William Cullen was born in Hamilton, Lanarkshire, in 1710. He was educated at Glasgow University before moving to London. He became a surgeon on a merchant ship travelling to the West Indies, in 1729. He returned to London in 1730, and assisted an apothecary, before returning to Scotland in c 1732. He went on to study under Alexander Monro, primus, at Edinburgh Medical School in 1734-1736. He began to practice as a surgeon in Hamilton, in 1736. William Hunter was his resident pupil from 1737-1740. Cullen graduated from Glasgow in 1740. He was appointed Professor of Medicine at Glasgow University, in 1751, and Professor of Chemistry at Edinburgh Medical School, in 1756. Cullen was President of Edinburgh College of Physicians from 1773-1775, and was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, in 1777. He died in 1790.
Edward Victor Hugo was born in 1865. He was educated at Foyle College, Londonderry and at St Bartholomew's Hospital, qualifying in 1889 and winning honours and a gold medal at the London MB, BS examination in 1890. He also took honours at the MD examination in 1892 and was commissioned a Surgeon-Lieutenant in the Indian Medical Service in 1892. He served in the Waziristan expedition on the North-West frontier in 1894-1895, winning the medal with clasp, and was promoted Surgeon-Captain in 1895. He was at the relief of Chitral in 1895, again winning the medal with clasp, and was mentioned in dispatches for his services in the defence and relief of Chakdara also on the North-West frontier in 1897-1898. He was promoted Major in 1904, came to England and took the Fellowship in 1906, and was elected Professor of Surgery at King Edward's Medical College, Lahore, in 1908. On the outbreak of World War One he reverted to military duties, having been promoted Lieutenant-Colonel in 1912. He was present at the Dardanelles landing in 1915 as senior medical officer in the hospital ship GASCON. He was posted to the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force as a consulting surgeon, was mentioned in dispatches, and was created CMG in 1917. After the war he resumed the chair of surgery at Lahore until his retirement in 1922. He died in Richmond, in 1951.
Currently no biographical information on Sydney Humphryes is known.
The biographical information of Alexander Wilson is currently unavailable.
Sir Harry Platt was born in Thornham, Lancashire, in 1886. At the age of five he developed tuberculosis of the knee. He was educated in classics and languages by home tutors. He graduated MB BS (London) from the University of Manchester in 1909, with a distinction in medicine and the gold medal in surgery. He obtained his FRCS in 1912 and was appointed resident surgical officer in the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London. During World War One, due to his knee disability, he was made a captain in the Royal Army Medical Corps Territorial Forces, in charge of the Military Orthopaedic Centre in Manchester. He joined the staff of the Shropshire Orthopaedic Hospital in Oswestry in 1920. He became surgical director of the Ethel Hedley Hospital in Windermere; consultant to the Lancashire county council for education, public health, and tuberculosis; and a lecturer in orthopaedic surgery to the University of Manchester. The Manchester Royal Infirmary established an orthopaedic department away from the control of general surgery and Platt transferred there in 1932. Manchester University recognized his outstanding academic contribution to orthopaedics by creating a personal chair for him in 1939, which he held until 1951. Having helped found the British Orthopaedic Association in 1917, Platt became its President (1934-1935). He was also President of the Royal Society of Medicine orthopaedics section in 1931-1932 and British delegate (1929-1948) and later President (1948-1953) of the international committee of the Société Internationale de Chirurgie Orthopédique et de Traumatologie. He served on the council of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (1940-1958) and was its President in 1954-1957. He was knighted in 1948 because of this work. He was consultant adviser in orthopaedic surgery to the Ministry of Health (1940-1963), organising general orthopaedics and special fracture and peripheral nerve injury centres as well as being honorary civilian consultant to the Army Medical Services (1942-1954). Platt was actively involved in setting up the National Health Service before and after 1948. In 1958 Platt was made a baronet, as was then customary for Presidents of the Royal College of Surgeons. He received six honorary degrees and held sixteen honorary memberships of various societies and eight honorary fellowships of surgical colleges. Up to 1982 he wrote prolifically on orthopaedic subjects-their history, organisation, staffing, nursing, and education. He died in 1986.
Samuel Hall Wass was born in 1907. He was educated at University College Nottingham, and came to Guy's Hospital as a preclinical student in 1928. He qualified in 1934, became FRCS in 1935 and MS of London University in 1936. His appointment to the consulting staff was delayed because of the World War Two. He was a clinical assistant at St Mark's Hospital from 1937 to 1939, where he excellenced in diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the colon and rectum. Before his election to the consulting staff of Guy's Hospital in 1946, Wass had already served on the staff of the Evelina Hospital for Sick Children, St John's Hospital, Lewisham, and St Olave's Hospital, Bermondsey. He was also appointed Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons and lectured on odontoma and other affections of the jaw. He served on the Court of Examiners of the Royal College of Surgeons for nine years between 1955 and 1964. He also examined in surgery for the University of London. He was appointed a governor of Guy's Hospital in 1964 and was elected Chairman of the Medical Committee and also of the School Council in 1966. He died in 1970.
John Williams was born in Gwennap, Cornwall, in 1819. He was educated at Swansea Grammar School and afterwards studied at St Bartholomew's Hospital. He became interested in comparative anatomy and was elected Student Assistant at the Royal College of Surgeons in 1843. He accepted an appointment as Surgeon to the Honourable East India Company in 1847, and went to the Bengal Presidency. He served in India as Surgeon Major, then as Deputy Inspector of Army Hospitals until he retired. He died in 1878.
William James Erasmus Wilson, generally known as Erasmus Wilson, was born in Marylebone, in 1809. He was educated at Dartford Grammar School and at Swanscombe in Kent. At the age of 16 he became a resident pupil with George Langstaff, Surgeon to the Cripplegate Dispensary, and began to attend the anatomical lectures given by John Abernethy at St Bartholomew's Hospital. In 1831 he became assistant to Jones Quain, Professor of Anatomy and Physiology at the newly formed University College, and was soon afterwards appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy. He lectured upon anatomy and physiology at Middlesex Hospital, in 1840 and became assistant editor of The Lancet. He was also Consulting Surgeon to the St Pancras Infirmary, and was elected FRS in 1845. At the Royal College of Surgeons Erasmus Wilson sat on the Council from 1870-1884, was Vice-President in 1879 and 1880, and President in 1881. In 1870, at an expense of £5,000, he founded the Chair of Dermatology, of which he was the occupant till 1878. He became particularly interested in the study of Egyptian antiquities, and in 1877 he paid the cost (about £10,000) of the transport of 'Cleopatra's Needle' to London. He was President of the Biblical Archaeological Society, served the office of Master of the Clothworkers' Company, and was President of the Medical Society of London in 1878 after he had given the Oration in 1876. He died in 1884.
The British Society of Dental Surgeons was formed in 1923. The first meeting of the Committee to carry through the foundation of the Society was held in 1922. The proposed object of the society was the advancement of dentistry, the protection of interests of qualified Dental Surgeons, and the protection of public dental health. The first meeting of the Council of the British Society of Dental Surgeons was held in 1923, and Sir Frank Colyer, the new President of the Society, chaired the meeting. Following a referendum where British Dental Association members voted not to allow unqualified men from the Dentists Register 1921 to be admitted to the Association, the Society disbanded in 1928 with the balance of their funds handed to the Benevolent Fund of the British Dental Association.
William Prosser was born in c 1776. He was on the staff at the Monmouth Hospital in the early nineteenth century. He died in 1845. His grandson was Thomas Prosser FRCS (1820-1870), and his great grandson was Thomas Gilbert Prosser MRCS, from whom the papers came.
The title of this volume can be translated as Pharmacopoeia in use at Chester Hospital. Chester Hospital probably refers to Chester Royal Infirmary, founded in 1755, and known as Chester Infirmary until 1914.
Eleazer Gedney was born in New York, in 1797. Under the altered name of Gidney rather than Gedney, he was apprenticed to Dr James L van Kleeck, of Poughskeepsie, in 1811. He transferred to Dr Abel Catlin, of Litchfield, Connecticut, from 1813-1817. In 1816, while still in Litchfield, Gidney advertised a remedy for cancer using handbills with testimonials from patients. He began to study dentistry at Baltimore and New York, in 1817. He published A Treatise on the Structure, Diseases and Management of the Human Teeth while living in Utica, in 1824. He travelled to Canada, where he practiced in Toronto and then Quebec in 1826. He then travelled to London and Paris to increase his professional knowledge. He attended courses of lectures in dental science and practice including those by Thomas Bell, James Snell and A F Talma in 1831-1832. He began to practise in Manchester in 1832. He was elected an honorary Fellow of the newly formed American Society of Dental Surgeons in 1840. He died in 1876.
No biographical information was available at the time of compilation.
Alexander Ramsay was born in 1754. He studied medicine at Edinburgh University, and obtained his medical degree from St Andrews. He was an anatomist, who founded a school of anatomy at Fryeburg, Maine, and gave lectures in America and England to support the school. He studied rattlesnake venom, and a snake bite could have been the cause of his death in 1824.
George Beckett Batten was born in India in 1860. He studied at Edinburgh University and obtained his Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery in 1884, and the MD in 1887. He went on to study for a DMRE (Diploma in Medicine, Radiology and Electrology) at Cambridge in 1921. In World War One he was Surgeon in charge of the X-ray department at Southwark Military Hospital. During his career he was Honorary Radiologist, the Children's Hospital Sydenham; Senior Medical Officer, East Dulwich Providential Dispensary; Assistant Medical Officer, Fife and Kinross District Asylum; and Honorary Surgeon and Ophthalmology Assistant, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. He was a member of the British Institute of Radiology; member and former president of the Rontgen Society; Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine; and a member of the British Medical Association. Batten was amongst the first to work in Radiotherapy, and his daughter, Dr Grace Batten (MRCS) was also a Radiologist. He died in 1942.
Sir Hugh Mallinson Rigby was born in Dublin in 1870. He was educated at Bray School, Co Wicklow; at Dulwich College; and at University College London. He trained in Medicine at the London Hospital, where he remained throughout his career. He won the gold medal at the BS examination of 1897. He served as house surgeon, house physician, and surgical registrar. In the Medical College he was demonstrator of anatomy, from 1901-1903, and the first tutor in elementary clinical surgery, from 1903-1908. He was elected assistant surgeon in 1902, and became surgeon; retiring in 1927. He was appointed consulting surgeon and kept his large private practice. He was also surgeon to the City of London Maternity Hospital; to the East Ham Hospital; to the cottage hospitals at Beckenham and Cheshunt; and consulting surgeon to the Poplar Accident Hospital. During World War One he was a consulting surgeon to the British Expeditionary Force in France, and to the London district with the temporary rank of colonel, AMS. He was promoted temporary lieutenant-colonel, RAMC (T), and brevet major, both in 1917. He served as surgeon in ordinary to Queen Alexandra, who died in 1925; and he was surgeon in ordinary to the Prince of Wales from 1923 until his accession to the throne as King Edward VIII in 1936. He was Serjeant Surgeon to King George V, from 1928-1932, and Honorary Surgeon to His Majesty, from 1932-1936. When the King was taken seriously ill with empyema in 1928, Rigby performed the operation which saved his life. He had been made a KCVO in 1917, and was created a Baronet, of Long Durford, Rogate, Sussex, in 1929. He died in 1944.
No biographical information was available at the time of compilation.
It was previously thought that the volumes were written by Christopher Lloyd, Professor of History at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. This was due to letters inserted into the volumes from Christopher Lloyd to Jessie Dobson (Curator of the Hunterian Museum), in approximately 1960. However, Christopher Lloyd appears to be an academic rather than a medically qualified surgeon, and therefore was unlikely to be Sugeon Captain at Haslar Royal Naval Hospital in 1932.
It is possible that the volume is the work of Jack Leonard Sagar Coulter, Lloyd's co-editor on the Medicine and the Navy 1200-1900 series. Coulter was a Surgeon Captain and Surgeon Commander in the Royal Navy. However, according to the Medical Directories, Coulter was still at Bristol General Hospital in 1932. It is also possible that John Joyce Keevil, editor of earlier volumes in the Medicine and the Navy series, was the author of the volumes.
Alexander John Gaspard Marcet was born in Geneva in 1770. He attended Edinburgh University in 1794 and graduated Doctor of Medicine in 1797. He settled in London, and was admitted a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in 1799. He was also appointed Physician to the City dispensary in 1799. He was appointed Physician to Guy's Hospital in 1804. He was placed in charge of a temporary military hospital at Portsmouth in 1809, after which he returned to London and Guy's Hospital. Upon the death of his father-in-law he came into an ample fortune and began to withdraw from practice and devote himself to science and literature. He resigned his post at Guy's in 1819, and returned to Geneva, being appointed a member of the Representative Council, and an honorary Professor of Chemistry. He gave a course of lectures on Chemistry with Dr de la Rive, in 1820. He returned to England in 1821, and died in 1822. He was a fellow of the Royal and Geographical Societies, and an original promoter of the Medico-Chirurgical Society.
John Lizars Lizars was a Student in Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons of England from 1853-1855. No other biographical information is available.
Henry Robert Silvester was born in 1829. He was a Student in Human and Comparative Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons of England from 1855-1856. He attended King's College London and became a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1853. He became Doctor of Medicine in 1855, from the University of London. He worked as an associate at King's College and as consulting physician to the Clapham General Dispensary. He was Medical Assistant to the Royal Humane Society and received the golden Fothergill medal in 1883. Silvester invented hypodermic inflation, a method for making men and animals unsinkable.
Walter Dickson was a student of medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1841. Currently no other biographical information is available.
The London Society of Thoracic Surgeons, known as 'Charlie's Club', held it's first meeting on 2 May 1952. The Club was formed for thoracic surgeons to meet annually and report to each other on their mistakes in order to learn from them. The first 'Charlie' or mistake was made by Mr J R Belcher, three years before the first meeting of Charlie's Club. Belcher inadvertently divided the left main bronchus during a lobectomy, and subsequently published a report. The original constitution stated that there should be 15 members of the Club, although this was later extended to 18. The Club met once a year with one member acting as Chairman each year. The original aim was that each member would bring his 2 worst mistakes of the previous year to present at the meeting. Projects for each year were set, and the members would collect statistics on a particular theme, which would then be presented at the meeting, and the results possibly published. The Chairman would usually write the paper for his year in the chair. In 1980, following a fall in attendance, the Club decided that it had reached an end. The last scientific meeting of Charlie's Club took place at St Bartholomew's Hospital on the 1 May 1981. It was decided however that the Charlie's Club Annual Dinner should be continued as a social event for the members. The annual dinners continued for 12 years, the last dinner being held at the Army and Navy Club on 7 May 1992, the 40th anniversary of the Club.
George Fordyce was born in Aberdeen in 1736. He was educated in Fouran, and the University of Aberdeen, where he was created Master of Arts at the age of 14. He began training in medicine with his uncle, Dr John Fordyce who practiced at Uppingham. He then went on to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1755 and obtained his Doctor of Medicine in 1758. Fordyce then travelled to London and studied anatomy under Dr William Hunter, and also studied botany at the Chelsea gardens. Fordyce also studied anatomy under Albinus at Leiden in 1759. Upon returning to London, he started a course of lectures on chemistry in 1759, and then added to this courses on materia medica and the practice of physic in 1764. He continued to teach these lectures for nearly thirty years. He became a Licentiate of the College of Physicians in 1765, and was Physician to St Thomas's Hospital from 1770-1802. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1776, and a 'speciali gratia' fellow of the College of Physicians in 1787. He played an important part in compiling the new Pharmacopeia Londinensis, issued in 1788. He was Censor for the Royal College of Physicians in 1787, 1792, and 1800; Gulstonian Lecturer in 1789; and Harveian Orator in 1791. He died in 1802.
Herbert Markant Page studied to be a doctor of medicine at Brussels in 1882. He had become a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1873 and a Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries in 1874. He had also studied Public Health at Cambridge in 1879. His career history included Resident Medical Assistant at the General Hospital, Birmingham; Medical Officer of Health at Redditch Unitary District; and Honorary Surgeon at Smallwood Hospital. He was a member of the British Medical Association; the Somerset Archaeology and Natural History Society; and the Royal Sanitary Institute. He was also a fellow of the Royal Institute of Public Health.
Joseph Black originally studied arts at the University of Glasgow. He switched to study chemistry under the tutelage of William Cullen, and became his assistant. In 1751 Black returned to Edinburgh to complete his medical training, and in 1754 he presented to the faculty his thesis which dealt with the subject of acidity of the stomach. In his thesis he upturned previous notions, by introducing quantitative as well as qualitative analysis into chemistry, and demonstrated the presence of something he called 'fixed air', a gas distinct from air, and which French chemists later called 'carbonic acid gas'. In 1755 Black succeeded Cullen as Professor of Medicine at the University of Glasgow, where he lectured on chemistry and medicine. During this period Black made a further contribution to the advancement of science, through the formulation of the doctrine of latent heat, calorimetry, the first accurate method of measuring heat, and the device itself, the calorimeter. This discovery was backed up by research into the laws of boiling and evaporation, and it was these studies in particular which interested Joseph Black's friend and colleague James Watt, thus laying the foundations for the practical application of steam power. In 1766 Black accepted the chair of chemistry and medicine at the University of Edinburgh. He took a keen interest in industrial developments, such as bleaching, brewing, glassworks, iron-making and furnace construction. In 1767 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, and in 1788 became the President of the College.
'Dr Pearson', is probably George Pearson (1751-1828). George Pearson was born in 1751 at Rotherham in Yorkshire. He studied medicine at Edinburgh, Leiden and London, obtaining his doctorate of medicine at Edinburgh in 1774. Pearson was admitted a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in 1784, and was elected as Physician to St George's Hospital in 1787. He lectured on chemistry, material medica and the practice of physic for a number of years. Dr Pearson died in 1828. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society and a frequent contributer to the 'Philosophical Transactions'.
Golding Bird was born at Downham, Norfolk in 1814. He was educated at private school and apprenticed to William Pretty, an apothecary in London from 1829-1833. He was a medical student at Guy's Hospital from 1832, where he excelled, achieving the Apothecaries' Company medal for botany and attracting the attention of Addison and Sir Astley Cooper. He assisted Sir Astley Cooper with his work on diseases of the breast. He was licensed to practise by Apothecaries' Hall in 1836. Bird obtained his MD from St Andrews University in 1838, and his MA in 1840. Bird was a lecturer on natural philosophy at Guy's Hospital from 1836-1853, and also a lecturer on medical botany and on urinary pathology. He was physician to the Finsbury Dispensary in 1836. He became a licentiate of the College of Physicians of London in 1840, and a Fellow of the College of Physicians in 1845. He was an assistant physician at Guy's Hospital, and a joint lecturer on materia medica at Guy's Hospital Medical School from 1843-1853. He lectured on materia medica at the College of Physicians in 1847 to 1849. He was a member of the Linnaean and Geological Societies, and a Fellow of the Royal Society. He died in 1854.
Cuthbert Hilton Golding-Bird was born in Myddleton Square, Pentonville, London in 1848, the second son of Golding Bird, MD, FRS. Golding-Bird was educated at Tonbridge School from 1856-1862, and afterwards at King's College School in the Strand and at King's College. He graduated BA at the University of London in 1867, and Won the gold medal in forensic medicine at the MB examination in 1873. Entering the medical school of Guy's Hospital in 1868 he received the first prize for first year students in 1869, the first prize for third year students and the Treasurer's medals for surgery and for medicine in 1873. For a short time he acted as demonstrator of anatomy at Guy's, but on his return from a visit to Paris he was elected assistant surgeon in 1875 and demonstrator of physiology. He held the office of surgeon until 1908, until he resigned at the age of 60, and was made consulting surgeon. At the Royal College of Surgeons Golding-Bird was an examiner in elementary physiology 1884-1886, in physiology 1886-1891, in anatomy and physiology for the Fellowship 1884-1890 and 1892-1895. He was on the Dental Board as Examiner in surgery in 1902, a member of the Court of Examiners 1897-1907, and a member of the Council 1905-1913. He died in 1939.
Henry Bird was educated at St Bartholomew's Hospital. He practised at Cinderford, East Dean, Gloucestershire; the Vicarage, Christow, Exeter; and at Wattisfield, Suffolk. He retired at Wattisfield, but later moved to Oldham. He died in 1892.
Westminster Hospital was established in 1719 as an infirmary for the poor and sick, expanding in 1721 and 1735. It was named Westminster Hospital from 1760, and moved to a new site at Broad Sanctuary in 1834, where it remained until 1939. For the first hundred years, the physicians acted more as consultants, attending chiefly on Wednesdays when the admissions were made. The Resident Apothecary and his pupil had the most contact with patients. Surgical cases were generally bladder stones or bone diseases.
Biographical information was unavailable at the time of compilation.
Sir William Blizard was born at Barn Elms, Surrey in 1743. He was apprenticed to a surgeon at Mortlake, and studied at the London Hospital. He attended the lectures of Sir Percival Pott at St Bartholomew's Hospital. He was appointed surgeon to the London Hospital in 1780 and in 1785 founded the London Hospital Medical School together with Dr MacLaurin. Blizard lectured at the Medical School on Anatomy, Physiology and Surgery, and improved the London Hospital. He attached importance to the observance of ceremony, for which he was often mocked. Blizard was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1787, and was Master of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1814, and President in 1822. Blizard had a considerable practice, and attended Batson's Coffee House in Cornhill to await consultations. He died in 1836.
The name Samuel Helbert Israel [?] is inscribed at the top of the title page, possibly indicating the author of the lecture notes. P I and R V Wallis in Eighteenth Century Medics (1988), list a Samuel H Israel as a surgeon in London in the 18th and 19th centuries. He was apprenticed to Thomas Blizard (Sir William Blizard's nephew and also a surgeon at the London Hospital) in 1802.
John Campbell was 4th Earl of Loudoun, a British nobleman and military leader, born in 1705. He was the great grandson of Sir John Campbell, who was created 1st Earl of Loudoun in 1637. He apparently paid a great deal of attention to detail, a characteristic that made him often late to many battles. Lord Loudoun was not a very successful military leader and many of his regiments were lost in battles. He was sent to North America, where he is said to have ignored the advice of the local colonials like George Washington, who anticipated the onslaught of French and Indians, and did nothing to strengthen the remaining western forts. He was generally considered incompetent, arrogant and tyrannical. He died in 1782.
Joseph Pearce was from Newbury, as noted at the front of his notes of John Hunter's lectures. No further biographical information was available at the time of compilation.
Charles Dagge Seager was born in 1779. He was educated at Warminster Grammar School. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1801, and was one of the 300 founding members. He practised for many years in Cheltenham, c 1810; he appears also to have practised or resided in Guernsey. He retired to Clifton, c 1840. He became a Fellow of the College in 1843. Seager made a careful transcript of John Hunter's Lectures on Surgery, c 1800, originally taken down and arranged into aphorisms by John Hunter's friend, Charles Brandon Trye.
W Waller was a surgeon at Gosport, Hampshire, reported to be a pupil of John Hunter together with his brother, also W Waller, a surgeon at Portsmouth. The name Waller appears in the Hampshire Directory for 1784 under Surgeons in Gosport.
Thomas Wilson, of the Oaks, Tenterden, Kent, was a medical student at one of the London Hospitals in the late 18th century. A note at the front of the volume states that he had two daughters who died unmarried, and a brother, Edward Wilson, DD.
John Abernethy was born in Coleman Street, London, in 1764. He was educated at Wolverhampton Grammar school, and at the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to Charles Blicke, surgeon to St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Abernethy remained at Bart's for the rest of his career, being appointed assistant surgeon in 1787, and promted to full surgeon in 1815. During the 1790s Abernethy published several papers on a variety of anatomical topics. On the strength of these contributions he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1796. Between 1814 and 1817 he served as Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons. Abernethy also offered private lectures in anatomy in a house in Bartholomew Close, near to the hospital. The governors of Bart's then built a lecture theatre within the hospital to accommodate his classes. In 1824 Thomas Wakley, editor of the newly established journal The Lancet, published Abernethy's lectures without his permission. Abernethy sought an injunction but was unsuccessful, and remained resentful about the incident. Abernethy had himself attended the lectures of John Hunter, with whom he was also personally acquainted, and after Hunter's death he professed himself to be the spokesman for Hunter's physiological and pathological views. He died in 1831.
Anthony Holbrow studied at St Bartholomew's Hospital, and practised at Stonehouse, Gloucestershire. He became a Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries in 1818, MRCS in 1819, and FRCS in 1862. He died in 1873.
Charles Bell was born in Edinburgh, in 1774. He received his medical education from the University of Edinburgh between 1792-1799, attending courses on anatomy, botany, chemistry, and the practice of medicine and clinical lectures at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. He also assisted his brother John, also a surgeon, teaching anatomy and surgery in the Edinburgh extramural school. Charles Bell had a talent for drawing and developed his skills as an artist during this time. While still a student in 1798, he published a System of Dissections, illustrated by his own drawings. He was elected a fellow of the College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1799, and practised at the Edinburgh Infirmary. He published The Anatomy of the Brain, Explained in a Series of Engravings, in 1802. He left Edinburgh for London in 1804. He married Marion Shaw in 1811 and used the money from the dowry to buy a share in the Hunterian School of Medicine, in Great Windmill Street. He was appointed surgeon to the Middlesex Hospital in 1814, and became a member of The Royal College of Surgeons of London. He lectured as Senior Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at The Royal College of Surgeons of London in 1824, and then became a member of Council. He was knighted in 1831. He was appointed Professor of Anatomy, Surgery and Physiology at the London University in 1827. When the University Medical School finally opened in 1828, Bell gave the inaugural speech. There were some difficulties in the new Medical School and in 1830, Bell left to help establish a medical school at the Middlesex Hospital where he conducted his clinical lectures. The school opened in 1835, and Bell was to teach surgery and anatomy. However, at this time, Bell was offered the post of Professor of Surgery at Edinburgh University, which he accepted, returning to Edinburgh in 1836. In 1840 he made a three month tour of Italy to view works of art for one of his publications. He died in 1842.
Henry Cline was born in London in 1750. he was educated at Merchant Taylors' School. He was apprenticed to Thomas Smith, surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital, London, and during his apprenticeship he lectured for Joseph Else, lecturer on anatomy at the hospital. Cline obtained his diploma from Surgeon's Hall in 1774, and in the same year attended a course of John Hunter's lectures. Cline became a surgeon to St Thomas's in 1784. He was elected a member of the court of assistants of the Surgeons' Company in 1796. He became an examiner at the Royal College of Surgeons in 1810, and in 1812 resigned his appointments at St Thomas's. He was succeeded as surgeon by his son Henry (d 1820). He became master of the College of Surgeons in 1815, and in 1816 delivered the Hunterian oration, which was never published. He gave the oration again in 1824. In 1823 Cline was President of the College, the title having been changed from that of Master in 1821. He died in 1827.
George Ray of Milton near Sittingbourne, was apprenticed to Mr Beckingsall of Sarum (Salisbury), before entering Guy's Hospital in 1815. He was granted his certificate in 1816 and also became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. His last entry in the College membership lists is in 1853. During his career he was Medical Officer for Milton Union, and Union House.
Alexander Henry Bartlett was born in Ipswich in 1800. He became a student at Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals, where he was dresser to Sir Astley Cooper in 1822-1823. After qualifying he settled in Ipswich, where he was first elected to the Dispensary. He was appointed Surgeon to the Gaol in 1825. He had an important share in the establishment of the East Suffolk Hospital, and headed the poll at the election of surgeons in 1836. He served on the active staff of the Hospital for forty years and then became Consulting Surgeon. He died in 1887.
Sir Astley Paston Cooper was born in Brooke Hall, Norfolk, in 1768. He was educated at home. He was articled to his uncle, William Cooper, senior surgeon at Guy's Hospital in London, in 1784. He lived in the house of Henry Cline, surgeon at nearby St Thomas's Hospital, whom he became apprenticed to instead. He became Cline's anatomy demonstrator in 1789, and he shared the lectures on anatomy and surgery with Cline, in 1791. He attended lectures by Desault and Chopart in Paris, in 1792. Cooper taught at St Thomas's and worked in dissections and lectured in anatomy and surgery, during the 1790s. A compilation of notes based on his lectures was published in 1820 titled Outlines of Lectures on Surgery, which went through many editions. From 1793 until 1796 Cooper was also lecturer in anatomy at the Company of Surgeons (after 1800 the Royal College of Surgeons). In 1800 his uncle, William Cooper, resigned as surgeon to Guy's Hospital and Cooper was elected to the post. He was elected professor of comparative anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons in 1813-1815. He became a member of the court of examiners of the college in 1822, and he served as president twice, in 1827 and 1836. He was also a vice-president of the Royal Society, to whose fellowship he had been elected in 1802, and won the society's Copley medal. He was a member of the Physical Society at Guy's. the Medico-Chirurgical Society, and the Pow-Wow, a medical dining club started by John Hunter. He was created a baronet in 1821. He died in 1840.
Born, 1916; wartime service in the Royal Engineers; lectured at University College Wales and Leicester; Professor of Geography at Sheffield and London School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS); Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1941-1983; RGS Victoria Medal, 1974; died, 1982.
Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1935-1966.
Brother of Robert Lawrence Reid; worked for the Société internationale Forestière et Minière du Congo; mapped the northern Congo basin with his brothers A E H and Robert Reid, [1910-1911], published in the The Geographical Journal, Vol. 38, No. 6 (Dec, 1911), pp. 591-592; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society 1910-1961.
The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) was founded in 1830 as the Royal Geographical Society of London. Its aim was the advancement of Geographical Science. The Society was granted a Royal Charter by Queen Victoria in 1859. In 1995 the RGS merged with the Institute of British Geographers (IBG) to create the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers).
Born, 1861; educated, University of Christiania; went to Greenland Sea, 1882; curator in Natural History Museum, Bergen; went across Greenland, 1888-1889; Curator Museum of Comparative Anatomy, Christiania University; North Pole Expedition, in which he reached the highest latitude until then attained (86 deg. 14' m.), 1893-1896; Professor of Zoology, Christiania University; took an active part in the separation of Norway and Sweden, 1905; Minister for Norway at the Court of St James', 1906-1908; Nobel Peace Prize, 1921-1922; Professor of Oceanography, Christiania University, 1908-; Rector of St Andrews University, 1925-1930; died, 1930
Publications:
Across Greenland
Eskimo Life
Farthest North, 1897
The Norwegian North Polar Expedition, 1893-1896, Scientific Results
Norway and the Union with Sweden, 1905
Northern Mists, 1911
Through Siberia, 1914
Sporting Days in Wild Norway, 1925
Hunting and Adventure in the Arctic, 1925
Adventure, and other Papers, 1927
Armenia and the Near East, 1928
Through the Caucasus to the Volga, 1931
Thornton , Annie , fl 1905-1910 , wife of Ernest
Ernest Thornton was an English Official posted in Kabul, Afghanistan, c 1905-1908. Annie Thornton was his wife.
Publications: Leaves from an Afghan Scrapbook: The Experiences of an English Official and His Wife in Kabul (London: John Murray, 1910).
Born, 1874; educated Dulwich College, 1887; joined the mercantile marine, 1890, serving in the White Star Line, the Shire Line, and the Union Castle Line, and making several voyages round the world; fellow of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 1899-1922; junior officer on board the steam yacht Discovery, the newly built wooden barque which carried the members of the national Antarctic expedition of 1901-1904 to the Southern Ocean; took part in the first long-distance sledge journey into the interior Antarctica and was less than 500 miles from the south pole; secretary of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society in Edinburgh, 1904; as Liberal Unionist candidate for parliament at the general election of 1906; secretary of the Parkhead engineering works at Glasgow; British Antarctic expedition, 1907-1909; Awarded Special Gold Medal for Nimrod Expedition, 1909; imperial trans-Antarctic expedition, 1914-1917; propaganda mission on behalf of the Foreign Office in South America in late 1917 and early 1918; commission as major and put in charge of equipment for the winter campaign of the north Russian expeditionary force, based in Murmansk, 1918-1819; resigned his commission, Feb1919 and returned to business projects; died suddenly of a heart attack while on board the Quest at Grytviken, 1922.
Born, 1840; wood engraver until 1860; produced a series of commissioned alpine scenery sketches, 1860; Alpine climber, 1861-1865, including the first ascent of the Matterhorn, 1865; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1865-1911; expeditions to Greenland to study Arctic travel and ice phenomena, 1867 and 1872; expedition to the Andes, 1880; expeditions in the Canadian Rockies, early 1900s; died 1911.
Born, 1827; merchant in Calcutta and London; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1867, died, 1870.