Born in 1901; educated in London state schools; officer in the City of London Police, 1921-1946 (reaching Chief-Inspector); Editorial Staff, The New Statesman, 1947-1970; Editor, The Author, 1956-1960; Director, The New Statesman, 1965-1980; Member of the Parole Board, 1967-1969, and the Council of the Society of Authors; contributor to the Encyclopedia Britannica, Chambers Encyclopedia, Punch, The Week-End Book, The New Law Journal, the Times Literary Supplement, The Author, and The Nation. Hewitt wrote under the professional name of Cecil Hewitt Rolph, and was well-known as a crusading journalist on issues such as censorship and capital punishment. Publications: Police Duties. 200 points in police law with an appendix of examination questions (Police Review Publishing Co, London, 1936); A Licensing Handbook (Police Review Publishing Co, London, 1947); editor of Women of the Streets. A sociological study of the common prostitute (Secker & Warburg, London, 1955); Hanged by the Neck: an exposure of capital punishment in England (Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1961); The Trial of Lady Chatterley: Regina v. Penguin Books Limited. The transcript of the trial (Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1961); Before the Beak (Newman Neame Take Home Books, London, 1958); Believe what you like. What happened between the Scientologists and the National Association for Mental Health (Andre Deutsch, London, 1973); Books in the dock (André Deutsch, London, 1969); Common Sense about Crime and Punishment (Victor Gollancz, London, 1961); editor of Does Pornography matter? (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1961); Kingsley: The life, letters and diaries of Kingsley Martin (London, Gollancz, 1973); Living twice: an autobiography (Victor Gollancz, London, 1974); Mental Disorder: A brief examination of the Report of the Royal Commission on the Law relating to Mental Illness and Mental Deficiency, 1954-1957 (National Association for Mental Health, London, 1958); Personal Identity (Michael Joseph: London, 1957); The Law is yours (Daily Mirror, London, 1964); The Police and the Public (Heinemann, London, 1962); Letters to both women (Wilton 65, Bishop Wilton, 1990); As I was saying (Police Review, London, 1985); The Police (Wayland, Hove, 1980); The Queen's pardon (Cassell, London, 1978); London particulars (Oxford University Press, 1980); Further particulars (Oxford University Press, 1987); Mr Prone: a week in the life of an ignorant man (Oxford University Press, 1977). AEGIS (Aid to the Elderly in Government Institutions) was a pressure group set up by Barbara Robb (d 1976) in 1965 to campaign about the treatment of elderly people in the psychiatric and geriatric wards of British hospitals.
Born in 1873; nephew of C P Scott of the Manchester Guardian; studied at Balliol College, Oxford University, and founded the Oxford Branch of the Fabian Society; in 1907 began an interest in universal language which would last his whole life, including the active use of the German phonetic alphabet Sprechspur (developed in the 1940s) to teach children to read, the founding of the Phonetic Alphabet Association, and an active promotion of alphabet reform; enjoyed a varied career as a language teacher; first Headmaster, Junior Department, Bedales School; emigrated to the USA, 1912; Professor of French, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee; returned to the UK, 1920; worked as an examiner for the Oxford and London Examining Boards; active federalist, including membership of the Federal Union and the World Federation Movement; died 1961.
The Russian Refugees Relief Association was set up in 1946 to care for people forced to leave Russia and eastern Europe by the spread of Communism. As well as supporting refugees in the UK, the RRRA provided food parcels and other aid to Russians in Germany and Europe. The organisation generally acted to promote Russian issues and provide a service to those trying to locate family and friends. As the refugees in Britain became elderly, the Association purchased two houses in Earls Court, London, as hostels. They also provided a Russian language library. As its income gradually decreased, the Association's work was gradually superceded by other agencies, and it was wound up in 1968. Its assets were passed on to the Russian Benevolent Society.
Neville Devonshire Sandelson was Member of Parliament for the Hayes and Harlington constituency 1971-1983 (Labour MP 1971-1981, Social Democratic Party MP 1981-1983).
Sandelson was born in 1923 and joined the Labour Party in 1939. He was a member of the London County Council for Stoke Newington and Hackney North, 1952-1958. He unsuccessfully contested eight General Elections and by-elections as a Labour Party candidate in six different constituencies: Ashford (Kent) (1950, 1951 and 1955), Beckenham (by-election, 1957), Rushcliffe (1959), Heston and Isleworth (1966), South West Leicester (by-election, 1967) and Chichester (1970).
He was elected as MP for Hayes and Harlington in a by-election in 1971. He was a moderate Labour MP and opposed the activities of extreme left-wing organisations inside and outside the Labour Party. His relationship with left-wing members of the Hayes and Harlington Constituency Labour Party was a stormy one, and various attempts were made to de-select him as MP. He was a founder member and Treasurer of the Labour Party Manifesto Group (1975-1980). In 1981 he was one of the founding members of the SDP, and continued to represent Hayes and Harlington as MP until losing his seat in the General Election of 1983. Sandelson never held government office but he did hold office in various parliamentary groups, including being Secretary of the British Gibraltar Parliamentary Group and Vice-Chairman of the Afghanistan Parliamentary Support Committee.
After 1983, Sandelson continued to be active in politics outside parliament. He remained a member of the SDP until 1987, when he allowed his membership to lapse. He campaigned in support of the return of a Conservative government in the 1987 General Election. In 1988 he and Stephen Haseler co-founded the Radical Society, a cross-party forum for debate on political and other issues. In 1996 he re-joined the Labour Party.
As well his career in politics, Sandelson worked in a wide variety of areas, including as a barrister, a deputy circuit judge and assistant recorder, a political and business consultant and a producer of television programmes.
Born 1912; educated Manchester Grammar School and Balliol College, Oxford University; joined editorial staff, Manchester Guardian, 1937-1960; served World War Two, 1939-1945; free-lance writer, 1960-1988, on subjects including gardening, architecture, town planning and local government; Member, Royal Commission on Local Government in England, 1966-1969, for which he wrote a Memorandum of Dissent; member, Basildon Development Corporation, 1975-1979; died 1988. Publications: A guide to the Cambridge Plan (Planning Department, Cambridge County Council, 1956); (ed) The regional city: an Anglo-American discussion of metropolitan planning (Longmans, London, 1966); City of Manchester Plan (Jarrold and Sons, Norwich and London, 1945); Central redevelopment: the Eldon Square area (Newcastle-upon-Tyne City Council, 1964); Your architect (Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1964).
Robert Sheldon has been the Labour MP for Ashton under Lyne since 1964. He was born in 1923 and joined the Labour Party in 1944. By the late 1950s, he had become very involved with the Manchester City Labour Group and unsuccessfully contested the seat of Withington in October 1959. He was elected as Member for Ashton under Lyne in 1964 and during the last years of Harold Wilson's Government served on the Fulton Committee on the Civil Service (1966-1968) and the Labour Economic Group (1967-1968). In the Labour Party's years of Opposition, he became the Party's spokesman on Civil Service and Treasury Matters (1970-1974), a field of politics in which he specialised for the duration of his political career. Between 1974 and 1975, Sheldon served as Minister of State for, first, the Civil Service and then the Treasury in the Labour Government. After supporting an unsuccessful Denis Healey in the Labour Party leadership contest of March 1976, he was appointed Financial Secretary to the Treasury, a position he held until the election of 1979. In 1983, Sheldon was elected Chairman of the Committee of Public Accounts, after serving on the Committee on two previous occasions(1965-1970) and 1974-1979). During his time as Chairman, he was involved in all areas of audit investigation, especially concerning privatisation and public funding. In 1986, Sheldon was involved with the Zircon Spy Satellite Scandal, where it was alleged Parliament was not fully informed regarding the spending of public funds on major defence projects. He was re-elected as Chairman after both the 1987 and 1992 elections and as head of the Committee of Public Accounts presided over 300 reports, each one supported unanimously. He stood down as Chairman in 1997 and was soon standing as chairman on the important (post-Nolan) Select Committee on Standards and Privileges.
As well as his career in politics, Robert Sheldon is a part owner of a textile company and has been the Director of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce since 1979. He has also co-authored a book, Administrative Reform; The Next Step, published in 1974.
Emanuel Shinwell, 1884-1986, was born in Spitalfields, London, but began work at the Scottish Wholesale Co-operative Society in 1909. By 1912, he had become chairman of the Glasgow Trades Council, a position that he held again from 1916 to 1919. His involvement with the 40 hours strike committee in 1919 led to his imprisonment for 5 months. Shinwell entered politics in 1922, becoming the Labour MP for Linlithgow, and rising to become Parliamentary Secretary for the Department of Mines in 1924, Financial Secretary for the War Office, 1929-1930, and Parliamentary Secretary for the Department of Mines, 1930-1931. In 1935, he defeated J Ramsey Macdonald in the election for Seaham. Lord Shinwell declined to serve in Churchill's wartime government, preferring to remain an independent backbencher, active in broadcasting and opposing ship production policy. During this time he was chairman of the Central Committee for Reconstruction. He joined the post-war Labour government as Minister of Fuel and Power, and was given the task of nationalising the mines. The difficulties and failures of this task led to his demotion from the cabinet and transfer to Defence as Secretary of State for War, 1947-1950. He returned to the cabinet as Minister of Defence, 1950-1951, and maintained an interest in defence issues for the rest of his career. He was also chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party 1964-1967.
The Labour Representation League was founded in 1869, at the instigation of John Stuart Mill, as an offshoot of the Trades Union Congress, with the aim of securing the return of working men to parliament. In the election of 1874, the League fielded 12 candidates, two of whom were elected. The League eventually merged with the Liberal Party.
Born 1857; educated at home; entered merchant's office, 1874-1878; member of London Stock Exchange, 1880-1886; cabinet-maker and trade unionist in Newcastle, 1886-1889; founded, with others, the Fabian Society, 1883; Secretary of the Fabian Society, 1890-1913; Honorary Secretary of the Fabian Society, 1914-1938; member of Executive of Labour Party from its start, 1900-1913; Governor of London School of Economics, 1895-; died 1955. Publications: Capital and compensation (Fabian Tract, London, 1909); The Case for Municipal Drink Trade (PS King and Son, Westminster, 1904); Fifth Edition of Kirkup's History of Socialism (A&C Black, London, 1920); Gold and state banking (London, 1912); The History of the Fabian Society (AC Fifield, London, 1916).
Giacomo Matteotti was an Italian socialist leader, who was assassinated by fascists in 1924. His death caused a public outcry and threatened to destroy Italian fascism, though the weakness of the parliament meant that, despite a judicial enquiry, the murderers went free and Mussolini himself remained unpunished. Folowing the incident, Mussolini gave up all attempts to work with Parliament, and took steps to create a totalitarian regime.
The South Sea Company was founded in 1711 to trade with Spanish America, on the assumption that the War of the Spanish Succession would end with a treaty permitting such trade. The Treaty of Utrecht, 1713, was less favourable than had been hoped, but confidence in the Company remained artificially high. In 1720, there was an incredible boom in South Sea stock, as a result of the Company's proposal, accepted by parliament, to take over the national debt (South Sea Bubble). This eventually led to the collapse of the stock market in 1720 and the ruin of many investors. The House of Commons ordered an inquiry, which showed that at least three ministers had accepted bribes and speculated.
Possibly created by John Barton (1789-1852) an economist who lived in Chichester, was well known as a Quaker businessman and man of letters and wrote 'The influence of machinery on labour'. He was also a promoter of, and lecturer at, the Chichester Mechanics Institute (later part of the Literary and Philosophical Society).
Born New Zealand, 1857; educated at Christ's College Grammar School, Christchurch, New Zealand; educated as a barrister at Oxford University, and admitted to the New Zealand Bar in 1880; worked as a barrister, but preferred journalism; edited the Canterbury Times 1885-1889, and the Lyttelton Times, 1889-; Liberal Member of the New Zealand Parliament, 1887-1896; Minister of Education, Labour, and Justice, 1891-1896; resigned position to become Agent-General for New Zealand, 1896-1905; Governor of the London School of Economics and Political Science, [1896-1932]; first High Commissioner for New Zealand, 1905-1908; Director London School of Economics, 1908-1919; Member of Senate of University of London, 1902-1919; Director, 1908-1917, and Chairman of the Board, 1917-1931, National Bank of New Zealand; set up Anglo-Hellenic League; died 1932.
The Tariff Commission was an unofficial body set up in 1903 under the auspices of the Tariff Reform League. W A S Hewins (at that time Director of the London School of Economics) was Secretary and Sir Robert Herbert was Chairman, by invitation of Joseph Chamberlain. The aims of the Commission were to examine and report on Chamberlain's proposals for tariff reform and their probable effects on British trade and industries; to suggest the best ways to harmonise the various conflicting interests involved and to work out what import duties should be recommended. The Commission collected extensive data from British business through interviews and questionnaires. It was the intention of the Commission to publish reports on every industry that they investigated and bring these together into a final report that would lay out a full tariff scheme. Seven volumes were published, but lack of funds caused the eventual abandonment of publishing. The Commission was a pioneer in the use of indexing methodology in economic research, but intending users should note that the long interval between the winding up of the Commission's activities and the deposit of its papers has caused significant losses particularly to the indices.
The Thatcher Factor was produced by Brook Lapping and shown in 1991/1992.
In 1975 the pressure groups Pressure for Economic and Social Toryism (PEST), the Macleod Group, the Social Tory Action Group and the Manchester Tory Reform Group merged to form the Tory Reform Group.
The main aim of the Group is to encourage the Conservative Party to adopt centre-right, One Nation policies. It regularly publishes policy papers and issues a quarterly journal, The Reformer. It also organises events such as conferences, lectures, receptions and fringe meetings at Conservative Party Conferences.
The Group's President is Kenneth Clarke MP. Former Presidents were Nicholas Scott (1975-1980), Peter Walker (1980-1991) and David Hunt (1991-1997).
Charles Pelham Villiers, 1802-1898, was educated at Haileybury and St. Johns College, Cambridge, becoming a barrister at Lincolns Inn in 1827. He held Benthamite political views, and enjoyed a long career in public service and Parliament. In 1832, he was a Poor Law Commissioner, and from 1833 to 1852, an official of the court of Chancery. He served as an MP for Wolverhampton from 1835 to 1898, during which time he worked towards free trade and opposed the Corn Law and home rule for Ireland. He also served as Judge-Advocate General, 1852-1858, Privy Councillor, 1853, and President of the Poor Law board, 1859-1866.
The papers of David Wainwright, Director of Information of the Social Science Research Council, originally bequeathed to the Business Archives Council upon his death, circa January 1998.
Manton Marble was born in Massachusetts on 16 November 1835. He joined the Evening Post in 1858, having moved to New York. He was the proprietor and editor of the New York World, 1862-1876. Nine years later he travelled to Europe as a delegate at the Bi-Metallic Congress.
The Peace Pledge Union was founded in 1934, initially as a male-only organisation. Women joined from 1936. Members pledged to renounce war. The Peace Pledge Union has also provided for the victims of war such as Basque child refugees from the Spanish Civil War.
By 1959 Edwards worked for British Railways as the Superintendent of Waterloo station, London.
John Baker Holroyd was born in 1735. In 1781 he was created Baron Sheffield of Dunamare, Co Meath in the Peerage of Ireland and in 1802 created Baron Sheffield of Sheffield, Co. York in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. He was President of the Board of Agriculture, a Lord of Trade and one of His Majesty's most honourable Privy Council. He was known in the literary world as a writer on political economy. He died in 1821.
Cornwallis, Sir Charles (c.1555-1629), courtier and diplomat, was the second son of Sir Thomas Cornwallis (1518/19-1604), and his wife, Anne (d. 1581), daughter of Sir John Jerningham or Jernegan of Somerleyton, Suffolk. Cornwallis's father was a noted Catholic who had taken part in the coup which gave Mary I the throne, and under her was appointed a privy councillor and comptroller of the household. Despite his religion he raised both his sons as protestants; matriculated from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1566, and in 1578 he married Anne (bap. 1551, d. 1584), daughter and coheir of Thomas Fincham of Fincham, Norfolk, and widow of Richard Nicholls of Islington, Norfolk. Their union produced two sons, including Sir William Cornwallis the younger, essayist, before Anne died. In 1585 Cornwallis married Anne (d. 1617), daughter of Thomas Barrow of Barningham, Suffolk, and widow of Sir Ralph Shelton, of Shelton, Norfolk. Cornwallis pursued a life at court and he had a meteoric rise under the patronage of Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury, to whom he was connected by marriage. On 11 July 1603 he was knighted. The following year he was elected MP for Norfolk, and he was allowed to retain his seat in the Commons even when, the next year, he was appointed resident ambassador to Spain. He had an uncomfortable trip to Madrid, being ill and confined to a litter for most of the journey, as well as quarrelling over precedence with the earl of Nottingham, who had been sent to Spain to ratify the 1604 peace treaty. Cornwallis's main task in Madrid was to oversee the provisions of the treaty which allowed the English to practise their religion in private and protected merchants from the harassment of the Inquisition. He was required to deal with many complaints from English merchants that their goods had been seized by the Spanish under the pretence of searching for forbidden protestant literature. While in Madrid he provided valuable intelligence on Spain for Salisbury and busied himself writing treatises on the state of the country, the history of Aragon, the structure of the Spanish court, and the wealth of the nobility (BL, Add. MSS 4149, 39853). From 1607 he petitioned to be relieved from his post, claiming poverty and harassment from English Catholic exiles. He was finally granted leave to return to England in 1609. Cornwallis resumed his place in the Commons when he returned and in 1610 was appointed treasurer of the household to Henry, prince of Wales. He was often in attendance upon Henry and found him an impressive figure, later writing A discourse of the most illustrious Prince Henry, late prince of Wales' (1641). It was rumoured in 1612 that he would be made master of the court of wards but after the deaths of Henry and Salisbury the same year he received no further court or government office. In 1613 he was appointed a commissioner to investigate the elections to the Irish parliament and while there he set down his views on the people and the nation, describing them asnaked barbarians' (BL, Add. MS 39853, fol. 2v). Upon his return to England, Cornwallis sought election to the 1614 parliament for Eye in Suffolk but before he arrived there he learned that the election had already taken place. During the parliament John Hoskins bitterly denounced the Scots and their influence over James I and, when questioned, claimed that he was echoing the views of Cornwallis, whom he had met on the road to Eye. Called before the privy council, Cornwallis denied that he had suggested Hoskins attack the Scots but his guilt was seemingly confirmed when a letter was published in London in which he asked the king for forgiveness. He was committed to the Tower and on his release in June 1615 retired to the country to live at his ancestral home, Brome Hall, Suffolk, and at Harborne, Staffordshire. His second wife died in 1617 and three years later on 29 April 1620 he married Dorothy, daughter of Richard Vaughan of Nyffryn in Llyn, Caernarvonshire, bishop of London, and widow of Bishop John Jegon of Norwich. Cornwallis died at Harborne on 21 December 1629, survived by his wife.
Arthur William Symons was born at Milford Haven on 28 February 1865. At the age of twenty-one Symons wrote his first critical work An Introduction to the Study of Browning, 1886. From 1889 Symons made frequent trips to France and became interested in its literature and art. He contributed regularly to the Athenaeum, Saturday Review and Fortnightly Review. Symons published several books of poetry including Collected Poems 1900 and The Fool of the World and other Poems 1906. In 1906 he bought Island Cottage, at Wittersham, Kent, where he died on 22 January 1945.
John Sinclair was born in Thurso, Caithness, and educated at the Universities of Edinburgh, Glasgow and Oxford. He qualified as a lawyer in both Scotland and England but never practised law. In 1780 he entered the House of Commons as MP for Caithness, subsequently serving as MP for several English and Scottish constituencies between 1784 and 1811. Sir John wrote several works on ecnomics and agriculture and became the first president of the Board of Agriculture in 1793. His 'Statistical Account of Scotland' popularized the use of the word 'statistics' in English.
Charles Davenant was born in London in 1656. Educated at the grammar school, Cheam, Surrey and Balliol College, Oxford University, he became MP for St Ives, Cornwall, in 1685, and for Great Bedwin, 1690 and 1700. He was Commissioner of the Excise, 1678-1689, and Inspector General of Exports and Imports from 1705 until his death in Nov 1714. Davenant also wrote widely on politics and economics.
Publications: Reflections upon the Constitution and Management of the Trade to Africa, through the whole course and progress thereof, from the beginning of the last century, to this time (John Morphew, London, 1709); The Songs in Circe (Richard Tonson, London, 1677); An Account of the Trade between Great-Britain, France, Holland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Africa, Newfoundland, etc. With the importations and exportations of all commodities, particularly of the woollen manufactures. Deliver'd in two reports made to the Commissioners for Publick Accounts (A. Bell, W. Taylor; J. Baker, London, 1715); An essay upon ways and means of supplying the war (London, 1695); Essays upon Peace at Home, and War Abroad (James Knapton, London, 1704); A Discourse upon Grants and Resumptions, showing how our ancestors have proceeded with such Ministers as have procured to themselves Grants of the Crown revenue; and that the Forfeited Estates ought to be applied towards the payment of the Publick Debts (London, 1700); Sir Thomas Double at Court, and in High Preferments. In two dialogues, between Sir T. Double and Sir Richard Comover, alias Mr. Whiglove: on the 27th of September, 1710 (John Morphew, London, 1710); An Essay on the East India Trade (London, 1696); Discourses on the Publick Revenues, and on the Trade of England (J Knapton, London, 1698); A Report (a second Report) to the Honourable the Commissioners for putting in execution the Act, intitled, An Act for the Taking, Examining, and Stating the Publick Accounts of the Kingdom (London, 1712); An Essay upon the probable means of making a People gainers in the Ballance of Trade (London, 1699); Essays upon I. the Ballance of Power; II. The right of making war, peace, and alliances; III. Universal Monarchy (London, 1701); New Dialogues upon the Present Posture of Affairs, the species of mony, national debts, publick revenues, Bank and East-India Company, and the trade now carried on between France and Holland (John Morphew, London, 1710).
John Henry Pyle Pafford was Goldsmiths' Librarian of the University of London Library from 1945 to 1967. He published works on librarianship, including 'Library Cooperation in Europe' (1935) and 'American and Canadian Libraries: some notes on a visit in the summer of 1947' (1949), and acted as an editor of 'The Year's Work in Librarianship' during 1939-1950. He was also an editor of literary texts, notably the Arden edition of Shakespeare's 'The Winter's Tale'.
Herbert Somerton Foxwell was born on 17 June 1849 in Somerset, the son of an ironmonger and slate and timber merchant. He received his early educated at the Weslyian Collegiate Institute, Taunton. After passing the London Matriculation examination at the minimum age, he obtained a London External BA Degree at the age of 18. He went to St John's College, Cambridge in 1868. He was placed senior in the Moral Sciences Tripos in 1870 and was associated with the College for the rest of his life. He was made a Fellow in 1874 and held his College lectureship for sixty years. In the University he was largely responsible for the honours teaching of economics from 1877 to 1908. Foxwell was assistant lecturer to his friend Stanley Jevons who had held the Chair of Economics at University College London from 1868 and then succeeded Jevons as chair in May 1881, holding the post until 1927. At the same time, Foxwell was Newmarch Lecturer in statistics at University College London and a lecturer on currency and banking from 1896 at the London School of Economics. In 1907 he became joint Professor of Political Economy in the University of London. In addition to these appointments, Foxwell gave extra-mural lectures for Cambridge University from 1874 and for London from 1876 to 1881 in London, Leeds, Halifax and elsewhere. He also held the following appointments: external examiner for London, Cambridge and other universities; first Dean of the Faculty of Economics at the University of London; vice-president and president of the Council of the Royal Economic Society; member of the Councils of the Statistical Society and the British Association for the Advancement of Science; and secretary and later president of the University (Cambridge) Musical Society and the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. He also provided a course of lectures at the Institute of Actuaries.
Foxwell was a dedicated book-collector and bibliophile and concentrated on the purchase of economic books printed before 1848. He described his library as a collection of books and tracts intended to serve as the basis for the study of the industrial, commercial, monetary and financial history of the United Kingdom as well a of the gradual development of economic science generally.
Foxwell's library provides the nucleus of the Goldsmiths' Library of Economic Literature. When The Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths purchased the library of economic literature from Foxwell in 1901 for £10,000 it contained about 30,000 books. The Company also generously provided Foxwell with a series of subventions following the purchase of the Library to enable him to make further acquisitions prior to the gift of the Goldsmiths' Library of Economic Literature to the University of London in 1903.
From the sale in 1901, Foxwell kept back duplicates that formed a second collection which he sold to Harvard University for £4,000 in 1929. From the termination of dealings with the Goldsmiths' Company in 1903, he began creating a second major collection. By his death, on 3 August 1936, Foxwell had amassed a further 20,000 volumes that were sold to Harvard University creating the focus for the Kress Library.
Details of the creator were unknown at the time of the compilation of this finding aid.
Frederic Seebohm was born in Bradford, Yorkshire, and educated in York. In 1855 he moved to Hitchin, Hertfordshire, where he lived for the rest of his life. He had begun to read for the bar at the Middle Temple whilst still living in Yorkshire and was called to the bar in 1856. In 1859 he became a partner in Sharples and Co bank, which his father-in-law had co-founded. He later became president of the Institute of Bankers. Besides being a committed Quaker and political liberal, Seebohm was strongly interested in history, particularly the medieval period and agricultural history; he wrote and published several books on historical and religious topics and his writings are still influential today.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
The Alvey Programme was a government initiative that ran between 1983 to 1987. The Directorate of the Programme was established in June 1983 and located formally in the Department of Trade and Industry. The Programme's remit was to advise on the scope for collaborative research in IT, and it represented a direct response to Japan's 1981 announcement of its Government-sponsored collaborative project to develop 'fifth generation' computer systems. Its purpose was to lay out and co-ordinate public and private money in an unprecedented applied research effort, bringing together Government, the computer industry and university-based skills.
Charles Lahr was born Karl Lahr in 1885 at Wendlesheim in the Rhineland Palatinate, Germany. During his teenage years he became first a Buddhist and later an anarchist. In 1905, to escape conscription into the German army, he left Germany for London. On arriving in London he worked as a baker and expressed his political involvement by joining and frequenting anarchist clubs. By 1914 Lahr had taken work as a razor grinder and had joined the British Section of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). He began to accumulate books at around this time as he moved from residence to residence in the Kings Cross area of London. He also let rooms to people he met through his political activities. Designated an enemy alien, Lahr was interned in Alexandra Palace in London from 1915 to 1919. After the war Lahr returned to his trade and continued his involvement with the IWW, where he met his future wife, Esther Archer, whom he married in 1922. Lahr and Archer both joined the Communist party in 1920, but left in 1921. It was during this brief membership that the Lahr met and became friends with Liam O'Flaherty. In 1921 Lahr took over the Progressive Bookshop at 68 Red Lion Square, Holborn. The bookshop became a centre for new writers and political activists from around the world, and specialised in the sale of radical literature and first editionsThe Lahr's first moves into publishing came in when K. S. Bhat recommended the editors of the New Coterie to take the magazine to the Lahrs. From 1925 onwards Lahr started publishing items on his own account, often using his wife's maiden name to counter anti-German prejudice. During 1925 to 1927 these took the form of offprints from New Coterie, and then articles within the magazine itself. In the publishing world he was in close contact with writers such as D. H. Lawrence, T. F. Powys, James Hanley, A.S.J. Tessimond, Liam O' Flaherty, Paul Selver, Russell Green, George Woodcock, Rhys Davies and several others. The New Coterie ran until 1927, and in 1930 Lahr launched his Blue Moon Booklets and a year later the Blue Moon Press. However, by 1933 Lahr was having financial problems. In 1935 his difficulties came to a head when he was found guilty of receiving stolen books and was sentenced to six months imprisonment. However, after his release he continued his publishing activities although on a much reduced scale. The bookshop continued to be a focus for radicals and revolutionaries.The bookshop in Holborn was bombed in May 1941. Lahr moved the bookshop to several locations in central London before finally moving it to the headquarters of the Independent Labour Party at 197 Kings Cross Road, London. Charles Lahr died in London in 1971.
References:R. M. Fox, 'Lahr's Bookshop' in Smoky Crusade, Hogarth Press, 1938, pp. 180-188.D. Goodway, 'Charles Lahr: Anarchist, Bookseller' in London Magazine, Jun-Jul 1977, pp. 47-55.
Terry Pratchett published his first novel in 1971. A prolific novellist in the fantasy genre, he was the best-selling British author of the 1990s. His comic Discworld series, in particular, has been widely celebrated. Terry Pratchett was knighted in the New Year Honours list of 2009.
Edward Montague Compton Mackenzie was born in West Hartlepool on 17 January 1883. He received his education from St Paul's, London and Magdalen College, Oxford University, where he read Modern History. While at Oxford, Mackenzie founded and edited a magazine called the Oxford Point of View. He also became business manager for the Oxford University Dramatic Society.
Walter Crane was born in Liverpool on 15 Aug 1845, second son of the portrait painter Thomas Crane and his wife Marie née Kearsley. The family moved first to Torquay, and in 1857 to London. From 1859-62 Crane was apprenticed to the wood engraver William James Linton, although he studied painting at the same time. In 1862 his painting 'The Lady of Shalott' was accepted by the Royal Academy. By the mid-1860s, Crane was illustrating children's books including coloured picture books designed in collaboration with Edmund Evans, including the series of 'Toy Books' Evans was producing for Routledge.
Crane was influenced by the Aesthetic Movement and by Japanese prints, as well as the Pre-Raphaelites and in particular Edward Burne-Jones. By the 1870s, Crane was involved in decorative design including creating ceramics (for Wedgwood, Pilkington and Maw and Co.), wallpapers (for Jeffrey and Co.), and textiles as well as exhibiting paintings. In 1881 he became friends with William Morris who was also influenced by Ruskin's ideas on beauty and utility in art and the dignity of the craftsman. Crane was instrumental in promoting the Art Worker's Guild, and became its first President in 1884. He later served for two periods as President of the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society. He joined the Socialist League in 1883. He acted as Director of the Manchester School of Art from 1893-1896, was appointed Art Director of Reading College in 1896, and was appointed Principal of the Royal College of Art in 1898.
Crane published works on art, design and decoration, including 'The Decorative Illustration of Books' (1896), 'The Bases of Design' (1898), and 'Line and Form'. In addition, he collaborated with William Morris at the Kelsmcott Press on wood-engravings for publications including 'The Story of the Glittering Plain' (1894). As a painter, he exhibited at the Royal Academy, Dudley Art Gallery and the New Gallery amongst others. Important canvases include 'The Renaissance of Venus' (1877), 'The Bridge of Life' (1884), 'The Mower' (1891) and 'Neptune's Horses' (1893).
He married Mary Frances Andrews in 1871, and had two sons (one of whom was called Lionel) and a daughter (Beatrice). Crane died at Horsham on 14 March 1915, three months after his wife Mary had been killed by a train.
Philip Dormer Stanhope was born in London on 22 September 1694. Stanhope was educated at home by private tutors and at the age of eighteen he went to Trinity Hall, Cambridge. After spending two years at university, Stanhope left England to visit Antwerp, The Hague and Paris. Later he was appointed Gentleman of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales and entered the House of Commons as a Whig member for St. Germans, Cornwall. He was again elected to the Commons in 1722 as the member for Lostwithiel. On the death of his father in January 1726, Stanhope became the Fourth Earl of Chesterfield. In 1727, Chesterfield was appointed Ambassador to the Dutch Republic. As ambassador, Chesterfield negotiated Britain's way into the Treaty of Vienna in 1731. For his services, Chesterfield was appointed Lord Steward of the King's Household and made a knight of the garter in 1730. In the House of Lords Chesterfield spoke out against Walpole's administration. He also voiced his opposition by writing essays for opposition periodicals such as Fogs Journal and Common Sense. Chesterfield was appointed to the office of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, a post he held for eight months between 1745-1746. He left Ireland on 23 April 1746 to become the Secretary of State for the Northern Department on 29 October 1746. Chesterfield resigned his secretaryship in February 1748. On retiring Chesterfield spent much time and money building Chesterfield House in South Audley Street, Mayfair, London. Although Chesterfield made his last speech in the House of Lords in 1755 he continued to offer his skills as a negotiator to the king. He died at Chesterfield House on 24 March 1773.
John Lothrop Motley was born on 15 April 1814 in Dorchester, Massachusetts, USA. He was educated at Harvard College, 1827-1831. After graduating from Harvard, Motley spent two years as a student at the universities of Berlin and Göttingen. He returned to Boston in 1835, where he began a career as a novelist. His first work Morton's Hope was published in 1839. Motley was appointed secretary of legation in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1841. He returned to Boston in 1842, where he began taking an interest in historical writing. Motley's first piece of historical writing was an essay on Peter the Great, which he contributed to the North American Review in 1845. In 1851 Motley took his family to Europe, where he undertook historical research in many archives and libraries in Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. Motley published three works on Dutch history including The Rise of the Dutch Republic, (1856). Motley served as minister to Austria between 1861-1867 and to England, 1869-1870. After 1874 he undertook no further literary work. He died at the house of one of his daughters in England on 29 May 1877.
John Ruskin was born on 8 February 1819 in London. Ruskin was educated by his mother and by various tutors before attending Oxford University. His study there was interrupted for two years by illness. He embarked upon a foreign tour with his parents, which lasted from June to September 1840. After resuming his education, he received his BA in 1842 and his MA in 1843. He taught art at Working Men's Colleges and at Oxford. While at Oxford he was appointed the first Slade Professor of Fine Art in 1869. During his life he wrote many books on art, social criticism and politics. In 1871 he purchased Brantwood near Coniston in the Lake District. Ruskin died of influenza on 20 January 1900.
Robert Southey was born in Bristol on 12 August 1774. He was educated at schools in Corston and Bristol before being sent to Westminster School in 1788. He entered Balliol College, Oxford in 1792 after he was expelled from Westminster for denouncing flogging in a school magazine, The Flagellant. In 1794 Southey wrote the play that belied his then republican spirit, Wat Tyler. The play was published without Southey's consent in 1817. By then Southey had become a supporter of the Tory government.
In 1795 Southey journeyed to Spain and Portugal. That year saw the publication of his epic poem Joan of Arc. On his return to England in 1797, Southey entered Gray's Inn, London, but only for a brief period, before moving to Westbury in June 1798 and then to Burton, Hampshire in 1799. He was appointed secretary to Isaac Corry, the chancellor of the Irish exchequer c 1801. In 1803 Southey moved to Greta Hall, Keswick where he stayed with his family for the remainder of his life.
In 1809 Robert Southey joined the staff of the Quarterly Review and wrote regularly for the periodical until 1839. From 1809 to 1815 he edited and principally wrote the Edinburgh Annual Register. Southey wrote several books including, The Book of the Church Vindicated (1824), Sir Thomas More (1829) and Lives of the British Admirals (1833). Southey was appointed Poet Laureate in 1813. To commemorate the death of King George III in 1821, he wrote his poem A Vision of Judgement. In 1820 the University of Oxford created Southey DCL and in June 1826 he was elected MP for Downton, Wiltshire, but was disqualified for not possessing the necessary estate. Southey died in Keswick on 21 March 1843.
Evelyn Baring was born on 26 February 1841 at Cromer Hall, Norfolk He was educated at the Ordnance School, Carshalton; Woolwich, 1855-1858. In 1858 Baring entered the Royal Artillery, and was commissioned in 1870. He reached the rank of Major in 1876. Whilst in the Royal Artillery, Baring was stationed in the Ionian Islands, where he learnt Greek. Whilst there he took on secretarial duties before undertaking similar roles in Jamaica and India. In 1876 Baring was sent to Egypt where he became the Commissioner of Egyptian Public Debt between 1877-1879 and Controller-General in 1879. Baring was appointed a financial member of the Council of the Governor General of India in 1880. He returned to the imperial administration of Egypt in 1884, serving first as the Financial Assistant at the Conference in London on Egyptian Finance in 1884 and as Agent and Consul-General in Egypt between 1883-1907.
Baring was created Baron Cromer in 1892; Viscount Cromer in 1899 and Earl of Cromer in 1901. During his career in the army and the Civil Service, Baring was awarded the CIE, 1876; KCSI, 1883; CB 1885; KCB 1887; OM and GCMG 1888; and GCB 1895.
Baring wrote works on politics, the military and the classics. In 1910 he became chair of the Classical Association. He died in London on 21 January 1912.
Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in Boston on 25 May 1803. Emerson was educated at Boston Latin School, 1812-1817 and at Harvard College, 1821-1825. In 1822 he published his first article in The Christian Disciple. Emerson was admitted to Harvard Divinity School in 1825 and was ordained minister of a Unitarian Church in Boston in 1829, where he remained until October 1832.
On resigning his only pastoral post, because of doctrinal disputes, Emerson embarked upon the first of three trips to Europe in December 1832, during which time meetings with other writers developed his notions of the transcendent. On returning to the United States in 1834, Emerson settled in Concord, Massachusetts, which became a centre of Transcendentalism. The following year Emerson published Nature, which stated the movement's main principles. Throughout his life Emerson lectured and wrote on philosophy, literature, slavery and religion. Emerson died in Concord, age 78, on 27 April 1882.
Charles Lahr was born Karl Lahr in 1885 at Wendlesheim in the Rhineland Palatinate, Germany. During his teenage years he became first a Buddhist and later an anarchist. In 1905, to escape conscription into the German army, he left Germany for London. On arriving in London he worked as a baker and expressed his political involvement by joining and frequenting anarchist clubs. By 1914 Lahr had taken work as a razor grinder and had joined the British Section of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). He began to accumulate books at around this time as he moved from residence to residence in the Kings Cross area of London. He also let rooms to people he met through his political activities. Designated an enemy alien, Lahr was interned in Alexandra Palace in London from 1915 to 1919. After the war Lahr returned to his trade and continued his involvement with the IWW, where he met his future wife, Esther Archer, whom he married in 1922. Lahr and Archer both joined the Communist party in 1920, but left in 1921. It was during this brief membership that the Lahr met and became friends with Liam O'Flaherty. In 1921 Lahr took over the Progressive Bookshop at 68 Red Lion Square, Holborn. The bookshop became a centre for new writers and political activists from around the world, and specialised in the sale of radical literature and first editions. The Lahrs' first moves into publishing came in when K. S. Bhat recommended the editors of the New Coterie to take the magazine to the Lahrs. From 1925 onwards Lahr started publishing items on his own account, often using his wife's maiden name to counter anti-German prejudice. During 1925 to 1927 these took the form of offprints from New Coterie, and then articles within the magazine itself. In the publishing world he was in close contact with writers such as D. H. Lawrence, T. F. Powys, James Hanley, A.S.J. Tessimond, Liam O' Flaherty, Paul Selver, Russell Green, George Woodcock, Rhys Davies and several others. The New Coterie ran until 1927, and in 1930 Lahr launched his Blue Moon Booklets and a year later the Blue Moon Press. However, by 1933 Lahr was having financial problems. In 1935 his difficulties came to a head when he was found guilty of receiving stolen books and was sentenced to six months imprisonment. However, after his release he continued his publishing activities although on a much reduced scale. The bookshop continued to be a focus for radicals and revolutionaries.The bookshop in Holborn was bombed in May 1941. Lahr moved the bookshop to several locations in central London before finally moving it to the headquarters of the Independent Labour Party at 197 Kings Cross Road, London. Charles Lahr died in London in 1971.
References:R. M. Fox, 'Lahr's Bookshop' in Smoky Crusade, Hogarth Press, 1938, pp. 180-188.D. Goodway, 'Charles Lahr: Anarchist, Bookseller' in London Magazine, Jun-Jul 1977, pp. 47-55.
Senate House Library's history goes back to the official foundation of the University of London in 1836 but it really began life in 1871 when a bookfund was started. The library holds material relevant chiefly to the arts and social sciences. The library (formerly the University of London Library) is administered by the central university as part the University of London Research Library Services. In 2005 it had over 32,000 registered users. It is the second largest library in London, outside that of the British Library, less than one mile to the north. The library holds over two million volumes, including 120,000 volumes printed before 1851. Along with subscriptions to over 5200 Journals, the library's resources include the Goldsmiths' Library of Economic Literature, the Harry Price Library of Magical Literature and the Palaeography room, the largest public collection of books of this kind in Europe. The library also holds over 170,000 theses by University of London graduate students and has over 1,100 manuscript collections.
Until 1901 the Registrar as Treasurer of the University was responsible for financial matters. By 1898 the Assistant Clerk to the Senate who was responsible for compiling accounts assisted him in this duty. After the reconstitution of 1901 an Accounts Department was formed which initially comprised one accountant who reported to the Finance and General Purposes Committee. After the reconstitution of 1928 the accountant reported to both the Court and Finance and General Purposes Committee.
The Accountant's Department was amalgamated in 1977 with the Management Systems Department to form the two divisions of the Department of accounting and Administrative Computing. In 1982 the two divisions of the Department of Accounting and Administrative Computing were separated to become independent divisions of the Court Department. On 1 October 1985 the Accounting and Management Systems Division ceased to be part of the Court Department and from that date reported to the Principal through the Clerk of the Senate.
The British Postgraduate Medical Federation (BPMF) was established by the Senate of the University of London in April 1945, was granted incorporation by Royal Charter in March 1947 and was admitted as a school of the University in December 1947. The Royal Charter stated that the BPMF would "provide opportunity for the advancement in general medicine or in any of the special branches thereof and by arranging lectures and demonstrations or otherwise promote the investigation of disease".
The BPMF was established as a result of the Goodenough report (1944), which recommended the reorganisation of the British Postgraduate Medical School at Hammersmith and its reconstitution as a federal organisation. The first Director of the Federation, Sir Francis Fraser, was instrumental in taking forward the Goodenough report's recommendation that the federation should constitute a series of institutes in each of the principal special subjects of medicine, based on a leading teaching hospital. The Federation included medical research institutes such as the Institute of Cancer Research, Institute of Child Health, Institute of Dental Surgery, National Heart and Lung Institute, Institute of Neurology, Institute of Ophthalmology and Institute of Psychiatry.
The Tomlinson report (1992) recommended that the institutes supervised by the BPMF should instead be attached to the multi-faculty Colleges within the University of London. As a result, the BPMF ceased operations on 31st July 1996.
No information available at the time of compilation
No information was available at the time of compilation.
The registers of deaths and changes of names of graduates was probably administered by the Registrar's Office and then after it was dissolved in 1901, by the Central File. After World War Two the Central File was renamed the Central Registry. Sometime during the mid-1980s the Central Registry ceased operations.