The author, one of the most eminent pathologists of Italy in the 19th century obtained his MD at Bologna, and was later Professor of Clinical Medicine at Florence in 1835. He was elected a Senator in 1860. An opponent of the theories of Brown and Rasori, he rejected the use of excessive blood-letting and was in favour of the use of opium.
Dudley Wilmot Buxton, born in 1855, was educated at University College London and University College Hospital, qualifying MB and BS in 1882 and MD in 1883. He held residents posts at UCH, and worked with Sydney Ringer, Professor of Medicine at University College. At this time, their work concerned the action of certain drugs on the heart. However, from 1885 Buxton confined his work to anaesthetics. In 1901 the British Medical Association appointed him Honorary Secretary of the Special Chloroform Committee, which presented its final report in 1910. During his career he worked in anaesthetics at the National Hospital, Queen Square; the Hospital for Women, Soho Square; the King George V Hospital (during the First World War) and latterly at UCH and The Royal Dental Hospital. He retired in 1919.
Buxton's influence was considerable: he believed that every doctor entering practice should have a competent knowledge of anaesthetics, a subject that had not been taught until the end of the nineteeth century. He married Louisa Clarke in 1884 and they had three sons. Buxton died on 28 June 1931.
Hugh Charles Herbert Candy (1850-1935) was consulting analyst to the London Hospital.
Sir James Cantlie was born in 1851 in Banffshire. He took his first degree at Aberdeen University and carried out his clinical training at Charing Cross Hospital, London. In 1877 he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons and Assistant Surgeon to Charing Cross Hospital; in 1886 he became Surgeon at Charing Cross. In 1888 he resigned to take up a position as Dean of the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (where the future Chinese leader Sun Yat Sen was one of his pupils), combining his work here with private surgical practice. His work during these years included investigations into leprosy and into various tropical diseases; in 1894 he encountered an outbreak of plague in Hong Kong. In 1897 he returned to London, where he was involved in the setting up of the Journal of Tropical Medicine in 1898 and of the London School of Tropical Medicine in 1899. He was President of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. During the early years of the twentieth century and particularly during the First World War his work centred on the provision and training of ambulance services. He died in 1926.
The author obtained his degree of Doctor of Surgery and Veterinary Medicine at Milan University in 1840, and took an active part in the promotion of veterinary medicine in all its branches.
Corneille Broeckx (1807-1869), the Belgian medical historian, published his Histoire du Collegium Medicum Antwerpiense, at Antwerp in 1858.
Very little information has been found concerning the compiler of this material. He was born at Saint Symphorien le Château en Lyonnais on December 26, 1769 at 8.15 a.m. [Cf. Horoscope in MS. 1566], and his father seems to have been Pierre Chaussegros [1735-1792], born in the same place, and killed at Speyer, probably in 1792, when that city was captured by the French Revolutionary army. [Ibid]. Vital was imprisoned in 1795 by the Committee of Public Safety [cf. MS. 1582]. Chaussegros seems to have been an ardent student of occultism and in his later works used a very strange form of semi-phonetic spelling. Albert Poisson, in the third volume of his 'Bibliothèque Hermétique [MS. No. 3936] on fol. 45, speaks of him as 'fou ou fourbe'. (68449)
Michel Chevereul was educated at the Collége de France, and elected a Member of the Académie des Sciences in 1826. He was Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Musée d'Histoire Naturelle, and Director form 1860 to 1879. He is mainly famous for his work on the composition of animal fats and saponification. He was elected FRS in 1857.
Pierre Chirac was the most celebrated physician of his day; he obtained his MD at Montpellier in 1683, and by 1687 was Professor of Medicine. He was elected a Member of the Académie des Sciences in 1716, became head of the Jardin du Roi in 1718, and physician to Louis XV in 1731.
Though a qualified physician, Pierre Jean Baptiste Chomel devoted himself entirely to the study of botany and was a pupil of Tournefort. He was appointed a royal physician in 1706, and elected to the Académie des Sciences in 1720, and Dean of the Faculté de Médecine in 1735. His 'Jardin Botanique' later formed part of the École de Pharmacie in Paris.
Nicolaus Cirillus was a Neapolitan physician was a pupil of Tozzi whom he succeeded as Professor of Medicine and Philosophy at Naples University in 1705. In 1717 be became first Professor of Medicine, a post he retained until his death. In 1718 he was elected FRS He created a botanical garden at Naples, and was an advocate of simple remedies and the use of cold water.
The Duc de Clermont-Tonnerre, as he became in 1815, served under Napoleon after attending courses at the Polytechnique. He was head of the Ministère de la Marine from 1821 to 1824, and then of the Ministère de la Guerre until 1828. He retired from public life in 1830, after Louis Philippe had become King of France.
Joseph Thomas Clover was born at Aylsham, Norfolk in 1825. After leaving Grey Friars Priory School he worked as an apprentice to a surgeon, and became a dresser at the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital in 1842. In 1844 he entered University College Hospital as Physician's Assistant and House Surgeon to Thomas Morton and James Syme. In August 1848 he was appointed Resident Medical Officer. He may have been present at the first major operation in England to use an anaesthetic, when, in December 1846, Robert Liston amputated a patient's thigh using open ether. Clover spent the rest of his life studying and experimenting with the administration of anaesthetics, inventing several pieces of equipment for this purpose. He became a lecturer in anaesthetics at University College Hospital and an administrator of anasethetics at the Dental Hospital, positions he held at the time of his death on 27 September 1882. He was survived by his wife, Mary Anne (neé Hall) and four children.
Paul Cohade lectured on philosophy at the Sorbonne, Paris, in the late seventeenth century.
By the same anonymous author, and written by the same hand as MSS. 4154, 4155 [Recueil].
John Dixon Comrie was born in 1875 and trained as a physician. He pursued a career as a physician and medical historian. In 1908 he became responsible for teaching Medical History at Edinburgh University, while from 1927 to his death in 1939 he was Physician to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary.
The compiler's name is given in MS.185 under the anagram 'Tessun Celi Terenzi', which appears to be equivalent to 'Terenzi Celestinus'. In MS. 186, by the same hand, the anagram is spelt 'Tessun Coeli' which would become 'Coelestinus'.
Sir Astley Paston Cooper was born in Brooke Hall, Norfolk, in 1768. He was educated at home. He was articled to his uncle, William Cooper, senior surgeon at Guy's Hospital in London, in 1784. He lived in the house of Henry Cline, surgeon at nearby St Thomas's Hospital, whom he became apprenticed to instead. He became Cline's anatomy demonstrator in 1789, and he shared the lectures on anatomy and surgery with Cline, in 1791. He attended lectures by Desault and Chopart in Paris, in 1792. Cooper taught at St Thomas's and worked in dissections and lectured in anatomy and surgery, during the 1790s. A compilation of notes based on his lectures was published in 1820 titled Outlines of Lectures on Surgery, which went through many editions.
From 1793 until 1796 Cooper was also lecturer in anatomy at the Company of Surgeons (after 1800 the Royal College of Surgeons). In 1800 his uncle, William Cooper, resigned as surgeon to Guy's Hospital and Cooper was elected to the post. He was elected Professor of Comparative Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons in 1813-1815. He became a member of the court of examiners of the College in 1822, and he served as President twice, in 1827 and 1836. He was also a Vice-President of the Royal Society, to whose fellowship he had been elected in 1802, and won the Society's Copley medal. He was a member of the Physical Society at Guy's. the Medico-Chirurgical Society, and the Pow-Wow, a medical dining club started by John Hunter.
He was created a baronet in 1821. He died in 1840.
Benjamin Travers was born in Cheapside, London, in 1783. He was educated at the grammar school in Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, and then privately. He was a pupil of Astley Cooper from 1800-1806. During this time he gave occasional demonstrations and set up a weekly clinical society. He took his diploma and became MRCS in 1806. He was appointed demonstrator of anatomy at Guy's Hospital, and was appointed surgeon to the East India Company's warehouses and brigade in 1809. He was elected surgeon to St Thomas' Hospital in 1815, as well as the London Infirmary for Diseases of the Eye (now Moorfields Eye Hospital), where he succeeded Astley Cooper, and remained until 1816. He resigned his joint lectureship with Astley Cooper in 1819. He began to lecture again in 1834, with Frederick Tyrell at St Thomas' Hospital. He was appointed surgeon to Queen Victoria in 1837 and to Prince Albert in 1840. He was elected FRCS in 1813; Member of Council, 1839-1858; Examiner in surgery, 1841-1858; Chairman of the Board of Midwifery Examiners, 1855; Vice-President, 1845, 1846, 1854 and 1855; President, 1847 and 1856; and he was Huntarian Orator in 1838. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1813. He was elected president of the Hunterian Society in 1827, as well as President of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. He died in 1858.
Sir Zachary Cope obtained his M.D. in London in 1907, and was elected FRCS Eng in 1909. He served with the RAMC in Mesopotamia 1916-1918, and was consulting surgeon to St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington. Among other works he wrote a History of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, published in 1959.
A 'Mr Coynes [sic] Surgeon and Apothecary' is entered for Holywell in the Medical Register for 1780, but his name is not to be found in the 1783 edition.
No information at present
The author was surgeon to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital from 1826 to the time of his death. He had been elected F.R.S. in 1836, and was an original Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1843.
Born, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, 1710; educated, Glasgow University, and became pupil of a physician; surgeon to a merchant ship, 1729; apothecary's assistant, London; practised at Auchinlee, near Hamilton, 1731-1732; student, Edinburgh Medical School, 1734-1736; practised as a surgeon in Hamilton, 1736-1744; Chief Magistrate of Hamilton, 1739-1740; graduated MD, Glasgow, 1740; practised in Glasgow, 1744-; founded a medical school, lecturing on medicine and several other subjects; made some discoveries on the evolution of heat in chemical combinations and the cooling of solutions; Professor of Medicine, Glasgow University, 1751; joint Professor of Chemistry, Edinburgh University; began to give clinical lectures in the infirmary, 1757; delivered a course of lectures on materia medica, continuing his chemistry course, 1760-1761; Professor of the 'Institutes' or theory of physic, Edinburgh University, 1766-1773; lectured in alternate years on the theory and the practice of medicine with John Gregory; Professor of the Practice of Physic, Edinburgh University, 1773-1789; President, Edinburgh College of Physicians, 1773-1775; helped prepare the new edition of the 'Edinburgh Pharmacopeia', 1774; foreign associate of the Royal Society of Medicine at Paris, 1776; Fellow, Royal Society of London, 1777; died, 1790.
For Christophorus Parisiensis, see Thorndike's History of Magic and Experimental Science, Vol. IV, pp. 348-351.
Unknown
Charles Firmin Cuthbert qualified MRCS in 1879 and practised in Gloucester where he was senior surgeon of the Children's Hospital. In 1911-1912 he was sheriff of his native city.
Born in Montbéliard, in Burgundy, 1769; Went to Caroline University, near Stuttgart, Germany, to study administrative, juridical, and economic sciences, 1784. Also studied natural history and comparative anatomy. Education complete, he served as a tutor for a French family in 1788; Moved to Paris in 1795 where he was invited by French naturalist Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire to study and work at the newly reorganized Museum of Natural History. Immediately appointed Professor of Zoology and Assistant Professor of Animal Anatomy. Became Professor at the Collège de France in 1800; Broke with doctrine that all life could be organized into a continuous series beginning with the simplest organism and ending with humans in favour of the idea that four basic body plans existed in the animal world: the Vertebrata, Articulata, Radiata, and Mollusca; his 1817 Le Regne Animal dominated natural history in England and France until the publication in 1859 of On the Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin. Also served in other public service positions: Councillor of State in 1814 and Head of the Interior Department of the Council of State, 1819.
Edgar Ferdinand Cyriax was born in 1874 and was originally Swedish. He was the son-in-law of [Jonas] Henrik Kellgren, who was an important figure in the late-nineteenth century spread of Swedish remedial gymnastics and massage to other parts of Europe. Like Kellgren, Cyriax based himself in London, where in addition to practising he studied the bibliography and history of manipulative treatment. He lectured in physiology at the Central Institute for Swedish Gymnastics, London. At his death in 1955 he left a large collection of books, pamphlets and papers on the subject.
George Daniel was a chemist based in Holloway Road, London.
John Bernard Davey was born in 1875 and trained at Middlesex Hospital and University College London, graduating M.B. in 1900. He was Principal Medical Officer in Tanganyika from 1902 to 1919 and again from 1940 to 1942. He died in 1967.
Pierre Joseph Desault was surgeon in chief at the l'Hôtel-Dieu, Paris. He afterwards practised at Caen.
John Dixon was Medical Officer of Health for Bermondsey for many years, and died at the age of 98. He was a student at Guy's Hospital, London and these notes were probably made during this period: he took his MD at St Andrew's University in 1854. He practised in Bermondsey until his death, where he served as surgeon to the Surrey Dispensary and was a Justice of the Peace. He was a man of many interests, especially in public health, and gave popular lectures on hygiene, sanitation, etc. At one period of his life he took up astrology, and in his later years was an enthusiastic amateur photographer.
Dobell was a distinguished protozoologist and parasitologist and was elected FRS in 1918. He was appointed protozoologist to the Medical Research Council in the following year.
The Dolben family came from Finedon, Buckinghamshire.