Prince Paul Ivan Lieven (1875-1963) was born into one of Russia's leading aristocratic families. He worked briefly as an engineer before going to live on his estates in Livland Province. He was a senior Red Cross official during the Russo-Japanese War. In exile after 1917 he lived in Germany, Belgium, and Ireland. He was married to Nathalie, Baroness von Taube (1876-1964).
See the biography for Lidiard; Victoria Simmonds (1889-1992); suffragette
Victoria Lidiard (1889-1992) was born Victoria Simmons in Bristol in Dec 1889, one of 12 siblings. She became a vegetarian at the age of ten, and remained interested in animal rights for all of her life. She left school when she was fourteen, later taking evening classes in shorthand and bookkeeping. She, her sisters and her mother became member of the Women's Social & Political Union in Bristol in 1907 and rapidly took part in militant activity such as disrupting political meetings and selling 'Votes for Women' in the streets. In Mar 1912, she took part in a window-smashing raid on Oxford Street and broke a window in the War Office. She was arrested, along with 200 other suffragettes, and sentenced to two months hard labour in Holloway Prison. During the First World War she ran a guesthouse in Kensington for professional women and worked at Battersea Power Station making anti-aircraft shells at weekends. In 1918 she married Major Alexander Lidiard MC of the First Manchester Rifles and a member of the Men's Political Union for Women's Enfranchisement. After the war the couple both trained as opticians and would work together as consultants at the London Refraction Hospital at Elephant and Castle where, in 1927, she became the first female refractionist. They subsequently took practices in Maidenhead and High Wycombe. She was a member of the National Council of Women for most of her working life and became involved with the Movement for the Ordination of Women during the last ten years of her life. She published a book, Christianity, Faith, Love and Healing at the age of 99 and canvassed MPs on improvement in the conditions in the transport of live animals. She died in Oct 1992, aged 102.
Liddon entered the Navy in 1804 and after service in the West Indies, South America and the Mediterranean, was promoted to lieutenant in 1811. In January 1819 he commanded the GRIPER, which accompanied an expedition to the Arctic under Lieutenant (later Rear-Admiral Sir William Edward) Parry (1790-1855), the object of which was to discover the North-West Passage. He paid off the GRIPER in December 1820 and saw no further active service, although he was promoted to captain on the retired list.
Jane Lidderdale (1909-1996) was born in Hampstead in Jul 1909, the granddaughter of the painter C S Lidderdale. She was educated at the Society for Home Students (later St Anne's College), Oxford, where she studied PPE. After briefly working at the Royal Institute of British Architects, she moved to the Ministry of Shipping in 1940 where she became the secretary to a number of cabinet committees during the Second World War and its aftermath. She was appointed secretary to the Fuel Committee during the crisis of the winter 1946-7 and went on to work closely with Herbert Morrison during the organisation of the Festival of Britain which took place in 1951, for which she was awarded the OBE the following year. She was then appointed secretary and head researcher for the Nathan Report on Trust Law in 1952 before leaving the Civil Service the following year. After her withdrawal from the service, Lidderdale opened Ray House with Rachel Alexander to provide care for older women. She went on to help found the Kensington Day Centre in 1963 and remained its chair until 1988. She also became involved with the Byham Shaw School of Painting and Drawing in this period and was elected to its council of management in 1961, becoming its Chair nine years later. In 1962 she became one of the guardians of James Joyce's daughter Lucia. Her connection with the Modernists was emphasised in the 1960's when Lidderdale was invited by to write a memoir of Harriet Shaw Weaver, her own godmother and the patron of Joyce, Eliot and Pound. This was published in 1970. She died in Sep 1996.
Born, 1916; educated at the City of London School and Guy's Dental Hospital where he graduated in 1938; year in private practice and part-time teaching; joined Royal Air Force Reserve during World War Two; appointed Head of the Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, King's College Hospital Dental School, 1947; Professor of Prosthetic Dentistry at the University of London, 1959; helped open new Dental School, 1966; appointed Dean of Dental Studies, 1972; Dean of the Board of the Faculty of Dental Surgery of the Royal College of Surgeons, 1977; pioneer in the use of film in dental teaching and also in the development of new remote control devices used by disabled people; died 2003.
The son of a physician, Edward George Tandy Liddell was born on 25 March 1895 in Harrogate. Suffering from pneumonia bouts during his first years, Liddell was to remain in poor health throughout his life, but completed a vast amount of experimental work on the nature of the nervous system.
As an undergraduate reading medicine at Trinity College, Oxford, Liddell was greatly influenced by Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, who at that time held the position of Waynflete Professor of Physiology at Oxford. Sherrington had already made significant contributions to the study of the nervous system and reflexes with finely-tuned experiments on cats and dogs. His results demonstrated 'Sherrington's Law,' the principle that when one muscle is stimulated, muscles that work in opposition are simultaneously inhibited, a turning point in the understanding of co-ordinated motion. Liddell was to be Sherrington's sole assistant in research until 1926. Much of their collaboration appears in Liddell's dissertation, which provided concrete experimental evidence of Sherrington's theories of inhibition.
Liddell continued to refine his experimental techniques in recording reflexes and contributed many details to the emerging picture of the integrated nervous system, often collaborating with pioneers of neurology such as D Denny-Brown and J C Eccles. He conducted several experiments concerning postural reflexes and their origin of control in the brain, work which proved crucial in understanding spinal cord injuries. Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1939 and Waynflete Professor of Physiology in 1940, he was increasingly active in administration and the rebuilding of laboratories at Oxford after the war.
In 1960 Liddell published a book/memoir, 'The Discovery of Reflexes,' detailing the history of ideas about the nervous system up through the exciting time of Sherrington's laboratory work.
The collection of Liddell's papers includes his unpublished degree thesis, 'The excitatory and inhibitory states in reflex activity,' as well as notebooks from his early school years through university. A later notebook contains Liddell's own detailed instructions for cat dissection with an emphasis on features of the nervous system. The collection also includes correspondence relating to the publication of his book 'The Discovery of Reflexes,' with notes and reminiscing from Sherrington's son Carr, D Denny-Brown, R S Creed, R Granit and other well-known names in the history of neurophysiology.
This company was established in 1890 as the Licenses Insurance Corporation and Guarantee Fund for insurance against loss of liquor licences. It expanded into fire and accident insurance from 1936 onwards. The company was renamed Licenses and General Insurance Company in 1917. From its inception its premises were at 24 Moorgate Street.
Licenses and General Insurance became a subsidiary of Guardian Assurance in 1956 and this company merged with Royal Exchange Insurance in 1968.
The Licensed Victuallers and Beersellers Protection Society was a predecessor of the National Licensed Victuallers Association.
In 1826, a group of members of the licensed victualling trade formed a society, named the Licensed Victuallers' Asylum, to relieve decayed and aged members of their trade, and their wives or widows. The following year, they acquired land in the Old Kent Road, Camberwell, on which they subsequently erected 103 separate dwellings to serve as almshouses. The asylum was incorporated by royal charter in 1842. In 1921, the asylum was renamed the Licensed Victuallers' Benevolent Institution, which last appears in the London Post Office directories in 1960. Its subsequent history is unknown.
The Licensed Trade Charity cares for people working in, or retired from, the licensed drink trade and their dependents.
It was founded by Royal Charter on 3 May 1836 as the Society of Licensed Victuallers and adopted the working name Licensed Trade Charity in October 2004 following a merger with the Licensed Victuallers National Homes charity.
Today the Charity has two main aims: Support and Care, and Education, and its objectives are to:
Assist those who are sick, infirm or distressed
Provide assistance in the case of financial hardship
Provide assistance with the relief of the ills of old age
Educate children from the general public, with preference to those from families working in the licensed drinks trade, through guaranteed places, discounts and bursaries.
The Charity runs three independent schools. LVS Ascot is a day and boarding school for girls and boys aged 4 to 18 years providing education for 900 pupils. LVS Hassocks a specialist school offering day and residential education for girls and boys aged 8 to 19 with learning difficulties such as autism and Asperger's syndrome. The school opened in 2009. LVS Oxford which opened in 2014 and provides education and weekly residential places for children 11-19 years old who have a diagnosis on the Autism spectrum.
See website for further details www.licensedtradecharity.org.uk
The Society of Licensed Victuallers was founded in 1793 as a friendly society for the mutual benefit of publicans and the relief of members of the licensed victualing trade and their families. It was formed by men who could afford to pay an annual subscription of one guinea and the idea was to create a fund from which a weekly allowance could be paid to those on hard times. A daily newspaper the Morning Advertiser was established in 1794 to promote the Society's interests and raise funds. It was devoted to trade interests and still exists claiming the title of the oldest continually produced paper in the United Kingdom.
In 1803 the Licensed Victuallers School was established in Kennington. The school was built by the society to educate and look after the children of licensees. Although the school was initially small, numbers increased and the original school was demolished in 1835 and a new larger one built on the same site. In 1921 the school moved to new premises in Slough, Berkshire and then to Ascot in 1980.
An additional school in Ilkley was acquired by the SLV in 1982 and closed in 2005.
In 1997 the SLV merged with the Licensed Trade Convalescent Homes (LTCH). The LTCH was founded in 1962 to provide a place where licensees and their wives could go to recuperate after illness. In 1965 a hotel was purchased in Margate, Kent (Croft House) shortly followed by another in Lytham St Anne's and a third in Exmouth. Over the years continuous investment saw the acquisition of the Grafton Hotel near Hereford and its development into a more modern rest home providing care and relaxation.
The Licensed Victuallers National Homes (LVNH) started life as the Licensed Victuallers Asylum became Licensed Victuallers Benevolent Institution in 1921 and the Licensed Victuallers National Homes in 1959.
The Licensed Victuallers' Asylum (LVA) was formed in 1826 to relieve poor and aged members of the licensed victualing trade and their wives or widows. Alms houses were built in Caroline Gardens (still there today) including a central chapel. The Alms houses were sold to Southwark Council in 1960 when the Licensed Victuallers Benevolent Institution decided to move the residents to new premises in Denham Garden Village, Buckinghamshire. The dwellings in Peckham are still used, although the chapel is listed on English Heritage's national register of buildings at risk.
Denham Garden Village was built in the 1950s by the Licensed Victuallers National Homes (LVNH) to provide accommodation for retired licensees and became part of about 30 estates UK wide owned by LVNH. Licensees could pay a yearly subscription that would enable them to be considered for a place in one of its estates and to receive a basic pension. Denham was innovative for the time. Residents lived in new bungalows with shared communal gardens. The 'village' had all amenities on site including a, shop, pub, social club as well as a nursing home, medical care and a welfare officer.
In the late 1990's LVNH transferred its homes to Anchor Housing Trust to enable the management and upgrading of the properties to be done to comply with changes in housing law.
Libris was an independent publishing company based in London, which opened in September 1986, and published its first titles in 1988. Libris started out with a general list, including Victorian religious doubters (Froude and 'Mark Rutherford'), Neruda poems (now out of print), biographies of Italo Svevo and Wordsworth, and the late Brigid Brophy's Mozart book. However, from 1990 Libris concentrated almost exclusively on books of and about German literature from Goethe to Brecht. It closed in 2014.
Count Guglielmo Bruto Icilio Timoleone Libri-Carrucci dalla Sommaia was born into an aristocratic family in Florence and educated at the University of Pisa, from which he received his doctorate in 1820. From 1823 until his death in 1869 he was officially Professor of Mathematical Physics at Pisa, although he did not teach there after 1824. Libri subsequently spent many years researching in Florence, Paris and London. He was also a prolific collector of and dealer in books and manuscripts, though his reputation was heavily tainted by accusations (proved true after his death) that he had stolen many items from libraries, mainly in France, during the 1840s. Whilst, his usually known simply as Guglielmo Libri, the French form of his name, Guillaume Libri, is sometimes used.
CILIP: the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals, was inaugurated on 1 April 2002, following the unification of two predecessor bodies - the Library Association (LA) and the Institute of Information Scientists (IIS). CILIP is primarily a personal membership organisation, with a Royal Charter and charitable status. CILIP speaks out on behalf of the profession to the media, government and decision makers and provides practical support for members on academic education, professional qualifications, job hunting and continuing professional development.
The LA was formed in 1877 and received its Royal Charter, which permitted it to award professional (Chartered) status to members, in 1898. It became a registered charity in 1963 and was awarded a supplemental Royal Charter in 1986. The Scottish Library Association was founded in 1908, and formally affiliated with the LA (of the UK) in 1931. The Welsh Library Association (WLA) was a branch of the UK LA, and a further branch existed in Northern Ireland.
In the late 1950s, a group of professionals working predominantly in scientific and technological research took the view that a separate body was required to meet their more specialist form of practice and split off to form the Institute of Information Scientists (IIS) in 1958. The IIS was founded to promote and maintain high standards in scientific and technical information work and to establish qualifications for those engaged in the profession. Thereafter increasingly the IIS also attracted those working in the rapidly expanding field of financial and business information, and subsequent technological developments meant that its members were in a better position to pay close attention to developments in digital technology. Like the LA, it also had charitable status.
The Library Committee was responsible for the direction of the Guildhall Library and Art Gallery, other Corporation libraries, the Barbican Art Gallery and the Guildhall Museum (now part of the Museum of London). On 24 Oct 1985 the Common Council agreed to transfer the Greater London Record Office to the Corporation following the GLC's abolition on 1 Apr 1986. It was recommended that the Library Committee should be responsible for the GLRO once it was transferred to the Corporation, and its title was changed to the Libraries, Art Galleries and Records Committee to reflect this wider scope. In April 1998 the transfer of responsibility for the Barbican Art Gallery, from the committee to the Barbican Centre Committee, caused a further change of name to The Libraries, Guildhall Art Gallery and Archives Committee.
Following the creation of the Libraries, Archives and Guildhall Art Gallery Department (through the merger of the Libraries and Guildhall Art Gallery Department and the Joint Archive Service) the name of the Committee was again changed in April 2005. The new title, reflecting the departmental reorgansation, is the Libraries, Archives and Guildhall Art Gallery Committee.
Until 1686 the Liberty of the Tower comprised the area within the wall and land on Tower Hill. In 1686 the Libery was separated from the jurisdiction of the City, and it included Little Minories, the Old Artillery Ground and Well Close. The Liberty also had its own courthouse and prison. In 1858 it became a civil parish. The precinct of "Tower Without" comprised George Street and the properties adjoining.
The Rev Eric Liberty and his wife Edith served the China Inland Mission from the 1920s, in China, the Philippines and Taiwan, retiring to England in 1970 following a motorbike accident. Eric Liberty died in 1971 and his wife is thought to have died in 1978. Eric Liberty's publications: Sons of China won to Christ (1943); Chinese Students at the Cross-Roads (1948).
The Liberal Party was re-launched in 1989 by those Liberals who opposed the merger of the Liberal and Social Democrat Parties in 1988. The party is run by a National Executive Committee (NEC), elected in a postal ballot of all members. It holds an Annual Assembly where motions are debated and, if passed, become party policy. The party publishes a journal, Liberal News, which contains articles on policy matters as well as news of campaigns and other events. In 2005, the Liberal Party had around 1300 members, and in that year's general election it won 19,068 votes. In 2007, it had 30 local councillors.
The Liberal Party, the successor to the Whig Party, was formed on 6 June 1859, when Whigs, Peelites and Radicals met at Willis's Rooms in St. James Street, London, to unite in opposition to the Conservatives. It became a major political force, holding power for a large proportion of the next sixty years. Following World War One, however, it was supplanted by the Labour Party and remained on the sidelines until the leadership of Jo Grimond (1956-1967), when the party generated a revived reputation as an intellectually credible left-of-centre group. From the early 1960s on, the party enjoyed spectacular by-election successes; fuelled by these performances, an increasing number of Liberal candidates was fielded. Under Jeremy Thorpe the party made substantial progress in the 1974 general election, returning almost 20 percent of the popular vote, and under Thorpe's successor as party leader, David Steel (1976-88), the Liberals retained their position as a significant national force in British politics. In return for supporting the minority Labour government of James Callaghan, Steel was able to extract a number of concessions, including an agreement to consult the Liberals on legislation prior to its presentation in Parliament. This "Lib-Lab" pact foundered in 1978, and the Liberals fared poorly in the general election of 1979, but their strategic importance was enhanced by the emergence of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981. An Alliance (as their cooperation became known) was forged between the two parties in time for the 1983 general election, in which they won 25 percent of the popular vote. Following a disappointing result in the 1987 general election, a majority in both parties voted for a formal merger, and the Social and Liberal Democratic Party, known from 1989 as the Liberal Democratic Party, was formed. Those Liberals who opposed the merger re-launched the Liberal Party in 1989. The structure of the Liberal Party was decentralised; the local parties controlled the process of candidate selection, and also afforded their members a direct vote in the election of the party leader. The day-to-day business of the party was directed by the National Executive Committee.
The Liberal Movement was formed in February 1988 as a forum for the maintenance for Liberal principles in British politics following the merger of the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party (SDP) to form the Social and Liberal Democrats (SLD). The Liberal Movement was not a political party and did not promote candidates for election. Its membership included individuals from the SLD, the re-launched Liberal Party and the Green Party. The founding conference on 20 February 1988 elected an interim steering committee to initiate the work of the group, which was replaced by an Executive Committee in summer 1988. The Liberal Movement has a commitment to regional organisation which was reflected in the development of local groups; the Devon Liberal Movement was formed in March 1988. The Liberal Movement's stated aim was to 'begin a longterm re-evaluation of liberal principles', and to this end it organised assemblies and publications, including a range of briefings and discussion papers.
The Liberal Democratic Party, known as the Social and Liberal Democratic Party until 1989, is a political party formed in 1988 from the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party. The two latter had previously formed a loose union (1981-1987) for electoral purposes, but failure in the 1987 General Election led to both parties voting for an official merger. The party operates separate but parallel English, Scottish, Welsh, and Federal party structures. In policy making, the Federal Conference, which meets twice a year, is formally sovereign, though much of the decisive influence over policy proposals put before conference is wielded by the Federal Policy Committee. The Policy Committee also has control over the process by which the party's election manifestos are drafted. It consists of the party leader, the party president, and representatives of the parliamentary party, the national parties, the local councillors, and the grass-roots organizations. The Federal Executive, chaired by the party president, oversees the party's general affairs. It consists of the party leader, the vice presidents, members of Parliament, local councillors, representatives of the national parties, members elected by the Federal Conference, and various other members. The rank and file party members have the right to elect the party leader and president, the right to vote in any consultative policy referendum called by the Federal Executive, and the right to vote for parliamentary candidates.
The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.
Liepaja, or Libau, is the third largest city in Latvia, situated on the Baltic coast. The Anglican chaplaincy was presumably established for merchants and sailors visiting the port.
Born in 1906; son of Major General Sir Claude Francis Liardet; educated at Bedford College; commissioned into Territorial Army, 1924; regular commission, Royal Tank Corps, 1927; served in India and Egypt, 1927-1938; Staff College, Camberley, 1939; served in War Office 1939-1941; commanded 6 Royal Tank Regiment, 1942-1944; General Staff Officer 1, 10 Armoured Division, El Alamein, 1942; Commander, 1 Armoured Replacement Group, 1944; Second in Command, 25 Tank Brigade (later Assault Brigade), 1944-1945; Commander, 25 Armoured Engineer Brigade, Apr-Sep 1945; Assistant Adjutant & Quartermaster General 1945-1946; Colonel in Command of Administration, 1946; served with 1 Armoured Division, Palestine, 1947; Brigadier, Royal Armoured Corps, Middle East Land Forces, 1947-1949; Commander, 8 Royal Tank Regiment, 1949-1950; Deputy Director of Manpower Planning, War Office, 1950-1952; Commander, 23 Armoured Brigade, 1953-1954; Imperial Defence College, 1955; Chief of Staff, British Joint Services Mission (Army Staff), Washington DC, USA, 1956-1958; Aide de Camp to the Queen, 1956-1958; Director General of Fighting Vehicles, War Office, 1958-1961; Deputy Master General of the Ordnance, War Office, 1961-1964; retired, 1964; Colonel Commandant, Royal Tank Regiment, 1961-1967; died 1996.
Mr Li Muk Wan immigrated to London from Hong Kong, China in 1960. He travelled to Marseille aboard the SS LAO, from where he took the train and the ferry to arrive in the UK. Mr Li subsequently worked in the laundry and catering trades. He opened the 'Hong Kong Chinese Restaurant' on 58/60 Shaftesbury Avenue. Mr Li retired in the 1980s.
The London Fire and Civil Defence Authority (LFCDA) took over the responsibility of managing and operating London's fire brigade from the Greater London Council (GLC) in April 1986. Its members were drawn from the various London boroughs and other tiers of London government, with the aim to set strategy for the provision of fire services in Greater London, including ensuring that fire-fighters were well trained and well equipped, providing advice on fire prevention and running the London civil defence emergency control centres.
In July 2000 the LFCDA was reconstituted as the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority, accountable to the Mayor.
Opened in September 1898, the Leyton Technical Institute offered a range of technical education for the local community. A day school for boys and girls provided classes in commercial subjects alongside the normal subjects taught in secondary schools. Boys could learn commercial geography, book-keeping, commercial correspondence and shorthand. Girls were offered the additional subjects of needlework and cooking. For students over the age of 16 years, the institute ran evening courses in art, science, commercial, technical and trade subjects.
The secondary school moved out in 1916, to be replaced by an engineering and trade school and by 1928 the institute, now renamed Leyton Technical College, was providing full-time three-year courses for boys over 12.
In the 1930s the college was recognized for national certificate courses in chemistry (1931), building (1931), mechanical engineering (1932), and electrical engineering (1933). Although very popular, in 1934 there were 2,134 students in the junior technical and art schools, a survey of technical education in 1929 had deemed the existing college buildings unsuitable for expansion. When no suitable new site could be found in the local area, a new building was instead constructed in Walthamstow. Leyton merged with its counterpart in Walthamstow to become the new South West Essex Technical College in 1938.
The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.
The tourist resort of Leysin in Switzerland had a full time chaplain until 1965. It is now served by a part-time, seasonal Anglican chaplain.
The RAC was founded in 1897 as the Automobile Club of Great Britain, and has been consistently at the forefront in developing motoring services - from introducing uniformed patrols in 1901 and roadside emergency telephone boxes in 1912. In 1907 it received Royal Approval and became the Royal Automobile Club. In 1998 RAC acquired the British School of Motoring (BSM), and in 1999 RAC Motoring Services was bought by Lex Service PLC, and no longer has any formal connection with previous owners, the members of the Royal Automobile Club in Pall Mall, London. Address: 89-91 Pall Mall, London SW1Y 5HS. Lex Service PLC had been founded in 1928 as a parking garage business. In 2001 Lex acquired Auto Windscreens, and in 2002 Lex renamed itself to RAC plc, which was acquired by Aviva in 2005.
Poor relief was based on the Act for the Relief of the Poor of 1601 which obliged parishes to take care of the aged and needy in their area. Parish overseers were empowered to collect a local income tax known as the poor-rate which would be put towards the relief of the poor. This evolved into the rating system, where the amount of poor-rate charged was based on the value of a person's property. Early workhouses were constructed and managed by the parish. However, this process was expensive and various schemes were devised where groups of parishes could act together and pool their resources. As early as 1647 towns were setting up 'Corporations' of parishes. An Act of 1782, promoted by Thomas Gilbert, allowed adjacent parishes to combine into Unions and provide workhouses. These were known as 'Gilbert's Unions' and were managed by a board of Guardians.
Under the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, the Poor Law Commission was given the power to unite parishes in England and Wales into Poor Law Unions. Each Union was to be administered by a local Board of Guardians. Relief was to be provided through the provision of a workhouse. An amendment to the 1834 Act allowed already existing 'Gilbert's Unions' or Corporations of parishes to remain in existence, although they were encouraged to convert themselves into Poor Law Unions. Although there was some reorganisation of union boundaries, particularly in London, the majority of Unions created under the 1834 Act remained in operation until 1930. In March 1930 a new Local Government Bill abolished the Poor Law Unions and the Board of Guardians. Responsibility for their institutions passed to Public Assistance Committees managed by the county councils - in the metropolis either the London County Council or the Middlesex County Council.
The Lewisham Poor Law Union was formed in 1836, constituting parishes of Lewisham, Charlton, Eltham, Mottingham, Kidbrooke, Lee and Plumstead. In 1868 the parishes of Charlton, Kidbrooke and Plumstead separated to become part of the Woolwich Union; in 1887 the parish of Mottingham separated to become part of the Bromley Union; and in 1905 the parishes of Lee and Lewisham united and became known as the Parish of Lewisham. The Union at first decided to continue using the existing workhouse on Lewisham High Street, which had been constructed in 1817. The workhouse was expanded over time as adjacent land was acquired and later became Lewisham Hospital.
Source of information: Peter Higginbotham at The Workhouse website.
Under the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, the Poor Law Commission was given the power to unite parishes in England and Wales into Poor Law Unions. Each Union was to be administered by a local Board of Guardians. Relief was to be provided through the provision of a workhouse. Although there was some reorganisation of union boundaries, particularly in London, the majority of Unions created under the 1834 Act remained in operation until 1930.
The Lewisham Poor Law Union was formed in 1836 from the parishes of Lewisham, Charlton, Eltham, Mottingham, Kidbrooke, Lee and Plumstead. In 1887 the parish of Mottingham separated to become part of the Bromley Union.
Lewisham Hospital opened as a workhouse in 1817 and then as a hospital in 1894. It admitted cholera cases from 1867 and lunatics from 1897. It became Lewisham Hospital Group in 1948. In 1974 the Group became one of the four Health Districts in the Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham Area Health Authority (Teaching). The other three Districts were King's College Hospital, Guy's, and St Thomas's. In 1982 it became Lewisham and North Southwark District Health Authority. In 1993 it became Lewisham Hospital National Health Service Trust.
Lewisham Friend was founded in 1976 as a voluntary organisation to run a telephone helpline providing in confidence information and advice to lesbian, gay and bisexual people on issues they may have in connection with their sexuality and others who may be worried about issues concerning the sexuality of a relative or friend. Lewisham Friend was affiliated to National Friend. The organisation folded in 2006.
The church of Saint Mary the Virgin in the High Street, Lewisham was a medieval foundation which has undergone several rebuildings. The churchyard was closed to burials in 1856. District Boards of Works handled aspects of local government and administration relating to public health, such as sewerage, drainage, maintenance of roads and highways, transport systems and the management of public open spaces.
The Emmanuel Church on Hornsey Road, Holloway, in the borough of Islington was constructed in 1886 and is still used for worship.
Lewis and Burrows Ltd was formed in 1895 to acquire and amalgamate under one management several pharmacy businesses in north and west London, including Burrow's Drug Stores in Brompton Road and Westbourne Grove, Matterson's Drug Stores in New Oxford Street and Wigmore Street, Lewis's Drug Stores in Great Portland Street, Kilburn High Road and Baker Street, and Trick's Drug Stores in Green Lanes and Abney Park Terrace, Stamford Hill. Photographs of the premises are reproduced in the prospectus, a copy of which is enclosed in the Allotment Book (GC/134/2).
Business partners Nathaniel Lewis and Alexander Baily were merchants and shippers, based in Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
John Pope was a merchant, possibly of Bristol from internal evidence.
Born, 1908; educated at Haileybury College, Hertfordshire, and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge University; research in radioactivity and nuclear physics, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, 1930-1939; University Demonstrator in Physics, 1934; Research Fellowship, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge University, 1934-1940; University Lecturer in Physics, 1937; seconded, as Senior Scientific Officer, to Air Ministry Research Establishment, Bawdsey Manor, Suffolk, 1939; establishment moved to Dundee and then to Worth Matravers, Dorset; work on radar for Air Ministry/Ministry of Supply at the Telecommunications Research Establishment, Great Malvern, Worcestershire, 1942-1946; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1945; Chief Superintendent, Telecommunications Research Establishment, Ministry of Aircraft Production, 1945-1946; awarded CBE, 1946; Director of Division of Atomic Energy Research, National Research Council of Canada, 1946-1952; Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, 1952; Vice President, Research and Development, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, 1952-1963; Canadian Representative, UN Scientific Advisory Committee, 1955-1987; President, American Nuclear Society, 1961; Senior Vice President, Science, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, 1963-1973; Companion of the Order of Canada, 1967; Canadian Association of Physicists 25th Anniversary Gold Medal, 1970; Honorary Fellow, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge; Royal Medal, Royal Society, 1972; Distinguished Professor of Science, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, 1973-1987; died, 1987. Publications include: Electrical counting, with special reference to counting alpha and beta particles (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1942); as joint editor with Abram Chayes, International arrangements for nuclear fuel reprocessing (Ballinger, for the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1977); articles in Wireless Engineer.
Born 1841, Hafod, Wales, and brought up on the family farm in Pembrokeshire; apprenticed to a local apothecary; aged nineteen moved to London, worked at a chemist in Streatham and then as dispenser to the German Hospital; attended German lectures at University College London; moved to Aberdeen where he qualified in 1867; Army Medical School at Netley, Hampshire, 1868, where at the end of the four-month course passed out first on the list; posted to India in 1869, where he investigated cholera; while studying chyluria (the presence of lymphatic fluid in urine), he discovered minute worms in the urine of one particular patient - subsequently they were identified as Filariidae; in 1872 Lewis found similar worms in a blood sample and when this work was written up Lewis was amazed to discover the original patient setting up the type for its publication by the Government Printing Office in Calcutta. Later he found the mature worm but it had already been discovered independently of him by Joseph Bancroft in Australia. However he discovered and described the first trypanosome, which was named Trypanosoma lewisei after him, in the blood of a mammal; appointed, 1883, Assistant Professor of Pathology at Netley where he introduced practical bacteriology to the curriculum; died of pneumonia, 1886, allegedly as a consequence of a laboratory accident.
Tom Lewis was born in Hampstead, London, 27 May 1918. He spent his early childhood with his grandfather, A J S Lewis, a civil servant and later mayor of Cape Town, South Africa, where Tom attended the Diocesan College, Rondebosch. In 1933 he moved to London to live with his father, the artist Neville Lewis, and was educated at St Paul's School. He studied medicine at Jesus College, Cambridge and at Guy's Hospital, London, qualifying in 1942. He obtained the Gold Medal in Obstetrics.
In 1943 Lewis returned to Cape Town and enlisted in the South African Air Force, but was seconded to the Royal Army Medical Corps. He served in Egypt, Italy and Greece. After the Second World War, Lewis returned to Guy's Hospital, gaining the FRCS in 1946 and the MRCOG in 1948. He was appointed consultant at Guy's in 1948 and at Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital for Women in 1950. He also developed a thriving private practice.
Lewis was a keen supporter of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. He served three times on the College Council, was Honorary Secretary, 1961-1968, and Senior Vice-President, 1975-1978. He was also active in the obstetric section of the Royal Society of Medicine and a member of the Gynaecological Club. He was awarded the CBE in 1979. Lewis died aged 85, 9 April 2004.
Publications: Progress in Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology (London: Churchill, 1956).
Thomas Hayter Lewis was Professor of Architecture at University College London from 1865 to 1881.
Lewis was made a lieutenant in 1761 and, unusually, went to Germany on a diplomatic mission as a private secretary between 1776 and 1778. He was then recommended to Lord Carlisle (1748-1825) as a secretary and in April 1778 sailed in the TRIDENT, Captain John Elliot, with the unsuccessful Peace Commission to America. In 1781 Lewis was First Lieutenant of the SAMPSON and then Commander of the PLUTO in 1782. He was promoted to captain in the same year when he commanded the Romney but had no naval service after 1783. In 1779 his brother died and he succeeded to the family property of Gellidywyll, Cenarth, Carmarthen.
Sir Thomas Lewis was an eminent cardiologist, and a founder of what is now recognised as clinical research. Born, 1881; Entered University College Cardiff, 1898; BSc pass degree double honours, 1901; MB BS London (Gold Medal), 1902; Entered University College Hospital Medical School, 1902; Elected member of Physiological Society, 1904; DSc Wales, 1905; House Surgeon to Thomas Barlow, 1905-1906; Period in Berlin, 1906; Work in EH Starling's Laboratory, University College London, 1907-1908; Medical Registrar, Seamen's Hospital, Greenwich, 1907-1912; Out-Patient Physician, City of London Hospital, 1907-1913; Private practice, Wimpole Street, 1909-1916; Founded journal Heart, 1909; Appointed first Beit Memorial Fellow, 1910; Lecturer in Cardiac Pathology University College Hospital Medical School, 1911; Assistant Physician, University College Hospital (UCH), 1912; Elected FRCP, 1913; Visited USA, 1914; Appointed Physician Medical Research Committee, 1916; Directed clinical services of Military Heart Hospitals at Hampstead and Colchester, work on 'effort syndrome', 1916-1919; Croonian Lecturer, Royal Society, 1917; FRS, 1918; Consulting Physician to Eastern Command, 1918; Consulting Physician to Ministry of Pensions, 1919; Appointed full Physician at UCH, 1919; Founded Medical Research Society, 1930; First Aid Commandant, Rickmansworth, 1939-1944; died, 1945.
Born in Adelaide, South Australia, 1900; educated at the Christian Brothers' College, Adelaide and Adelaide University medical school, graduated MB BCh, 1923; resident medical officer, subsequently medical registrar and surgical registrar, Adelaide Hospital, 1923-1926; undertook anthropological studies of Indigenous Australian peoples, 1926; awarded Rockefeller Fellowship in Psychiatry and trained in Boston, Baltimore, London, Heidelberg and Berlin, 1926-1928; Member of Royal College of Physicians, 1928; research fellow, Maudsley Hospital, London, 1928; psychiatrist, Maudsley Hospital, 1929; qualified as Doctor of Medicine, 1931; consultant, Maudsley Hospital, 1932; married Hilda North Stoessiger, 1934; Clinical Director, Maudsley Hospital, 1936; elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, 1938; Clinical Director, Mill Hill Emergency Hospital, 1939-1945; served on the Expert Committee on the Work of Psychiatrists and Psychologists in the Services, 1942; honorary secretary to the neurosis subcommittee of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association, 1942; served on the Advisory Committee on Army Psychiatry; appointed Professor of Psychiatry at the University of London, 1946; honorary director of the occupational psychiatry research unit (later the social psychiatry unit), Medical Research Council, 1948; became first psychiatrist to be member of Medical Research Council, 1952; knighted 1959; member of the American Philosophical Society, 1961; retired from the Maudsley Hospital and appointed Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry, 1966; elected Fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1972; died, 1975.
Member of the Sociology Department, London School of Economics.
Thomas Sturge Moore was a poet, art and literature critic, book designer, illustrator, editor, stage-designer and wood engraver. He was born on 4 March 1870 and was educated at The Croydon Art School and Lambeth Art School. Sturge Moore was a prolific poet and his subjects included morality, art and the spirit. His first pamphlet, Two Poems, was printed privately in 1893 and his first book of verse, The Vinedresser, was published in 1899. His love for poetry lead him to become an active member of the Poetry Recital Society. His first (of 31) plays to be produced was Aphrodite against Artemis (1906), staged by the Literary Theatre Club of which he became a member in 1908. He received a civil list pension in 1920 in recognition for his contribution to literature and in 1930 he was nominated as one of seven candidates for the position of Poet Laureate. He died on 18 July 1944.
Michael Arthur Lewis was a prominent naval historian, educator, and writer. In 1913, he joined the staff of the Royal Naval School at Osborne, and transferred to the Royal Naval College at Dartmouth in 1922. From 1934 to his retirement in 1955, he was Professor of Naval History and English at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. He died in 1970. He was, as some items of correspondence he received shows, an active member of the Society for Nautical Research. He was also heavily involved in the Navy Records Society, for whom he edited a manuscript written by Admiral William Henry Dillon which is listed here as LES/6/7. He had close professional ties to many other naval historians, including Sir Geoffrey Callender (1875-1946), the first chair of Naval History at Greenwich and the founding director of the National Maritime Museum; Sir Julian Corbett (1854-1922), lecturer at the Royal Naval War College, Greenwich; Lieutenant Commander George Prideaux Brabant Naish (1909-1977), Keeper and Historical Consultant to the Director at the National Maritime Museum; Roger Charles Anderson (1883-1976), Trustee of the National Maritime Museum and Chairman of Trustees 1959-1962; Leonard Carr-Laughton, Admiralty Librarian; and David Bonner-Smith, one of Carr-Laughton's successors as Admiralty Librarian.
Born in London, 1900; educated at Mary Datchelor School, Camberwell, and London School of Medicine for Women, 1921-1924; qualified as Doctor of Medicine and Member of the Royal College of Physicians, 1927; Clinical Assistant, the West End Hospital for Nervous Diseases, 1926-1930; First Assistant and Registrar, Children's Department, Royal Free Hospital, 1927-1929; Assistant and subsequently Physician, Prince Louise Hospital for Children, Kensington, 1929-1934; Fellow in Psychiatry, London Child Guidance Clinic, 1931; Temporary Assistant Medical Officer, Maudsley Hospital, 1932-1934; married Aubrey Lewis, 1934; Honorary Psychiatrist in charge of Children's' Psychiatric Department, St George's Hospital, 1938-1940; Physician, Ontario Hospital, Canada, 1940-1944; Psychiatric adviser to the National Council of Social Service Adoption Committee 1945-1947; Psychiatric adviser to Conference of Societies Registered for Adoption; Psychiatrist, Mersham Reception Centre, Kent, 1947-1952; Psychiatrist, Children's Society, 1948; published Deprived children: the Mersham experiment, a social and clinical study (Oxford University Press, 1954); Chairman of the Standing Conference of the Societies Registered for Adoption; Psychiatrist for the Children's Society Adoption Committee 1958; Company Director: Marie Stopes Memorial Foundation Ltd. 1960-, Society for Constructive Birth Control Ltd. 1960; elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, 1966; died, 1966.
The classical archaeologist Bunnell Lewis was born and educated in London. He went to University College London, obtaining the university scholarship in classics: he graduated BA in 1843. He became a fellow of University College in 1847 and proceeded to take an MA in classics in 1849, taking the gold medal, then awarded for the first time. He was appointed, the same year, Professor of Latin at Queen's College Cork, an position he held until 1905. He held the office of examiner in Latin at Queen's University in Ireland, for 4 years. Lewis was elected a foreign corresponding associate of the National Society of Antiquaries of France in 1883. In 1873 to 1874 he delivered courses of lectures on classical archaeology at University College London, in connection with the Slade School of Art. He travelled in many countries for purposes of antiquarian research and worked to introduce studies of this kind as a part of university education. He published a series of papers in the 'Archaeological Journal' from 1875 to 1899. Lewis died and was buried in Cork in 1908.
Alfred Lionel Lewis was a chartered accountant; joined the Anthropological Society of London (ASL), 1866; specialised in the study of stone monuments; member of the Council of the ASL, 1869; member of the Association, 1869; elected to the Association's General Committee; member of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (RAI)
on its formation, 1871; Honorary Secretary of the London Anthropological Society, 1873-1875; rejoined the RAI, 1875; RAI Council member, 1976; RAI treasurer, 1886-1903; RAI Vice President, 1905-1908; died 1920.
Thomas Herbert Lewin was born in London on 1 Apr 1839, and was educated at Littlehampton and Addiscombe Military College. In 1857, Lewin traveled to India as a lieutenant and was involved in several campaigns to put down the Indian Mutiny. He became the District Superintendent in Police at Rampur Bandleah, 1861-1864, later taking up the same post at Noacolly, South Bengal and Chittagong, 1864-1866. In March 1866, he was promoted to Captain, and appointed first as Temporary Superintendent and later permanent Deputy Commissioner and Political Agent for the unregulated Chittagong Hill Tracts - a post that he held until 1875. In 1874, Lewin returned to England due to ill health, was made an honorary Lieutenant Colonel and received a Colonel's pension. He returned to India in 1875 to take up the post of Deputy Commissioner of Cooch Behar, and later became Deputy Commissioner of Darjeeling, where he remained until his retirement in 1879. In 1885, Thomas Herbert bought Parkhurst, a house in Abinger, near Dorking, Surrey where he lived until his death in 1916. Lewin was the author of several works on India and Indian languages.
Terence Lewin was born in Dover in 1923. Educated at the Judd School in Tonbridge, he joined HMS BELFAST as a naval cadet shortly before the outbreak of war in 1939. After serving aboard the battleship HMS VALIANT, Lewin joined the destroyer HMS ASHANTI. In ASHANTI, he took part in convoys to Murmansk and later to the Mediterranean as part of Operation Pedestal, the vital convoys keeping Malta supplied. Lewin distinguished himself in action, being mentioned in dispatches 3 times and was awarded the DSC. After the war he rose to post rank and commanded the destroyer CORUNNA, before the Dartmouth Training Sqaudron, and then in the Indian Ocean in 1967, the aircraft carrier HMS HERMES in the lead up to the Arab-Israeli war. Lewin was made Rear Admiral in 1968 and by 1977 had become First Sea Lord. As Chief of Defence Staff, he played a prominent role in the decision to replace the Polaris missile system with the Trident system. Also as Chief of Defence Staff, he was Mrs Thatcher's main military adviser during the Falklands conflict (1982), for which, on his retirement, he was made a life peer (1982) and KG in 1983. In retirement he was as active as ever, patron of many societies and much in demand as a public speaker on naval and maritime subjects. He was Chairman of the National Maritime Museum between 1983 and 1995. He was also President of the George Cross Island Association and played a leading role in planning the 50th Anniversary of the siege of Malta and the giant memorial bell erected in its memory. He also became very interested in the explorations of Captain Cook and contributed to the foundation of a Cook museum in Middlesbrough. Lewin died in 1999, aged 78. See also Richard Hill's biography of the Admiral, Lewin of Greenwich (2000).
Julius Lewin, Lecturer in Native Law at the University of the Witwatersrand.