The church was formed in Little St Helens in c 1672 as a Presbyterian meeting house. The congregation was dissolved in 1790 after a serious decline, whereupon the building was used for a succession of independent churches. The last of these was dissolved in about 1795, and the buildings taken down in 1799. It was known successively as Three Cranes Church, Thames Street, and Mr Pike's Church (so called after Samuel Pike, pastor 1747-1765).
Hans Litten, the son of a Jewish father and a protestant mother was born in 1903 in Halle an der Saale. Despite his interest in art and music, he commenced his studies in law at the beginning of the 1920s. In 1928, having qualified, he began his career as a lawyer in Berlin. He worked closely with Ludwig Barbasch, lawyer for the 'Rote Hilfe', legal support group for the German Communist Party.
Litten became renowned for his defence of workers in the infamous 1931 'Edelpalast' trial, in which he sought to demonstrate how the deaths and injuries which occurred as the result of a group of Nazi stormtroopers attacking a gathering of workers, was the result of a deliberate policy of violence. He called Hitler as a witness in this trial.
On the night of 28 February 1933 he was one of the first to be arrested in a purge of political undesirables in the aftermath of the Reichstag fire. He was imprisoned in the following prisons and concentration camps: an SA Kaserne in Moabit, Sonnenberg, Esterwege, Lichtenburg, Buchenwald and Dachau. During this period he was tortured and he made several suicide attempts, finally succeeding on 5 February 1938 whilst in Dachau.
Throughout the period of his incarceration, his mother, Irmgard Litten, made every effort to get him released, writing to the Gestapo, the commandant of various camps, Göring, Hess all to no avail.
William Alexander Liston (1908-1962), MC, BA (Cantab), MB, ChB (Edin) 1933, MRCP Ed 1936 (F 1946), FRCS Ed 1937, MRCOG 1937 (F 1950) was born in Bombay and educated at Edinburgh, Oundle and Cambridge University, qualifying in medicine at Edinburgh in 1933. He later passed the examination for the higher diplomas of all three Royal Colleges. After war service he became a consultant at the Edinburgh Royal infirmary and also worked at the Edinburgh Medical school and for the Edinburgh Obstetrical Society. William Glen Liston, his son, worked with him in his research.
Robert Liston (1794-1847) was Professor of Clinical Surgery at University College London. His brother David Liston (1800-1881) was Professor of Oriental Languages at Edinburgh. Henry Liston (1857-1900), LRCP, LRCS, was a medical man and the son of David Liston.
Lister, Beck and Company were wine merchants of 5 Tokenhouse Yard.
In 1891 the British Institute for Preventive Medicine (BIPM) was incorporated. In 1893 the BIPM amalgamated with the College of State Medicine. In 1898 Lord Lister became Chairman of the Governing Body of the BIPM. In 1899 the BIPM became the Jenner Institute of Preventive Medicine. In 1903 the Institute became the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine (LIPM). From 1904-1911 Lord Lister was President of LIPM. In 1905 LIPM became a school of the University of London. In 1912 Lord Lister died. In 1919 the National Collection of Type Cultures was established at LIPM. In 1944 the Medical Research Council Blood Research Unit was established at LIPM. In the 1970s the LIPM laboratories for conducting research, and producing vaccine and sera, were closed. In 1981 the LIPM became a grantmaking body. A Scientific Advisory Committee was set up to consider applications to provide support for research in biomedical sciences. In 1982 the Council disbanded and the Memorandum and Articles of Association were amended.
Joseph Jackson Lister was a wine merchant and amateur British opticist and physicist and the father of Joseph Lister. He carried out the research in the design of lenses that transformed the microscope.
Born in Upton, Essex, 1827; educated at London's University College Hospital, graduating with B.A. and M.B. in 1852; Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, 1852; moved to Edinburgh to build on his surgical experience, 1853; elected to vacancies at the Royal Infirmary and at the Royal College of Surgeons; Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, 1855; Professor of Surgery at Glasgow University and a surgeon at the city's Royal Infirmary, 1860; Regius Professor of Surgery at Edinburgh University, 1869; Professor of Surgery at King's College, London, 1877; famous for his work on antiseptics in surgery, continuing the research of Louis Pasteur on air-borne organisms. He realised that some organisms could cause post-operative wound infections such as tetanus, blood-poisoning, and gangrene. He countered this by using carbolic acid soaked in lint or calico around the wound and replaced slow-to-absorb silk stitching with cat-gut stitching which absorbed the carbolic acid more easily. He also experimented with gauze swabs and a disinfectant spray for operating theatres; appointed Serjeant-Surgeon to Queen Victoria, 1878; created a Baron, 1897; died, 1912.
Publications include: Amputation. Anæsthetics (1860); Introductory Lectures delivered in the University of Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1869); Observations on ligatures of arteries on the antiseptic system. From the Lancet, April 3, 1869 (Edmonton & Douglas: Edinburgh, 1869); On the effects of the Antiseptic System of Treatment upon the salubrity of a Surgical Hospital (Edinburgh, 1870); New Designs in plans for the internal arrangement of Back to Back Houses (Leeds, 1907); The third Huxley lecture. delivered before the Medical School of Charing Cross Hospital (1907); The Collected Papers of Joseph, Baron Lister. [With plates.] 2 vol. (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1909); Six papers by Lord Lister (London, 1921); Eight Letters ... to William Sharpey Reprinted from The British Journal of Surgery (J Wright & Sons, Bristol, 1933); A List of the Original Writings of Joseph Lord Lister, O.M. William Richard Lefanu (E & S Livingstone, Edinburgh & London, 1965).
Born 1827; educated University of London, MB, 1852; Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (FRCS), 1852; moved to Edinburgh 1853; Chair of Clinical Surgery at University of Glasgow, 1860-1869 where he developed antiseptic surgery by using carbolic acid as the antiseptic agent and heat sterilization of instruments; also developed absorbable ligatures and the drainage tube; Fellow of Royal Society, 1860; Chair of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, 1869-1877; Chair of Clinical Surgery, King's College, London, 1877-1892; Surgeon in Ordinary to Queen Victoria, 1878; Honorary Doctorate, University of Cambridge and Honorary Doctorate, University of Oxford, 1880; Boudet Prize, 1881; Baronetcy of Lyme Regis, 1883; retired 1893, Foreign Secretary, Royal Society, 1893; President of the Royal Society, 1894-1900; President, British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1896; Order of Merit, 1902, died 1912.
Born 1827; educated University of London, MB, 1852; Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (FRCS), 1852; moved to Edinburgh 1853; Chair of Clinical Surgery at University of Glasgow, 1860-1869 where he developed antiseptic surgery by using carbolic acid as the antiseptic agent and heat sterilization of instruments; also developed absorbable ligatures and the drainage tube; Fellow of Royal Society, 1860; Chair of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, 1869-1877; Chair of Clinical Surgery, King's College, London, 1877-1892; Surgeon in Ordinary to Queen Victoria, 1878; Honorary Doctorate, University of Cambridge and Honorary Doctorate, University of Oxford, 1880; Boudet Prize, 1881; Baronetcy of Lyme Regis, 1883; retired 1893, Foreign Secretary, Royal Society, 1893; President of the Royal Society, 1894-1900; President, British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1896; Order of Merit, 1902, died 1912.
Lister entered the Navy in 1916. He qualified in engineering as a lieutenant in 1924, was Commander (E) in the Newcastle, 1943 to 1945, and served in the Engineer-in-Chief's department, 1946 to 1949. Lister had become Captain (E) in 1946 and in 1950 joined the Mechanical Training and Repair Establishment at Portsmouth where he remained until his retirement in 1953.
On the fly-leaf of the first volume 'Anne Lisle 1748'. She is perhaps the Ann Cary daughter of Nicholas Cary of Upcern, Dorset, who married Charles Lisle [ -1777] of Wodyton and Moyles Court.
Karel Lisicky served in the Czechoslovak diplomatic service from its foundation in 1918 when Czechoslovakia gained her independence. He served in the Czechoslovak embassy in Paris, 1918-1926 and in Warsaw 1927-1931. From 1932 until 1936 he was part of the Czechoslovak delegation to the League of Nations. In 1936 he was appointed Counsellor of the Czechoslovak embassy in London. He remained in this position throughout the Munich crisis and World War Two, during which time Czechoslovakia was under German occupation and the Czechoslovak Government in exile was based in London. After the end of the war and the restoration of Czechoslovak independence Lisicky was posted to the Czechoslovak delegation to the United Nations where he was on a number of committees. Most notably he was chairman of the United Nations Palestine Commission which was set up to partion Palestine in 1948. Later in 1948 Lisicky resigned from the diplomatic service after the Communists took power in Czechoslovakia. He spent the remainder of his life in exile in Britain.
Born 16 May 1931; educated University of Birmingham; House Physician and House Surgeon, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, 1956-1957; Medical Officer, Wheatley Military Hospital, 1957-1959; Registrar, United Oxford Hospitals, 1959-1960; Registrar, later Senior Registrar, Maudsley Hospital, London, 1960-1966; Consultant in Psychological Medicine, National Hospital and Maida Vale Hospital, London, 1966-1967; Senior Lecturer in Psychological Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital and Royal Postgraduate Medical School, 1967-1969; Consultant Psychiatrist, Bethlem Royal and Maudsley Hospitals, 1967-1974; Reader in Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, 1974-1979; Professor of Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, 1979-1993; Visiting Fellow, Green College, Oxford, 1983; Advisor to Bermuda Hospitals Board, 1971; Scientific Advisor, Department of Health and Social Security, 1979-1982; Civilian Consultant, Royal Air Force, 1987-1993; retired 1993. Author of physiology and psychology papers on brain maturation, cerebral dominance, organisation of memory; clinical papers on head injury, dementia, epilepsy, neuroimaging, and alcoholic brain damage.
Publications: Organic Psychiatry: the psychological consequences of cerebral disorder (1st edition 1978, 2nd edition 1987, 3rd edition 1997). Lishman was approached by Blackwells Scientific Publications and encouraged by Sir Aubrey Lewis, Chair of Psychiatry at the Institute of Phychiatry to write a textbook on the organic basis to mental disease. The result was Organic Psychiatry, a seminal text in the fields of neurology and psychiatry. At the time of writing it is still widely used in the teaching of medicine and is part of the Neuropsychiatry training pack.
Lord Lipsey was born in London in 1948 and educated at Bryanston School and Magdalen College, Oxford. He worked as a journalist becoming a politcial advisor to Anthony Crosland 1972-1977 and a member of the Number 10 political staff 1977-1979. His work in journalism includes Economics Editor Sunday Times (1982-1986), Editor New Society (1986-1988), Co-Founder and Deputy Editor Sunday Correspondent (1988-1990), Associate Editor The Times (1990-1992), Political Editor the Economist (1994-). In the House of Lords he is Chair of Make Votes Count. Lord Lipsey served on the Jenkins Committee on Electoral Reform, the Royal Commission on the Long Term Care of the Elderly and the Davies Panel on the BBC license fee.
The firm was established as printers, publishers and proprietors of The Perfumery and Essential Oil Record.
This company of Africa merchants had premises at 5 New City Chambers, Bishopsgate. It was associated with River Gambia Trading Company Limited and William Goddard and Company.
Born, 12 July 1906; Educated at Haberdashers' Aske's School; King's College London, BSc (Geography), 1927, MSc, 1930; DSc 1945; Demonstrator in Geography and Geology, University of London, 1927-1929; Lecturer in Geography, University of Edinburgh, 1929-1945; served in the RAF (Photographic Intelligence), 1940-1945; Professor of Geography, University of Sheffield, 1945-1958; DSc, 1955; Professor of Geography, University of Birmingham, from 1958; William Evans Visiting Professor, University of Otago, 1959; Honorary Editor of Geography, the Quarterly Journal of the Geographical Association, 1945-1965; President of the Institute of British Geographers, 1962, and of the Geographical Association, 1964; Fellow of King's College London (FKC), 1971; received the Murchison Award, Royal Geographical Society, 1943; died 11 April 1971.
Publications: Structure, Surface and Drainage in South-East England with Sidney William Wooldridge (London, 1939); Peeblesshire and Selkirkshire with Catherine Park Snodgrass, (1946); Discovery, Education and Research (Sheffield, 1948); Structure, Surface and Drainage in South-East England with Sidney William Wooldridge (George Philip & Son, London Geographical Institute, London, 1955); editor of Sheffield and its Region. A scientific and historical survey (Local Executive Committee, Sheffield, 1956).
Born London, 1902; educated at the City of London School; read chemistry at Imperial College, London and graduated, 1923; awarded PhD, 1926; Demonstrator and Lecturer in Organic Chemistry, 1929-1938; Firth Professor of Chemistry at Sheffield University, 1938; Chair of Organic Chemistry at Harvard University, 1939-1945; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1940; Deputy Director of Scientific Research in the Ministry of Supply, UK, 1942; Director of the Chemical Research Laboratory of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research at Teddington, 1945; Professor of Organic Chemistry, Imperial College, 1949; Rector of Imperial College, 1955-1966; Knighted, 1959; Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society, 1960-1965; died, 1966.
Publications: A Course in Modern Techniques of Organic Chemistry with J A Elvidge and Margaret Whalley (Butterworths Scientific Publications, London, 1955); Chemistry and the Amenities of Life; The Future of the Imperial College, etc [London, 1955]; A Guide to Qualitative Organic Chemical Analysis with Basil Charles Leicester Weedon (Butterworths Scientific Publications, London, 1956).
According to an advert in the Times newspaper of November 1st 1948, Lings of London Limited were a "West End wine merchant" based at "5 Avery Row, Brook Street, London, W1".
Born 1915; Clerk for local government, Shrewsbury, 1930-1937; Assistant to Air Raid Precautions Controller, Shropshire, 1937-1940; engaged in civil defence activities, Shrewsbury, May 1940; service in Special Operations Executive (SOE); Palestine [1942]; parachuted into Greece as part of the Allied Military Mission to Greece, 1943; Liaison Officer commanding sub area of Grevena aerodrome, Greece 1943-1944; parachuted into enemy territory in Italy as part of Operation GELA BLUE (political and military liaison mission to the Italian partisans in Vittorio Veneto, including the Nino Nannetti Garibaldini Division, led by Col Francesco Pesce 'Milo', Mar-Apr 1945; engaged in establishing Allied Military Government in North East Italy, 1945-1946; Local Military Governor of Riva Zone, Trent, under American 5 Army, Jun 1945; on closure of zone controls transferred to Venice Region Headquarters, Padua and later to Milan to organise transport. Decorated by Italian Ministry of War, 30 Sep 1945, died 1974.
Descriptions of Greek resistance groups (Greek: andartes) related to this collection:
AAI: The National Liberation Front (Greek: Ethniko Apeleftherotiko Metopo) led by Georges Siados was a Communist group affiliated with the KKE - the Communist Party of Greece (Greek: Kommounistiko Komma Elladas).
The military arm of EAM was ELAS, The National People's Liberation Army, (Greek: Ethnikos Laikos Apeleftherotikos Stratos), led by Ares Velouchiotis (real name Athanasios (Thanasis) Klaras).
EDES: The National Republican Greek League (Greek: Ethnikos Demokratikos Ellenikos Syndesmos), was an anti-Communist, Republican group, led by political leader Nikolaos Plasteras and military leader Gen Napoleon Zervas.
EKKA: National and Social Liberation (Greek: Ethnike kai Koinonike Apeleftherosis) led by Demetrios Psarros was a liberal, anti-Communist, Republican group.
Mrs Ling was originally from Guangzhou City, China. In 1953, after attending school in Guangzhou, Mrs Ling left China to travel to the UK in order to join her husband who had arrived a few years earlier. She moved in with her in-laws, who owned a small laundrette in Birkenhead, near Liverpool.
In 1954, the Lings closed down the laundrette, opening a small restaurant instead. The restaurant traded for about 5-6 years.
Mrs Ling now lives in Kent.
Lindsay, Greenfield and Masons were solicitors of 6-8 Clements Lane.
WS Lindsay began his career in the merchant navy in which he served from 1831-40, becoming master in 1836. From 1841-45 Lindsay was an agent of Castle Eden colliery in nearby Hartlepool and also acted as representative for the sale of iron in Newcastle-upon-Tyne for his brother-in-law, a Glasgow ironmaster. He moved to London in 1845 to act as Castle Eden colliery agent there. Using his knowledge of ships he set himself up as a shipbroker, and within a few years his firm was a leading concern with agencies in Sunderland and Liverpool and contacts with American trade. He then became a ship owner and his willingness to experiment with different types of ship enabled him to overcome a depression in shipping and WS Lindsay and Co became one of the world's major ship-owners.
Lindsay took a close interest in public affairs. In Hartlepool he was active in reform measures, and in London concentrated on maritime and commercial reform. He became an expert on shipping issues and entered national politics through his interest in the repeal of the Navigation Acts. Having failed to gain a seat in the House of Commons in 1852, he was elected for Tynemouth and North Shields in 1854. In 1859 he left this seat and was elected for Sunderland, where he sat until 1865. Though a Liberal he was highly critical of the Aberdeen and the Palmerston ministries, considering that they lacked energy for reform and the business and technical knowledge required to advance British commerce. Throughout his parliamentary career, he strongly advocated maritime reform, both mercantile and naval, and the removal of restrictions on free trade. He became involved with the Administrative Reform Association in 1855, being particularly concerned with what he regarded as the government's inept handling of the Crimean War. He made many enemies, and won some respect, because of his outspoken manner and his severe criticism of others' incompetence. During the American Civil War Lindsay supported the Confederate cause in Britain, trying to win recognition of the Confederate states in Parliament, arranging a loan to the Confederacy and sheltering the families of the Confederate commissioners involved in the 'TRENT affair' in his own home at Shepperton.
In 1864 Lindsay suffered a stroke and withdrew from public life. Thereafter he devoted himself to writing. His great work was the History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce (London 1874-1876), but he wrote several other books including Our Navigation and Mercantile Marine Laws (London 1852), Our Merchant Shipping: its present state considered (London 1860) and Manning the Royal Navy and Mercantile Marine (London 1877). He also took an interest in planning and developing his estates which included the manor of Halliford, the Donny House at Weybridge, the estate at Woodham, lands and farms in Hailsham and Chertsey and his residence, the manor at Shepperton in Middlesex, the Lordship of which he acquired. Here he was visited by government ministers and other public figures, who sought his advice on shipping matters and he continued a voluminous correspondence with such men until his death in 1877.
No information could be found at the time of compilation.
James Ludovic Lindsay was educated at Eton and Trinity College Cambridge before entering the Grendier Guards. He served as MP for Wigan from 1874 until 1880, when he entered the House of Lords on his father's death. Lord Crawford was a keen astronomer and bibliophile, maintaining an observatory in Scotland and a extensive library at the family seat of Haigh Hall, near Wigan. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society and, at various times, President of the Royal Astronomical Society, the Royal Philatelic Society, the Royal Photographic Society and the Camden Society.
Born, 1880; educated at Sandroyd and Radley; joined the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (Militia), 1898; commissioned into the Rifle Brigade, 1900; served in Second Boer War, South Africa, 1900-1902; Lt, 1901; Capt, 1906; Adjutant, Customs and Docks Rifle Volunteers, 1907-1908; Adjutant, 17 (County of London) Bn, London Regt, 1908-1911; Instructor, School of Musketry, Hythe, Kent, 1913-1915; served in UK, France and Flanders, World War One, 1914-1918; Maj, 1915; Instructor, Machine Gun School, Wisque, France, 1915; General Staff Officer 2, Machine Gun Corps Training Centre, Grantham, Lincolnshire, 1915-1916; Bde Maj, 99 Infantry Bde, 2 Div, Western Front, 1916-1917; posted to the Machine Gun Corps, 1917; awarded DSO, 1917; Chief Instructor, Machine Gun School, France, 1917-1918; Army Machine Gun Officer, 1 Army, France, 1918; Commanding Officer, 41 Bn, Machine Gun Corps, Germany, 1919; awarded CMG, 1919; graduated from Staff College, Camberley, Surrey, 1920; commanded 1 Armoured Car Group, Iraq, 1921-1923; transferred to the Royal Tank Corps, 1923; Lt Col, 1923; Chief Instructor, Royal Tank Corps Central Schools, 1923-1925; Col, 1925; Inspector, Royal Tank Corps, War Office, 1925-1929; member of the Mechanical Warfare Board, 1926-1929; Aide de Camp to HM King George V, 1928-1934; Brigadier General Staff, Egypt Command, 1929-1932; commanded 7 (Mechanised Experimental) Infantry Bde, Southern Command, 1932-1934; Maj Gen, 1934; General Officer Commanding Presidency and Assam District, India, 1935-1939; awarded CB, 1936; Col Commandant, Royal Tank Regiment, 1938-1947; retired, 1939; re-employed by Army, 1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; General Officer Commanding 9 (Highland) Div, 1939-1940; Deputy Regional Commissioner for South Western Civil Defence Region, 1940-1944; retired from Army, 1944; Commissioner for the British Red Cross and Order of St John, North West Europe, 1944-1946; awarded CBE, 1946; died, 1956. For details of Lindsay's influence in the development of armoured warfare in the British Army, see B H Liddell Hart, The Tanks: the History of the Royal Tank Regiment (Cassell, London, 1959; Praeger, New York, 1959). Publication: The war on the civil and military fronts. (The Lees Knowles Lectures on Military History 1942) (University Press, Cambridge, 1942).
David Edward Alexander Lindsay was born in Aberdeen and educated at Eton and at Magdalen College, Oxford. He was elected Conservative MP for Chorley, Lancashire in 1895, and retained the seat until succeeding his father in the House of Lords in 1913. He was chief whip between July 1911 and January 1913. Lord Crawford largely retired from active politics in the early 1920s and was subsequently chiefly known as a patron of the arts, an area that had interested him for many years. His diary, kept continously from 1892 until his sudden death in 1940 and rich in political detail, was published in 1984.
The case was a cause celebre for the antivivisection movement. Miss Emilia Augusta Louise Lind-af-Hageby (1878-1963) was a Swedish woman who settled in England, and was founder of the Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society. In 1911 she was responsible for opening a shop in Piccadilly displaying the reality of vivisection. In May 1912 two articles by Dr C W Saleeby appeared in the Pall Mall Gazette accusing her anti-vivisection campaign of being based on lies and falsification. Miss Lind-af-Hageby then brought a suit for libel against Dr Saleeby, with his co-defendents W Waldorf Astor, proprietor of the Pall Mall Gazette, J L Garvin, the editor, and D C Forrester, the printer. She conducted her own case, and the action lasted from 1st-23rd April 1913. A summary account of the case and its significance can be found in E Westacott: A Century of Vivisection and Anti-Vivisection (The C W Daniel Co, Ltd, Ashingdon, Rochford, Essex, England, 1949), pp 502-505. Miss Lind-af-Hageby lost the case but obtained valuable publicity for the anti-vivisection cause.
Jenny Lind was born in Stockholm, 6 Oct 1820. The Swedish soprano (nicknamed 'the Swedish nightingale') enrolled at the Royal Opera School, Stockholm in 1830. She made her debut in 1838 as Agathe in Der Freischutz. After numerous performances in Sweden, she made her German debut in Berlin in 1844, and her Viennese debut in April 1846. After further touring in Germany and Austria, she made London debut at Her Majesty's in May 1847, as Alice in Robert le diable, followed by success appearances in La sonnambula, La fille du regiment and I masnadieri. She sang in Sweden during the winter, and made her last Stockholm appearance in April 1848. She then sang for a second season at Her Majesty's followed by an extensive tour of Great Britain. She continued to sing in concerts and oratorios, both in Germany and in England, where she lived from 1858 until her death. In 1883, the year of her last public performance, she became Professor of Singing at the Royal College of Music. She died at Wynds Point, Herefordshire on 2 Nov 1887.
The Lincolnshire Women's Research Group (1985-1986) began as a Workers Educational Association class in 1985 in which women members were encouraged to examine their own experiences and those of their contemporaries in the county of Lincolnshire. The Group studied novels and short stories and then decided to interview local women with a view to the possibility of compiling a book about women's lives in Lincolnshire from the 1930s to the 1950s. After the course, the original class members continued with the project and produced an exhibition in the summer of 1986. Contributions were also made as a result of a Women's Institute essay competition on the subject of women's memories of the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s in Lincolnshire. Material was gathered from these essays, interviews with local women, local newspapers and archives in the following areas: health and childcare; waged and war work; sex and superstition; food and drink; education; family life and childhood memories; fashion; and leisure and entertainment.
Limpus entered the Navy in 1876. He served in the ALEXANDRA, in the Mediterranean, 1878 to 1879, in the BACCHANTE, Detached Squadron, 1880 to 1882, and the ALBACORE, again in the Mediterranean, 1884 to 1885. He was made a lieutenant in 1885 and a commander in 1898. He took a prominent part in the relief of LADYSMITH when he was second-in-command of the Naval Brigade during the Boer War. He was specially promoted to captain in 1900 for his efforts. In 1910 he was made rear-admiral, hoisting his flag in the JUPITER, Home Fleet. Between 1912 and 1914 he was Naval Adviser to Turkey and was made vice-admiral in the Turkish Navy. Between 1914 and 1916 he was Admiral Superintendent at Malta and was much concerned with the organization of supplies to the Dardanelles. He was President of the Shell Committee at the Admiralty in 1917 and retired in 1919.
Poor relief was based on the Act for the Relief of the Poor of 1601 which obliged parishes to take care of the aged and needy in their area. Parish overseers were empowered to collect a local income tax known as the poor-rate which would be put towards the relief of the poor. This evolved into the rating system, where the amount of poor-rate charged was based on the value of a person's property. Early workhouses were constructed and managed by the parish. However, this process was expensive and various schemes were devised where groups of parishes could act together and pool their resources. As early as 1647 towns were setting up 'Corporations' of parishes. An Act of 1782, promoted by Thomas Gilbert, allowed adjacent parishes to combine into Unions and provide workhouses. These were known as 'Gilbert's Unions' and were managed by a board of Guardians.
Under the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, the Poor Law Commission was given the power to unite parishes in England and Wales into Poor Law Unions. Each Union was to be administered by a local Board of Guardians. Relief was to be provided through the provision of a workhouse. An amendment to the 1834 Act allowed already existing 'Gilbert's Unions' or Corporations of parishes to remain in existence, although they were encouraged to convert themselves into Poor Law Unions. Although there was some reorganisation of union boundaries, particularly in London, the majority of Unions created under the 1834 Act remained in operation until 1930. In March 1930 a new Local Government Bill abolished the Poor Law Unions and the Board of Guardians. Responsibility for their institutions passed to Public Assistance Committees managed by the county councils - in the metropolis either the London County Council or the Middlesex County Council.
Stepney Poor Law Union was formed in December 1836, consisting of the parishes of Limehouse, Mile End Old Town, Ratcliffe, Shadwell and Wapping. In 1857, Mile End Old Town left the Union to become a separate Poor Law 'Hamlet' and set up its own workhouse.
The Stepney Union was known as the Parish of Limehouse for a short period from 1921 to 1925. In 1925, the Hamlet of Mile End Old Town, the Parish of St George In The East, and the Whitechapel Union were added to the Stepney Union which was then renamed the Parish of Stepney Union in 1927.
Institutions managed by the various Unions, and finally by the Parish of Stepney Union, included Mile End Old Town Workhouse, Wapping Workhouse, Limehouse Workhouse, Ratcliffe Workhouse and Casual Wards, Saint Leonard's Street Workhouse, and the Stifford Children's Homes.
Source of information: Peter Higginbotham at The Workhouse website.
The City of London was divided into wards for the purpose of government as early as Norman times. The wards had responsibility to keep the peace, supervise trade and oversee sanitation, and each ward has the right to elect an Alderman and Commoners to sit in the Court of Common Council.
One of the twenty-six wards of the City of London, lying between Aldgate and Cornhill wards. It contained no City parish churches after the suppression of St Mary Axe and St Augustine Papey.
The meeting house was erected in Lime Street in 1672 and remained on the site until 1755 when the premises were purchased, and the community compelled to leave. The congregation divided into two branches, the main group going to Miles Lane, and the other to Artillery Lane.
Shu Pao Lim was born in Burma in the 1920s. In 1942, with her family, Shu Pao fled across the Burmese border into China. After the war, she was awarded a scholarship in the USA. However, in 1959, she decided to move to London, England. At the age of 50, she went to Oxford University and studied Social Administration. In 1979, Camden Council employed Shu Pao as a community worker with the Chinese and in 1982, she set up the Camden Chinese Community Centre. The centre provides various services for the local Chinese community. Shu Pao later founded the Great Wall Society Limited which provides sheltered housing for elderly members of the Chinese community in London. In 1999, she was awarded the MBE.
Born, 1936; educated St Olave's and St Saviour's Grammar School; national service, Royal Navy; University College London (UCL), (BSc, PhD, DSc); worked under Patricia Clarke researching microbial enzymes, UCL; transferred to the Department of Chemical Engineering, UCL; Lecturer in Biochemical Engineering, UCL 1963-1972; Reader in Enzyme Technology, 1972-1979; Professor of Biochemical Engineering, UCL, 1979; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1991; died, 1998.
John Lillie D.D. was the grandfather of the biologist Denis Gascoigne Lillie (b 1888).
Denis Gascoigne Lillie was born in 1888. He studied zoology at Birmingham University and at St. John's College, Cambridge, in the years 1903-1910. In 1910 he was appointed marine zoologist to the British Antarctic Expedition led by Robert Falcon Scott (1868-1912). He died in 1963.
Lillicrap became a shipwright apprentice at Devonport in 1902. After a time at Keyham and Greenwich he was appointed Assistant Constructor at Devonport in 1910. He then joined the Director of Naval Construction's department at the Admiralty, where he was made Acting Constructor in 1917. Lillicrap was appointed Lecturer in Naval Architecture to Probationary Assistant Constructors at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, in 1921 and became Constructor, Director of Naval Construction Department, in 1922. He was Acting Assistant Director of Naval Construction, in charge of submarines from 1936, and Assistant Director of Naval Construction in charge of cruisers from 1938. In 1941 he was appointed Deputy Director, and in 1944, Director, of Naval Construction, a post he held until his retirement in 1951.
Alliance Israélite Universelle was a Jewish organisation founded in France in 1865 as a reaction to antisemitism, and the main aim of which was the defence of world Jewry. The Ligue Internationale contre le Racisme et l'Antisémitisme was created in 1928. The latter was not an exclusively Jewish organisation but its defence of East European Jews attracted many Jews and the tendency of many of its members to seek confrontation with antisemites on the streets brought it into alliance with left-wing organisations.
A magazine entitled Lightning was established in 1891, based initially at Faraday House, Charing Cross Road. At the end of 1891 it moved to 117 Bishopsgate Street. By 1900 it was based at 18 Bream's Buildings. From January 1902 it was titled the Electrical Times, the name it continues under to date (2011). It described itself as the newspaper for 'engineers and technical management'.
Born in Paris 1924; family returned to England 1927; Winchester College, 1936-; Trinity College, Cambridge, 1941-1943; worked in the aerodynamics division of the National Physical Laboratory, 1943-1945; prize fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge, 1945; Senior Lecturer, University of Manchester, 1946; Beyer Chair of Applied Mathematics, University of Manchester, 1950-1959; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1953; Director of the Royal Aircraft Establishment, 1959-1964; founder member and President of the of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications, 1964; Royal Society Research Professor at Imperial College, London, 1964-1969; served as Secretary (physical sciences) and Vice-President of the Royal Society, 1965-1969; Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge, 1969-1979; President of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction, 1971-1974; Provost of University College, London, 1979-1989; President of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 1984-1988; retired, 1989; chairman of the International Council of Scientific Unions committee on the international decade for natural disaster relief, 1990-1995; died, 1998.
Martin Lightfoot (1942-1999) was educated at St. Christopher's School in Letchworth, Tiffin School in Kingston and Downing College, Cambridge University, where he read English. Having spent some years as a Director of Penguin Books Ltd and Managing Director of Penguin Education, during which time he was also a key supporter of the National Association for the Teaching of English, in 1974 Lightfoot was appointed as Deputy Education Officer (Services) at the Inner London Education Authority where he was responsible for relations with the Inner London Boroughs and the Greater London Council and community and race relations issues. In 1977 he became Director of the Schools Council Industry Project, conducted jointly with the Confederation of British Industry and Trades Union Congress. From 1981-1983 he served as Specialist Adviser to the Select Committee on Education, Science and Arts where he was responsible for the drafting of reports, including on secondary examinations and curriculum, school meals and on 16-19 education. Lightfoot then took up an academic post at Brunel University, where he was a Senior Research Fellow, Director of the Centre for the Study of Community and Race Relations (1984-1988), and Co-Director of the Education Policy Centre. At Brunel, Lightfoot lectured on law and public services in the Departments of Law and Government, and taught education policy and management, community and race relations, education policy and public service organisation on postgraduate courses in Public and Social Administration. His research projects included 'Expectations of higher education' (c.1980s) during which the perspectives of undergraduates, graduate employers, academic staff, politicians and administrators were examined and 'Recreating Education: London and Education Reform' (1990-1991), which was funded by the Leverhulme Trust and examined the process of setting up education authorities in the Inner London boroughs subsequent to the break-up of the Inner London Education Authority. During his time at Brunel, he also acted as a consultant to the London Borough of Southwark during its preparations to take over educational administration from the Inner Lonodn Education Authority. He retired from Brunel University in 1990 and then worked as an independent educational consultant. During 1992-1993 he was a Visiting Fellow at the Department of Policy Studies, Institute of Education, University of London.
The regiment was formed in 1779, disbanded in 1783, reformed in 1794, and finally disbanded in 1829. Its members were mainly wealthy Londoners, including many merchants and bankers.
According to the original paper wrapper (now tipped in at the front of the volume), the volume belonged to Colonel Bosanquet who was commanding officer when the corps disbanded in 1829. The volume was evidently among the archives of the regiment held by him which are mentioned on page i of An historical account of the Light Horse Volunteers of London and Westminster... by James N. Collyer and John Innes Pocock (London, 1843). The subsequent provenance of the volume is unknown.
Francis Light was born in Suffolk. Although his date of birth is unknown, his baptism is recorded as 15 December 1740. He was educated at Seckford's Grammar School, Woodbridge from 1747. He entered service as a surgeon's servant on the HMS Mars in February 1754, and subsequently served as midshipman on the HMS Captain, the HMS Dragon and in 1761 aboard the HMS Arrogant. His employment with the Navy ended in 1763. In 1765 he embarked on a journey bound for Madras and Bombay aboard the East India Company's ship 'Clive'. In India, he secured command of a 'Country Ship' (owned in India and engaged in trade in Eastern waters) belonging to a Madras firm of merchants, Jourdain, Sulivan & Desouza. Light was posted to Kedah with the company, where he quickly attained an influential position with the Sultan of Kedah. From 1771, he was involved in various proposals to cede land belonging to Kedah to the British. In 1786 Light was able to report to the Bengal Government that he had persuaded the Sultan to cede the Island of Penang (Pulau Penang) to the East India Company for $6000 a year. The offer was accepted and in June 1786 Light was appointed first Superintendent of the new British colony. He landed with his forces in July 1786, and on 11 August the colony was christened Prince of Wales Island. He combined his position as Superintendent with his role as principal merchant.
By 1791, the Sultan of Kedah found that his revenues were being seriously diminished by the growing prosperity of Penang, and he demanded additional income to compensate for this loss. He simultaneously made preparations to seize the island, constructing a fort at Prye. Light obtained reinforcements from Bengal and attacked the fort, capturing it on 12 April 1791. The Sultan sued for peace and a treaty was agreed. The Sultan was granted an annual payment of $6000, on condition that the English could continue in possession of Penang. The settlement entered a period of relative quiet during which Light oversaw its administration, with periodic requests to the Bengal Government for a larger administrative staff.
With the beginning of the French War with England in February 1793, and the threat that this posed to English trade in the East, Light called for the reinforcement of troops in Indian waters. He also set about rebuilding Penang's defences. Naval reinforcements arrived in Madras at the end of 1793. The French attempt to capture Penang did not take place until 1796, after Light's death.
Light married Martina Rozells, by whom he had 3 daughters and 2 sons. His eldest son, William Light, became the first Surveyor General of Southern Australia and founder of the city of Adelaide. Francis Light died from a Malarial attack on 21 October 1794.
Further reading: A F Steuert, The Founders of Penang and Adelaide: a Short Sketch of the Lives of Francis and William Light (London, 1901); H P Clodd, Malaya's First British Pioneer: the Life of Francis Light (London, 1948).
Originally called the London International Festival of Student Theatre, LIFT was formed in 1980 by Rose de Wend Fenton and Lucy Neal inspired by their participation in a student theatre festival in Portugal. LIFT became a registered charity in 1981 and in that year, along with another student, Simon Evans, Rose and Lucy organised the first London International Festival of Theatre which presented companies from Poland, France, Brazil, The Netherlands, Malaysia, West Germany, Japan, Peru, and the UK. Following the success of the first festival Rose and Lucy, along with a growing number of permanent and freelance employees, volunteers and placements, researched and organised another eleven festivals including one 'Out of LIFT' season especially for young people. In the early years LIFT had to overcome a number of funding problems including almost having to cease trading in 1983 and the abolition of the Greater London Council in 1986. LIFT continued to present and commission work from all over the world; in the period 1981-2001 companies from over 60 countries participated in the festivals. LIFT presented theatre for a variety of audiences, both in conventional theatres and at unusual and different sites. Over the years work has been presented at places such as Bankside Power Station, the site for the LIFT, '93 Launch, Limehouse Basin, the site for Welfare State International's ‚'The Raising of the Titanic‚' LIFT, '83, and Euston Tower, the site for Deborah Warner's ‚'The Tower Project‚' in LIFT, '99. LIFT not only presented new theatre it also re-presented old or forgotten places in London. In 1991 LIFT piloted an Education and Community Programme in order to devise a long term strategy for working in this sector in the future. An Education Officer, Tony Fegan, was employed in 1993 and produced LIFT's first Education Programme for the 1993 festival called the BT LIFT Education Programme. By LIFT '95 the Learning Programme was integrated into the main programme of festival events and has remained so ever since. Festivals presented many education and community projects including ‚'Sang Song ‚' River Crossing‚' at LIFT, '93, 'Sirk Uzay‚' Celestial Circus‚' at LIFT, '95, and ‚'Utshob‚' in LIFT, '97. From early on LIFT, realising the potential for debate and learning that existed in the coming together of different cultures and countries included workshops and discussions in the festivals. LIFT, '93 launched the first Daily Dialogues and each festival had lectures or forums in addition to the main programme of events. Other projects grew out of LIFT, 's passion for learning and participation. In 1996 Phakama, an international arts exchange project for young people, was born, the first Business Arts Forum took place in 1995 and the Teachers Forum began in 1999. After twelve festivals LIFT decided to break with the traditional biennial festival format and enter the Enquiry period, a five-year venture to investigate theatre and present year round events.
The Life Offices' Association was founded in 1889 by representatives of the major life assurance offices. It acted as a forum for consultation and combined action in response to problems arising from the expansion of life assurance business, geographically and in the new types of risk being rated. The Association was concerned in particular with the effects of insurance and tax legislation.
The Association had offices as follows: 1890: 19-20 Cornhill; 1891: 9-10 King Street; 1892-6: 25 Abchurch Lane; 1897-1906: 5 Lombard Street; 1907-10: 18 Bishopsgate Street Within; 1911-13: 28 Bishopsgate; 1914-29: 6 Broad Street Place; 1929-34: 15 Queen Street; 1935-54: 20 Aldermanbury; 1955-62: 33 King Street; 1962 onwards: Aldermary House, 10-15 Queen Street.
The Association ceased to exist in 1985 when its functions were taken over by the Association of British Insurers.