The British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC) was first published by the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain in November 1907. These items appear to relate to discussions within the Society and comments by members of it, criticising the contents of the Codex.
Born 1914; volunteered for the Royal Air Force Medical Service after qualifying as a doctor in 1940; wrote this personal account of his experience (as a doctor) of life in several working POW camps in Indonesia during the Second World War. It is based on notes he made as soon as possible afterwards and written sometime later when he had 'settled sufficiently to be reasonably dispassionate and could be level-headed about it'. He also states that he was careful to avoid hearsay, trusting only his observations and those of fellow prisoner Leslie J Audus, then a RAF 'Radiolocation' or Radar Officer, later Professor Emeritus of Botany, London University, whose help is acknowledged. Philps died in 1995.
US brain surgeon, born 1837 in Philadelphia; educated at Brown University, graduated 1859, and Jefferson Medical College, 1862; served in American Civil War as a surgeon; additional education in Paris and Berlin; founded Philadelphia School of Medicine; developed new techniques of brain surgery; died 1932. Publications include: Keen's System of Surgery (1905-1913), Animal Experimentation and Medical Progress (1914).
Sir Ian McGregor is a general physician who has worked particularly in the fields of infections, nutrition, immunity, child health and community medicine in tropical environments.
Volunteered and served with forces guarding Suez canal, 1915; Graduated and entered general practise, 1924; MB,ChB(Dist in Medicine); Tanganyika - member of Colonial Medical Service, 1927; Appointed Tuberculosis Research Officer, 1930; MD Manchester, 1932; Invalided out of the service, 1937; Bureau of Hygiene and Tropical Disease London, 1938; Acting Director of the Bureau, 1942; MRCP Lond, 1943; Director of the Bureau, 1946-1961; Awarded CMG, 1952; Heath Clark lectures at University of London on aspects of medical investigation in Africa, 1960; President of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1963-1965; Edited Bulletin of War Medicine and other publications of the Bureau; jointly responsible for 17th edition of Manson's Tropical Diseases (1972). Several other publications.
Born 1885; commenced nursing training at Lambeth Workhouse Infirmary in 1906, gaining her certificate in 1909 and passing her CMB (midwifery) in 1911. She held various posts at Lambeth including Sister, Night-Sister and Sister of Linen Store until August 1914. Between August and December 1914 she was Matron of a Home for Destitute Areas, St. Giles, Endell Street, London, which was run by the MAB and closed by the military. Subsequently Norah Woodman was transferred as Assistant Matron, to a war Refugees Camp at Earl's Court in Decemebr 1914, being promoted to Matron in 1915. In April 1919 she was elected Matron at the Lambeth Hospital, a position held until March 1945. Woodman received the MBE and a Belgian medal in 1918.
Born 1878; educated at Kingswood School, Bath, then gained MB, BS and BSc at University College London; served in HM Forces in Egypt during the First World War; was awarded the CMG in 1918 and the CBE in 1919; Director of Research in the Tropics to the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research; was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, 1927; died 1948.
Burkitt practised in Wimbeldon and combined this with his work as a consultant radiologist at Kingston, Nelson and Merton and Wimbeldon Hospitals.
Allan Broman; Diploma from Central Institute of Gymnastics, Stockholm;
Assistant [in England?] to J.H. Kellgren (1837-1916), exponent of Ling system and pioneer of medical gymnastics, 1883; Established practice in London (this is the date of the first entry in his notebooks), 1884. This may have begun as a partnership since the first treatment [massage and exercises?] was given by J.H. Kellgren and his brother Arvid, while Broman interviewed and examined the patients. Subsequently Broman took over the treatment from the Kellgrens whose names disappear [except for references to 'old patients of Kellgren's]. Mrs Broman evidently also administered treatment, though she seems to have had her own clientele.
Founded National Physical Recreation Society, 1886; Founded his own 'medical institute' - not named by sources but Broman used paper headed 'Institute for the Manual Treatment of Diseases, 10 Southwick Place, Hyde Park, W' (see inserts in notebooks), 1888; Organising Master of Physical Exercises to London School Board. His Swedish system opposed first by Thomas Chesterton (Superintendent of Physical Exercises, who had his own system, more popular with teachers) and later by anti-militarist lobby, 1888-1893; President, Swedish Gymnastics Association, 1891; Appointed to conduct first course at new Royal Navy gymnastics school of Portsmouth, 1902-1903; Founder member of 'Svenska Sjukgymnastiksällskapet Ling' (Swedish Ling School of Medical Gymnastics), 1905; Founded Central Institute for Swedish Gymnastics for men students (Paddington Street, London) on lines of Stockholm Institute, 1911; Central Institute became hospital. Broman engaged in recruit training for new armies, 1914.
Central Institute purchased from Broman by London County Council and renamed L.C.C. College of Physical Education, c 1918; Broman's daughter was Anna B. Broman MRCP,LRCP (1891-1962) also used the form of Swedish massage which Broman introduced to England, and published on the subject (Recreative Physical Training, n.d.). Her aunt was Madam Bergman Osterbury who ran a college at Dartford, Kent, which had a high reputation for its methods of physical training. n.b. Portraits of Allan Broman and J.H. Kellgren are in A. Holmström's Svensk Gymastik 1904-1929, 1930.
Dr. Leedham-Green was the eldest son of C.A. Leedham-Green, sometime Professor of Surgery at Birmingham University. He read natural science (chemistry) at Oxford, before going to the Middlesex Hospital where, in 1930, he was awarded the Hetley clinical prize and qualified MRCS,LRCP. He worked at the General Hospital, Birmingham and the North Staffordshire Royal Infirmary, and during the second world war served in the RAMC with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in Scotland and West Africa. After the war he became a general practitioner in Southwold and was a founder member of the Royal College of General Practitioners.
A collection of private prescriptions created artificially from a number of different accessions. Prescriptions are stamped by dispensing chemists and include the number allocated to them in the chemist's register.
It has not been possible to discover any biographical information about Dressel; one can assume on internal evidence that he was an employee of Farbenfabriken Bayer Aktiengesselschaft involved in research into new drugs.
The 'Malvern Hydro Case' or 'Malvern Drainage Case' 1907-1098, was over the issue of responsibility for polluted water. The plaintiff, Dr John Campbell Fergusson, the proprietor of a Hydropathic Establishment in Malvern claimed damages for the polluted water in his establishment (which had led to several cases of typhoid fever). The first case, Fergusson v. Starkey, in the High Court of Justice, Chancery Division (see GC/63/1), determined whether lesser or lessee was liable. In the trial at the High Court of Justice, King's Bench Division, Fergusson was awarded £7500 against the Council, but this was over-ruled on Appeal in May 1908, by the Supreme Court of Judicature, Court of Appeal. Fergusson appealed to the House of Lords in May 1909, but they upheld the judgement of the Court of Appeal.
Born 1908. The core of the collection are reprints on biological catalysts, cellular respiration and enzymes, published during the period 1925-1960 by David Keilin, ScD,FRS (1887-1963) and his associates at the Molteno Institute of Biology and Parasitology. Professor Mann worked with him from 1935-1942 on collaborated research into enzymology and cellular metabolism. 'Together we succeeded in discovering the first enzyme-substrate reaction by demonstrating that peroxidase, the methaemoglobin-like plant enzyme, forms two distinct reaction products with hydrogen peroxide. We identified copper in the enzymes of polyphenol oxidase from mushrooms and laccase from the lacquer tree. We succeeded in isolating and crystallizing haemocuprein, the first copper-protein from mammalian blood-corpuscles, and we were the first to discover zinc in an enzyme, namely that of carbonic anhydrase from mallian blood.' Some of his subsequent research was carried out at the Molteno Institute: 1942-1944, metabolism of mould fungi; after 1944, metabolism of mammalian semen, discovery of fructose in semen and many other studies on the biochemistry of spermatozoa, male accessory secretions and male reproductive organs; died 1993.
Egon Kodicek born 1908; fled Nazi Czechoslovakia in 1939 and came to Cambridge and worked at the Dunn Nutritional Laboratory until 1973 when he retired. For the last ten years there he was Director of the Laboratory, and he was known mainly for the research on metabolism and function of Vitamin D. Kodicek strove to break through the barrier which saw nutrition as a limited medical science, envisaging rather that it was an essential part of biochemical research.
Both worked at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology in Oxford, with Lord Florey. For details of their careers, see, for French, obituaries in the Lancet and the British Medical Journal, and for Sanders, see obituary in The Times, 12th Sept 1980, and biographies of Lord Florey.
Sequah was one of the most successful quack medicine businesses operating in Britain between 1887 and 1890. Its origins can be traced to the American medicine shows such as the Kickapoo Indian Medicine Firm. In September 1887 a William Hartley (1857-1924) started Sequah's medical career in Portsmouth selling Prairie Flower, Indian Oil, Indian dentrifice and other remedies, which supposedly cured rheumatism and disorders of the stomach and liver by an alleged combination of botanic and mineral substances.
These quack medicines were sold by travelling salesmen or quack doctors (Sequahs), and sales were surrounded with a great deal of public showmanship. Band players accompanied the drawing of teeth for example, and the whole event became a public occasion, drawing large crowds. Sequah published advertisements and testimonials in local newspapers and worked hard to obtain maximum publicity. Agreements were made with pharmacists and grocers to continue retail sales after the departure of Sequah. The Sequah Chronicle, a penny newspaper published weekly, contained advertisements, jokes and short stories.
In March 1889 the firm Sequah Ltd was created, with Hartley as Managing Director, and by 1890 there were 23 Sequahs operating in the UK. He recruited Peter Alexander Gordon (alias James Kasper) in 1890.
Gordon was the son of Dr J.F.S. Gordon, an Episcopalian Minister of St Andrew's, Glasgow Green, born on 9 November 1859. The records demonstrate the high expectations which Hartley expected from his Sequahs. After working for six months as a Sequah in England (May-November 1890) Kasper travelled abroad to the West Indies, America and Canada, and in 1892 to Spain. Other Sequahs were sent to South Africa, India, the Low Counties, Burmah and Japan.
The need to sell abroad was largely occasioned by the Customs and Inland Revenue Act of 1890, whereby sales of medicines could only take place in a "set of premises". The effect this restriction would have on travelling salesmen was evidently not initially appreciated by them, but it was soon clear that interpretation of the relevant clause would not encompass the mobile vehicles of Sequah Ltd. In spite of attempts to diversify sales, the firm ran at a loss in 1892, and at a low level of profitability 1893-1894.
In 1895 the firm was wound up, and although a new company, the Sequah Medicine Company Ltd, was formed in 1895 (dominated by John Morgan Richards, the doyen of the American proprietary medicine business in England), this too was dissolved in 1909. James Kasper evidently parted from Sequah in 1892 and probably returned to New York and to his mind-reading act. Hartley died in Soho in 1924, unnoticed and leaving only? 734, a fraction of the wealth he had owned in the heyday of Sequah.
It consists of various papers deliberately assembled by Professor Cavanagh on the subject of Minamata Disease, a neurological disorder caused by methyl mercury poisoning of which there was an epidemic at Minamata Bay in Japan in the 1950s due to industrial pollution of the water. It includes a number of original papers accumulated by Dr Douglas McAlpine who conducted the 1958 investigation at Minamata with Dr S Araki of Kumamto, and also later correspondence of Cavanagh with McAlpine himself and others who help to elucidate the nature and causation of the disease in order to discover the various contributions.
Professor Warren was Director of the Health Services Research Unit and Professor of Social Medicine at the University of Kent, 1971-1983.
A.V. Hill was Professor of Physiology at the University of Manchester (1920-23) and University College London (1923-25) and Secretary of the Royal Society from 1935. He incorporated the liberation of energy in muscles and in 1922 shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine with Otto Meyerhof.
J.M. Woodburn Morison was an eminent figure in the history of radiology. He was born and educated in Scotland and took his medical qualifications at the University of Glasgow. Morison first became interested in the possibilities of X rays whilst a student. He settled in the Manchester area doing general practice (until 1919) where he came into contact with Dr Holland of Liverpool. By 1914 he had been appointed Honorary Medical Officer to the Electrical Department of Ashton under Lyme Infirmary. In March 1915 the War Office asked him to organise and take charge of the Liverpool Merchants Mobile Hospital X-Ray Department in France. In April 1916 he was instructed to fulfil a similar function with the 34th (The Welsh) General Hospital in India.
His first major appointment was that of Lecturer in Radiology, Edinburgh University, and Radiologist, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, in 1925, after which, in 1930, he was appointed Director of the Radiological Department of the Cancer Hospital, coinciding with his taking up the first chair of medical radiology to be founded at the University of London. He retired from the Hospital and the Chair in 1938. During the War he was for a time in charge of the radiological department of the Coventry and Warwickshire General Hospital. Both before and after the war he had various appointments as visiting professor in Egypt.
N.B. Dr Morison used the name Woodburn Morison, although Woodburn was not his surname, to distinguish him from several other Dr. Morisons of his time.
For obituaries see British Medical Journal and Lancet 15 Sep 1951 and British Journal of Radiology, Oct 1951.
Ivy Keess was a woman medical missionary practising in India. She gained her first degree in medicine at Grant Medical College, Bombay, in 1909, and then went to the London Medical School for Women, qualifying MRCS, LRCP, in 1916. She subsequently returned to India and served at the Lady Sandeman Zenana Hospital, Quetta, Baluchistan (now in Pakistan), and at the Dufferin Hospitals in Cawnpore and Allahabad. She seems to have spent most if not all of her career in the north of India. According to the Ecclesiastical Returns in the India Office Records, an Ivy Keess said to be born on 27th November 1885 was baptised in St Thomas's Cathedral, Bombay. As her initial medical education took place at Grant Medical College in that city, it seems likely that it is the same person. Her name disappears from the Medical Directory and the Medical Register in 1953, but no obituary notices have been traced.
Born, 1884; apprenticed in a drapery business. Her father thought of setting her up in business on her own account, but although she completed her apprenticeship, she decided this was not what she wanted, 1902-1905; at a convent in Brittany, learning French and needlework, 1905-1906; started nursing in a small hospital in Kentish Town, 1906; trained as a nurse at Royal Free Hospital, 1907-1911; midwifery course for 3 months at University College Hospital. Awarded CMB March. Worked nights on the district in a very poor area, and in the wards by day, 1912; went as night sister to Chest Hospital, Victoria 1912 Road East, and was put on day duty 6 months later in a men's ward with 43 patients. 20 were TB patients and spent half the day in the grounds, supervised by a retired army sergeant, 1912; asked by Matron at Royal Free Hospital to assist with preparation of newly-built out-patient department for the reception of wounded officers. A number of simple rooms intended for medical students and nursing staff were reserved for senior officers. Altogether there was accommodation for 150 offices, 1914; offered post of Sister-in-charge of Marlborough Maternity Section, RFH, 1919; Ward opened Jan 1920; in charge at Endsleigh Street extension (maternity), Apr 1921-Dec 1924; opened a small nursing home with a friend, Miss Little. 82 Adelaide Road, Swiss Cottage, 1925-1932; private nursing, 1932-1936; kept house for her brother Jack and two small children in India, Jan-Oct 1937; private nursing in Brighton, 1937-1938; nursing sister at King's College of Household and Social Science, Notting Hill Gate (now Queen Elizabeth College), Apr 1938- Feb 1939; sick leave. Patient at Royal Free Hospital, Feb 1939; working at a nursing home at Hawkhurst, Dec 1939; King's College having been evacuated to Wales, she was asked to return, and was first at College Hall, Llannishen, Cardiff. Later the College moved to Leicester, and she ran two hostels, Knighton Hayes, and Crowbank 31 Chapel Lane, 1940-1941; her brother and his family returned from India in 1948 and she thereafter kept house for them till she was in her 80's; died, 1984.
R A Ramsay was a general surgeon who held posts to the Metropolitan Hospital and the Belgrave Hospital for Children, both in London. He pioneered the adoption in Britain of Ramstedt's operation for pyloric stenosis in infants. For further biographical details see The Lancet, 1975, ii, 936, British Medical Journal, 1975, ii 413.
Harkness was a medical student at Cardiff, and later at University College Hospital, mostly during the latter's evacuation to Leavesdon Hospital, Watford. He studied under many distinguished medical men including Lord Rosenheim, Sir Francis Walshe, Sir Harold Himsworth, Sir George Pickering, E K Martin, and Sir Thomas Lewis.
W H McMenemey was Professor of Pathology at the Institute of Neurology, University of London, and Consulting Pathologist to the National Hospitals for Nervous Diseases. He was for many years a member of the Association of Clinical Pathologists, serving as Secretary 1943-1957, and President 1958-1959. As well as being a distinguished neuropathologist, he was also noted as a medical historian. Details of his life and career are to be found in Munk's Roll, VII, pp 368-70, Who Was Who, and the obituaries in the British Medical Journal (1977, ii, 1551) and the Lancet (1977 ii, 1239).
Archibald Gilpin qualified in medicine at King's College Medical School. In 1931 he was awarded the Ferrier Prize. In 1933 he had a travelling scholarship to study renal pathology under L Aschoff in Freiburg. In 1935 he was appointed junior physician, morbid anatomist, and curator of the museum at King's College Hospital. He held the post of Harveian Librarian at the Royal College of Physicians, and was archivist to the Society of Apothecaries. For further biographical details see Munk's Roll Vol V, pp.151-152.
For biographical details relating to Knapp, see obituaries in the British Medical Journal, 1953, i, 339, and The Lancet, 1953, i, 248.
For biographical information on Professor Chibnall, see Who's Who. These interviews contain further information on his life and career.
Alfred Herbert Tubby was an orthopaedic surgeon who worked at the Westminster, Royal National Orthopaedic and Evelina Hospitals. His work on Deformities became a standard text-book. He became FRCS in 1887.
During the First World War, he was seconded for service as consulting surgeon to the British Mediterranean Expeditionary Force with the rank of temporary colonel on the Army Medical Staff, and later to the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, serving much of the time at Alexandria. In 1920 he published A Consulting Surgeon in the Near East (London: Christophers, 1920), which described his service during the war.
See Plarr's Lives of the fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England ["Plarr's lives"], Vol. II, pp. 438, 439.
Unknown.
Born 1916; qualified in medicine, 1942; regimental Medical Officer to the 2nd Battalion Coldstream Guards, 1942-1945; joined the British Medical Association as an Assistant Secretary, 1948; Under-Secretary BMA, 1960; Deputy Secretary BMA, 1964; Secretary, 1976-1979; Vice-President BMA, 1982; joint author of the second volume (1932-1981) of the official history of the BMA. Further details can be found in the obituaries in the British Medical Journal and the Lancet.
Further information on McCance and Widdowson can be found in the volume McCance and Widdowson: a scientific partnership of 60 years, 1933 to 1993, ed. Margaret Ashwell, British Nutrition Foundation, 1993 (GC/97/D.1). See also Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol 41, 1995 (McCance) and Vol 48, 2002 (Widdowson) and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
BBC Radio 3 broadcast on the origins of the NHS, 1982. The individuals interviewed included politicians, civil servants, doctors of varying political persuasions (some from the era when the NHS was introduced and some currently practising), social scientists and historians.
Dr Lawrence Dulake FRCS, LRCP, FRCGP (1901-1987) was a general practitioner in Reigate, Surrey.
Hugh Mervyn Emrys-Roberts MRCS, LRCP, MRCGP (b.1915) was a general practitioner in Stratford upon Avon, 1948-1960.
The Lakeside Health Centre is a practice in London SE2.
Richard Henry Hardy, DM, MRCGP, FRSM (1921-1999) was a general practitioner in Exmouth from the 1950s to 1970s, before relocating to Hereford and working at the General Hospital Accident and Emergency Department. He retired in the mid-1980s.
Julian Tudor Hart DCH, FRCGP, FRCP (b 1927) was a general practitioner in Swansea.
John Holden FRCGP (b.1953) was a general practitioner in Haydock, Lancashire, and a partner in the Haydock Health Centre practice.
Horfield Health Centre is in Bristol.