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William Mackinnon was born on 13 March 1823 in Campbeltown, Argyleshire. He was educated in Campbeltown and trained in the grocery trade there. Early in his life he went to Glasgow, where he was employed in a silk warehouse and afterwards in the office of a merchant engaged in the Eastern Trade.

MacKinnon began his business career in 1847, when he joined an old school fellow Robert MacKenzie who was engaged in the coasting trade in the Bay of Bengal. Together they founded the firm of Mackinnon, MacKenzie & Company. On 29 September 1856, the Calcutta and Burmah Steamship Navigation Company was founded, mainly through Mackinnon's exertions. In 1862 the rapidly expanding company was renamed the British India Steamship Navigation Company. What had begun as a single steamer plying between Calcutta and Rangoon, became one of the greatest shipping companies in the world. Under Mackinnon's guidance it developed and created a vast trade around the coast of India and Burma, the Persian Gulf and East Coast of Africa, besides establishing subsidiary lines of connection with Great Britain, the Dutch East Indies and Australia. In 1873, the company established a mail service between Aden and Zanzibar. Mackinnon gained the confidence of Sultan Seyyid Barghash and in 1878 opened negotiations with him for the lease of a territory extending 1,150 miles along the coastline from Tungi to Warsheik, and extending inland as far as the eastern province of the Congo Free State. The British Government however, declined to sanction the concession, which if ratified would have secured for England the whole of what became German East Africa. In 1886 the British Foreign Minister availed himself of Mackinnon's influence to secure the coast line from Wanga to Kipini, a charter was granted and the Imperial British East Africa Company was formally incorporated on 18 April 1888 with Mackinnon as Chairman. The territory was finally taken over by the British Government on 1 July 1895, and became British East Africa. Mackinnon was also instrumental in promoting and funding Sir Henry Morton Stanley's expedition for the relief of Emin Pasha in 1886.

In 1858 Mackinnon became a Director of the City of Glasgow Bank, resigning that position in 1870, eight years before the Bank's complete collapse. Mackinnon did not escape from the consequences of the failure of the Bank, one of the most serious crises in modern Scottish financial history. The liquidators sued him for close to a quarter of a million pounds on a claim connected with advice Mackinnon was said to have given on American railway securities. Following protracted litigation, Mackinnon was completely exonerated by the court from the charges against him when it was demonstrated that the course of action taken by the remaining directors was contrary to his express advice.

Mackinnon was one of the chief supporters of the Free Church of Scotland. However, towards the end of his life the passage of the Declaratory Act, of which he disapproved, led to a difference of opinion between him and the leaders of the Church and he materially assisted the seceding members in the Scottish Highlands. In 1891 he founded the East African Scottish Mission.

In 1882 he was nominated C.I.E. He was created a Baronet on 15 July 1889. He married Janet Colquhoun (d 1894) on 12 May 1856. They had no children. William Mackinnon died on 22 June 1893, in the Burlington Hotel, London. He was buried at Clachan, Argyleshire.

The firm was established in Calcutta in 1847 as a merchant partnership between Robert MacKenzie and William MacKinnon. The two had worked together since MacKinnon's arrival in India from Glasgow, trading tea, sugar, rice, jute, coal, indigo, iron and cotton. The partners chartered steam ships for the carriage of their own goods and those of their customers. In 1856, MacKinnon launched the Calcutta and Burmah Steam Navigation Company Limited, for which he had also secured from the East India Company the contract to carry mails between Calcutta and Rangoon. MacKinnon, MacKenzie partners subscribed heavily to its capital, were appointed its agents and received 5% commission from the shipping line's gross annual earnings.

In 1862, by which time services had been extended to take on cargo and passengers at ports in the Persian Gulf and Straits settlements, the shipping company was renamed British India Steam Navigation Company Limited (its historic records are held at the National Maritime Museum). The partnership and British India Steam Navigation Company grew pari passu [at an equal pace]; by the end of the nineteenth century, MacKinnon, MacKenzie and Company had become one of the greatest eastern agency houses. The trading side of the business shrank progressively in the twentieth century.

In addition to partnerships of the same name in India and the far East, Sir William MacKinnon established general merchant and shipping agency partnerships to serve the needs of the British India Steam Navigation Company in Glasgow and London and at strategic ports in the Persian gulf and East Africa: W. MacKinnon and Company in Glasgow, ca.1854 (CLC/B/123-57), Gray, Dawes and Company in London in 1865 (CLC/B/123-30), Gray, Paul and Company in Bushire in 1865 (see Gray, MacKenzie and Company Limited, CLC/B/123-31), Gray, MacKenzie and Company in Basra in 1869, and Smith, MacKenzie and Company in Zanzibar in 1875 (CLC/B/123-51).

In 1874, James Lyle Mackay (later the first Lord Inchcape) joined the Calcutta office and was later admitted to partnership. By 1918, with the death of MacKinnon's closest relatives, MacKay was the longest serving partner and by 1950 the Inchcape family held a controlling interest. In 1951, the firm was converted into a limited company. In the preparations for the launch of Inchcape and Company Limited in 1958 (see introductory note to the Inchcape group, CLC/B/123), MacKinnon, MacKenzie and Company Limited and its local subsidiaries in India, Pakistan, Hong Kong, China and Japan were sold to the P. and O./ British India Group in 1956-7.

Born, 1881; educated, Bedford Modern School; entered the Merchant Navy; appointment on the P and O line, 1899; second officer on HMS NIMROD for the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907-1909; commander of the HMS AURORA and the Ross Sea party, for Shackleton's Trans-Antarctic expedition, 1914-1916; died 1916.

John Stewart Mackintosh MD, MRCS, LRCP (1870-1939) was a general practitioner in Hampstead, London.

Maclear entered the Navy in 1851, became a lieutenant in 1859 and a commander in 1868. He sailed with Captain G.S. Nares in 1872 during the CHALLENGER expedition. When Nares left the ship at Hong Kong, Maclear was the most senior officer to complete the voyage which lasted until 1876, the year he was promoted to captain. In 1879 he succeeded Nares in command of the ALERT and completed his survey of the Magellan Straits before moving to the Indian Ocean and Australian waters. From 1883 to 1887 he commanded the survey ship FLYING FISH charting the Korean and China coasts. In 1891 he became a rear-admiral and retired. He was promoted to vice-admiral in 1897, to admiral in 1903 and continued working at the Hydrographic Department compiling Admiralty sailing directions. See: Sir Archibald Day, The Admiralty Hydrographic Service (London, 1967).

Henry Dunning Macleod was born in Edinburgh and educated at the Edinburgh Academy and at Eton before entering Trinity College, Cambridge. After graduating in 1843, he studied law at the Inner Temple and was called to the bar in 1849. From 1853 onwards he live mainly in London. Macleod's main interest was in political economy, on which he had strong and unorthodox views. He lectured occasionally at universities and wrote several works on economic and banking theory.

Eliza Millard MacLoghlin was born in 1863. She was a generous benefactor to the College. Her husband was Edward Percy Plantagenet MacLoghlin MRCS (1855-1904), a general practitioner from Lancashire. They were noted as free-thinkers and prominent atheists. After his death, Eliza commissioned a memorial to her husband. The sculptor was Sir Alfred Gilbert, and the sculpture Mors Janua Vitae was completed in 1909. It now stands in the entrance hall at the Royal College of Surgeons of England and contains the cremated remains of both Mr and Mrs MacLoghlin. Eliza MacLoghlin also endowed a scholarship for medical students of the College, and donated the Carrera marble floor in the entrance hall. In later life she suffered mental health problems, and spent the last years of her life in a private mental hospital. She died in 1928.

William Macmichael was born in Bridgnorth, Shropshire on 30 November 1783, the son of William Macmichael, a banker of Bridgnorth. He was educated at Bridgnorth Grammar School and then entered Christchurch, Oxford, in 1800 on a scholarship. He proceeded BA in 1805, MA in 1807, and MB in 1808. He spent the next three years continuing his medical studies in Edinburgh and then at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. In 1811 he was elected to one of the Radcliffe traveling fellowships, and traveled for several years, visiting Greece, Russia, the Danubian principalities (now Romania), Bulgaria, Turkey and Palestine. In 1812 whilst in Thermopylae, Greece, he contracted malaria. He suffered intermittently from fevers for the next two years. In 1814, less than two years after Napolean Bonaparte's defeat, Macmichael visited Moscow, which he found to be in ruins. He was employed for a short time as physician to the Marquis of Londonderry, Charles William Vane, whilst he was ambassador at Vienna. Macmichael returned from his travels, having received the news that his bankers had failed and that most of his money was lost. He graduated MD at Oxford in 1816.

He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1817, and a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians the following year. He returned to Europe in 1817-18 before settling to practice in London. In 1819 he published an account of his travels illustrated by his own drawings, A Journey from Moscow to Constantinople in the Years 1817, 1818. He became closely involved with the Royal College of Physicians, where he was appointed censor in 1820. In 1822 he was elected physician to the Middlesex Hospital. In the same year he published his first medical work, A New View of the Infection of Scarlet Fever: Illustrated by Remarks on other Contagious Disorders. Having realised that second attacks of the scarlet fever were rare, he advocated if one child in a family developed the disease it was wise to let the other children contract it.

From 1824-29 he was registrar at the College, serving during the College's move from its premises in Warwick Lane, to Pall Mall East, in 1825. During this time Macmichael anonymously published the biographical work The Gold-Headed Cane (1827), which tells of the adventures of the physician's cane carried by John Radcliffe, Richard Mead, Anthony Askew, William Pitcairn and Matthew Baillie in turn. It gives both good biographies of the owners and information on the condition of medicine in 18th century England.

In 1829 Macmichael was appointed physician extraordinary to the King, George IV. The following year he published a small volume entitled The Lives of British Physicians (1830), again anonymously. This work consisted of eighteen biographies by himself and others, of such eminent physicians as Thomas Linacre, John Caius, and William Harvey. It has been said that the work was of `the same merit of style as the Gold-Headed Cane; they contain much information, and are never dry' (DNB, 1893, p.230). It was also in 1830 that Macmichael became librarian to the King, and in 1831 physician in ordinary to the new King, William IV. He had treated the King for gout before he succeeded to the throne, and the King gave Macmichael his own gold-headed cane, as free from gout he no longer needed it. He was indebted to his patron Sir Henry Halford for these appointments, but despite this powerful patronage Macmichael never acquired a large practice.

In 1831 he resigned from the Middlesex Hospital. He was censor again for the Royal College of Physicians in 1832. The following year Macmichael was appointed as Inspector General of Lunatic Asylums, one of four commissioners whose job it was to license and inspect London's madhouses. Macmichael carried out this duty until 1835. The following year, at the College, he was made Consiliarius (adviser or counsellor to the President).

In 1837 he suffered an attack of paralysis. Compelled to withdraw from professional life, he retired to Maida Hill. He had married Mary Jane Freer in 1827 and they had one daughter. Macmichael died on 10 January 1839 at the age of 55.

Publications:
A Journey from Moscow to Constantinople in the Years 1817, 1818 (London, 1819)
A New View of the Infection of Scarlet Fever: Illustrated by Remarks on other Contagious Disorders (London, 1822)
A Brief Sketch of the Progress of Opinion upon the Subject of Contagion, with some Remarks on Quarantine (London, 1825)
The Gold-Headed Cane (London, 1827; 2nd ed. 1828; 3rd ed. by Munk with additions, 1884)
Lives of British Physicians (London, 1830)
Is the Cholera Spasmodica of India a Contagious Disease? The Question Considered in a Letter to Sir Henry Halford, Bart, MD (London, 1831)
Some Remarks on Dropsy, with a Narrative of the Last Illness of the Duke of York, read at the Royal College of Physicians, May 25, 1835 (London, 1835)

Born 1919; educated Hillhead High School; Captain, Highland Light Infantry, 1939-1947; medical studies, University of Glasgow, 1952; recommissioned as Captain, Royal Army Medical Corps, 1954; Senior Medical Officer and Lieutenant Colonel, 44 Independent Parachute Brigade Group, Territorial Army, 1961-1966; Brevet Colonel, 1966; Director, Nuffield Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Leeds, 1962-1980; died 1982.

Hugh Pattison Macmillan (1873-1952), Baron Macmillan, trained in law, and practiced as an advocate in Edinburgh from 1897, taking silk in 1912. He was appointed Lord Advocate to the Labour Government in 1924, and was made a lord of appeal in ordinary with a life peerage in 1930. Lord Macmillan sat in the House of Lords as a lord of appeal until his resignation in 1947. He sat on numerous committees and commissions throughout his career, and was chairman of, for example, the Royal Commission on Lunacy (1924-1926), the Political Honours Committee (1935), the Pilgrim Trust (1935-1952), and the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children (1928-1934).
Lord Macmillan was an Elected Trustee of the British Museum and member of the Standing Committee of Trustees from 1933 until 1949.

Sir Arthur Salusbury MacNalty, KCB, MD, FRCP, FRCS born 1880; long career in public health: Medical Inspector HM Local Government Board 1913-1919; Medical Officer and Senior Medical Officer Ministry of Health 1919-1935; Chief Medical Officer, Ministry of Health 1935-1941. Secretary of the Tuberculosis Committee of the Medical Research Council 1920-1932. Editor in Chief for the Official Medical History of the Last War since 1941. A medical historian, author of several books on history of state medicine, diseases of the central nervous system and Tudor Kings and Queens. Died 1969. There is a brief biographical note at GC/119/B.4.

The firm was incorporated in Calcutta in 1949, formed by the merger of the partnerships Macneill and Company and Barry and Company.

MACNEILL AND COMPANY: established in Calcutta in 1872 by Duncan Macneill and John MacKinnon, nephews of William MacKinnon (for details of the shipping, trading and agency firms established by MacKinnon, see the Inchcape Group introductory note at CLC/B/123), the firm operated as an agency house for shipping, coal, tea and jute companies. Among the most important businesses represented were Rivers Steam Navigation Company Limited (see CLC/B/123-47), Equitable Coal Company Limited, Kalline Tea Company (see CLC/B/123-36) and Ganges Manufacturing Company Limited. An associated partnership, Duncan Macneill and Company (see CLC/B/123-23), was established in the 1870s to manage the London end of affairs.

BARRY AND COMPANY: this firm was also based in Calcutta and had been set up in the 1860s by Dr J B Barry, a tea garden doctor (or horticulturist) from Assam. Its managerial and agency interests were broadly complementary to those of Macneill and Company: jute and tea. Barry's son established a London office at this time, J B Barry and Son, to handle the firm's tea exports.

In 1915 Lord Inchcape, as commercial successor to Sir William MacKinnon (for bibliographical details of both men see the Inchcape Group introductory note at CLC/B/123), took over the Macneill and Barry partnerships in England and India. During the 1920s and 1930s, there was considerable expansion of business into commerce and industry.

Two years after incorporation in 1949 as Macneill and Barry Limited, the company acquired a minority interest in Kilburn and Company, a trading and agency house which acted, inter alia, for a further tea company, the Assam Company (see CLC/B/123-05), and for India General Steam Navigation Company Limited.

Following the partition of India, it became necessary to establish wholly-owned subsidiaries to manage Pakistani affairs locally. Thereafter, the management of the tea companies and of the 'Joint Steamer Companies' (Rivers Steam Navigation Company and India General Steam Navigation Company had operated jointly since 1889) was in the hands of Macneill and Barry (Pakistan) Limited and Kilburn and Company (Pakistan) Limited. Remaining equity in the parent company, Kilburn and Company, was bought out by Macneill and Barry Limited in 1956, thereafter the two subsidiaries merged to form Macneill and Kilburn Limited.

Macneill and Barry Limited was brought into the Inchcape Group in 1960. In 1975 it merged with the Calcutta agency house Williamson Magor Limited to form Macneill and Magor Limited.

Born, 1787; received some legal training; joined Royal Navy, 1803 and served off Spain and later in the West Indies; midshipman, 1804; stationed off Cadiz, 1909; on active service during the Napoleonic wars, and in 1810 was a lieutenant on the brig GRASSHOPPER; prisoner of war, 1811-1814; rejoined the Navy and saw active service in the war against the United States at the capture of Washington and the assaults on New Orleans; commander of the brig CALLIOPE; paid off in 1815 and placed on the reserve list; Edinburgh, 1815-1828; moved to London, 1828; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), 1830-1860; appointed the first Secretary of the Society at the RGS's inaugural meeting, 1830; Professor of Geography, University College London, 1833-1836; left England for Hobart Town as private secretary to Lieutenant-Governor Sir John Franklin, 1836; appointed Superintendent of the penal settlement at Norfolk Island, 1840-1844; Governor of the new prison at Birmingham, England, 1849-1851; died, 1860.

Publications: A Summary View of the Statistics and Existing Commerce of the Principal Shores of the Pacific Ocean, etc. (London, 1818).

Report on the State of Prison Discipline in Van Diemen's Land (London, 1838)

Henry William Macrosty was born on the Isle of Arran on 14th January, 1865, the eldest of 10 children. In 1881 he obtained University of London BA whilst working in the Civil Service where he was given a permanent appointment in the Exchequer and Audit Department in 1884. He transferred to the newly established Census of Production Office within the Board of Trade in 1907 and became its Assistant Director in 1911. Reorganisation in 1919 resulted in the establishment of a Statistical Department of which Macrosty was appointed Senior Principal. His work for the next 20 years, until his retirement in 1930, was concentrated on gathering statistical information on trade and industry. In retirement he continued to be consulted on statistical issues relevant to trade and industry, including serving on at least one committee for Political and Economic Planning (PEP), one of the forerunners of the Policy Studies Institute.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society in 1904 and served on its Council from 1917 to 1920 and again from 1925 to 1940 when he became President having served as Honorary Secretary since 1928. He was awarded the Society’s silver Guy Medal in 1927. Macrosty married Edith Julia Bain in 1894 and had two surviving children; he died on 19th January, 1941.

Publications: The Trust Movement in British Industry, 1909; The Annals of the Royal Statistical Society, 1834-1934, 1934.

Madden entered the Navy in 1919 and after training at Osborne and at Dartmouth served in the THUNDERER training ship in 1923, then in the WARWICK, Fifth Destroyer Flotilla, in the Atlantic, and in the REPULSE in the Atlantic Fleet. He served in the VICTORIA AND ALBERT in 1927, after which he trained as a pilot in the Fleet Air Arm. In 1934 he qualified at the Navigation School, HMS DRYAD, serving subsequently as navigator for a short period in the MALAYA, Atlantic Fleet, in the SANDWICH, on the China Station, 1934 to 1936, and the ORION in North America, 1939. During the Second World War he served in Naval Intelligence and with the Fleet Air Arm. He retired in 1950.

Madden entered the Navy in 1875 and served as a midshipman on the Mediterranean Station from 1877 to 1880. He then went to the East Indies, being promoted to a sub-lieutenant in 1881. After becoming a lieutenant in 1884 he specialized in torpedoes. He was made a commander in 1896 and a captain in 1901, after which he was senior officer in destroyers in the Mediterranean and then in a cruiser on the Cape Station. From 1904 to 1905 Madden served at the Admiralty under Fisher and was Naval Secretary to the First Lord of the Admiralty, 1906 to 1910. In 1911 he became a rear-admiral. He was Chief-of-Staff to his brother-in-law, Admiral Jellicoe, 1914 to 1916, and was promoted to vice-admiral immediately after the battle of Jutland. From 1916 to 1919 be was second-in-command of the Grand Fleet, with the acting rank of admiral. He was promoted to admiral and created a baronet in 1919. From 1919 to 1922 he commanded the newly-constituted Atlantic Fleet. He became Admiral of the Fleet in 1924 and succeeded Earl Beatty as First Sea Lord in 1927. He retired in 1930.

The GROVE HOUSE estate originated in a tenement called the Grove, with lands in Sutton and Strand-on-the-Green. The Barkers perhaps held the land when they were first recorded at Chiswick, in 1537. Anthony Barker leased Grove farm of 170 acres in socage from St. Paul's in 1597 and left an interest to Anne (d. 1607), widow of William Barker of Sonning. Anne's son Thomas Barker of the Middle Temple (d. 1630) was active in parish government and apparently was succeeded at Chiswick not by his 17-year old eldest son William but by a younger son, probably Thomas, a royalist killed at Lansdown in 1643. Thomas was followed by his brother Henry, who was admitted to further copyholds of Sutton Court in 1655 and whose seat was called Grove House by 1664, when he ranked with Thomas Kendall as the second largest ratepayer after Sir Edward Nicholas. Further lands were added by Henry (d. 1695), who owned much property in Berkshire, and by his eldest son Scory Barker, also of the Middle Temple. Scory's son Henry was admitted in 1714 and was the last Barker at Grove House, where he died in 1745. Although Henry had sons, he left his Chiswick lands, copyhold of both Sutton Court and the Prebend manors, to trustees, who conveyed some to Henry Barker of Wallingford but sold others in 1761 and 1762 to the duke of Devonshire.

Grove House itself was acquired before 1750 by Henry d'Auverquerque, earl of Grantham (d. 1754), who was succeeded by his daughter Frances, wife of Col. William Eliott. After the death of Lady Frances Eliott in 1772 the house and park were sold freehold to the politician Humphry Morice (1723-85), who entertained Horace Walpole there in 1782. Morice left the estate, known also as Chiswick Grove, to Lavinia, widow of John Luther, on condition that she maintain an old servant and some stray animals. Between 1807 and 1810 it passed to Robert Lowth (d. 1822), canon of St. Paul's, whose widow remained there in 1830. Joseph Gurney lived there in 1855 before its purchase in 1861 by the duke of Devonshire, whose tenants included Robert Prowett in 1862 and 1867, Col. R. B. Mulliner in 1874 and 1882, and Joseph Atkins Borsley by 1888. Although much of the estate was built over to form Grove Park, Lt.-Col. Robert William Shipway bought the house, with neighbouring lands, from Borsley and others in 1895, preserving it until after his death in 1928.

From: 'Chiswick: Other estates', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 7: Acton, Chiswick, Ealing and Brentford, West Twyford, Willesden (1982), pp. 74-78. Available online.

Born 1874; educated at Northampton School of Science, Oxford Central School, St Paul's College in Cheltenham, and the London School of Economics and Political Science; one of the founders of the Oxford City Branch of University Extension, 1893-1894, the Parish Register Society, 1896, and Phillimore's Marriage Registers Series, 1896; Member of Educational Staff, Hornsey, 1896-1934; also Lecturer in History, Economics, and Social Subjects, City of London Day Training College, 1897-1900, the London County Council Literary and Commercial Institutes, 1900-1932, and the Adult Education Movement, 1923-1930; served World War One, 1914-1918; 2nd Lt, The Buffs (East Kent Regiment), 1919; Member of Mosely Education Commission in USA and Canada, 1906; Editor of the British Record Society, 1900-1902, and London and Middlesex Archæological Society, 1921-1923; Member of Council, London Topographical Society, 1936-1939, and Society of Antiquaries, 1938-1940 (Library Committee 1938-1945); Donor of Carey Centenary Bell, Moulton, 1934, and St Alban Memorial Bell, St Albans Cathedral, 1935; FSA, 1923-1952; Honorary Assistant Keeper of the Department of Printed Books, British Museum, 1943; died 1961. Publications: Abstracts of Gloucestershire Inquisitiones Post Mortem returned into the Court of Chancery in the reign of Charles the First (British Record Society, London, 1893-1914); Abstracts of Inquisitiones Post Mortem relating to the City of London returned into the Court of Chancery during the Tudor period (British Record Society, London, 1986-1908); The early records of Harringay, alias Hornsey, form prehistoric times to 1216 AD (Hornsey, 1938); The medieval records of Harringay, alias Hornsey, from 1216-1307 (Hornsey, 1939); The origin of the name of Hornsey (London, 1936); The registers of Moulton, Northamptonshire (London, 1903); Blisland Church and its patron saints (Bodmin, 1950); Church wardens' accounts of Washfield Parish, Devon (1948); Collections relating to crown lands (Purley, 1929); Dr Madge's gift to Moulton: a memorial bell to William Carey (Purley, Surrey, 1950); England under Stuart rule (City of London Book Depot, London, 1898); Legends of Trevillet glen and waterfall (London, 1914); Materials for a history of Moulton (Campion and Sons, Northampton, 1903); Moulton Church and its bells (Elliot Stock, London, 1895); Notes on the family name of Madge (Purley, 1948); Oxford and Oxfordshire bells and bellfries (Oxford, 1894); Records of Tintagel (1867); The chapel, kieve and gorge of St Nectan, Trevillet Millcombe, Tintagel (Bodmin, 1950); The Oxford mark book (J Oliver, Oxford, 1893); editor of The Borzoi County Histories (A A Knopf, London, 1928); The church and Parish of Saints Protus and Hyacinth, Blisland, Cornwall (Liddell and Son, Bodmin, 1947); The Domesday of Crown lands: a study of the legislation, surveys and sales of Royal estates under the Commonwealth (Routledge and Sons, London, 1938); Worcester House in the Strand (Oxford, 1945); Mosely Education Commission to America and Canada, 1906-1907 (1907); editor of Gloucestershire Notes and Queries (London, 1881).

The Madrigal Society were involved in reviving Renaissance vocal music in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Thomas Wakley (1795-1862) qualified as a doctor in 1817 and set up a practice in London. He was the founder of the medical journal The Lancet (1823), which he used to campaign for medical reforms such as a united profession of apothecaries, physicians, and surgeons and a new system of medical qualifications to improve standards. He was elected as the Radical MP for Finsbury in 1835 and remained in the House of Commons for the next 17 years, where he was a vigorous advocate of parliamentary reform. Wakley was largely responsible for setting up the Royal College of Surgeons (1843) and the General Council of Medical Education and Registration (1858).

The first benefit society in England was established in 1775. Initially unrecognised by English law, benefit societies were co-operative savings clubs that facilitated their members buying houses. The Regulation of Benefit Building Societies Act was passed by Parliament in 1836, granting official recognition to these societies for the first time. By 1860 there were over 27,500 building societies around the country.

Philip Magnus was born in London in 1842. He was educated at University College School before entering University College London. He studied for 3 years in Berlin before becoming a rabbi in London. By supplementing his income by tutoring privately in mathematics and science he gained several lecturing and teaching posts, and eventually rose to national prominence in the field of technical education. In 1880 he became director of the new City and Guilds of London Institute for the Advancement of Technical Education. His wife, Katie Magnus, whom he married in 1870, was also active in the Jewish community as an educationist. During 1906-1922 Magnus was MP for London University. He was created a baronet in 1917; his grandson Philip Montefiore Magnus succeeded him on his death in 1933.

The author was MD of Besançon, and in 1759 was appointed Professor of Medicine and Botany at the university in that city.

Leonard J Maguire was a historian who specialised particularly in transcriptions of Baptist church records.

William Maiden was born in Strood, Kent in 1768. He was apprenticed to Joseph Coventry Lowdell for £100 in 1783. He received his medical education at St Thomas's Hospital and qualified as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1790. At St Thomas's he was a pupil of Sir Astley Cooper. Maiden travelled to Paris where he continued his medical studies in c 1790. He returned in 1792 and succeeded the practice of Mr English at Stratford in Essex. Maiden was the surgeon who treated Mr Thomas Tipple, a gentleman who had received a severe chest injury through being impaled by the shaft of a chaise, in 1812. Mr Tipple recovered and lived for a further 10 years. Maiden published the details of the case due to the disbelief from the medical profession that a patient could survive such an injury. After Mr Tipple's death, his widow requested the body to be examined. The post-mortem was carried out by Sir William Blizard, William Clift, Harkness, and J W K Parkinson. The anterior wall of the chest of Mr Tipple and the shaft itself were presented to the Royal College of Surgeons Museum by William Maiden in 1823. They were destroyed by enemy action in May 1941. He died in 1845.

Born, 1841; préparateur in Louis Pasteur's laboratory from 1865, and Director of the Station Séricicole at Montpellier from 1873; died, 1889.

Guy Mainwaring, Senior Superintendent of Polce, North Western Province, Ceylon, 1931.

The site of Kneller Hall, Whitton, appears to have been occupied by a less important building in 1635. Court painter Sir Godfrey Kneller had alterations made to it by Vanbrugh in 1703; subsequent additions and changes have, however, made the house in effect a different building, and the present appearance of the grounds also dates from a later period. The last large house of 1635 had apparently been built since 1607 and stood west of Hounslow Road, nearly opposite the present church, on inclosed land projecting on the heath. It was rebuilt in 1724-5 by Roger Morris for its owner, the Earl of Ilay (later Duke of Argyll), though it was subsequently destroyed.

Kneller Hall was rebuilt as a government college for the training of teachers, later passing to the War Office for use by the Royal Military School of Music as a military music school. James Phillips Kay-Shuttleworth, (created a baronet in 1849), whose signature is present on all drawings, was secretary to the Privy Council's committee on education.

Born, Jamaica, 1809; pupil at Guy's Hospital, 1824; apprenticed to Richard Stocker, the Hospital's Apothecary; dresser to Bransby Cooper, Guy's Hospital; Ship's Surgeon to the HECTOR, 1831; returned to Jamaica, 1831; practiced medicine; Assistant Surgeon to the St Elizabeth Regiment of Foot, 1834; Health Officer for the Port of Black River, Cornwall County, 1841; elected Fellow, College of Physicians and Surgeons in Jamaica, 1842; died, 1856.

Born in Toronto, Canada, 1915; educated at Streatham Grammar School and King's College, LondonUniversity; Bachelor of Laws, 1935; Master of Laws, 1936; Assistant Lecturer, King's College London, 1937-1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Master Sgt, Historical Branch G-2, US Army, 1945; interpreter and clerical assistant to Shuster Commission (named afterthe Commission's leader, Dr George N Shuster) during interrogations of German commanders, Mondorf, Luxembourg, 1945; called to the Bar, Gray's Inn, 1947; Assistant Lecturer, King's College London, 1947-1948; Lecturer, King's College London, 1948-1951; Doctor ofPhilosophy, 1949; Reader, King's College London, 1951-1964; Member of Editorial Board, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1956-1986; Visiting Professor, Osgoode Hall Law School, Toronto, Canada, 1961-1962; Exchange Scholar, Leningrad LawSchool, USSR, 1964; Professor of Law, King's College London, 1964-1981; Director, Comparative Law Course,, Luxembourg, 1968; Exchange Scholar, Moscow Law School, 1970; Chairman, Council of Hughes Parry Hall, London University, 1970-1982; Fellow of King's College London, 1971; Chairman, Board of Studies in Laws, London University, 1971-1974; Dean of College Law Faculty, King's College London, 1974-1977; Exchange Scholar, Prague Academy of Sciences, Czechoslovakia, 1975; Dean of University Law Faculty, 1980-1981; Editor, Journal of Legal History, 1980-1990; Reviser, English translation of Polish Civil Code, 1981; Emeritus Professor of Law, King'sCollege London, since 1981.

Born in 1900; educated at Eton and Royal Military College, Camberley; commissioned into Grenadier Guards, 1919; served in Turkey, 1922-1923; ADC to the Governor of South Australia, 1928-1929; Capt, 1929; General Staff Officer, Grade 3, 1935-1938; Maj, 1937; Staff College, Camberley, 1938-1939; transferred to Irish Guards, 1939; served in World War Two, France and Belgium, 1939-1940; Instructor at Staff College, Camberley, 1940; officer commanding 2 Battalion Irish Guards, 1940-1942; commander of 32 Guards Brigade, UK, and Brig, 1942; 6 Guards Tank Brigade, UK and Normandy, France, 1942-1944; Maj Gen and 7 Armoured Division, North West Europe, 1944; 1 Guards Brigade, Italy and Austria, 1944-1945; Military Commander, Vienna, Austria, 1945-1946; commander of 56 (London) Armoured Division (Territorial Army), 1946-1948; retired 1948; published The Desert Rats (Hutchinson, London, 1954); Guards Armoured Division, a short history (Hutchinson, London, 1955); The Devil's Wind, the story of the Naval Brigade at Lucknow (Hutchinson, London, 1956); died in 1957.

An opening date is not known for the Majestic Cinema, but it is listed in the Kinematograph Yearbook 1937 edition as operating with a seating capacity of 700.

By 1940 it had been taken over by Capital and Provincial Cinemas Ltd and re-named Vogue Cinema. Capital and Provincial Cinemas Ltd were later renamed Classic Cinemas. They specialised in re-runs of classic Hollywood films. It had become the Vogue Repertory Cinema by 1945 and the seating capacity had been reduced to 451. In the mid-1950's it began screening mainly foreign films and was re-named the Vogue Continental.

It closed on 21st June 1958 as a protest by Classic Cinemas against the landlord's rent rise. The building was shuttered and remained closed for 42 years. In November 2000 work began to convert the building into a restaurant and residential use.

Source of information: Website 'Cinema Treasures' at http://cinematreasures.org/theater/14875/ (accessed Nov 2009)

Henry Major and Robert Slade were proctors of Doctors Commons, at 20 Little Knightrider Street.

In law, a proctor represented others in a court of canon or civil law; similar to an attorney or solicitor in courts of equity and common law.

Rudolf Majut was born in Vienna on 13 March 1887 into a family of Jewish origin. He received his early education there and, at the age of ten, moved with his family to Breslau (now Wroclaw) and then Berlin. In Berlin he began his studies in Germanistik, completing them at Greifswald. He obtained his doctorate in 1912 with a thesis entitled 'Farbe und Licht im Kunstgefühl Georg Büchners'. Büchner became the focal point of his research and this opened the gates for a spate of subsequent study and publication by others. However, Majut may be regarded as a pioneer of Büchner research.

Majut was promoted to 'Studienrat', a post equivalent to a teacher in a secondary school but with Civil Servant status. He began studying for the 'Habilitation' in contemporary German literature and planned to try for a chair in pedagogics. His plans foundered with the advent of the National Socialist regime. In 1933 he was dismissed from the teaching profession due to his non-Aryan descent and additionally found it increasingly difficult to publish his research.

Although he was already in his mid-forties, Majut began to study evangelical theology at the University of Basle. For the first few years he commuted daily over the Swiss/German border, being unable to get papers to stay abroad, but for his final year, 1938-39, he left German territory and and took up residence in Basle. He had been warned of the personal dangers posed by the Nazi regime in Germany by a young woman from Berlin, Käthe Genetat, who became his wife and life's companion. Their correspondence in those difficult years was preserved by a friend, Eva Hellbardt, who acted as a 'post restante', and has been published as Briefe für Käthe 1933-37. Eine Auswahl, edited by Heinz Fischer (1995).

In 1939 Majut received a personal invitation from the Bishop of Chichester, Dr George Kennedy Allen Bell, to come to England. Dr Bell operated a support organisation for Christian ministers of Jewish descent. Majut accepted and left Switzerland with Käthe, arriving in London in May 1939. For a short period he was vicar at the Sefton Internment Camp on the Isle of Man. Then he was obliged to carry out gardening work at Redbrook, which he found totally unconvivial. In 1941 he came to Leicester and accepted a post as teacher of German in a secondary school. Later he was appointed lecturer first at Vaughan and then at Loughborough Colleges. Eventually he joined the staff of Leicester University as a Lecturer, and when he retired he was an Honorary Professor. In 1970 he was awarded the 'German Bundesverdienstkreuz' First Class.

Majut belonged to the group of literary Expressionists and was later in contact with members of the Stefan George-Kreis, principally with Melchior Lechter, who became the subject of an essay by Majut. His publications ranged from standard literary history and criticism, through philological and lexicological studies to volumes of his own poetry, the product of his life-long study of the German language combined with a truly creative talent. Many of the poems, originally published in six parts and then combined in a collected edition edited by his wife in 1994, reflect his personal experiences and emotions particularly as a refugee.

George Henry Makins was born 3 November 1853, and was the son of G H Makins. He was educated at Gloucester; St Thomas's Hospital; and Halle, Vienna.
During his career he served as Consulting Surgeon South African Field Force, 1899-1900; served European War, 1914-1918; Chairman of Committee of Inquiry into Standard of Comfort and Accommodation in the Hospitals of British Troops in India, 1918; late Under-Secretary, International Medical Congress, London, 1881, and Treasurer, 1913; Lecturer on Surgery and Anatomy, St Thomas's Hospital Medical School; President and Member of the Court of Examiners, Royal College of Surgeons, England; Examiner for the Army and Indian Medical Services; President of the Board of Examiners for the Naval Medical Service, and Member of the Consultative Committee, Queen Alexandra Military Hospital.
He was Consulting Surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital and to Evelina Hospital for Sick Children; Hon. Major General, Army Medical Services; Member of Council British Red Cross Society; Treasurer Imperial Cancer Research Fund. He was awarded GCMG, 1918; KCMG, 1915; CB 1900; LLD Cambridge. and Aberdeen; FRCS.
In 1885 he married Margaret Augusta nee Kirkland, (died 1931), widow of General Fellowes. Makins died on 2 November 1933.
Publications: Surgical Experiences in South Africa 1899-1900, Being mainly a clinical study of the nature and effects of injuries produced by bullets of small calibre Smith, Elder & Co, London, 1901; On Gunshot Injuries to the Blood-vessels, Founded on experience gained in France during the Great War, 1914-1918. J. Wright & Sons, Bristol, 1919; Gunshot Injuries of the Arteries, etc. (The Bradshaw Lecture.) Henry Frowde; Hodder & Stoughton: London, 1914; and papers on various medical subjects.

George Fletcher, was born in Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, 29 Feb 1848, the son of Dr Fletcher and his wife Annie Stodgon. He was educated at Bromsgrove School, and Clare College Cambridge. Awarded MA, MD (Cantab), MRCS, LSA. He worked as a surgeon at St Thomas's Hospital, London.
Publications: The Life & Career of Dr. William Palmer of Rugeley, etc, T. Fisher Unwin: London, 1925); The Management of Athletics in Public Schools, a paper, H. K. Lewis: London, 1886.

Robert Cory, member of the medical staff of St Thomas's Hospital, 1875-1896.
Publications: Lectures on the Theory and Practice of Vaccination, Bailliere, Tindall & Cox: London, 1898; On the Relation of Cow-Pox and Horse-Pox to Smallpox. A thesis ... Reprinted from vol. IX. of the St. Thomas's Hospital Reports, J. E. Adlard: London, 1885

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The Malaga Chaplaincy was formally established in 1850 when sufficient funds were raised to employ a chaplain. The British Consul had held services in his house for some years before 1850 and the chaplain continued to hold his services in the Consul's residence for most of the 19th century. A chapel was built in the 1890s beside the British cemetery.

Malaga was the first Anglican chaplaincy in Spain. Its congregation was described in the 19th century as consisting mainly of mechanics from the various British factories, with their families, augmented by sailors and invalids spending the winter in Malaga to improve their health.

In 1925, the Mott Clinic, a special unit for malaria therapy, was established at Horton Hospital, Epsom, Surrey. Patients were treated by infection with one or other species of malaria parasite, and the centre was responsible for providing infective material for use in hospitals throughout Great Britain and Ireland. The Mott Clinic became known as the Ministry of Health Malaria Laboratory, until [1952] when it became the Malaria Reference Laboratory. It was under the umbrella of the newly established Public Health Laboratory Service. P G Shute was Assistant Director of the Laboratory, 1944-1973, with Sir Gordon Covell as its Director. The Laboratory later moved from Epsom to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, becoming known as the Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory.

General Paralysis of the Insane (GPI) sufferers accounted for about 1 in 12 of mental hospital admissions. Patients with this illness would show signs of sudden psychotic symptoms, with unusual eye and muscular reflexes, speech and hearing problems, seizures and dementia, leading to incapacitation and death. The cause of GPI was an invasion of the central nervous system by syphilitic bacteria. In 1917 a new treatment was developed which involved deliberately infecting GPI patients with malaria, because the high fever which is a symptom of malaria raised the body temperature to as high as 40ºC and killed the bacteria causing the GPI. The cure was discovered after an outbreak of malaria in a mental hospital left many patients unexpectedly cured of their GPI.

In 1923 some of the mental hospitals run by the London County Council (LCC), including Horton Hospital, started to trial the malaria therapy. In 1925 it was decided to set up a specialist centre for London just to provide this malaria therapy for GPI patients. The centre, together with a separate specialist laboratory for the study of malaria, was established at Horton.

By 1935 about 700 patients had been treated. 75% were said to have recovered completely. The centre was named the Mott Clinic in the late 1920s, named after the Director of the Central Laboratory and Pathologist to the LCC Mental Hospitals, Sir Fredric Mott (1855-1926).

The development of antibiotics such as penicillin after World War Two reduced the need for malaria therapy. The laboratory was instead turned into a malaria research centre. The Mott Clinic became known as the Ministry of Health Malaria Laboratory, until 1952 when it became the Malaria Reference Laboratory. The Laboratory later moved from Epsom to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, becoming known as the Health Protection Agency Malaria Reference Laboratory.

Malayalam Plantations (Holdings) Limited was registered in 1977 to acquire the share capital of Malayalam Plantations Limited (which was registered in 1921 to acquire properties in Southern India). In 1978 all the shares in the company were acquired by Harrisons and Crosfield Limited. In 1982 Harrisons and Crosfield Limited sold 34% of the equity to Indian nationals.

Malayalam Plantations Limited was registered in 1921 to reconstitute Malayalam Rubber and Produce Company Limited (registered in August 1909 to acquire properties in southern India). In 1923 Malayalam Plantations Limited acquired East India Tea and Produce Company, Meppadi Wynaad Tea Company and Wallardie Tea Estates Limited. In 1928 it acquired Mooply Valley Rubber Company Limited.

In 1977 Malayalam Plantations Limited was taken over by Malayalam Plantations (Holdings) Limited (CLC/B/112-112). For lists of the company's estates see CLC/B/112/MS37071. See also CLC/B/112/MS38066 for plans of the company's estates.

The occupation of Malaya by the Japanese during the Second World War gave the British government the opportunity, in 1945, to attempt the creation of a Malayan Union by merging the Malay States, Penang and Malacca into a single British colony. The plan was felt to be beneficial in solving both Malayan problems of rehabilitation and in furthering British colonial policy in the Pacific. It was envisaged that the Union would prepare the region for eventual self-government.

In mid-1943 a Malayan Planning Unit (MPU) was established under General Ralph Hone, supervised by the Colonial Office, to plan civil administration under the military government established in all re-occupied areas and for the future Union. A major problem faced by the MPU was the need to renegotiate the treaties with the Malay rulers in order to create the Union and give the British power to set up a constitution. It was also concerned to protect the interests of non-Malays within the peninsula.

In 1945 the MPU was moved to SEAC HQ and plans for the constitution of the Malayan Union and citizenship were drafted. Sir Harold MacMichael was chosen to prepare a mission to negotiate the new treaties with the Malay rulers and in particular to use the British government's advantage shortly after the liberation of Malay territories to achieve the required concessions. This policy was shaken by the unexpected surrender of the Japanese, which left the British without the advantage of military conquest.

Further problems beset the plan, as the Malayan Peoples Anti-Japanese Army emerged as a serious contender for power. The lack of communications and personnel hampered the British official presence. Malay politics slowly began to re-assert itself with the impact of the Malayan Communist Party and the Malay Nationalist Party. MacMichael headed out to Kuala Lumpur with H T Bourdillon and A T Newboult and by December 1945 all the rulers had signed treaties.

In January 1946 a White Paper on the Malayan Union was published. It was attacked for depriving the Sultans of their sovereignty and the Malays of their privileges and for the high-handed tactics previously employed by MacMichael. Although only one piece of legislation was required to repeal the previous settlements and bring about the Union, a number of MPs bitterly opposed the idea. Malay antipathy to the proposal had been underestimated and a number of groups came to the fore representing the Malay people, who felt that their rulers had betrayed them with the treaties. In March 1946, at the Pan-Malayan Malay Congress, it was proposed to set up the United Malays National Organisation in order to fight the Union.

The Union came into effect on 1 April 1946, although its inauguration was marred by the last minute withdrawal of the Sultans from the ceremony. Sir Edward Gent, the new Governor, was charged with the task of calming Malay fears but after one month in post was recommending concessions. Following advice from visiting MPs the Secretary of State finally concurred. This led to the question of whether the treaties should be renegotiated prior to the drafting of a new constitution, or whether they should remain as its foundation. It was finally agreed that they should be shelved and in the autumn of 1946 a number of constitutional proposals were agreed by the Constitutional Working Committee of Twelve.

The new proposals aimed at a compromise between safeguarding the special position of Malays and the sovereignty of the Sultans, whilst retaining a strong central government. The proposals were issued to all Malayan communities for consultation, but there were strong disagreements and groups such as the All Malaya Council for Joint Action chose to boycott the consultative process. In July 1947 the Revised Constitutional Proposals were published, the new Federal agreement was signed by the Sultans in January 1948, and the new constitution came into effect on 1 February 1948.

Negri (or Negeri) Sembilan (meaning 'nine states'), now a state within Malaysia, is located on the Strait of Malacca. Its separate political existence began when it broke away from the sultanate of Riau and Johor in 1777 to form a loose confederation, although each state retained a high degree of independence. In the colonial period the British created a closer federation (1895). Negeri Sembilan became one of the Federated Malay States (1896) and was subsequently part of the Federation of Malaya (1948).

Malaysia Rubber Company was registered in 1905 to acquire estates in Perak, Malaya. Harrisons and Crosfield Limited (CLC/B/112) became secretaries of the company in 1918. In 1982 Malaysia Rubber Company became a PLC (public limited company). The company became resident in Malaysia for tax purposes in 1984 and it was acquired by Harrisons Malaysian Plantations Berhad (CLC/B/112-080).

See also CLC/B/112/MS37840 for minutes of special joint board meetings, 1968-9.

Charles Malcolm, younger brother of Admiral Sir Pulteney Malcolm, entered the Navy in 1795 and served under his brother's command in the East EURYDICE, in which ship he sailed home in 1803. He was promoted to captain in the same year. In 1804 Malcolm was in command of the RAISONNABLE in the North Sea and two years later was appointed to the NARCISSUS serving off the coasts of France and Portugal. Early in 1809 he was ordered to the West Indies where to took part in the capture of the Iles des Saintes. Later in 1809 he was appointed to the RHIN and from 1810 to 1812 was engaged in supporting Spanish guerrillas on the north coast of Spain. From 1812 to 1814 he was in the West Indies. Following his return and during the 'Hundred Days' he carried out a raid on the coast of Brittany in July 1815. After two years without employment Malcolm was appointed Flag-Captain to Sir Home Popham (1762-1820) in the SYBILLE on the West Indies Station in 1817. He was invalided home in 1819. His next commission, 1822 to 1827, was the command of the Royal Yachts WILLIAM AND MARY and ROYAL CHARLOTTE, which were at the disposal of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He was appointed Commissioner of Dublin Harbour in 1823. In 1827 Malcolm became Superintendent of the Bombay Marine, renamed the Indian Navy in 1830. He built up the surveying side of the work of the service and introduced steamships to the Red Sea. In 1837 he was promoted to rear-admiral and retired from his post the following year. He became a vice-admiral in 1847.

See sub-fonds level descriptions for individual biographies.

Born, 1869; educated: St Peter's School, York; Eton College; and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Commissioned second lieutenant in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 1889; served in India, before travelling to both China and Tibet in 1896; served in the Tochi valley expedition on the North West Frontier before being posted to Uganda, 1897-1899; attached to the headquarters staff in South Africa, 1899-1900; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1899-1931; attended the Staff College, Camberley, 1902; posted to Somaliland, 1903-1904; staff captain in the military operations directorate of the War Office, travelling to Morocco on official business, 1905; Deputy Assistant Quartermaster-General, War Office, -1908; Secretary of the historical section of the Committee of Imperial Defence (CID), 1908; General staff officer, grade 2 (GSO2) on the Staff College directing staff, 1912; First World War service; head of the British military mission in Berlin, 1919; General Officer Commanding in Malaya, 1921-1924; retired from the Army, 1924; President of the British North Borneo Company; President of the China Society; chairman of the Royal Institute of International Affairs at Chatham House, 1926-1933; League of Nations High Commissioner for German Refugees, 1934-1938; died, 1953.

Pulteney Malcolm, elder brother of Charles Malcolm, entered the Navy in 1778, became a lieutenant in 1783, a commander in 1794 and a captain later in the same year. From 1795 to 1803 he was in the East Indies. In 1804 he went out to the Mediterranean in the ROYAL SOVEREIGN and, after brief commands in the KENT and RENOWN, was appointed to the DONEGAL in 1805. In this ship he sailed with NELSON during the pursuit of the French Fleet to the West Indies and then joined the blockade of Cadiz. The DONEGAL was at Gibraltar when the battle of Trafalgar was fought and Malcolm hastened to the scene, arriving in time to capture the Spanish ship RAYO and assist with the prizes. He then went to the West Indies with Sir John Duckworth and took part in the battle of San Domingo, 1806. The DONEGAL was subsequently attached to the Channel Fleet and in 1808 convoyed troops to Portugal. In 1811 Malcolm was appointed to the ROYAL OAK, off Cherbourg. From 1812 to 1814 he was Captain of the Fleet Lord Keith, his uncle by marriage, being promoted to rear-admiral in 1813. In 1814 he took a squadron to America and served under Sir Alexander Cochrane (1758-1832) during the operations in the Chesapeake and New Orleans. During the 'Hundred Days' in 1815 he commanded a squadron in the North Sea and was then Commander-in-Chief at St. Helena from 1816 to 1817. He became a vice-admiral in 1821 and later held commands in the Mediterranean and the North Sea. He was promoted to admiral in 1838.

Malines (Mechelen) concentration camp was situated in a former barracks by the river in the city of the same name in Belgium. It was appropriated by the Germans in 1942 to serve as an assembly camp for all the Jews of Belgium and other 'undesirable' groups. The camp was divided into several groups including those to be deported; nationals of neutral countries or Germany's allies; borderline cases (ie mixed race); political prisoners and, in the final stages of the camp's existence, Gypsies.