others.

(2) For the purposes of this section, 'mental defectiveness' means a condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind existing before the age of eighteen years, whether arising from inherent causes or induced by disease or injury.
Note: the 1913 Act said that mental deficiency had to exist from birth or from an early age.

The Metropolitan Asylums Board was established by an Order of the Poor Law Board, 15 May 1867. This Order combined the London unions and parishes in to one 'Metropolitan Asylum District' to comply with the stipulations of the Metropolitan Poor Act of 29 March 1867 (30 and 31 Vict c 6). This Act provided for "the Establishment in the Metropolis of Asylums for the Sick, Insane, and other Classes of the Poor and of Dispensaries; and for the Distribution over the Metropolis of Portions of the Charge for Poor Relief; and for other Purposes relating to Poor Relief". The Metropolitan Asylum District was responsible for "the reception and relief of poor persons infected with or suffering from fever or the disease of smallpox or who may be insane".

Under the Local Government Act, 1929 the powers and duties of the Board were transferred to the London County Council.

George Macartney (1737-1806), 1st Earl Macartney, was Governor and President of Fort St George, Madras, 1780-1786.

George, Earl Macartney (1737-1806) was a British statesman and diplomat. He was envoy extraordinary at St Petersburg, Russia, 1764-1767, Chief secretary of Ireland 1768-1772, Governor of Madras 1781-1785 and most notably the first British ambassador to China 1792-1794. He wrote a number of memoirs of his travels.

Rose Macaulay was born in Rugby in 1881 and educated at Somerville College, Oxford. She was a prolific writer: her first best-seller was Potterism in 1920 but she also published a biography of John Milton, and wrote verse. Her final novel, The Towers of Trezibond (1956) was especially highly regarded and created a literary sensation. She also wrote many articles for periodicals such as The Spectator and The Observer. Her correspondence with a distant cousin, the Revd. J.H.C. Johnson, was published posthumously as Letters to a Friend (1961) and Last Letters to a Friend (1962).

Thomas Babington Macaulay was born at Rothley Temple, Leicestershire in 1800. He was the son of the abolitionist Zachary Macaulay and his wife Selina (née Mills). He was educated at Trinity College Cambridge and subsequently studied law at Lincoln's Inn and was called to the bar in 1826. He first entered Parliament in 1830 as MP for Calne and subsequently for Leeds. He left Parliament in 1834 to serve on the Governor-General's Council in British India, returning to Britain in 1838. In 1839 he re-entered Parliament as MP for Edinburgh, keeping the seat until 1847 and spending several years as a cabinet minister. Macaulay was also known as a poet and author. Between 1839 and 1855 he wrote four volumes of a History of England, which was well-received by many critics. He was granted a peerage in 1857 and buried in Westminster Abbey after his death in 1859.

The Maccabi Union of Great Britain (Union of Maccabi Associations in Great Britain and Northern Ireland), like all other 'Maccabi' organisations, takes it name from the Jewish hero Yehuda Ha'Maccabi, leader of the successful National military revolt against the Syrian-Greek oppressors of the Jews in the period of the Second Temple. The festival of Chanukah commemorates this victory.

The first Maccabi organisation was established in Istanbul, Turkey in 1895. At that time, a Jewish National resurgence movement started and it was felt that physical fitness and capability in self defence were increasingly necessary qualities for the Jewish community to develop and enhance. Soon afterwards other clubs were founded elsewhere to encourage the development in Jewish youth of the mind, body and spirit prevalent in the tradition of the first Maccabeans. Some of these clubs were known as "Bar Kochba" (the name of a Jewish fighter for freedom), "Hakoach" (strength) and "Hagibor" (the strong man).

As the network of Maccabi clubs expanded Territorial Organisations were created to co-ordinate activities at national levels. The slogan "A healthy mind in a healthy body" was adopted, along with the greeting "Hazak Ve'Ematz" (be strong and courageous) and the emblem, which is the word Maccabi (in Hebrew) drawn into the shield of David (Magen David), an ancient Jewish emblem.

In 1921 the Maccabi World Union (MWU) was founded at the World Zionist Congress in Carlsbad to serve as the roof organisation for all Maccabi Territorial and National Organisations. It became the co-ordinating body for the promotion and advancement of sports, educational and cultural activities and the State of Israel among Jewish communities world wide. The head office of the MWU is in Israel. It is governed by the World Congress, the assembly of elected representatives of Maccabi Territorial Organisations throughout the world. The Maccabi movement has become the largest Jewish Youth Organisation with clubs in 30 countries and a total membership of over 200,000.

The Maccabi Union Great Britain is the more commonly used shorter name of the Union of Maccabi Assocations in Great Britain and Northern Ireland. This is just one of the Territorial Organisations, and like its counterparts across the globe, it exists to promote the active participation in sports and education of young Jewish men and women, in order to enhance their Jewish identity, values and commitment to the community. It has its own national executive which is elected annually and serves in a voluntary capacity. Its head office is currently in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire. It was previously based at Gildesgame House, 73 Compayne Gardens, London, NW6 (named after Pierre Gildesgame CBE, who started out as Chairman of the Maccabi Association of London and became Chairman of the MWU in 1957).

In 2001 the affiliated clubs of the Maccabi Union Great Britain in the London area are Belmont; Brady; Bushey; Catford; Chigwell & Hainault; E.D.R.S; Ivri; Kadimah/Victoria, Kenton; Kinnor; Launchpad; Luton; Maccabi Association London; Southend-on-Sea. Affiliated clubs in the regions are Brighton & Hove; Cardiff; Dublin; Edinburgh; Glasgow; Liverpool; Leeds; Leicester; Manchester & South Manchester; Newcastle; Sheffield

Physical education is a primary tenet of Maccabi life. This is reflected in the sports competitions held regularly in each country as well as cross continent. The Maccabiah (the "Jewish Olympics") organised by the MWU is the zenith of World Jewish Sports and is held regularly in Israel every four years. The first of these games took place in Tel Aviv in 1932. These games have obtained worldwide recognition and the International Olympic Committee awarded the MWU an "International Federation of Olympic standard". Maccabiah seek not only to achieve high standards in sport but to bring hundreds of Jewish youth to Israel where they compete with each other and see the country. Cultural, educational and social events are always included as part of the offical Maccabiah programme. The International Maccabiah Committee (IMC) is the administrative arm of the MWU now responsible for the organisation of the Maccabiah Games.

James Eugene MacColl, 1908-1971, was educated at Sedbergh School, Balliol College, Oxford, and the University of Chicago. He was librarian of the Oxford Union in 1930, Commonwealth Fund Fellow, 1930-1932, and became a barrister of the Inner Temple in 1933. MacColl's political life began when he became a co-opted a member of the London County Council Education Committee, 1936-1946, and a member of Paddington Metropolitan Borough Council, 1934. He was a research assistant at the Political and Economic Planning Trust, 1945-1950, and Mayor of Paddington, 1947-1949. He was Labour MP for the Widnes Division of Lancashire from 1950 to 1971, and was Minister of Housing and Local Government, 1964-1969. MacColl's particular areas of interest were housing, local government and juvenile courts. He served on the Chairman's Panel, London Juvenile Courts, 1946-1964, on the Hemel Hempstead New Towns Corporation, 1946-1950, and on the Domestic Coal Consumers Council, 1947-1950.

Sir William MacCormac was born in Belfast in 1836. He was educated at the Belfast Royal Academical Institution and afterwards studied at Dublin and Paris. He entered Queen's College, Belfast, in 1851, as a student of engineering, and gained scholarships in engineering during his first and second years. He then studied the arts and graduated B.A. at the Queen's University in 1855, and M.A. in 1858. He won the senior scholarship in natural philosophy in 1856 and was admitted M.D. in the following year. The honorary degree of M.Ch. was conferred upon him in 1879, and the D.Sc. in 1882 with the Gold Medal of the University. The honorary degrees of M.D. and M.Ch. were also bestowed upon him by the University of Dublin in 1900. After graduation he studied surgery in Berlin, where he made lasting friendships with Langenbeck, Billroth, and von Esmarch. He practised in Belfast from 1864-1870 becoming successively Surgeon, Lecturer on Clinical Surgery, and Consulting Surgeon to the Belfast General Hospital. In the Franco-German War in 1870 he undertook hospital duties at Metz. He was given the rare distinction of an ad eundem Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, in 1871 and was elected Assistant Surgeon to St. Thomas's Hospital, which had just moved to the new buildings on the Albert Embankment. He became full Surgeon in 1873 and lectured on surgery for twenty years. He was elected Consulting Surgeon to the hospital and Emeritus Lecturer on Clinical Surgery after resigning his active posts in 1893. He was knioghted in 1881. He was President of the Medical Society of London in 1880, and of the Metropolitan Branch of the British Medical Association in 1890. He was Surgeon to the French, Italian, Queen Charlotte's, and the British Lying-in Hospitals, and was an Examiner in Surgery at the University of London and for Her Majesty's Naval, Military, and Indian Medical Services. He was created a baronet in 1897, was appointed Surgeon-in-Ordinary to the Prince of Wales, afterwards King Edward VII, and was decorated K.C.V.O. in 1898, in recognition of services rendered to the Prince when he injured his knee. At the Royal College of Surgeons MacCormac was elected a Member of the Council in 1883, and of the Court of Examiners in 1887. He served as President from 1896-1900, being specially re-elected on the last occasion that he might occupy the Chair at the centenary of the College. He delivered the Bradshaw Lecture in 1893, and was Hunterian Orator in 1899. He was created K.C.B. in 1901, and was gazetted Hon. Serjeant Surgeon to King Edward VII. He died in 1901. MacCormac was the best decorated practising surgeon of his generation. He was, in addition to the honours already mentioned, an Hon. Member of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg ; an Hon. Fellow or Member of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland, Paris, Brussels, Munich, and Rome; a Commander of the Legion of Honour; of the Orders of Dannebrog of Denmark, of the Crown of Italy, and of Takovo of Serbia; of the Crown of Prussia, St. Iago of Portugal, North Star of Sweden, Ritter-Kreuz of Bavaria, Merit of Spain, and the Medjidie.

William MacCormac was born in Belfast, 17 January 1836, the son of Henry MacCormac, MD and his wife Mary Newsham. He was educated at the Belfast Royal Academical Institution, Queen's College, Belfast where he graduated BA, 1855, MA, 1858, MD, MCh, 1879 and DSc, 1882, winning the gold medal of the university. He also became MRCS (England) 1857, and FRCS (Ireland) 1864. After graduation MacCormac studied surgery in Berlin.
He practised as a surgeon in Belfast from 1864 to 1870, becoming successively surgeon, lecturer on clinical surgery, and consulting surgeon to the Royal Hospital. In 1870 at the outbreak of the Franco-German war, MacCormac volunteered for service. Appointed to hospital duties at Metz, he was treated on his arrival as a spy and returned to Paris, where he joined the Anglo-American association for the care of the wounded. Returning to London at the end of the Franco-German war, he became Assistant Surgeon at St. Thomas's Hospital, which had just moved to the Albert Embankment. He was made full surgeon in 1873 following the resignation of Frederick le Gros Clark (1811-1892), and he was for twenty years lecturer on surgery in the medical school. He was elected consulting surgeon to the hospital and emeritus lecturer on clinical surgery in the medical school on retiring from active work in 1893.
As honorary general secretary, he contributed largely to the success of the seventh International Medical Congress in London in 1881, the Transactions' of which he edited; he was knighted on 7 Dec. for these services. He was president of the Medical Society of London in 1880 and of the metropolitan counties branch of the British Medical Association in 1890. MacCormac was also surgeon to the French, the Italian, Queen Charlotte's, and the British lying-in hospitals. He was an examiner in surgery at the University of London and for Her Majesty's Naval, Army, and Indian Medical Services. In 1897 he was created a baronet and was appointed surgeon in ordinary to the Prince of Wales, afterwards King Edward VII; on 27 Sept. 1898 he was appointed K.C.V.O. in recognition of professional services rendered to the Prince when he injured his knee. At the Royal College of Surgeons of England, MacCormac was elected a member of the council in 1883, and in 1887 of the court of examiners. He delivered the Bradshaw lecture in 1893, taking as the subjectSir Astley Cooper and his Surgical Work,' and he was Hunterian orator in 1899. He was elected president in 1896, and enjoyed the unique honour of re-election on four subsequent occasions, during the last of which he presided over the centenary meeting held on 26 July 1900. His war service was still further extended, and his great practical knowledge was utilised in the South African campaign of 1899-1900, when he was appointed `government consulting surgeon to the field force.' In this capacity he visited all the hospitals in Natal and Cape Colony, and went to the front on four occasions. In 1901 he became K.C.B. for his work in South Africa, and an honorary serjeant-surgeon to King Edward VII.
He married in 1861 Katharine Maria Charters of Belfast. He died at Bath on 4 December 1901.
Publications: Notes and Recollections of an Ambulance Surgeon, being an Account of Work done under the Red Cross during the Campaign of 1870, London 1871; Surgical Operations, part 1, 1885, part 2, 1889, Smith, Elder & Co.: London; An Address to the Students of St. Thomas's Hospital ... October 1st, 1874, J W Kolckmann: London, 1874; On Abdominal Section for the Treatment of Intraperitoneal Injury, 1887; Antiseptic Surgery: an address delivered at St. Thomas's Hospital, with the subsequent debate, Smith, Elder & Co.: London, 1880; The Hunterian Oration. Delivered ... February 14, 1899, Smith, Elder & Co.: London, 1899; An Address of Welcome on the Occasion of the Centenary Festival of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1900; with biographical accounts, often with portraits, of the sixty-one masters or presidents.; Transactions of the International Medical Congress. Seventh session held in London ... 1881. Prepared for publication under the direction of the Executive Committee by Sir William Mac Cormac ... assisted by George Henry Makins ... and the secretaries of the sections, J W Kolckmann: London, 1881.

John MacCulloch was born in his grandparents' house in Guernsey on 6 October 1773. The third of eight children of James MacCulloch, a wine merchant, and Elizabeth de Lisle, the young MacCulloch was sent to schools in Cornwall between 1778-1790, before enrolling as a medical student at Edinburgh University in 1790. Whilst there he also read chemistry under Joseph Black and natural history under John Walker. MacCulloch graduated with an MD in 1793, but the following year his postgraduate studies were cut short by his parents' internment during the French Revolution.

MacCulloch became a surgeon's mate in the Royal Artillery on 15 August 1795, and by 1803 had risen to assistant surgeon. He was then drafted into the ordnance chemical department, becoming ordnance chemist in 1806 and retiring from the army with a small pension. He received his licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in 1808, and set up a private medical practice in Blackheath, south east London but had to give it up when ordnance duties demanded prolonged absences for geological surveys. He still, however, managed to be appointed physician to Prince Leopold, later king of the Belgians, in 1820. MacCulloch's main contribution to the field of medicine was his writings on fever, notably his work on malaria in the late 1820s.

MacCulloch's burgeoning interest in geology can be traced back at least to the early 1800s, notably on his tours of the Lake District (1805) and the west country (1807), when he visited mines and noted down comments on local rocks in his diary. He was elected a Member of the Geological Society on 5 February 1808, and his paper on the geology of the Channel Islands, opened the first issue of the Society's 'Transactions' in 1811.

In his search for silica-free limestone for millwheels, MacCulloch conducted geological surveys in Wessex, Wales, and Scotland, between 1809-1813, and then from 1814-1821 acted as geologist to the ordnance trigonometrical survey during which he had surveyed hundreds of Scottish peaks and produced a geological map of west Scotland. However this intense survey work affected his health, and in 1821 he developed an enlargement of the spleen. Although he returned to work in 1822, his consitution remained affected thereafter.

Between 1816-1820, MacCulloch served as president of the Geological Society and in 1820 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. When in 1824, the chemical department of the ordnance was abolished, the now retired MacCulloch instead spent his summer field seasons surveying Scotland for the geological survey. Essentially MacCulloch became the first government sponsored geological surveyor in Britain, a move which was controversial as it cost the Treasury over £1000 per annum. Despite suffering a stroke in 1831, MacCulloch still managed to draft the final reports and map before his death four years later, his geological map Scotland being issued posthumously in 1836. Although criticised for topographical and geological inaccuracies, the map was not superseded for many years.

MacCulloch was a prolific scientific author, writing not only on geology, medicine and chemistry but on varied subjects such as methods of transferring the habitat of saltwater fish to freshwater and horticulture. His most noted geological works were 'A Description of the Western Islands of Scotland' (1819), 'A Geological Classification of Rocks' (1821), 'The Highlands and Western Islands of Scotland' (1824) and 'The System of Geology' (1831). MacCulloch's 'Proofs and Illustrations of the Attributes of God' which connected theology and geology was published by his widow in 1837.

He married Louisa Margaretta White on 6 July 1835, but on whilst on honeymoon in Cornwall was thrown from his carriage and suffered severe leg injuries. Despite an operation to amputate his leg, John MacCulloch died on 20 August 1835.

The author obtained his MD at Edinburgh in 1874 and was a Fellow of the Geological Society. After retirement from practice in London, he lived in Guernsey and was elected Jurat of the Royal Court: he died at Bournemouth.

Alexander Macdonald was born in Lanarkshire in 1821 and worked as a coal and ironstone miner from the age of nine. He studied Greek and Latin at evening classes and was later able to attend Glasgow University (1846-1849), subsequently becoming a teacher. He became a leading trade unionist in the mid 1850s and lobbied strongly for workers' rights. Macdonald entered Parliament in 1874 as MP for Stafford, remaining in post until his death in 1881. His surname was originally spelt McDonald, but he adopted the spelling Macdonald in the 1870s.

George MacDonald was born and educated in Aberdeen, graduating MA from King's College (now part of the University of Aberdeen) in 1845. He moved to London to become a tutor and later trained as a Congregational Minister, though his only pastoral position, in Sussex, lasted less than 4 years. MacDonald had begun writing poetry during his student days. His first book was published in 1855 and he continued to write and publish both poetry and prose for more than 40 years. Between 1881 and 1901 he lived for most of the year in Bordighera, Italy, but returned to live in Britain permanently after his wife's death in 1902. Many of MacDonald's most successful works were children's fiction in the form of fairy tales and fantasy. Today, he is no longer widely read by children, but his works influenced many leading writers, including C S Lewis, J R R Tolkien, W H Auden, G K Chesterton and Mark Twain.

Born, 1824; educated at a school at his birthplace in Huntly, West Aberdeenshire, Scotland; attended King's College, Aberdeen, 1840-1845; entered theological college at Highbury, London, 1848; minister, congregational chapel, Arundel, Sussex, 1850-1853; relocates to Manchester, 1853; publishes first book of poetry, Within and without (London, 1855); recuperation from disease in Algiers, 1856; living in Hastings, Sussex, 1857-1860; publishes the prose romance, Phantastes, (London, 1858); settles in London and builds social contacts with literary figures such as John Ruskin, Matthew Arnold and Robert Browning, 1859; Professor of English Literature, Bedford College, London, 1859; lectures at King's College London, 1866-1868; lecture tour of United States, 1872; first performance of play, Pilgrim's Progress, 1877; due to ill health spends large part of year at home, Casa Coraggio, Borighera, Italy, 1881-1902; publishes Lilith; died, 1905. Publications: Within and without (London, 1855); Phantastes, (London, 1858); David Elginbrod (London, 1863); Alec Forbes of Howglen (London, 1865); Robert Falconer (London, 1868); At the back of the north wind (London, 1871); The princess and the goblin (London, 1872); Wilfrid Cumbermede (London, 1872); Exotics. A translation of the spiritual songs of Novalis (London, 1876); The princess and Curdie (London, 1882); Lilith (London, 1895).

George Macdonald CMG, MD, FRCP, Ch.B, DPH, DTM (1903-1967) was a Professor of Tropical Hygiene, 1946-1967, and Director of the Ross Institute, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 1945-1967. He was an eminent malariologist who is particularly noted for his work on mathematical modelling of the epidemiology of malaria and other vector-borne diseases, in particular schistosomiasis. He was relatively early in perceiving the value of computer analysis in this area.

George Macdonald was born in Sheffield in 1903, the son of J Smyth Macdonald, Professor of Physiology. George Macdonald graduated MB, Ch.B. at Liverpool in 1924, and adding the DPH in the same year; research assistant at the Sir Alfred Lewis Jones Laboratories in Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1925-1929, followed by 2 years as research officer to the Malaria Survey of India. He returned to England in 1931 to take his MD (Liverpool) and the DPH (London) in 1932; he then moved back to India as Principal Medical Officer to the tea estates of the Mariani Medical Association in Assam. His work there caught the attention of Sir Malcolm Watson, who recruited him as Assistant Director of the Ross Institute in 1937, an appointment which involved serving in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) as malariologist to the Malaria Control Scheme of the tea and rubber estates. He undertook a tour of Malaya with Watson to inspect anti-malaria measures there.

At the outbreak of war in 1939 his commission in the Royal Army Medical Corps led to command of the 1st Malaria Field Laboratory in the Middle East. Later he was advisor to Montgomery during the Allied armies' advance through North Africa and Sicily into Italy. In 1945 he returned to teach tropical hygiene at the Ross Institute, where in 1947 he succeeded Watson (who had retired in 1942) as Director. At the same time he was appointed the first Professor of Tropical Hygiene (University of London) at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He was made Honorary Consultant in Malaria to the Army and in 1955 he was awarded the Darling prize for Malaria.

A member of the World Health Organization expert panel on malaria, Macdonald's strong character and convictions made him an uncompromising opponent in scientific discussion, and he had his enemies within the School; but he was internationally respected and commanded affection as well as loyalty from his own staff. Even during his last year of advancing illness he carried on with research and teaching until his death in December 1967.

Publications: Epidemiology and Control of Malaria (Oxford University Press, London, 1957)

This company acted as shipping agents and managers of Australasian United Steam Navigation Company (see CLC/B/123-07). Both companies were part of the Inchcape Group of companies.

Margaret Macdonald (nee Gladstone), 1870-1911, was educated largely at home. As a young woman, she was involved in various branches of voluntary social work, including working as a visitor of the Charity Organisation Society in Hoxton. By 1890, she had developed a keen interest in socialism, influenced by the Christian Socialists and the Fabian Society. She joined the Women's Industrial Council (WIC) in 1894, serving on several committees and organising an enquiry into home work in London, which was published in 1897. She met Ramsay Macdonald through this work in 1895 and they married in 1896. Margaret Macdonald's political work continued after her marriage. She was particularly concerned about the need for skilled work and training for women and the first trade schools for girls were established in 1904. She continued to work for the WIC until 1910 and was also an active member of the National Union of Women Workers. A supporter of women's suffrage, Macdonald served on the executive of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, although she was opposed to militant action. In 1906, she was involved in the formation of the Women's Labour League, retaining an interest in its work until her death.

James Ramsay MacDonald, 1866-1937, was born at Lossiemouth, Morayshire, and educated at a Board school, becoming a pupil teacher. He moved to London in 1886, working as a clerk, first for the Cyclists' Touring Club and then for Thomas Lough MP. MacDonald had a growing interest in politics and socialism. He joined the Social Democratic Federation in 1885, and the Fabian Society in 1886. He also went on to edit 'Socialist Library' and 'Socialist Review'. In 1895, he stood, unsuccessfully, as the Labour candidate for Southampton, but he went on to contest Leicester in 1900, the West Division of Leicester in 1918, and the East Division of Woolwich in 1921. He served as the MP for Leicester from 1906 to 1918. MacDonald held many posts within the Labour movement. He was Secretary of the Labour Representation Committee, 1900-1912, Chairman of the Independent Labour Party, 1906-1909, Treasurer of the Labour Party, 1912-1924, Leader of the Labour Party 1911-1914, Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party and Leader of HM Opposition, 1922, Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury, and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1924, and Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury, 1929-1935. He also served on the Royal Commission on Indian Public Services, 1912-1914, as a member of the London County Council, 1901-1904, and as Lord President of the Council, 1935-1937. His particular area of interest was foreign affairs.

William Archibald MacFadyen was in the employ of several petroleum companies and of the Iraqi government, 1921-1939; served in the Army, 1939-1945; went to British Somaliland in the employ of the General Survey, 1946; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1927-1985; died, 1985.

Born, 1907; CBE,MD,FRCP, FRS; Haematologist and biographer; died, 1986.

Born, 1913; commissioned into Royal Artillery as Second Lieutenant, 1933; 1 Light Battery, 1934-1935; Lieutenant, 1 Anti Aircraft Brigade, 1936-1938; Lieutenant, (Jacob's) Mountain Battery and 13 (Dardoni) Mountain Battery, 21 Mountain Regiment, North West Frontier, India, 1938-1941; Second in Command, 23 Indian Mountain Regiment, Burma, 1944-1945; Staff College, 1946; Major, 1946; Brigade Major, 10 Anti-Aircraft Brigade, Portsmouth, 1948; British Liaison Officer, XL Greek Infantry Brigade, British Military Mission to Greece, Apr-Oct 1948; Lieutenant Colonel, 1955; retired, 1960; Chairman, British Mule Society, 1993-1996; died 2002.

Publications: Tales of the Mountain Gunners. An anthology, compiled by those who served with them, ed MacFetridge, C and Warren, J, (Edinburgh: William Blackwood), 1973.

As an infant, MacGregor was saved from the Indiaman, KENT, which caught fire in the Bay of Biscay in 1825. He was well known as Rob Roy MacGregor because of his pioneering zeal while travelling in his canoe, the Rob Roy. This was first launched in 1865 and he navigated a network of rivers, canals and lakes, including the Rhine, Danube and Seine and Lakes Constance, Zurich and Lucerne. His most demanding voyage was in 1868 when he went through the Suez Canal down to the Red Sea and from thence to Palestine, navigating the Jordan and Lake Gennesareth. He published ' A Thousand Miles in the Rob Roy Canoe' (London, 1866), 'A voyage alone in the Yawl Rob Roy' (London, 1867), 'The Rob Roy on the Baltic' (London, 1867) and 'The Rob Roy on the Jordan Red Sea and Gennesareth' (London, 1869). See also Edwin Hodder, 'John MacGregor ('Rob Roy')' (London, 1894).

John MacGregor was a barrister and philanthropist with the nickname 'Rob Roy'. He was active in a number of good causes, sitting on the committees of the Ragged School Union, the British and Foreign Bible Society, the Reformatory and Refuge Union and the Protestant Alliance. In 1851 he founded the Shoe Black Brigade, and in 1853 the founded the Open Air Mission, becoming an open-air preacher himself. In 1854, with long-time associate Lord Shaftesbury, he founded the Pure Literature Society. He died in 1892.

Information from The Times, Friday, Jul 22, 1892; pg. 8; Issue 33697; col B.

Born 1879; educated Wallasey Grammar School, the Wirral, University College, Liverpool, Victoria University, Manchester, and Balliol College, Oxford University; Assistant Lecturer in Latin and Classics, Liverpool University, 1903-1908; Reader in Greek, 1908-1928, and Professor of Greek, 1928-1936, Bedford College, University of London; Head of Greek Department, Bedford College, 1908-1936; died 1936.

Publications: translation of The birds and the frogs by Aristophanes (E. Arnold and Co, London, 1927); editor of The olynthiac speeches of Demosthenes (University Press, Cambridge, 1915); Leaves of Hellas: essays on some aspects of Greek literature (E. Arnold and Co, London, 1926); Studies and diversions in Greek literature (E. Arnold and Co, London, 1937); introduction and notes for an edition of Ion by Plato (1912).

Following the 1833 Slavery Abolition Act it was decided to use the Royal Navy to bring an end to the slave trade worldwide, and British diplomats began to negotiate treaties granting the Navy stop and search rights over vessels from various nations. The first set of official instructions to commanding officers setting out the limits of their rights under treaty was issued in 1844 with further editions in 1865, 1882 and 1892.

Born, 1846; Aberdeen grammar school, 1865; studied medicine at the University of Aberdeen, 1867; Anderson's Medical College; graduated MB, 1872 and MD, 1874; practised medicine in Scotland; Assistant Medical Officer in the Seychelles, 1873; Resident Surgeon in the civil hospital at Port Louis, Mauritius, 1874; Chief Medical Officer for the colony of Fiji, 1875; first Administrator of British New Guinea, 1888-1895; Lieutenant-Governor of British New Guinea, 1895-1898; Founder's medal of the Royal Geographical Society, 1896; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1898-1919; Governor of Lagos, 1899-1904; Governor of Newfoundland, 1904-1909; conducted a scientific expedition to Labrador, [1906]; Governor of Queensland, 1909-1914; retired, 1914; died, 1919.

L R R Machin made an attempt to climb Mt Kenya in 1920 with J W Arthur, J T Oulton and James Youngson. Bad conditions made their climb unsuccessful.

The National Society for the Exemption of Plant and Machinery from Rating was formed in 1887. It was succeeded in 1893 by the Machinery Users' Association which was incorporated in 1905. It was established to achieve reform in the system of rating of plant and machinery. With the Rating and Valuation Act of 1925 it achieved its main objective.

In 1905 the Association had widened its objectives to include all matters of interest to the owners and users of machinery, assisting its members in appeals against rating assessments. This led, in 1913, to the establishment of a surveying and rating department within the Association, whose services included revaluations and monitoring prospective legislation.

In 1981 MUA Property Services was established, offering advice to industry and commerce on property sales, rent reviews, valuations of land and buildings etc.

The Association had offices at Lawrence Pountney Hill (1887-94), Lawrence Pountney Lane (1895-1913), Lawrence Pountney Hill (1913-84), Chancery Lane (1985-9) and Saville House, Lindsey Street (1989-).

Born India, 1865. She studied in London with the younger Manuel Garcia and made her debut in 1888 as Micaela at Covent Garden, where she sang regularly until 1897. Her roles included Donna Elvira, Ines (L'Africaine), Mathilde (Guillaume Tell), Aida, Marguerite (Faust), Marguerite de Valois (Les Huguenots), Elsa, Senta, Elisabeth (Tannhauser), Desdemona, Leonora (Il trovatore) and Santuzza. She created Rebecca in Sullivan's Ivanhoe at the Royal English Opera House (1891). She appeared at the Leeds Festival in 1889, 1892 and 1895 and the Birmingham Festival in 1891, and took her role as Elisabeth in Tannhauser to Moscow and Petersburg. She sang Sieglinde at La Scala in the first Milan performance of Die Walkure (1892), and made her only Metropolitan appearance as Margherita (Mefistofele) in 1901. She died in London, Apr 1943.

No information was available at the time of compilation.

Mackay was in charge of the astronomical observatory at Aberdeen from 1781 to 1795. In 1793 he published The theory and practice of finding the longitude at sea or land (London, 2 vols). When the chair of Natural Philosophy at Aberdeen fell vacant in 1800, MacKay was proposed but the election was contested. In 1802, Nevil Maskelyne (1730-1811), the Astronomer Royal, suggested that he should go to Australia to join the expedition led by Matthew Flinders, as their astronomer had returned home early in the voyage. Mackay, however, still hoped that he might win the Aberdeen election and, in addition, felt the pay offered by the Board of Longitude was too small. In 1804, his hopes having failed, he came to London. He was appointed mathematical examiner to Trinity House in 1805 and to similar posts with the East India Company and Christ's Hospital during the year following. As well as teaching and examining, he published further works on astronomy, navigation and mathematics.

Charles Mackay was born in Perth, Perthshire, and educated in London and in Brussels. He began working as a journalist in the 1830s and wrote for several papers, including the Morning Chronicle, the Glasgow Argus (which he also edited), the Illustrated London News and The Times. Mackay also published several volume of poetry and works on Celtic philology.

Donald James Mackay was born in the Hague on 22 December 1839. He was naturalised in 1877 and succeeded to the title of 11th Baron Reay in 1881. From 1884-1886 he was Rector of St. Andrew's University. From 1885-1890 he was Governor of Bombay. From 1892-1918 he was Lord-Lieutenant of Roxburghshire. He served as Under-Secretary for India from 1894-1895, and from 1897-1904 as Chairman of the London School Board. He was President of the Royal Asiatic Society and University College London, and the first President of the British Academy from 1901-1907. He died on 1 August 1921.

This company of ship brokers and agents, formerly known as Mackay, Lynch and Company, was part of the Inchcape Group of companies.

Ronald William Gordon Mackay, 1902-1960, was born in Australia and educated at Sydney Grammar School and Sydney University, where he obtained an LLB in 1926 and an MA with Hons in Education in 1927. In the late 1920's he lectured in Australia at St. Paul's College in New South Wales and at Sydney University in philosophy, history and economics. Throughout his career he lectured in many colleges and universities in the United States and Britain. From the 1930's to the 1950's he also broadcasted frequently on the National and Overseas Services of the B.B.C and in America and Britain. He was admitted as a solicitor in Sydney in 1926, and when he came to England in 1934, he was admitted as a solicitor there. He continued to practice as a corporation lawyer and legal adviser to a number of British, American and Australian companies. Indeed in 1950 he was serving as director of a public company in Britain and of several private companies. In 1935 he began his political career, standing first as a Labour candidate in Frome, Somerset. He remained a prospective candidate for that constituency until 1942 when he resigned from the Labour Party to fight a by-election in Llandaff and Barry as an Independent Socialist candidate in opposition to the peace policy of the Coalition Government. In 1943 he joined the Common Wealth Party and was Chairman of that party from 1943-1944. He rejoined the Labour Party in 1945 and was the Labour MP for Hull North-West from 1945 to 1950 and the Labour MP for the North Division of Reading from 1950 to 1951. During World War II, Mackay held appointments at the Ministry of Labour and the Ministry of Aircraft Production. After the war Mackay reportedly became known as an 'internationalist' who emphasised the dependence of Britain on the democracies of Europe on the one hand and the United States and the Commonwealth on the other; saw the solution of Britains post-war economic and political problems in European terms; and worked towards promoting good international relations between Britain and the world. He became involved in the European Union and British policy relating to Europe through participation in the activities of the European Parliamentary Union, European Movement, Federal Union and the Council of Europe. Mackay published a number of books including the following: Some Aspects of Primary and Secondary Education (New Century Press, 1928). Industrial Arbitration in Australia (New Century Press, 1930). Federal Europe: being the case for European federation, together with a draft constitution of a united states of Europe, with foreword by Norman Angell (1940) Peace aims and the new order : outlining the case for European federation together with a draft constitution of a united states of Europe, with foreword by Norman Angell (1941). Coupon or free?: being a study in electoral reform and representative government (1943). Britain in wonderland (1948). Western union in crisis : economic anarchy or political union : five papers supporting the proposition that the political solution provides the only key to our economic problems, etc (1949). Heads in the sand : a criticism of the official Labour Party attitude to European unity (1950). European unity : the Strasbourg plan for a European political authority with limited functions but real powers; with a foreword by Paul Henri Spaak (1951). Whither Britain? (1953). Towards a United States of Europe : an analysis of Britain's role in European union, with a preface by Paul-Henri Spaak (1961).

Ronald MacKeith was born on 23 February 1908 as one of a twin and 11 children of a Southampton general practitioner. He was admitted to Queen's College, Oxford in 1926 and then went to St Mary's Hospital Medical School for his clinical studies, qualifying in 1932. He obtained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 1941 and was elected a fellow in 1952 (FRCP). During the war he served as a medical officer in the Royal Navy and in 1941 married Elizabeth Bartrum, with whom he would have four children.

After the war he joined the staff of Guy's hospital and was appointed Children's Physician in 1948. Shortly afterwards he began a cerebral palsy clinic, which developed into the Newcomen Centre for Handicapped children in 1964, of which he was the first director. He was also during this time paediatrician to the Cassel Hospital and the Tavistock Clinic, emphasising the stong link he saw between paediatrics and child psychiatry.

One of MacKeith's most significant influences on the practice of paediatrics was his more enlightened and humane treatment of handicapped children in and out of hospital. He advocated an inter-disciplinary approach and saw the whole child and family rather than the disability alone. His primary interest remained children rather than the intricacies of rare diseases. His views are set out in books such as The Child and his Symptoms with John Apley, A New Look at Child Health with Michael Joseph and Infant Feeding and Feeding Difficulties with Chris Wood and Roy Meadow, as well as many articles and editorials in Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology and other journals.

MacKeith became associated with The Spastics Society (now SCOPE) in the early 1950s and was appointed the Director of the Medical Education and Information Unit (MEIU) in 1958. He was instrumental in developing this unit, which was closely associated with MacKeith personally and accounts for some of its papers being interspersed with MacKeith's own. MacKeith's most significant contribution as director was the foundation of a journal and renowned study groups.

The meetings organised by MacKeith (and now called the MacKeith meetings) were of 2 kinds. There were bi-ennial International Study Groups on Child Neurology and Cerebral palsy, held in Oxford, where international experts were brought together in 'workshops' to discuss specific selected topics and child neurology in general. Secondly, there were large open meetings designed for health professionals, usually devoted to a broad, practical theme and held all over the country.

The Cerebral Palsy Bulletin was founded in 1958, (from 1962 Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology) when MacKeith convinced the Society that such a publication would help them further their objectives of spreading understanding of disabilities and the special needs of those who have them and stimulating research in the area. MacKeith was also instrumental in its recognition by the American Academy of Cerebral Palsy as their official journal and remained senior editor of this and its sister publication, Little Club Clinics (from 1963 Clinics in Developmental Medicine), up until the time of his death. Editorial policy lay with the Editorial Board, which reported to the Medical Advisory Committee of the Society. He was succeeded by Martin Bax, a friend and close colleague, who remained in post until his retirement in 2003. In 1967 the Press was named Spastics International Medical Publications (SIMP), becoming MacKeith Press in 1986 and a separate wholly-owned subsidiary in 2001.

MacKeith was involved with numerous other societies and had wide ranging medical interests. For instance, he was engaged with the topic of medical education and a founder member of the Association for Medical Education and secretary then chairman of the Medical Committee of the Scientific Film Association. Medical ethics and the role of doctors in the public field was another area of interest and he was chairman of the Medical Association for Prevention of War. MacKeith founded the British Paediatric Neurology Association and British Community Paediatric Group and a member of the British Paediatric Association and the Royal Society of Medicine. He was also a keen member of the Johnson Club.

Honours included the James Spence Medal (1972), Rosen von Rosenstein Medal of the Swedish Paediatric Association (1974), the Special Merit Award of the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy (1975) and the Albrecht von Haller Medal from the University of Gottingen (1977).

MacKeith died suddenly on 30 October 1977 after being taken ill several hours earlier at home.

Born to a devout Church of Scotland family in Knockando, Scotland, 1835; studied at Bedford; volunteered for service with the London Missionary Society (LMS), 1855; appointed to the Makololo mission, South Africa; ordained in Edinburgh, 1858; married Ellen Douglas (1835-1925); sailed to Cape Town and travelled on to Kuruman, 1858; set out with his wife for Makolololand, 1860; travelling northwards to the Zouga River, he met Roger Price (1834-1900) and heard of the disasters which had befallen Holloway Helmore's party of missionaries; travelled with Price to Lechulatebe's Town and returned to Kuruman with Helmore's two surviving children, 1860-1861; missionary to Shoshong, the town of the Bamangwato tribe, 1862; a second scheme for a mission to the Makololo also proved abortive; visited Matabeleland, 1863; returned to Shoshong, 1864; built a church at Shoshong, 1867-1868; visited Kuruman, 1868; visited England, 1869-1871; visited Matabeleland, 1873; appointed tutor at the Moffat Institution and began classes, 1873; moved to Kuruman when the Institution transferred there, 1876; also pastor of the native church and congregation at Kuruman; visited England, 1882-1884; resigned from the LMS, 1884; appointed and resigned a government appointment as Resident Commissioner in Bechuanaland, 1884; advocated direct imperial rule to prevent settler takeover of native territories; appointed LMS missionary pastor at Hankey, South Africa, 1891; died at Kimberley, 1899. For further information see his son W Douglas Mackenzie's John Mackenzie: South African Missionary and Statesman (1902) and John Mackenzie (London Missionary Society, 1921). Publications include: Ten Years North of the Orange River (1871); Day-Dawn in Dark Places (1883); Austral Africa: Losing it, or Ruling it (1887).

Melville Douglas Mackenzie was born on 29 June 1889, son of Frederick Lumsden Mackenzie. He was educated at Epsom College and then at the University of London where he obtained a degree in Medicine in 1911. He obtained his Doctorate in 1920 and Diplomas in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene and Tropical Hygiene in the same year, and in 1921 an additional Diploma in Public Health. He married Caroline Faith Mackay in 1934.

During the First World War, he served as a Captain in the Royal Army Medical Corps (1917-1919). He was the Senior Medical Officer to the Russian Famine Relief Administration (1921-1923). In 1926 he joined the Ministry of Health and in 1928 he was invited to join the Health Organisation of the League of Nations. From 1931-1932 he went as the Special Commissioner to the Council of the League of Nations, to pacify and disarm native tribes - the Kru (Kroo) peoples - and fix new boundaries in Liberia. He was also a member of the Advisory Mission to the Liberian General Health Survey. In 1936 he became the Acting Director of the League of Nations Epidemiological Bureau, Singapore and later became Chairman of the European Health Committee of United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Organization (UNRRA). Later in 1946 he was United Kingdom Delegate, with Plenipotentiary Powers, to the World Health Conference in New York. He died on 1 December 1972.

Norman MacKenzie was a student at LSE, 1939-1943. He became the Assistant Editor of the New Statesman, 1943-1962, and then the Director of the School of Education at the University of Sussex in 1962. MacKenzie edited The letters of Sidney and Beatrice Webb (Cambridge University Press, 1978), and went on to edit (with Jeanne MacKenzie) The diaries of Beatrice Webb (Virago, London, 1982-5). The letters were acquired from a variety of sources, mostly indicated in the collection.

Norman Ian Mackenzie (1921-fl 1986) was born in London, 1921. In 1958 Norman was commissioned by the Social Science Research Council of Australia in Canberra, as a British Scholar to conduct 2 year pioneering survey of the status, social and political roles of women in Australia. Published as Women in Australia (1962). Subsequent and revised editions entitled Women in Society. Upon his return to Britain c 1963 he joined the University of Sussex where he remained until c 1983. He married Jeanne Sampson (?-1986), writer and manuscripts editor; they had two daughters. Together with Jeanne, Norman MacKenzie wrote and edited several biographies including HG Wells, Charles Dickens, and Beatrice Webb.

Peter Mackenzie was born in 1799. He originally trained as a lawyer, but eventually turned to journalism. He founded The Loyal Reformers' Gazette, a periodical supporting parliamentary reform, in 1831; Mackenzie lived and worked mainly in Glasgow. His book Old Reminiscences of Glasgow (1865) was a rather unflattering portrait of the city and many of its inhabitants, but he remained a popular figure among the general public.

Edward Montague Compton Mackenzie was born in West Hartlepool on 17 January 1883. He received his education from St Paul's, London and Magdalen College, Oxford University, where he read Modern History. While at Oxford, Mackenzie founded and edited a magazine called the Oxford Point of View. He also became business manager for the Oxford University Dramatic Society.

Sir James Mackenzie was elected FRS in 1915, and is chiefly known for his researches into the irregularity of heart rhythms (for further information see the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography).

Sir Morell Mackenzie was a physician and laryngologist.

The Mackeson brewery in Hythe became part of the Whitbread organisation when it was acquired in 1929 along with Jude Hanbury and Company Limited. Both companies were merged with Leney and Sons to form a group refered to collectively by Whitbread as The Kent Breweries.

Although reports vary, the brewery could have been founded as early as 1669 although it didn't begin commercial production of beer until 1907. It was most well known for its Mackeson recipe of milk stout using milk sugar, patented in 1875, which it began to produce in 1910. However, post-war disapproval from the Government of its claims over milk content resulted in the dropping the word "milk" from its labels. By the mid-1960s Mackeson accounted for over half of all Whitbread production however, owing to its low alcohol content of 3%, it fell out of fashion. Following the takeover of Whitbread by Interbrew it was brewed at their Magor brewery in Wales before being contracted to Young's.

The Mackeson line also includes triple (XXX) stout and XXXX stout brewed for both the American and British markets.

Born 1944; educated at Loretto School, Edinburgh and Royal Military Academy Sandhurst; commissioned as 2 Lt, 6 Queen's Gurkha Rifles, 1964; Lt, 1966; Capt, 1970; Maj 1976; Churchill College, Cambridge, 1985; Lt Col, 1986; International Staff Officer, Egypt, 1989-1991; PhD, King's College London, 1990; retired from British Army, 1991; Senior Research Associate, Brown University, Rhode Island USA, 1991-1994; Professor, George Marshall Centre, Garmisch, Germany, 1994-1996; Principal Lecturer, Joint Services Command and Staff College, UK, 1996-1998; Senior Research Associate, Centre for Defence Studies, King's College London; 1998

Publications: Editor, A Guide to Peace Support Operations (Watson Institute, Providence, 1986); with Jarat Chopra, The Peacekeepers; A Draft Concept of Second Generation Multinational Operations (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989); with Jarat Chopra, A Draft Concept of Second Generation Multinational Operations 1993 (Watson Institute, Providence, 1993); A Guide to Peace Support Operation, (Watson Institute , Providence, 1996).