Amelia Waddell, daughter of George Waddell married Sir Keith Alexander Jackson, 2nd Baronet, Feb 1834, she died, 1872.
Born Tasmania; studied physics and astronomy at Melbourne University; took part in the Southern Cross expedition, 1898; came to England, 1900; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1900-1942; physicist on the National Antarctic expedition, 1901-1904; Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (anti-submarine division) 1914-1919; Member of RGS Council 1929-31; RGS Medal.
Michael Corbert Andrews was born in ninetenth century Belfast; studied medieval and early modern maps; worked as a linen manufacturer in Belfast and became a keen historian of early maps and placenames. Andrews was a member of many learned societies; joined the Royal Geographical Society in 1919, becoming a generous donator to its collections of photographs of important maps, and was Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society 1919-1934. Andrews died in 1934.
Unknown
Born, 1823; Trinity College, Cambridge, 1840; embarked on travels, 1842, chiefly through Abyssinia and the Sudan; lived with the nomadic Kababish tribe as they roamed in the area around al-'Ubayd in the Sudan, 1846-1847; returned to England, 1849; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), 1849-1894; Assistant Secretary to the British embassy, Constantinople, 1850-1851; served on the RGS council, 1854; Comptroller of the Bankruptcy Court, 1864-1884; died, 1894.
Publications: Life in Abyssinia 2 vols, (1853), 2nd edition (1868)
Born, 1885; visited Russia representing the family timber firm, 1908; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1909-1973; scientific expedition to central Siberia as a botanist and geologist, 1910-1914; Russian correspondent for the Manchester Guardian during the First World War; travelled in and wrote on Russia, Germany, Turkey and Persia; entered Parliament, 1929 and served in the House of Commons for almost 30 years; Honorary Fellow of the RGS, 1972; died, 1973.
Born, 1844; educated in London, Paris, and Dresden; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1865; studied geography and surveying under the RGS's instructors; employed by merchant house, Barnet and Co., Shanghai, 1866; three expeditions to determine the new course of the Huang He or Yellow River, 1867, 1868, and 1869; crossed the Gobi Desert, 1872; founder's medal of the Royal Geographical Society, 1873; Member of the Council of the RGS; engaged by the Government of India, 1874; second in command of the overland mission from Burma to China; attached to Robert Shaw's abortive mission to Kashgar, 1877; joint commissioner of Ladakh; expedition over the Karakoram, 1879; visits to Kashgar, 1880 and 1885; special duty in connection with the Sikkim War, 1888-1889; first-class political agent, took command of a mission to report on the political geography and condition of the Shan States on the Burma-Siam frontier, 1889; agent to the Governor-General at Mashhad and Consul-General for Khorasan and Seitan, 1891; retired, 1896; died, 1897.
Born, 1867; educated at Newton School, Newton Abbott; Westminster School, 1881-1882; commission in the Royal Artillery, 1886; first posting to Trincomalee, in Ceylon, 1886; took a course of gunnery instruction at Shoeburyness, Essex, and was posted to Falmouth, Cornwall, 1890s; undercover officer sent to Morocco; undertook the War Office training on boundary survey and obtained a diploma; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1901-1930 (presumed deceased); Hong Kong, then to Ceylon, 1902; posted to Spike Island, co. Cork, 1903; chief Bolivian commissioner, leading a survey party from the falls of the Rio Madeira to the source of the Rio Acre, then down the Abuna, Bolivian boundary commission, 1906-1907; exploration of the unknown upper reaches of the Rio Heath, Bolivia-Peru boundary, 1908-; third boundary survey, Bolivia-Peru boundary, 1911; resigned from the Army; rejoined the Army in First World War, 158th brigade of the Royal Field Artillery, 1916-1919; expedition to Corumbá, on the border with Bolivia, 1920-1921; several journeys between the Rio São Francisco and the Atlantic coast before he re-equipped and set off alone into the interior; organised a final expedition to Brazil in 1925, the party vanished without trace.
Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1928-1931.
Born, 1905; educated, Upholland Grammar School; Leeds University, 1922-1925; diploma in education, 1926; assistant lecturer, Exeter University College, 1926-1928; assistant lecturer, University College London, 1928-1932; Rockefeller Fellowship, 1931-1932; lecturer, 1932-1941; reader, 1941-1947; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1946-1981; Professor, Syracuse University, 1947-1958; University of Leeds, 1958-; Visiting Professor to California, 1960-1961; Washington, Nebraska, 1963; Kansus State, 1964; Arizona, 1967; remained in the USA until his retirement, 1975; died, 1981.
Born in Pennsylvania, 1856; educated Bowdoin College, Maine; land surveyor; Civil Engineer Corps Officer in the United States Navy, 1881; engaged on the survey of the projected Nicaragua Ship Canal, 1885-1887; attempted to cross Greenland, 1886; naval dock construction in the US; second expedition to Greenland, 1891-1892; third expedition to Greenland, 1893-1895; expedition to the North Pole where he reached the northern limits of the Greenland archipelago, 1898-1902; second attempt to the North Pole, achieving a Farthest North world record at 87°06'; reached the North Pole, 1908-1909 (although this claim has been subject to doubt); awarded a special Gold Medal by the Royal Geographical Society; died, 1920.
Robert Shedden entered the Royal Navy and served throughout the [British attack on China, (the Opium War), 1840-1842] in which he was severely wounded; bought a schooner yacht, the 'Nancy Dawson', in which he accompanied the search for Sir John Franklin; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1844-1850. Died in Mexico, 1850.
Born 1835; educated Edinburgh, Cambridge and Heidelberg Universities; Scottish Member of Parliament for South Ayrshire, 1868-1874 and for Haddington Burghs, 1879-1882; lectured and wrote on his extensive travels including in Europe, North America, India, North Africa, South Africa, Indonesia, China, Japan, Middle East; Australia, New Zealand and Russia; died 1882.
Sir Edward Belcher, was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, on 27 February 1799. Belcher entered the navy in April 1812, and after serving in several ships in the channel and on the Newfoundland station was a midshipman of the Superb (Captain Charles Ekins) at the bombardment of Algiers in August 1816. He was made lieutenant on 21 July 1818; appointed assistant surveyor to the Blossom, and in May 1825 sailed for the Pacific Ocean and Bering Strait on a voyage of exploration of more than three years. He was made commander on 16 March 1829, and from May 1830 to September 1833 commanded the Aetna, surveying parts of the west and north coasts of Africa.
Following this Belcher was employed for some time on the home survey, principally in the Irish sea, and in November 1836 was appointed to the Sulphur, a surveying ship. After visiting several of the island groups in the south Pacific and making such observations, Belcher arrived at Singapore in October 1840, where he was ordered back to China, due to war; during the following year he was actively engaged, especially in operations in the Canton River. He returned to England in July 1842, after a commission of nearly seven years. Belcher had already been advanced to post rank (6 May 1841) and was made a CB (14 October 1841); in January 1843 he was made a knight.
In November 1842 Belcher was appointed to the Samarang for the survey of the coast of China, which the recent war and treaty had opened to British trade. More pressing necessities, however, changed her field of work to Borneo, the Philippines, and Taiwan, and on these and neighbouring coasts Belcher was employed for nearly five years surveying and fighting pirates. In 1852 he was appointed to command an Arctic expedition in search of Sir John Franklin. The appointment was unfortunate; for Belcher, though an able and experienced surveyor, had already demonstrated that he had neither the temper nor the tact necessary for a commanding officer under circumstances of peculiar difficulty. Belcher was never employed again, though he attained his flag on 11 February 1861, became vice-admiral on 2 April 1866, and admiral on 20 October 1872. Belcher was a Fellow of Royal Geographical Society 1830-1877. He was made a KCB on 13 March 1867. He died on 18 March 1877.
Henry and Brigitte Spiro were living in New York, 1984.
Born, 1909; Trinity College, Cambridge, 1927-1930; Akademie der Bildenden Künste in Munich; Royal Academy Schools in London; held his first one-man exhibition at Ackermann's Galleries in London, 1933; made his living as a painter of wildfowl, producing his first book, Morning Flight, (Country Life, 1935) followed by Wild Chorus (1938); won a bronze medal in the 1936 Olympic games, for single-handed yachting; Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, 1939; founder and honorary director of the Severn Wildfowl Trust, Slimbridge, (later known as the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust) 1946; conducted scientific research in Iceland, 1951 and the Perry River region of northern Canada, 1949; helped to establish the natural history unit at the BBC Television Centre in Bristol; hosted the natural history programme 'Look' for seventeen years; became involved with the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, early 1950s; helped build up the species survival commission of the Union and was chairman, 1962-1981; founded the World Wildlife Fund (later the World Wide Fund for Nature), 1961; rector of Aberdeen University, 1960-1963; appointed Chancellor of Birmingham University, 1974-1983; CH and a fellow of the Royal Society, 1987; died, 1989.
Sir Joseph Banks was born in London in 1743; educated at Harrow School, 1752-1756 and Eton College, 1756-1760, where he showed an interest in botany. Banks matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford and following his father's death in 1761 chose to devote himself to natural history. He was elected a Fellow of Royal Society and Society of Antiquaries, 1766 and in the same year undertook his apprenticeship as a scientifically trained Linnaean naturalist on an expedition to Labrador and Newfoundland. He later undertook the Endeavour voyage of 1768-1771 with James Cook. On his return in 1771, Banks was introduced to King George III, later becoming his friend and advisor on matters concerning science and agriculture.
Banks was president of the Royal Society from 1778 to 1820 and Virtual Director of Royal Botanic Garden at Kew, 1773. Banks was one of the founders of the Africa Society and promoted greater British involvement in the exploration of Africa. He was made a knight in Order of the Bath, 1795 and died in 1820.
Little was known about J M Clayton at the time of compilation of this description, other than that he belonged to the 18th Hussars, travelled to Djibouti in January 1910 and then to Abyssinia returning via Khartoum early in 1911.
William Martin Conway, was born on 12 April 1856 at Rochester; educated at Repton School and from 1875 at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history, graduating BA in 1879 and MA in 1882. He was a Cambridge University extension lecturer from 1882 to 1885. Conway climbed extensively in the Alps as an undergraduate, and was elected to the Alpine Club in 1877. In 1881 he published the Zermatt Pocketbook, the model for a series of Conway and Coolidge's Climbers' Guides. Conway was responsible for many beautiful mountain names, such as Wellenkuppe, Windjoch, and Dent du Requin.
Conway became Roscoe Professor of Art at University College, Liverpool, in 1885; published books on Reynolds, Gainsborough, early Flemish artists, and Albrecht Dürer; later resigning from his Liverpool position in 1888, moving to London, where he frequented the Savile Club, gave lectures, and published a book on the art of the ancient world.
In 1892 Conway led a large-scale mountaineering expedition to the Karakoram Conway's large party surveyed the Baltoro glacier and the region around K2, and ascended Pioneer Peak on Baltoro Kangri, which at 6890 metres may have constituted an altitude record at the time.
After publishing a book about the Karakoram in 1894, he walked the length of the Alps with two Gurkha soldiers, forming the basis of a popular book, The Alps from End to End,1895. He received a knighthood in 1895 and shortly afterwards made an unsuccessful bid to win a seat in Parliament as a Liberal. In 1896 Conway surveyed in Spitsbergen, In 1898 Conway travelled south to climb Illimani in Bolivia and Aconcagua in Argentina with two alpine guides.
In 1901 he was offered a term as the Slade Professor of Fine Arts at Cambridge; resumed writing art history, including works on Tuscan art, the great masters, the Van Eycks, and Giorgione. He resigned the Slade Professorship in 1904. He served as President of the Alpine Club from 1902 to 1904; first President of the Alpine Ski Club in 1908; was a Fellow of Royal Geographical Society, 1893-1937 and was awarded the Founders Medal of the Royal Geographical Society in 1905.
In 1917, Conway was appointed Director-General of the Imperial War Museum, an honorary post which he retained until his death. He received an honorary LittD from both Durham and Manchester in 1919.
Conway served as a trustee of the Wallace Collection and the National Portrait Gallery and was active in the Society of Authors and the Society of Antiquaries. He was one of the first to realize the value of the systematic and comprehensive collection of photographic records of architecture and art and he presented his own collection of 100,000 photographs to the Courtauld Institute of Art. In later years he published several autobiographical works: Mountain Memories, 1920, Episodes of a Varied Life, 1932, and A Pilgrim's Quest for the Divine, 1936. He died on 19 April 1937.
Sir James Berry was born in 1860; educated at Whitgift School, Croydon; received medical training at St Bartholomew's Hospital; was admitted Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons (English), 1882; elected a Fellow of the College, 1885; having graduated in the interval BS at London University with the University Scholarship and Gold Medal. Berry was employed as house surgeon at St Bartholomew's Hospital; demonstrator of anatomy; surgical registrar. In 1885 he became surgeon to the Alexandra Hospital for Diseases of the Hip, Bloomsbury and elected surgeon to the Royal Free Hospital, Gray's Inn Road. Berry became distinguished in general surgery, focusing on plastic work and then the operative treatment of goitre.
Berry travelled and had knowledge of French, German, Serbian and Magyar languages. In 1915, Berry organised a Red Cross Unit in Vrnjatchka Banja, Serbia. The hospital was confronted with an epidemic of Typhus, with Berry having to take on the role of physician. The German-Austrian invasion caused the hospital to fall into the hands of the Hungarians. Berry and other captives were treated well and during 1916-1917 Berry served as the head of a British Red Cross unit in Romania and Russia. Berry was made an Officer of the Star of Romania; decorated with the orders of St Sava of Serbia and St Anne of Russia. In 1917 Berry returned to England; became honorary surgeon to the military hospital at Napsbury and then Bermondsey. He was elected president of the Medical Society, 1926-1928 and Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1918-1940. Berry was knighted in 1925 and died in 1946.
Publications include Diseases of the Thyroid Gland, 1901 and A Red Cross Unit in Serbia, 1916.
G C Binsteed was a Fellow of Royal Geographical Society 1911-1915.
Born, 1869; educated, Farnborough School, 1879-1882 and Sandhurst, 1882-1889; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1893-1901; Scots Guards, 1899; served in Somaliland and Abyssinia, 1894; Foreign Office, Uganda, 1894-1895; took part in Ungoro, Nile and Nandi expeditions where he undertook surveying; awarded the Murchison Grant, 1897; served in West Africa, 1896-1897; Egypt, 1897-1899; Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, South Africa, [1900]-1901; died, 1901.
Publications: Campaigning on the Upper Nile and Niger (1898)
Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1889-1903; member of the Rangoon cotton traders Biedermann Sherriff and Co.
Born, 1796; appointed to the public service, 1812; sent to Sicily, 1814; accompanied the expedition to Naples that restored the Bourbon dynasty after the fall of Murat, 1815; junior secretary to Lord Castlereagh's extraordinary embassy for the settlement of the general peace of Europe upon the overthrow of Napoleon, Paris, 1815; assistant to Lord Castlereagh's private secretary, Joseph Planta, 1816; Ionian Islands, arranging with Ali Pasha of Yanina in Albania the cession of Parga and the indemnities for the Parganots, 1816; recalled to England, 1818; accompanied Lord Castlereagh to the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle; commissioner and consul-general to Buenos Aires, 1823, and in 1825 chargé d'affaires; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1833-1882; Chief Commissioner to Naples, 1840-1845; died, 1882.
Lieutenant Thomas Howard Molyneux led an expedition from the HM SPARTAN to examine the course of the Jordan and and the valley through which it runs and to measure the depth of the Dead Sea, 1847.
Born 1846; served with 75 Regiment, in Gibraltar, Mauritius and South Africa; accompanied Charles Brownlee on a mission to chief Kreli of the Gcalekas, 1874; Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, 1878-1881; led expedition to chart the tract between the Zambesi and Limpopo Rivers, where he died, 1881.
Born, Canada, 1879; expedition to Northern shores of Canada and Alaska, 1908-1912; leader of the Canadian Arctic expedition, 1913; Royal Geographical Society (RGS) Founder's Medal 1921; Fellow of the RGS, 1923-1962; died, 1962.
Born, England, 1873; educated, Alleyn's College of God's Gift, Trinity College, Cambridge, 1892-1903; St Thomas's Hospital, London; member of the Royal College of Surgeons; licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, 1903; joined the Daniells anthropological expedition to British New Guinea to investigate cancer, 1903; assistant resident magistrate at Kairuku, Central Division, 1904; resident magistrate of North Eastern Division of Papua, 1908; led investigation on dysentery among Papuan labourers, 1912; chief medical health and quarantine officer, [1919]; implemented a programme for training Papuans as medical assistants, 1933-1935; retired, 1938; died, 1946.
Bedford College for Women was founded in 1849 by Mrs Elizabeth Jesser Reid, a widow who had been left a private income by her late husband, which she used to undertake philanthropic works. Mrs Reid and her circle of well-educated friends had long espoused the need for better education for women, and in 1849, she went ahead with her plans, leasing a house at 47 Bedford Square, London, placing £1,500 with three male trustees, and persuading a number of her friends to serve on the management committees and act as teaching professors. The intention was to provide a liberal and non-sectarian education for women.
In the first few years, the 'Ladies College in Bedford Square' struggled both financially and academically. The latter problem was countered in 1853 by the opening of a school on the premises to provide a better standard of entry to the classes in the College. Some of the students became resident, staying first in 'The Residence' in Grenville St, and later in 48 Bedford Square.
Upon the death of Mrs Reid in 1866, the three Reid Trustees, who controlled a large legacy of her money, insisted upon a new constitution (as the College in fact had no legal charter), which was framed by a Committee of Management and came into effect in 1868. The College was incorporated as an Association under the Board of Trade, with Articles of Association setting out a new management structure.
The College officially became 'Bedford College', though its premises moved to 8 and 9 York Place in 1874. The two houses acted as one, with the College using the downstairs rooms and the Residence the upstairs. As numbers began to rise, the College expanded, with the addition of extensions housing science laboratories. Degree examinations of the University of London were opened to women in 1878, and Bedford students had been gaining BA, BSc and Masters degrees from the early 1880s. Another innovation was the appointment in 1893 of a Lady Principal, Miss Emily Penrose, who became responsible for both the teaching and residential aspects of Bedford College.
The student numbers were still cause for concern, for despite scholarships paid for by benefactors, the College still had no permanent endowment, and financial pressures were putting off prospective students. This changed in 1894-1895 when the London County Council made a grant of £500 to the College. Numbers began to climb, with the beginning of a thriving social and academic life for the female scholars. Bedford College was a success, with a reputation for high academic standards - it boasted the largest number of female students who had graduated with London degrees. The College became one of the constituent Colleges of the newly formed teaching University of London in 1900.
Following extensive discussions, especially relating to the inadequate representation of teachers in the management structure of the College, it was decided to apply to the Privy Council for a Royal Charter to take the place of the Deed of Incorporation. Royal Assent for this new chartered body was received in Jan 1909, and the College became officially recognised as the 'Bedford College for Women'.
The continued growth of the College led to a search for new premises which culminated in the purchase of the lease of the Regent's Park site in 1908. A huge fundraising effort was undertaken to provide the new site with all modern amenities, and the official opening took place in 1913. The College buildings continued to be extended and rebuilt throughout the 70 years the College spent at Regent's Park, especially following extensive damage following wartime bombing, and numbers of students continued to rise.
The decision to admit male undergraduates was made in 1965, following the Robbins Report of 1963, which also recommended an increase in student numbers, no small task for an already overcrowded College. Male residences were created at Tennyson Hall in Dorset Square, and Hanover Lodge in Regent's Park. Other halls became mixed sex. The name of the College was changed back to 'Bedford College'.
Despite a Development Appeal, launched in 1978, financial and accommodation pressures provoked the decision, made in 1982, to merge with Royal Holloway College at Egham, and the Bedford College Charter was revoked on 1 Aug 1985. The resulting establishment was known as the Royal Holloway and Bedford New College.
Under the 1909 Royal Charter of Incorporation, the Bedford College Board of Education was replaced by the Academic Board, which also took over the functions of the Staff Meeting. It was originally composed of the Principal, who was also the ex officio Chairman, Heads of Departments or their representatives, and various other teaching staff as appointed by the Council on the recommendation of the Academic Board. These last were to number no more than five. The Secretary of the Council also acted as Secretary of the Board (until 1978 when this function was taken over by the Registrar. The Secretary of the Council was still to attend meetings). Faculties of Art and Science were created, each led by a Dean and consisting of teachers from those disciplines, the Secretaries of which reported to the Board on a regular basis. Membership was widened in 1920 and 1929 to increase the number of Assistant Staff.
At first its powers were confined to giving advice on educational matters, but the scope was enlarged in 1911 when it was permitted to make representation to the Council on matters concerning the wider management of the College. The Board was also empowered to appoint Committees made up of its members. The Charter of 1909 allowed for the election of two members of the Board to the Council, with this being increased to five by 1930. Staff Councillors held office for 3 years. The composition of the Academic Board changed in the years up to 1982 to include ex officio the Principal, the Vice-Principal, the Deans of Faculties, and the Librarian, as well as Heads of Departments and elected members from the Faculties.
The Bedford College Academic Board was empowered to create Committees made up of its own members by the terms of the Royal Charter granted in 1909.
The Faculties of Arts and Science were first organised in 1909, following the reorganisation of the constitution of Bedford College when it was granted a Royal Charter. Each was presided over by a Dean, who reported directly to the Academic Board, and included Heads of Departments, Lecturers and Recognised Teachers of London University. The Deans gradually came to play an important role within the College, sitting on the Academic Board and later on the Finance Committee (1972) and the Policy and Estimates Committee (1972).
The Hygiene Diploma, intended as a preparation for women intending to take posts in the Department of Public Health, ran from 1895-1919. Taking over its role in 1916 was the newly formed Social Studies Department, which had been created as the result of an application by the Charity Organisations Society for courses of lectures on Social Economics and Social Ethics as part of the C.O.S. Certificate for Social Workers. In 1918, the Department changed its name to the Department of Sociology, Social Studies and Economics. By 1912 a special course in Public Health had been arranged for international nurses with scholarships from the League of Red Cross Societies, and continued for six years. At this point a Committee comprising College members, representatives of the League and the College of Nursing, was formed to carry on and develop this course. A second course for Nurse Administrators and Teachers in Schools of Nursing was set up in 1925-1926. In 1934 the courses were carried on under the auspices of the Florence Nightingale International Foundation.
The Department for the Professional Training of Teachers was inaugurated in 1892, and a Loan Fund created to help the students (this was extended to the whole College in 1896). It quickly established a reputation as a leading training Centre for Assistant Mistresses in secondary schools, and received grants from the Board of Education. It was closed in 1922 following the demolition of South Villa, where it had been housed since 1913.
Art students had attended Bedford College since its opening in 1849. An Art Studio was provided at Bedford Square, which was the first in England to allow women to paint and draw from the life. A gradual decline in the number of pupils, despite injections of funds from female artists such as Madame Bodichon (Barbara Leigh Smith), led to its closure in 1914.
During the early history of Bedford College, the office of Principal did not exist, the relevant tasks being undertaken by a Lady Resident (for care of the College) and a Lady Superintendent (for care of the Residence). In 1893, the Managers of the Residence finally agreed to the merging of these two offices in the person of a Lady Principal, who had taken over the full management of the Residence by 1894. The successful candidate was Emily Penrose, who was appointed on the understanding that she was an 'educational head' only, her role being that of an advisor of students regarding their studies. The Principal only became an official attendee of Council meetings in 1897 (previously her attendance had been by invitation only) but was still unable to participate in the proceedings. Emily Penrose was from the first a member of the Committee of Education and, after two years, of the Library Committee, but was excluded from the Finance Committee and the House Committee. She became a member of the Staff Meeting upon her appointment as Professor of Ancient History in 1894. Her special duties, besides giving educational advice, included receiving fees and keeping the petty cash account. The office of Vice-Principal was created in 1894, but discontinued in 1897.
In 1898, with the appointment of Ethel Hurlbatt as Principal, the position improved. The Principal became an ex officio member of the teaching staff and the Staff Meeting, and from 1900 onwards was usually the Chairman of the latter. The Principal remained a permanent member when the duties of the Staff Meeting were transferred to the Academic Board in 1909. The Charter of Incorporation of 1909 also made the Principal an ex officio member of the Council, allowing direct participation in the government of the College, a process begun by her appointment as an assessor on the Council in 1902. The 1909 Charter also created the Principal an ex officio member of all Council Committees. Thus the Principal became deeply involved in all aspects of College government, especially relating to educational, financial and building matters.
The role of the Principal later extended to sitting occasionally on the Senate of the University of London, though direct representation was not extended to the various Schools of the University until the constitution was revised in 1929, when the Bedford College Principal had a permanent seat.
The duties of the Principal were never clearly defined, though the office retained responsibility for the welfare and conduct of the students. The office of Senior Student was instituted in 1894 (followed by that of Senior Resident in 1897) to act as a link between the Principal and students. The title remained until 1922, though the method of appointment by the Principal was changed on the creation of the Students' Union in 1913. Staff and Student files were traditionally held by the Principal's Office, though few other records survive as decisions made involving the Principal were chiefly made in Council and Committee meetings.
Various Professors originally filled the unpaid post of Honorary Secretary to the Council, until Jane Martineau took over the role in 1855. She was followed by Henrietta Le Breton, Frances Kennington, Blanche Shadwell and Lucy Russell, who retired in 1898. The decision was then made to appoint a salaried Lady Secretary who would undertake clerical duties for the College and the Residence. The growth of the College, however, meant an increase in the volume of administrative work, leading to the appointment of an Assistant Secretary and an Honorary Treasurer in 1899. In 1913, with the move to Regent's Park, this ad hoc administrative system was put onto a more modern footing, with the employment of a salaried Bursar and Registrar to share the workload. This led to the creation of structured office procedures.
As the College developed, the role of the Secretary became ever more important, with an increase in scope and responsibility, especially on the financial side. From the outset the Honorary Secretaries had dealt with the general College accounts, and this duty expanded to include the calculation of salaries for the teaching staff, the administration of moneys for gifts and bequests, communication with the University of London, London County Council and other grant making bodies, and the recording and organisation of Council meetings and procedures. The Secretary sat on every Council Standing Committee, initially acting as Secretary for them all.
Throughout its history, the financial records of Bedford College have been created and maintained by a variety of different departments. Financial responsibility and control was always in the hands of the Council. For the first year of its existence, the Chairman, Rev Dr James Booth, kept accounts, until the institution in 1850 of a procedure for the drawing of cheques and a decision to appoint an auditor to check the accounts regularly. The Lady Resident and Lady Superintendent administered the fees and the household of the College and the Residence respectively from 1849-1893, both roles later being taken over by the Principal. The Council instituted a Finance Committee in 1889 (the joint post of Honorary Treasurer and Chairman of the Finance Committee was created in 1899), which reported to the Council upon all the financial affairs of the College. Day-to-day administration of financial matters seems to have been left to the Secretary, with help from the Honorary Treasurer, especially relating to Staff salaries, scholarship trusts and building and extension fundraising. [All expenditure had to be agreed by the Finance Committee and the Council].
Bedford College Student's Association was founded in 1894 to represent both past and present students. The post of Senior Student was created by the Principal in 1894 to act as liaison between the Principal and the pupils, though the latter had no role in choosing their representative. By 1908, the workload of the Senior Student was so heavy that three aide de camps (one each for Arts, Science and the Training Department) were added, and to this group fell the responsibility for the good conduct of the students and the general organisation of student affairs. Following the creation in 1913 of the Bedford College Union Society, the office of Senior Student was retained and supplemented by a Treasurer, Secretary and a Committee of four members. The Senior Student was then elected by the whole body of members, with the Principal having a veto and the ability to put forward nominees. In 1922 the Senior Student assumed the title of President of the BCUS. By 1923 the present students were adequately represented by the Union, so the Bedford College Students' Association became responsible for former students only, becoming the Bedford College Old Students' Association. In 1963, its name was again changed, to the Bedford College Association. The Union, meanwhile, was responsible for all College Societies (except the Athletic Union and religious societies). Initially, not all students became members of the Union, until the problem of Union fees was solved by merging them with the fees for tuition, at which point membership became compulsory. By 1973, there was student representation on Bedford College Council.
Unknown
Born, 1614; educated: Pembroke College, Cambridge, 1637; Trinity College, Oxford; studied chemistry and medicine with John Scrope at Bolton Castle, 1642-1645; moved to London to study medicine, 1645; returned to Oxford, 1646; DM, 1647; Fellow of the College of Physicians, London, 1650; incorporated at Cambridge on his doctor's degree, 1652; served as a censor of the College of Physicians, London, 1658, 1661, 1666, 1667, 1668, and 1673; practised medicine in London, 1648-; physician to St Thomas's Hospital, London, 1657-1673; died, 1673.
Born, 1618 or 1619; educated: the free school of Thame, Oxfordshire; Trinity College, Oxford, 1635-1639; fellow of Merton College, 1640; studied medicine at Leiden, 1642-1645; incorporated his Leiden MD at Oxford, 1647; Professor of Geometry at Gresham College, 1648-1656; fellow of the College of Physicians, 1649; cared for seamen, wounded in the Dutch war, at Ipswich, Harwich, and possibly London, 1653-1654; physician to Bulstrode Whitelocke's embassy to Sweden, 1653; practised in London, 1654-; served twelve terms as censor of the College of Physicians between 1657 and 1680; College of Physicians registrar, 1674-1682; College of Physicians elect from 1676; College of Physicians treasurer, 1682; College of Physicians president, 1683; died, 1684.
John Yellowly was born 30 April 1774 at Alnwick, Northumberland. He was educated locally before studying medicine at Edinburgh, where he graduated MD on 12 September 1796.
He was admitted a Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in September 1800 and, at about that time, was elected physician to the General Dispensary. Yellowly was an active figure in establishing the Medico-Chirurgical Society of London in 1805 (which became the Royal Society of Medicine in 1907), and remained interested in the affairs of the Society throughout his life.
In September 1807 he was elected physician to the London Hospital. As well as a good practitioner and chemist, he was `a person of considerable scientific attainments' (Munk's Roll, 1878, p.471). Yellowly was a Fellow of the Royal and of the Geological Societies.
In 1818 he resigned his office at the London Hospital and left London to settle in Norwich. In 1820 he was appointed physician to the Norfolk and Norwich hospital. In 1832 Yellowly retired from the practice of his profession and withdrew to Woodton Hall, Norfolk, and then to Cavendish Hall.
He died at Cavendish Hall on 31 January 1842, aged 67.
Publications:
Remarks on the Tendency to Calculous Diseases, with Observations on the Nature of Urinary Concretions; and an Analysis of a Large Part of the Collection Belonging to the Norwich and Norfolk Hospital (London, 1829; sequel, London 1830)
Observations on the Arrangements Connected with the Relief of the Sick Poor, in a Letter to Lord John Russell (London, 1837)
Born, 1835; Joint Professor of Medicine (with Dr Duffin) at King's College Hospital, London; died, 1914.
William Francis Victor Bonney was born in Chelsea in 1872. He was educated at a private school and at St Bartholomew's Hospital, but transferred to the Middlesex Hospital, intending to become a physician. Sir John Bland-Sutton invited him to the Chelsea Hospital for Women, where he laid the foundations of his success as a gynaecological surgeon. In 1905 he became obstetric registrar and tutor at the Middlesex Hospital. He was elected assistant gynaecological surgeon in 1908, a post which he held till 1930, when he succeeded his old friend Sir Comyns Berkeley FRCS as gynaecological surgeon. Together they wrote Textbook of Operative Gynaecology. During the first World War Bonney served as a surgeon made famous for his 'violet green anti-septic', popularly called 'Bonney's blue' (British Medical Journal 15 May 1915). At the Royal College of Surgeons he was a Hunterian Professor in 1908, 1930, and 1931, Bradshaw Lecturer in 1934, and Hunterian Orator in 1943. He was the only gynaecological specialist ever elected to the Council, and served with distinction from 1926 to 1946, being a Vice-President 1936-1938; died, 1953.
Bryce was born in Southport and educated at Manchester University Medical School from which he graduated in 1912. Apart from wartime service in the Royal Army Medical Corps, 1915-1919, he spent most of his professional career in the Manchester area, holding appointments at the Manchester Memorial Jewish Hospital and the Manchester Royal Infirmary where he was appointed to the honorary staff in 1934. Bryce was a founder member of the Society of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland. He was the Society's first Secretary and Treasurer until November 1946, when he was elected Vice-President, a position he held for three years; he served as President of the Society, 1949-1951. Bryce was also President of the Thoracic Society and of the Manchester Surgical Society. He retired in 1955.
William Clift (1775-1849), museum curator and scientific illustrator, was born near Bodmin in Cornwall on 14 February 1775. He was the youngest of the seven children of Robert Clift (1720-1784), a miller, and his wife Joanna, a seamstress. Clift went to school at Bodmin, where is demonstrated his ability in illustration. This attracted the attention of Walter Raleigh Gilbert and his wife Nancy, who had been a schoolfellow of Anne Home who had married John Hunter in 1771. On the Gilbert's recommendation, Clift was apprenticed to John Hunter as an anatomical assistant, employed to make drawings, copy dictation and assist in the care of Hunter's anatomical specimens. Until Hunter's sudden death in 1793, Clift assisted him with dissections and often wrote from dictation from early morning until late at night. After Hunter's death, his collection of specimens was offered for sale to the government. During the period of negotiations, Clift was employed to look after the collections for a small income. He did this diligently from 1793 to 1799 when the collections were eventually purchased by the government. During this period, Clift feared for the safety of the collection, and copied out many of Hunter's unpublished manuscripts. This meant that much of the content of the collection was saved from loss through Sir Everard Home's destruction of his brother-in-law's manuscripts in 1823. In 1799 the government asked The Company of Surgeons (soon to become the Royal College of Surgeons in 1800) to look after the John Hunter collections. The Trustees of the College then made Clift conservator of the new Hunterian Museum paying him £80 per annum. Under Clift's supervision the collections were twice moved without damage into storage and then to new premises, and were greatly enlarged and enriched. Clift was a prolific record keeper and his diaries are a valuable resource for information about the workings of the College and Museum as well as wider social life in London. Clift married Caroline Harriet Pope (1775-1849) in January 1801. They had a son, William Home Clift (1803-1832) and a daughter, Caroline Amelia Clift (1801-1873). William Home Clift died after a carriage accident in 1832 and Caroline Amelia Clift married William Clift's assistant Richard Owen in 1835. William Clift was well known and highly thought of in the scientific community. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1823, was a member of the Society for Animal Chemistry, and also a fellow of the Geological Society. His skills as an illustrator were demonstrated through his work for Matthew Baillie's "A series of engravings... to illustrate the morbid anatomy of some of the most important parts of the human body," and also his work on illustrations in Sir Everard Home's numerous papers in the Philosophical Transactions. Clift submitted some papers to the Philosophical Transactions (1815, 1823), the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal (1831), and to Transactions of the Geological Society (1829, 1835). William Clift and Richard Owen also published the "Catalogue of the Hunterian Collection of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of London (1830-1831), and then the "Descriptive and illustrated catalogue of the physiological series of comparative anatomy contained in the museum of The Royal College of Surgeons (1833-1840). Clift retired from the museum in 1842, when he was replaced by Richard Owen as curator. His wife died on the 8th May 1849 and Clift died shortly afterwards on 20th June 1849, both being buried in Highgate cemetery. [Source: Edited from the entry by Phillip R. Sloan, 'Clift, William (1775-1849)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5668, accessed 7 March 2005]
These are the collected letters, poems and relicts of the Hunter-Baillie family. Matthew Baillie, (1761-1823), was an anatomist and physician extraordinary to George III and nephew to the surgeons William Hunter (1718-1833) and John Hunter (1728-1893). Matthew had two sisters, Joanna Baillie, (1762-1851) poet and dramatist and Agnes Baillie (1760-1861), their parents were Revd James Baillie and Dorothea Hunter Baillie. The family moved from the manse at Bothwell, Lanarkshire, Scotland in 1775 to Glasgow when Revd Baillie was appointed Professor of Divinity at the University of Glasgow. Revd Baillie died in 1778 and Dorothea's brother William Hunter supported the family.
Matthew moved to London in 1779 to lecture at William Hunter's medical school in Great Windmill Street. When William Hunter died in 1783, he left his medical museum and his collections of manuscripts, books and coins to Glasgow University, subject only to the life interest of his nephew, Matthew Baillie, who succeeded him in his school of anatomy. Matthew Baillie kept only certain personal things, among them the letter-book, which Hunter had acquired from the family of Queen Anne's physician, John Arbuthnot (1667-1735). To this William Hunter had added letters written to himself by famous or distinguished people.
In 1783 Joanna, Agnes and Dorothea moved to London to keep house for Matthew. Joanna built up a close relationship in London with her other uncle, John Hunter, his wife, the poet, Anne Home Hunter [whose poems are included in this collection] and their daughter Agnes, later Lady Campbell. After Matthew's marriage to Sophia Denman in 1791 Joanna, Agnes and Dorothea moved to Red Lion Hill and later after the death of Dorothea in 1802 to Hampstead.
Joanna started publishing poems and plays in 1790 and gradually her reputation became known. She made friends with many leading literary and society figures of the day including Maria Edgeworth, Samuel Rogers, William Sotheby, William Wordsworth, and Lord Byron among many others. Joanna was particularly close to Sir Walter Scott [over sixty letters between them are included in this collection].
Joanna's long life, she died aged 88 in 1851 meant that she witnessed the death of many of her contemporaries, the death of her brother, Matthew in 1823 affected her strongly but she became close to younger generation especially her niece Elizabeth Margaret Baillie (1794-1876) companion of Walter Scott's daughter Sophia; and her nephew William Hunter Baillie (1797-1894). William, a barrister, moved in the same literary circles as his aunt and was interested in Hunter-Baillie family history.
Matthew Baillie was one of the leading London physicians of his day and a favoured friend at Court. He continued to add to the family collection letters, which he received, from his distinguished friends and patients. He also kept together the letters written to him by the Royal Princesses, all of which begin 'Dear Baillie.'
Matthew Baillie's wife was Sophia, daughter of Dr. Thomas Denman, (1733-1815) whose reminiscences of his early life as a ship's surgeon have been quarried for some historical novels. Denman had a fashionable obstetric practice, in which he was followed by his other son-in-law, the ill-fated Sir Richard Croft (1762-1818), who killed himself after the death of his patient Princess Charlotte, the heir to the Throne. Denman's son, Thomas Denman (1779-1854), a lawyer, advocated legal reform including the abolition of slavery, defended Queen Charlotte and became Lord Chief Justice.
Justice Denman interested himself in the family collection, helping Matthew Baillie's granddaughters to complete the work, begun by Matthew's wife Sophia, of identifying and arranging the letters. He also brought into it a miscellaneous collection of autographs gathered by his side of the family. Matthew Baillie had been a friend of Edward Jenner (1749-1823), discoverer of the small pox vaccine and of Jenner's biographer John Baron (1786-1851), and at the end of his life settled near them in Gloucestershire. Through Baron a small collection of papers of Jennerian interest was added.
A. Kirkpatrick Maxwell was born in Annan, Scotland, and studied drawing at evening classes run by Glasgow City Art School. He was asked to contribute some articles by a natural history lecturer at Glasgow University and built up a reputation as an illustrator. After the outbreak of war in 1914 he travelled to France to make over 1000 surgical illustrations of war wounds and diseases, many of which were published in the British Journal of Surgery. The original illustrations were kept at the Royal College of Surgeons of England but were destroyed during the Blitz. After the war, Maxwell worked as an ilustrator for University College and for the Cancer Research Institute, publishing his own articles on cancer. During the Second World War he was asked by Sir Cecil Wakeley to again sketch wounded servicemen.
Richard Radford Robinson was born in 1806. He was the eldest son of Henry Robinson of East Dulwich. He practised in south London and was Surgeon to the London Dispensary, a Member of the Court of Examiners of the Apothecaries' Company, and President of the South London Medical Society. His essay Fractures of Ribs, Sternum and Pelvis won the Jacksonian Prize in 1831, and his dissertation Formation, Constituents and Extraction of Urinary Calculi won the honorarium in 1833. He died in London in 1854.
Francis Trevelyan Buckland was born in Oxford in 1826. He was the son of William Buckland the geologist, who was Canon of Christ Church. Buckland was educated at Winchester, Christ Church, and St Georges Hospital, London. He became house-surgeon at St Georges in 1852, as was assistant surgeon for the 2nd Life Guards from 1854-1863. During this period he discovered Hunter's coffin, just before the closing of the vaults at St Martins Church. He began to research zoology, and in 1856 he became a regular writer on natural history for the newly established Field, particularly on the subject of fish. In 1866 he started Land and Water on similar lines. In 1867 he was appointed Government Inspector of Fisheries. He died in 1880.