Sir Herbert Maxwell was Conservative member of Parliament for Wigtownshire from 1880-1906; during the latter years of his parliamentary career he was a supporter of Joseph Chamberlain's campign for tariff reform; Maxwell was a prolific author: his numerous books included a biography of the Duke of Wellington, written in 1899. He was the President of the Society of Antiquities of Scotland, 1900-1913.
Thomas James Bean wrote a number of articles on the art connoisseur and writer, Richard Ford (1796-1858). Bean also amassed significant collections of Ford's letters and books, which were alluded to in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry on Ford of 2004. Among the papers on Ford given by Bean were those to the Richard Ford bi-centenary conference and the 1991 George Borrow Conference. Thomas Bean was also a farmer and in 2006 was a Liberal Democrat representative on Worcestershire County Council.
William Hone, a radical publisher, was made famous by the blasphemy trials of 1817 at which he was acquited. He often worked with the caricaturist, George Cruikshank, with whom he collaborated in a campaign to improve the condition of lunatic asylums. Hone began publishing the Reformists Register in 1817 and published parodies, which prompted his trial. Later in his life, he became an antiquarian publisher. Hone died in 1842.
Robert G Philip spent many years as a religious minister in Glencairn, Dumfriesshire. During that time, he translated and studied the Heliand, an epic poem in Old Saxon, written about 825 AD. The title means 'Savior' in Old Saxon, and it recounts the life of Jesus in the alliterative verse style of a Germanic saga. Philip was the author of A Vision and a Voice: the awakening of today (1913).
Hanley, James (1901-1985), novelist and playwright, was born in Dublin in 1901, the son of Edward Hanley, a ship's stoker. The only school Hanley attended was St Alexandra's Roman Catholic primary school, near his home. At the age of twelve he left school and joined the merchant navy, serving in a submarine during the First World War. Three years later he jumped ship at New Brunswick to enlist in the Canadian Black Watch and eventually saw action in France. Invalided out of the army suffering from the effects of gas, he returned to the sea, working as a stoker on troop carriers, which he featured in some of his novels. He continued to educate himself, mainly by reading Russian literature, and having come ashore in the late 1920s earned a precarious living in a variety of jobs in docks, on the railway, and for a while at Aintree racecourse. Many of his early stories were published in the Liverpool Echo, the editor of which, E. Hope Prince, became his mentor.
Hanley's first novel, Drift (1930), and his first volume of stories, The German Prisoner (1930), were published shortly before his move to Wales, where he settled first at Glan Ceirw, Ty-nant, near Corwen in Merioneth, and then, in the autumn of 1941, at Bodynfoel Lodge and Tan-y-ffridd in the village of Llanfechain, Montgomeryshire. His second novel, Boy (1932), was originally published in an edition of 145 copies for subscribers only. An expurgated trade edition followed, but when in 1934 it was issued in a cheap edition, copies were seized by the police and the book was successfully prosecuted for obscenity. The publisher was fined £400 and copies of the book were burnt. Hanley forbade republication of the novel during his lifetime and it was not reissued until 1990.
The first of Hanley's novels about the Furys, a Liverpool Irish family, appeared in 1935 and a volume of autobiography, Broken Water, in 1937. On the outbreak of the Second World War he found work with the BBC and later with the Ministry of Information, but his home remained in Llanfechain until 1963, when he and his wife moved to London. During the war he wrote three novels of the sea which are among his best work: Hollow Sea (1938), The Ocean (1941), and Sailor's Song (1943). He also wrote the autobiographical No Directions (1943). Many of his stories and radio plays were broadcast on the BBC Third Programme during the 1940s. During his long residence in Wales, Hanley wrote four books: a collection of essays, Don Quixote Drowned (1953), and the novels The Welsh Sonata (1954), Another World (1971), and A Kingdom (1978). His 'Selected Stories' appeared in 1947 and 'Collected Stories' in 1953. Hanley died of bronchial pneumonia in November 1985.
Matthew Manning was born in 1955. He became famous with the publication of his first book, The Link" in 1974 which sold over a million copies. "The Link and In the Minds of Millions (1977) were autobiographical works which described psychic phenomena. Matthew Manning was also notable for his skill in automatic drawing (ie producing artwork in the style of other other artists).
Herbert Somerton Foxwell was born on 17 June 1849 in Somerset, the son of an ironmonger and slate and timber merchant. He received his early education at the Weslyian Collegiate Institute, Taunton. After passing the London Matriculation examination at the minimum age, he obtained a London External BA Degree at the age of 18. He went to St. John's College, Cambridge in 1868. He was placed senior in the Moral Sciences Tripos in 1870 and was associated with the College for the rest of his life. He was made a Fellow in 1874 and held his College lectureship for sixty years. In the University he was largely responsible for the honours teaching of economics from 1877 to 1908. Foxwell was assistant lecturer to his friend Stanley Jevons who had held the Chair of Economics at University College London from 1868 and then succeeded Jevons as chair in May 1881, holding the post until 1927. At the same time, Foxwell was Newmarch Lecturer in statistics at University College London and a lecturer on currency and banking from 1896 at London School of Economics. In 1907 he became joint Professor of Political Economy in the University of London. In addition to these appointments, Foxwell gave extra-mural lectures for Cambridge University from 1874 and for London from 1876 to 1881 in London, Leeds, Halifax and elsewhere. He also held the following appointments: external examiner for London, Cambridge and other universities; first Dean of the Faculty of Economics at the University of London; vice-president and president of the Council of the Royal Economic Society; member of the Councils of the Statistical Society and the British Association for the Advancement of Science; and secretary and later president of the University (Cambridge) Musical Society and the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. He also provided a course of lectures at the Institute of Actuaries. Foxwell was a dedicated book-collector and bibliophile and concentrated on the purchase of economic books printed before 1848. He described his library as a collection of books and tracts intended to serve as the basis for the study of the industrial, commercial, monetary and financial history of the United Kingdom as well a of the gradual development of economic science generally. Foxwell's library provides the nucleus of the Goldsmiths' Library of Economic Literature. When The Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths purchased the library of economic literature from Foxwell in 1901 for £10,000 it contained about 30,000 books. The Company also generously provided Foxwell with a series of subventions following the purchase of the Library to enable him to make further acquisitions prior to the gift of the Goldsmiths' Library of Economic Literature to the University of London in 1903. From the sale in 1901, Foxwell kept back duplicates that formed a second collection which he sold to Harvard University for £4,000 in 1929. From the termination of dealings with the Goldsmiths' Company in 1903, he began creating a second major collection. By his death, on 3 August 1936, Foxwell had amassed a further 20,000 volumes that were sold to Harvard University creating the focus for the Kress Library.
Charles Lahr was born Karl Lahr in 1885 at Wendlesheim in the Rhineland Palatinate, Germany. During his teenage years he became first a Buddhist and later an anarchist. In 1905, to escape conscription into the German army, he left Germany for London. On arriving in London he worked as a baker and expressed his political involvement by joining and frequenting anarchist clubs. By 1914 Lahr had taken work as a razor grinder and had joined the British Section of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). He began to accumulate books at around this time as he moved from residence to residence in the Kings Cross area of London. He also let rooms to people he met through his political activities. Designated an enemy alien, Lahr was interned in Alexandra Palace in London from 1915 to 1919. After the war Lahr returned to his trade and continued his involvement with the IWW, where he met his future wife, Esther Archer, whom he married in 1922. Lahr and Archer both joined the Communist party in 1920, but left in 1921. It was during this brief membership that the Lahr met and became friends with Liam O'Flaherty. In 1921 Lahr took over the Progressive Bookshop at 68 Red Lion Square, Holborn. The bookshop became a centre for new writers and political activists from around the world, and specialised in the sale of radical literature and first editionsThe Lahr's first moves into publishing came in when K. S. Bhat recommended the editors of the New Coterie to take the magazine to the Lahrs. From 1925 onwards Lahr started publishing items on his own account, often using his wife's maiden name to counter anti-German prejudice. During 1925 to 1927 these took the form of offprints from New Coterie, and then articles within the magazine itself. In the publishing world he was in close contact with writers such as D. H. Lawrence, T. F. Powys, James Hanley, A.S.J. Tessimond, Liam O' Flaherty, Paul Selver, Russell Green, George Woodcock, Rhys Davies and several others. The New Coterie ran until 1927, and in 1930 Lahr launched his Blue Moon Booklets and a year later the Blue Moon Press. However, by 1933 Lahr was having financial problems. In 1935 his difficulties came to a head when he was found guilty of receiving stolen books and was sentenced to six months imprisonment. However, after his release he continued his publishing activities although on a much reduced scale. The bookshop continued to be a focus for radicals and revolutionaries.The bookshop in Holborn was bombed in May 1941. Lahr moved the bookshop to several locations in central London before finally moving it to the headquarters of the Independent Labour Party at 197 Kings Cross Road, London. Charles Lahr died in London in 1971.
References:R. M. Fox, 'Lahr's Bookshop' in Smoky Crusade, Hogarth Press, 1938, pp. 180-188.D. Goodway, 'Charles Lahr: Anarchist, Bookseller' in London Magazine, Jun-Jul 1977, pp. 47-55.
In 1769 Bruyard entered the Bureau of Trade, where he was trained by his father. In 1776-1777, he worked in Italy and Sicily. On 1 September 1780, Bruyard was appointed inspector of factories in Aachen and two years later (02-07-1782) he was appointed to a similar position in Paris. He lost his job after the Inspectorate was abolished following the revolution.
Laurence Whistler won the first King's Gold Medal for poetry in 1935. He published twelve books of poetry. Whistler was famed for his prodigious skill in point engraving on to glass. His work may be seen in many museums and numerous churches, including Salisbury Cathedral.
The Beer Trade Protection Society represented 41,000 "beershops" and 89,000 public houses in England. The Society was based in London and was mainly concerned with the sale of beer and ale within the capital. The Society had a number of functions. It was a political lobbying group but also cared for retired or distressed inn-keepers and their dependents. The Society was particularly concerned with defending the Beerhouse Act of 1830, which exempted the sale of beer from the need to be licensed by a justice. This provision of the Act was under constant pressure from temperance groups.
John Baker Holroyd was born in 1735. In 1781 he was created Baron Sheffield of Dunamare, Co Meath in the Peerage of Ireland and in 1802 created Baron Sheffield of Sheffield, Co. York in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. He was President of the Board of Agriculture, a Lord of Trade and one of His Majesty's most honourable Privy Council. He was known in the literary world as a writer on political economy. He died in 1821.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
John Urpeth Rastrick was born at Morpeth in Northumberland on 26 January 1780, the son of John Rastrick, an engineer to whom he became articled in 1795. In about 1801, he was working at the Ketley Iron Works in Shropshire and, in or after 1805, he joined in partnership with John Hazledine (soon succeeded by Robert Hazledine) of Bridgenorth, Shropshire. During this time, Rastrick assisted in the construction of the locomotive 'Catch me who Can' for Richard Trevithick in 1808, and in 1814, he took out a patent for a steam engine and soon started experimenting with steam traction on railways. His first major work was the cast iron road bridge over the Wye at Chepstow (1815-1816). In 1817 Rastrick left that partnership, to join with James Foster, in about 1819, at the iron works which then became known as Foster, Rastrick and Co., at Stourbridge, Worcestershire. His association with railway engineering began in 1822 when he became an engineer for the Stratford and Moreton Railway. Rastrick became an active supporter of railway proposals put before Parliament, an adviser to railway companies, and a designer and builder of locomotives - the 'Agenoria' and 'Stourbridge Lion' for example. He acted as surveyor or engineer to parts of a large number of lines, among them the Liverpool and Manchester (1829 onwards), the Manchester and Cheshire Junction (1835 onwards), and the series of lines later known as the London, Brighton & South Coast Railway (1836 onwards). About 1847, he retired from engineering work, although he continued to occupy himself with railway business, and was active in a number of arbitrations concerning railway disputes. He retired to Sayes Court, Chertsey, Surrey and died on 1 November 1856.
John Sinclair was born in Thurso, Caithness, and educated at the Universities of Edinburgh, Glasgow and Oxford. He qualified as a lawyer in both Scotland and England but never practised law. In 1780 he entered the House of Commons as MP for Caithness, subsequently serving as MP for several English and Scottish constituencies between 1784 and 1811. Sir John wrote several works on ecnomics and agriculture and became the first president of the Board of Agriculture in 1793. His 'Statistical Account of Scotland' popularized the use of the word 'statistics' in English.
Charles Davenant was born in London in 1656. Educated at the grammar school, Cheam, Surrey and Balliol College, Oxford University, he became MP for St Ives, Cornwall, in 1685, and for Great Bedwin, 1690 and 1700. He was Commissioner of the Excise, 1678-1689, and Inspector General of Exports and Imports from 1705 until his death in Nov 1714. Davenant also wrote widely on politics and economics.
Publications: Reflections upon the Constitution and Management of the Trade to Africa, through the whole course and progress thereof, from the beginning of the last century, to this time (John Morphew, London, 1709); The Songs in Circe (Richard Tonson, London, 1677); An Account of the Trade between Great-Britain, France, Holland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Africa, Newfoundland, etc. With the importations and exportations of all commodities, particularly of the woollen manufactures. Deliver'd in two reports made to the Commissioners for Publick Accounts (A. Bell, W. Taylor; J. Baker, London, 1715); An essay upon ways and means of supplying the war (London, 1695); Essays upon Peace at Home, and War Abroad (James Knapton, London, 1704); A Discourse upon Grants and Resumptions, showing how our ancestors have proceeded with such Ministers as have procured to themselves Grants of the Crown revenue; and that the Forfeited Estates ought to be applied towards the payment of the Publick Debts (London, 1700); Sir Thomas Double at Court, and in High Preferments. In two dialogues, between Sir T. Double and Sir Richard Comover, alias Mr. Whiglove: on the 27th of September, 1710 (John Morphew, London, 1710); An Essay on the East India Trade (London, 1696); Discourses on the Publick Revenues, and on the Trade of England (J Knapton, London, 1698); A Report (a second Report) to the Honourable the Commissioners for putting in execution the Act, intitled, An Act for the Taking, Examining, and Stating the Publick Accounts of the Kingdom (London, 1712); An Essay upon the probable means of making a People gainers in the Ballance of Trade (London, 1699); Essays upon I. the Ballance of Power; II. The right of making war, peace, and alliances; III. Universal Monarchy (London, 1701); New Dialogues upon the Present Posture of Affairs, the species of mony, national debts, publick revenues, Bank and East-India Company, and the trade now carried on between France and Holland (John Morphew, London, 1710).
Arthur William Symons was born at Milford Haven on 28 February 1865. At the age of twenty-one Symons wrote his first critical work An Introduction to the Study of Browning, 1886. From 1889 Symons made frequent trips to France and became interested in its literature and art. He contributed regularly to the Athenaeum, Saturday Review and Fortnightly Review. Symons published several books of poetry including Collected Poems 1900 and The Fool of the World and other Poems 1906. In 1906 he bought Island Cottage, at Wittersham, Kent, where he died on 22 January 1945.
Charles Davenant was born in London in 1656. Educated at the grammar school, Cheam, Surrey and Balliol College, Oxford University, he became MP for St Ives, Cornwall, in 1685, and for Great Bedwin, 1690 and 1700. He was Commissioner of the Excise, 1678-1689, and Inspector General of Exports and Imports from 1705 until his death in Nov 1714. Davenant also wrote widely on politics and economics.
Publications: Reflections upon the Constitution and Management of the Trade to Africa, through the whole course and progress thereof, from the beginning of the last century, to this time (John Morphew, London, 1709); The Songs in Circe (Richard Tonson, London, 1677); An Account of the Trade between Great-Britain, France, Holland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Africa, Newfoundland, etc. With the importations and exportations of all commodities, particularly of the woollen manufactures. Deliver'd in two reports made to the Commissioners for Publick Accounts (A. Bell, W. Taylor; J. Baker, London, 1715); An essay upon ways and means of supplying the war (London, 1695); Essays upon Peace at Home, and War Abroad (James Knapton, London, 1704); A Discourse upon Grants and Resumptions, showing how our ancestors have proceeded with such Ministers as have procured to themselves Grants of the Crown revenue; and that the Forfeited Estates ought to be applied towards the payment of the Publick Debts (London, 1700); Sir Thomas Double at Court, and in High Preferments. In two dialogues, between Sir T. Double and Sir Richard Comover, alias Mr. Whiglove: on the 27th of September, 1710 (John Morphew, London, 1710); An Essay on the East India Trade (London, 1696); Discourses on the Publick Revenues, and on the Trade of England (J Knapton, London, 1698); A Report (a second Report) to the Honourable the Commissioners for putting in execution the Act, intitled, An Act for the Taking, Examining, and Stating the Publick Accounts of the Kingdom (London, 1712); An Essay upon the probable means of making a People gainers in the Ballance of Trade (London, 1699); Essays upon I. the Ballance of Power; II. The right of making war, peace, and alliances; III. Universal Monarchy (London, 1701); New Dialogues upon the Present Posture of Affairs, the species of mony, national debts, publick revenues, Bank and East-India Company, and the trade now carried on between France and Holland (John Morphew, London, 1710).
Herbert Somerton Foxwell was born on 17 June 1849 in Somerset, the son of an ironmonger and slate and timber merchant. He received his early educated at the Weslyian Collegiate Institute, Taunton. After passing the London Matriculation examination at the minimum age, he obtained a London External BA Degree at the age of 18. He went to St. John's College, Cambridge in 1868. He was placed senior in the Moral Sciences Tripos in 1870 and was associated with the College for the rest of his life. He was made a Fellow in 1874 and held his College lectureship for sixty years. In the University he was largely responsible for the honours teaching of economics from 1877 to 1908. Foxwell was assistant lecturer to his friend Stanley Jevons who had held the Chair of Economics at University College London from 1868 and then succeeded Jevons as chair in May 1881, holding the post until 1927. At the same time, Foxwell was Newmarch Lecturer in statistics at University College London and a lecturer on currency and banking from 1896 at the London School of Economics. In 1907 he became joint Professor of Political Economy in the University of London. In addition to these appointments, Foxwell gave extra-mural lectures for Cambridge University from 1874 and for London from 1876 to 1881 in London, Leeds, Halifax and elsewhere. He also held the following appointments: external examiner for London, Cambridge and other universities; first Dean of the Faculty of Economics at the University of London; vice-president and president of the Council of the Royal Economic Society; member of the Councils of the Statistical Society and the British Association for the Advancement of Science; and secretary and later president of the University (Cambridge) Musical Society and the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. He also provided a course of lectures at the Institute of Actuaries.
Foxwell was a dedicated book-collector and bibliophile and concentrated on the purchase of economic books printed before 1848. He described his library as a collection of books and tracts intended to serve as the basis for the study of the industrial, commercial, monetary and financial history of the United Kingdom as well a of the gradual development of economic science generally.
Foxwell's library provides the nucleus of the Goldsmiths' Library of Economic Literature. When The Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths purchased the library of economic literature from Foxwell in 1901 for £10,000 it contained about 30,000 books. The Company also generously provided Foxwell with a series of subventions following the purchase of the Library to enable him to make further acquisitions prior to the gift of the Goldsmiths' Library of Economic Literature to the University of London in 1903.
From the sale in 1901, Foxwell kept back duplicates that formed a second collection which he sold to Harvard University for £4,000 in 1929. From the termination of dealings with the Goldsmiths' Company in 1903, he began creating a second major collection. By his death, on 3 August 1936, Foxwell had amassed a further 20,000 volumes that were sold to Harvard University creating the focus for the Kress Library.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
John Henry Pyle Pafford was Goldsmiths' Librarian of the University of London Library from 1945 to 1967. He published works on librarianship, including Library Cooperation in Europe (1935) and American and Canadian Libraries: some notes on a visit in the summer of 1947 (1949), and acted as an editor of The Year's Work in Librarianship during 1939-1950. He was also an editor of literary texts, notably the Arden edition of Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale.
Charles Lahr was born Karl Lahr in 1885 at Wendlesheim in the Rhineland Palatinate, Germany. During his teenage years he became first a Buddhist and later an anarchist. In 1905, to escape conscription into the German army, he left Germany for London. On arriving in London he worked as a baker and expressed his political involvement by joining and frequenting anarchist clubs. By 1914 Lahr had taken work as a razor grinder and had joined the British Section of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). He began to accumulate books at around this time as he moved from residence to residence in the Kings Cross area of London. He also let rooms to people he met through his political activities. Designated an enemy alien, Lahr was interned in Alexandra Palace in London from 1915 to 1919. After the war Lahr returned to his trade and continued his involvement with the IWW, where he met his future wife, Esther Archer, whom he married in 1922. Lahr and Archer both joined the Communist party in 1920, but left in 1921. It was during this brief membership that the Lahr met and became friends with Liam O'Flaherty. In 1921 Lahr took over the Progressive Bookshop at 68 Red Lion Square, Holborn. The bookshop became a centre for new writers and political activists from around the world, and specialised in the sale of radical literature and first editions. The Lahr's first moves into publishing came in when K. S. Bhat recommended the editors of the New Coterie to take the magazine to the Lahrs. From 1925 onwards Lahr started publishing items on his own account, often using his wife's maiden name to counter anti-German prejudice. During 1925 to 1927 these took the form of offprints from New Coterie, and then articles within the magazine itself. In the publishing world he was in close contact with writers such as D. H. Lawrence, T. F. Powys, James Hanley, A.S.J. Tessimond, Liam O' Flaherty, Paul Selver, Russell Green, George Woodcock, Rhys Davies and several others. The New Coterie ran until 1927, and in 1930 Lahr launched his Blue Moon Booklets and a year later the Blue Moon Press. However, by 1933 Lahr was having financial problems. In 1935 his difficulties came to a head when he was found guilty of receiving stolen books and was sentenced to six months imprisonment. However, after his release he continued his publishing activities although on a much reduced scale. The bookshop continued to be a focus for radicals and revolutionaries.The bookshop in Holborn was bombed in May 1941. Lahr moved the bookshop to several locations in central London before finally moving it to the headquarters of the Independent Labour Party at 197 Kings Cross Road, London. Charles Lahr died in London in 1971.
References:R. M. Fox, 'Lahr's Bookshop' in Smoky Crusade, Hogarth Press, 1938, pp. 180-188; D. Goodway, 'Charles Lahr: Anarchist, Bookseller' in London Magazine, Jun-Jul 1977, pp. 47-55.
Charles Lahr was born Karl Lahr in 1885 at Wendlesheim in the Rhineland Palatinate, Germany. During his teenage years he became first a Buddhist and later an anarchist. In 1905, to escape conscription into the German army, he left Germany for London. On arriving in London he worked as a baker and expressed his political involvement by joining and frequenting anarchist clubs. By 1914 Lahr had taken work as a razor grinder and had joined the British Section of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). He began to accumulate books at around this time as he moved from residence to residence in the Kings Cross area of London. He also let rooms to people he met through his political activities. Designated an enemy alien, Lahr was interned in Alexandra Palace in London from 1915 to 1919. After the war Lahr returned to his trade and continued his involvement with the IWW, where he met his future wife, Esther Archer, whom he married in 1922. Lahr and Archer both joined the Communist party in 1920, but left in 1921. It was during this brief membership that the Lahr met and became friends with Liam O'Flaherty. In 1921 Lahr took over the Progressive Bookshop at 68 Red Lion Square, Holborn. The bookshop became a centre for new writers and political activists from around the world, and specialised in the sale of radical literature and first editionsThe Lahr's first moves into publishing came in when K. S. Bhat recommended the editors of the New Coterie to take the magazine to the Lahrs. From 1925 onwards Lahr started publishing items on his own account, often using his wife's maiden name to counter anti-German prejudice. During 1925 to 1927 these took the form of offprints from New Coterie, and then articles within the magazine itself. In the publishing world he was in close contact with writers such as D. H. Lawrence, T. F. Powys, James Hanley, A.S.J. Tessimond, Liam O' Flaherty, Paul Selver, Russell Green, George Woodcock, Rhys Davies and several others. The New Coterie ran until 1927, and in 1930 Lahr launched his Blue Moon Booklets and a year later the Blue Moon Press. However, by 1933 Lahr was having financial problems. In 1935 his difficulties came to a head when he was found guilty of receiving stolen books and was sentenced to six months imprisonment. However, after his release he continued his publishing activities although on a much reduced scale. The bookshop continued to be a focus for radicals and revolutionaries.The bookshop in Holborn was bombed in May 1941. Lahr moved the bookshop to several locations in central London before finally moving it to the headquarters of the Independent Labour Party at 197 Kings Cross Road, London. Charles Lahr died in London in 1971.
References:R. M. Fox, 'Lahr's Bookshop' in Smoky Crusade, Hogarth Press, 1938, pp. 180-188.D. Goodway, 'Charles Lahr: Anarchist, Bookseller' in London Magazine, Jun-Jul 1977, pp. 47-55.
Edward Montague Compton Mackenzie was born in West Hartlepool on 17 January 1883. He received his education from St Paul's, London and Magdalen College, Oxford University, where he read Modern History. While at Oxford, Mackenzie founded and edited a magazine called the Oxford Point of View. He also became business manager for the Oxford University Dramatic Society.
George Borrow was born at East Dereham, Norfolk in 1803. He was educated at the High School in Edinburgh, where the family settled for a period of time. At the age of seventeen Borrow was articled to a solicitor at Norwich. Borrow also studied philology and began to consider literature as a profession.
In 1825 Borrow published Faustus translated from the German of F M von Klinger. Borrow went on to undertake a tour of England and Europe and, whilst in St Petersburg, Borrow published Targum or Metrical Translations from Thirty Languages and Dialects. Borrow also acted as an agent for the British and Foreign Bible Society while he travelled through Europe and he became one of the first correspondents to write letters for the Morning Herald.
With the proceeds from the sale of his works, Borrow purchased an estate on Oulton Broad, Norfolk. At Oulton, Borrow befriended gypsies and permitted them to live on his estate. While living at Oulton, Borrow wrote, Lavengro (1850), The Romany Rye (1857), Wild Wales: Its People, Language and Scenery (1862), Romano Lavo Lil: Word Book of the Romany, (1872) and other works. Borrow won acclaim for his publication of two works in particular, Gypsies in Spain (1841) and an account of his travel in Spain The Bible in Spain (1843). George Borrow died at Oulton in August 1881.
Robert Southey was born in Bristol on 12 August 1774. He was educated at schools in Corston and Bristol before being sent to Westminster School in 1788. He entered Balliol College, Oxford in 1792 after he was expelled from Westminster for denouncing flogging in a school magazine, The Flagellant. In 1794 Southey wrote the play that belied his then republican spirit, Wat Tyler. The play was published without Southey's consent in 1817. By then Southey had become a supporter of the Tory government.
In 1795 Southey journeyed to Spain and Portugal. That year saw the publication of his epic poem Joan of Arc. On his return to England in 1797, Southey entered Gray's Inn, London, but only for a brief period, before moving to Westbury in June 1798 and then to Burton, Hampshire in 1799. He was appointed secretary to Isaac Corry, the chancellor of the Irish exchequer c 1801. In 1803 Southey moved to Greta Hall, Keswick where he stayed with his family for the remainder of his life.
In 1809 Robert Southey joined the staff of the Quarterly Review and wrote regularly for the periodical until 1839. From 1809 to 1815 he edited and principally wrote the Edinburgh Annual Register. Southey wrote several books including, The Book of the Church Vindicated (1824), Sir Thomas More (1829) and Lives of the British Admirals (1833). Southey was appointed Poet Laureate in 1813. To commemorate the death of King George III in 1821, he wrote his poem A Vision of Judgement. In 1820 the University of Oxford created Southey DCL and in June 1826 he was elected MP for Downton, Wiltshire, but was disqualified for not possessing the necessary estate. Southey died in Keswick on 21 March 1843.
Alfred Tennyson was born on 6 August 1809 at Somersby, Lincolnshire. At the age of seven he was sent to live with his grandmother at Louth where he attended Louth Grammar School. He returned home in 1820 to be educated by his father. In 1827 he entered Trinity College Cambridge, where he won the Chancellor's Gold Medal in 1828 for his poem Timbuctoo. Tennyson published Poems Chiefly Lyrical in 1830 and Poems in 1832, which were given a mixed reception by several periodicals. In 1842 he published another volume of poems which established his popularity. Tennyson received a Civil List pension of £200 per year in 1845 and he was appointed Poet Laureate in 1850. In June 1855 Tennyson received the degree of DCL from Oxford University. Tennyson continued writing poetry until the last year of his life. He died on 5 October 1892 at the age of 83.
George Gordon Noel Byron was born in London on 22 January 1788. At the age of ten, he inherited his great uncle William's barony to become the 6th Baron of Rochdale. Byron was educated at Harrow School 1801-1805 and Trinity College Cambridge, 1805-1808; where he received a Master of Arts degree. Whilst at Cambridge, Byron had several poetry books and other works printed and published. On leaving Cambridge, he settled in Newstead Abbey, Nottinghamshire, the ancestral home of the Byrons. He took his seat in the House of Lords on the 13 March 1809 and later that year he began a tour of the Mediterranean and the Near East (1809-1811).
In 1812 Byron published Childe Harold's Pilgrimage Canto I and II and made his maiden speech at the House of Lords. In April 1816 he left England for the continent and spent nearly seven years travelling and writing in Italy. While in Italy he wrote Don Juan, which was published in several parts between 1818-1822. Byron sailed for Greece in July 1823, to help that country in its war for independence. In April 1824 Byron fell ill and died in Missolonghi, Greece.
Little is known about the life of Olive Moore. She was born in England around 1905 and visited America during the 1920s, where she did some writing. Her poem, First Poem was published by Charles Lahr's publishing company Blue Moon Press in 1932. Between 1929 and 1934, she wrote and had published Celestial seraglio, Spleen, Fugue, and The Apple is bitten again. Moore died circa 1970.
Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in Boston on 25 May 1803. Emerson was educated at Boston Latin School, 1812-1817 and at Harvard College, 1821-1825. In 1822 he published his first article in The Christian Disciple. Emerson was admitted to Harvard Divinity School in 1825 and was ordained minister of a Unitarian Church in Boston in 1829, where he remained until October 1832.
On resigning his only pastoral post, because of doctrinal disputes, Emerson embarked upon the first of three trips to Europe in December 1832, during which time meetings with other writers developed his notions of the transcendent. On returning to the United States in 1834, Emerson settled in Concord, Massachusetts, which became a centre of Transcendentalism. The following year Emerson published Nature, which stated the movement's main principles. Throughout his life Emerson lectured and wrote on philosophy, literature, slavery and religion. Emerson died in Concord, age 78, on 27 April 1882.
Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in Boston on 25 May 1803. Emerson was educated at Boston Latin School, 1812-1817 and at Harvard College, 1821-1825. In 1822 he published his first article in The Christian Disciple. Emerson was admitted to Harvard Divinity School in 1825 and was ordained minister of a Unitarian Church in Boston in 1829, where he remained until October 1832.
On resigning his only pastoral post, because of doctrinal disputes, Emerson embarked upon the first of three trips to Europe in December 1832, during which time meetings with other writers developed his notions of the transcendent. On returning to the United States in 1834, Emerson settled in Concord, Massachusetts, which became a centre of Transcendentalism. The following year Emerson published Nature, which stated the movement's main principles. Throughout his life Emerson lectured and wrote on philosophy, literature, slavery and religion. Emerson died in Concord, age 78, on 27 April 1882
Hanley, James (1901-1985), novelist and playwright, was born in Dublin in 1901, the son of Edward Hanley, a ship's stoker. The only school Hanley attended was St Alexandra's Roman Catholic primary school, near his home. At the age of twelve he left school and joined the merchant navy, serving in a submarine during the First World War. Three years later he jumped ship at New Brunswick to enlist in the Canadian Black Watch and eventually saw action in France. Invalided out of the army suffering from the effects of gas, he returned to the sea, working as a stoker on troop carriers, which he featured in some of his novels. He continued to educate himself, mainly by reading Russian literature, and having come ashore in the late 1920s earned a precarious living in a variety of jobs in docks, on the railway, and for a while at Aintree racecourse. Many of his early stories were published in the Liverpool Echo, the editor of which, E. Hope Prince, became his mentor.
Hanley's first novel, Drift (1930), and his first volume of stories, The German Prisoner (1930), were published shortly before his move to Wales, where he settled first at Glan Ceirw, Ty-nant, near Corwen in Merioneth, and then, in the autumn of 1941, at Bodynfoel Lodge and Tan-y-ffridd in the village of Llanfechain, Montgomeryshire. His second novel, Boy (1932), was originally published in an edition of 145 copies for subscribers only. An expurgated trade edition followed, but when in 1934 it was issued in a cheap edition, copies were seized by the police and the book was successfully prosecuted for obscenity. The publisher was fined £400 and copies of the book were burnt. Hanley forbade republication of the novel during his lifetime and it was not reissued until 1990.
The first of Hanley's novels about the Furys, a Liverpool Irish family, appeared in 1935 and a volume of autobiography, Broken Water, in 1937. On the outbreak of the Second World War he found work with the BBC and later with the Ministry of Information, but his home remained in Llanfechain until 1963, when he and his wife moved to London. During the war he wrote three novels of the sea which are among his best work: Hollow Sea (1938), The Ocean (1941), and Sailor's Song (1943). He also wrote the autobiographical No Directions (1943). Many of his stories and radio plays were broadcast on the BBC Third Programme during the 1940s. During his long residence in Wales, Hanley wrote four books: a collection of essays, 'Don Quixote Drowned' (1953), and the novels The Welsh Sonata (1954), Another World (1971), and A Kingdom (1978). His Selected Stories appeared in 1947 and Collected Stories in 1953. Hanley of bronchial pneumonia died in November 1985.
The University of London was established in 1836 out of the principle of a more inclusive approach to education, free from religious tests and more affordable. With its power to grant degrees the University worked generally in close alliance with University College and King's College London as well as numerous other colleges around Britain.
In terms of degrees awarded, the University was the first in England to introduce a Bachelor of Science, tending away from the more general degree. Honours degrees were established in 1903. Of the more marginal degrees, Music was instituted in 1877, the D.Sc. in 1859 and the D.Litt in 1885. Certificates of Higher Proficiency for 'female candidates' were introduced in 1867. Regulations for medical degrees were established in 1839 but continued to change for many years to come.
In 1893, after many years of dispute, a commission sat with the aim of forming a single teaching university in London. The reconstructed University would consist of: University College; King's College; the Royal College of Science; nine medical colleges; the London School of Medicine for Women; the City and Guilds Institute; Bedford College; six theological colleges and four colleges of music. Added to these proposed institutions were the London School of Economics and Political Science; Royal Holloway College and the South Eastern Agricultural College. These proposals were passed in an Act in 1898.
A new committee was established to examine the structure of the University in 1924 that suggested the University adopt the now familiar federal model alongside other recommendations. The University of London Act, 1926, set up a Statutory Commission to pursue the committee's recommendations. In the first half of the century, thirteen more schools were admitted into the federal structure.
The newly modelled University needed more appropriate housing than its present scattered buildings. With the assistance of a sizeable gift from the Rockefeller Foundation a new site was purchased in Bloomsbury. The construction of this new building began in 1933 and it was occupied from 1936.
After the interruption of the war with its occupation of the Ministry of Information, the University began to increase significantly in size and complexity. Expansion also took place outside of Bloomsbury such as Imperial College in South Kensington in the mid 1950s.
The structure and organisation of the University was examined closely in the mid 1960s under the guidance of the Robbins Report. Many of the schools were given a new voice to air their concerns and show their deep-rooted support for the federal system. Numerous other reports would shape the evolution of the University over the next decades. That same evolution and growth exists today.
Until 1901 the Registrar as Treasurer of the University was responsible for financial matters. By 1898 the Assistant Clerk to the Senate who was responsible for compiling accounts assisted him in this duty. After the reconstitution of 1901 an Accounts Department was formed which initially comprised one accountant who reported to the Finance and General Purposes Committee. After the reconstitution of 1928 the accountant reported to both the Court and Finance and General Purposes Committee.
The Accountant's Department was amalgamated in 1977 with the Management Systems Department to form the two divisions of the Department of accounting and Administrative Computing. In 1982 the two divisions of the Department of Accounting and Administrative Computing were separated to become independent divisions of the Court Department. On 1 October 1985 the Accounting and Management Systems Division ceased to be part of the Court Department and from that date reported to the Principal through the Clerk of the Senate.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
The Central File was created after the Registrar's Office was dissolved in 1901.The main task of the Central File was to file correspondence of the University. After World War Two the Central File was renamed the Central Registry. Sometime during the mid-1980s the Central Registry ceased.
The registers of deaths and changes of names of graduates was probably administered by the Registrar's Office and then after it was dissolved in 1901, by the Central File. After World War Two the Central File was renamed the Central Registry. Sometime during the mid-1980s the Central Registry ceased operations.
In 1876 the London Society for the Extension of University Education was founded with the aim of encouraging working people into higher education. In 1900 it became the Board to Promote the Extension of University Teaching (BPEUT) and became part of the University of London. The BPEUT became the University Extension and Tutorial Classes Council in 1928. This body was replaced by the Council of Extra-Mural Studies (later the Department of Extra-Mural Studies). The Department was integrated into Birkbeck College in 1988 and was initially known as the Centre for Extra-Mural Studies.
No information was discovered at the time of compilation.
The Human Resources Office handles recruitment, core administration, routine enquiries and the provision of management information.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
The Reform Act of 1867 permitted the University of London to elect its own Member of Parliament. All members of Convocation were entitled to be registered as constituency members and participate in the elections. Between 1868 and 1950 the University was represented by six different members of parliament. The University franchise was abolished in 1950.
The School of Advanced Study was established within the University of London in 1994, bringing together the specialized scholarship and resources of several prestigious research institutes to offer academic opportunities, facilities and stimulation across and between a wide range of subject fields in the humanities and social sciences. Since 1994, the composition of the School has changed as some of the original institutes have amalgamated and some newer ones have been founded. As of 2007, the following 10 institutes are members:
Institute of Advanced Legal Studies;
Institute of Historical Research;
Institute of Classical Studies;
Institute of Commonwealth Studies;
Institute of English Studies;
Institute of Romance Studies;
Institute of Musical Research;
Institute of Philosophy;
Institute for the Study of the Americas;
Warburg Institute.
The School Examination Board was a standing committee of the Senate and was concerned with public examinations primarily designed for pupils in secondary schools.
The University of London has conducted examinations for school pupils since 1838 when the London Matriculation Examination was introduced to determine the admission of candidates for a degree course of the university. The 'London Matric' was open to anyone over the age of 16 and became widely used for purposes other than university entrance.
In 1900 the University was reconstituted and a Matriculation Board was established to conduct the Matriculation Examination and to advise the Senate on matters relating to the admission of students. The Education Act 1902 resulted in the expansion of secondary education and the need was recognised to rationalise the many school leaving examinations, including those conducted by universities, which had developed side by side with the Matriculation Examination. The School Certificate and Higher School Certificate examinations for pupils were introduced in 1918 and following the acceptance of the University as an approved examining body by the Board of Education, the new examinations were conducted on behalf of the University by the Board to Promote the Extension of University Teaching.
Three years after the Hilton Young Report 1926, and the passing of the University of London Act 1926, the Statutes of the University were altered and a new body, the Matriculation and School Examinations Council, was given the dual task of dealing with the Matriculation Examination and the School Certificate Examinations. The Council continued in existence until 1951 when the General Certificate of Education Examination, open to all not just school pupils, replaced the School Certificate and Higher School Certificate Examinations which had been restricted to school children. The Matriculation Examination was abolished and the Council was renamed the University Entrance and School Examinations Council.
On the 23 September 1954 a group of librarians from different Colleges, Schools and Institutes of the University of London gathered to discuss the formation of an organisation of University of London Librarians.In July 1955 chief librarians of the University of London Librarians met as the Standing Conference of the Librarians of the Libraries of the University of London (SCOLLUL). At this meeting they devised a constitution which defined the object of the SCOLLUL as to consider and take action on matters connected with the libraries of the University. Such matters included library staff salaries and qualifications; completion of union catalogues, and library resources. SCOLLUL came to an end in 1974 and was succeeded by the Library Resources Co-ordinating Committee. In addition, the Senate set up a Committee on Library Resources in 1967 to investigate the possibilities of increasing co-operation in the rationalisation of resources. The Committee presented its report in 1971 and after wide discussion the Library Resources Co-ordinating Committee was established in 1974 as a permanent central activity reporting to the Senate. To promote co-operation, subject sub-committees were set up, based on the Boards of Studies, and each library with a major interest in the subject sent a representative, the aim being to have a balance of librarians and academics. A co-operative approach to computers was also encouraged. A systems analyst was appointed to investigate a scheme to cover acquisitions, cataloguing and issue systems to be shared by a number of libraries. A parallel organisation, Central Information Services, was set up to review the on-line databases that were becoming available. CIS did much useful work in familiarising librarians and academics with a new concept and in running training courses in search techniques. During this period the ULL had a Library Board.
The formation of the LRCC affected the University Library in a number of ways. The duties of the Librarian were widened to include overall responsibility for the administration of the Central Information Services, the Depository Library and the committees of the LRCC. The title now became Director of Central Library Services and Goldsmiths' Librarian and the first holder of the reconstituted post was appointed in 1974. The University Library was itself now an activity of the LRCC and its policies were subjected to wider scrutiny and approval. ACCULL, the Advisory Committee on the University Library, was the ULL official committee during the period 1974-1994. The SCOLLUL was served by an executive committee, which included the Chair and Secretary of the Conference, as well as six other members. The work of the Conference was delegated to various Conference sub committees.
According to the first Charter granted to the University of London by King William IV, sealed on 28 November 1836, the Senate was responsible for the "entire management of and superintendence over the affairs, concerns and property" of the University. From its very beginning, the Senate delegated its functions to various committees and sub-committees. Two of the earliest were the Committee of the Faculty of Laws 1837-1843 and the Committee of the Faculty of Arts 1837-1844.
Originally the Senate was composed of thirty-six members, fellows of the University, appointed by the government and headed by a Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor. The Senate first met in March 1837.
In 1900 changes were made to the constitutional arrangement of the University of London. The composition of the Senate was changed and the body was increased in size to fifty-six members. Also three standing committees of the Senate were created, the Academic Council, The Council for External Students and the Board to promote the Extension of University Teaching. These committees played an advisory role to the Senate.
The University of London Act 1926 was created as a result of the Hilton Young Report 1926. The Statutes of 1929 implemented the provisions in the Act, which introduced a new executive body, the Court, and changed the composition of the Senate.
A bicameral system of governance was implemented, with the introduction of the Court, which took control of the University's finances. The Senate remained the 'supreme governing and executive body of the University in all-academic matters.' The chairman of Convocation became an additional ex officio member, along with the Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor. The Senate was now comprised of members from the Faculties, Convocation, the General Medical Schools and co-opted members.
The Report of the Robbins Committee on Higher Education, published in 1963, stated that there were problems and inconsistencies in the University of London, which called for investigation and remedy. It recommended that if they could not be resolved internally, they 'should be the subject of independent enquiry.' In 1969 it was considered that a major investigation of the University's structure was required and, on the initiative of the University, the Committee of Enquiry was established jointly by the University and University Grants Committee under the Chairmanship of Lord Murray of Newhaven. One of its terms of reference was to consider and advise on 'the functions, powers and composition of the Senate and the composition and responsibilities of its Standing Councils and Committees. The Committee of Enquiry into the Governance of the University of London was appointed in June 1970 and published its Final Report in 1972. The Consultative Committee for Co-ordinating Discussion on the recommendations of the Murray Committee was established in November 1972.
The University of London Act 1978 follows on from the issues raised by the Murray Committee. The Act increased the size of the Senate. The University's constitution was changed as a result of the Act in 1981. The Senate was enlarged to 120 members. It now included the four ex officio members, the Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor, Chairman of Convocation and the Principal together with twenty-eight Heads of Schools of the University, twenty-five teachers elected according to their membership of the Boards of Studies, fifteen teachers elected according to the institutions at which they held their posts, ten other teachers, twenty Convocation members, twelve student members and five co-opted members.
The Maintenance Department was created in July 1937 and its chief officer was the Maintenance Officer. The Maintenance Department was responsible for general maintenance of the building, furniture and equipment, functions and ceremonies, catering and publications. In 1967 the Maintenance Department became the Services Department and its chief officer was given the title of Controller of Services, which was subsequently changed to Secretary for Services.
In 1952 the University of London Union and the University of London Athletic Union became one body under the title University of London Union. Three years later the first stage of the Union building was opened in Malet Street. The Union Building is open to all members of the Union and contains a restaurant, bar, sports facilities, an Assembly Hall and rooms for Union members.
The Union provides for social, cultural, intellectual and recreational student activity on a University and intercollegiate basis, supplementing the facilities of the College Unions. The Union also represents the views of students to University authorities and to outside bodies and elects student members of various University committees. The Union also publishes it own newspaper. Originally called the Sennet, the name was changed to London Student in 1980.
In 1923 a movement was started to acquire a University Athletic Ground and University Boat House. An Appeal was issued, to which the then Chancellor, Lord Rosebery, gave £5000. With the subscriptions received in response to this Appeal, supplemented by grants from general university funds, a site was bought for the Athletic Ground at Motspur Park and for the Boat House at Chiswick. The athletic Ground was opened in 1931 and the Boat House was opened by the then Chancellor, the Earl of Athlone, on 21 October 1937.
Students, who are elected annually by the student body from all colleges, schools and institutes of the University of London, administer the University of London Union. In 1988 the student officers of the Union were, the President, Vice President (Finance and Administration), Vice President (Services), Chairperson General Union Council, and a President, Chairperson and junior Treasurer for both the Sports Council and Societies Council. Senior Treasures of the Union and administrative staff also serve the Union.
The Imperial College Development Association was involved with the movement for an Imperial College degree.