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Originally set up to consider the duties, responsibilities and interests of Masters and Matrons of Poor Law Institutions (at the time a joint post held by a married couple resident on the premises), the Association underwent various alterations in structure, organisation and title as a result of changing attitudes and legislation. The names held by the organisation were as follows: National Association of Workhouse Masters and Matrons (to c 1915) National Association of Masters and Matrons of Poor Law Institutions (c 1915-1932) National Association of Administrators of Local Government Institutions/Establishments (1932-1948) Association of Health and Welfare Administrators (1948-1970) Association of Hospital and Residential Care Officers (1970-1982) Association of Health and Residential Care Officers (1982-1984). Its members were involved in residential care (mostly of children and the aged), and in hospital administration, throughout its existence. In 1944 the Association established a closer relationship with National Association of Local Government Officers (NALGO), the trade union representing local government officers, in order to have the resources of this larger body at their disposal. The differences in approach, and the fact that AHRCO was a small interest group within this much larger organisation, led to inevitable tensions, in particular over the question of industrial action. Membership, once over 2000, declined to 400 by 1979, as a result of structural changes within the health and caring professions and changes in attitudes generally. It was thus decided to dissolve the Association as a formally constituted body in 1984. Further details of the history of this Association can be found in Lionel Lewis, Association of Health and Residential Care Officers: A Short History (1898-1984) (L. Lewis, Faversham, [n.d.]), a copy of which may be found at SA/AHR/C.55.

The Association of Investment Trust Companies was formed in 1932 as the Association of Investment Trusts (the name changed in 1969, changing again in 2006 to the Association of Investment Companies). Investment trust companies have been in existence since 1868, companies formed for the purpose of holding investments. They do not trade in investments. The money raised by the issue of shares is invested and the greater part of the income is distributed as dividends and interest on its own capital. The Association was formed to represent the interest of these companies, and to provide information on the composition and performance of investment trusts. It was run by a general Committee, which met every second month, normally five times annually in London and once in Scotland. Special committees were appointed to consider the various matters dealt with by the Association. The Association was based at 62a Lombard Street (1932-4), Pinners Hall, Austin Friars (1934-6), Kent House, Telegraph Street (1936-57), 7 Angel Court (1957-75), Park House, 16 Finsbury Circus (1975-ca.2000), 8-13 Chiswell Street (ca.2000-5) and 24 Chiswell Street (from 2005).

The League of Old Judeans had been brought together by Louis Sarna, who organised the annual wreath laying at the Cenotaph, which continued until 1928. In that year he was instrumental in founding the Jewish Ex-Servicemens Legion which eleven years later was to become AJEX - The Association of Jewish Ex-Servicemen and Women. AJEX had its beginnings at a Meeting in London in 1928. One of a series of Meetings held throughout Britain to protest at Arab anti-Jewish riots in Palestine. Louis Sarna was Honorary Secretary until his retirement in 1952.

The Jewish Friendship Club Movement began in 1950, after the United Synagogue's Welfare Committee invited the League of Jewish Women to act as an advisory body to the new movement. It remains under the auspices of these two bodies. Its aim was to provide elderly Jewish men and women (who were over 60 years of age), with social and recreational centres. From 1951 the movement became known as the Friendship Clubs' Central Committee. Its first chairman was Mrs MW Domb. Its name was changed again to the Friendship Clubs' Central Council in 1958, and attained its final title, the Association of Jewish Friendship Clubs, around 1964.

The Association of Jewish Refugees in Great Britain (AJR) was founded in the summer of 1941. Up until that point the care of Jewish refugees had mainly been in the hands of the German Jewish Aid Committee, which had hardly any German Jewish representatives. It was this committeee which had organised the rescue operation of those Jews who wanted to enter Britain and which had financially supported those who were unable to earn their own living. The foundation of the AJR marked the wish of the refugees to take the settlement of their problems into their own hands.

Association of Law Teachers

The Association of Law Teachers (ALT) was conceived in 1965 by a group of law teachers from institutions other than universities who met at Taplow in Buckinghamshire to discuss the particular problems of teaching law faced by such institutions. The following year a steering committee met in London to officially establish the ALT to represent the growing interest in law in Regional Colleges of Technology, further education colleges and schools. Initial funding came from the publishers Sweet & Maxwell. In its Constitution, the objects of the ALT were laid down as: a) to further the advancement, development, study, understanding, use and reform of the educational aspects of law and its teaching; b) to represent and make known the views of its members upon matters relating to or affecting their professional interests as teachers of law; c) to establish and support or aid in the establishment and support of associations and institutions calculated to benefit the objects of the Association or the members of the Association or the dependants or connections of such members and to subscribe to or guarantee money for charitable or benevolent objects or for any public, general or useful object; d) to do all things consistent with these objects considered by the Association or its Committee to be necessary, conducive or incidental to the promotion of the professional, social or general welfare of its members. The present membership of the ALT is drawn from teachers in higher (largely, but not exclusively, the new universities), further and tertiary education. It focuses primarily on the pedagogy and androgogy of law, teaching and learning methods and assessment, and fosters research in these fields, including the 1993 and 1997 Harris surveys of legal education. Until about 1990 the ALT was the only representative body for Polytechnic law teachers, and in the 1970s and 1980s it also provided a general forum for discussion of doctrinal legal issues. This remains a subsidiary function. The ALT's activities are run by a Committee comprising an elected Chairman, Vice-chairman, Secretary and Treasurer, plus five elected members and some co-opted members. Regular events include the Upjohn Lecture, the Annual Conference and one-day conferences. The ALT makes representations to a variety of official bodies concerning all aspects of law teaching, and is also represented on a number of these bodies. It has close links with the Society of Public Teachers of Law, which represents university law teachers.

Publications: Harris, P and Bellerby, S. with Leighton, P and Hodgson, J, A Survey of Law Teaching 1997 (ALT, 1993); Harris, P and Jones, M, "A Survey of Law Schools in the United Kingdom", (1997), The Law Teacher 38; Dr S B Marsh The Association of Law Teachers: the first 25 years (ALT, 1990); the ALT produces a regular Bulletin and a Journal.

Association of Lay Preachers

The Interim Association of Lay Preachers of the United Reformed Church and the Continuing Congregational Churches was a forum where lay preachers could discuss matters relating to preaching and the conduct of worship, and provided a means of consultation with the organisation of these churches.

Membership was open to all Associations of Lay Preachers within the United Reformed Church and the Continuing Congregational Churches, and to individual lay preachers, not members of an association.

The Association was formed in 1923 by Life Offices' Association to oversee interests of life Insurance companies in India. The first meeting was held 27 April 1923 at Standard Life Assurance Company's Standard Buildings, Calcutta. In January 1956 the Indian Government issued a Life Insurance (Emergency Provisions) Ordinance which effectively led to 'seizure of the business' and a freezing of funds of all Life Offices operating in India. This was followed by the passing of the Life Insurance Corporation Act 1956 which led to agreement with parent body Life Offices' Association, and the Associated Scottish Life Offices to dissolve the Association of Life Offices in India.

Meetings were mainly held at offices of North British Mercantile Insurance Company Limited (staff of which acted as secretary and officers along with other companies) at North British Building, Clive Street, Calcutta, India (1941), later same Building 29 Netaji Subhas Road, Calcutta (1954).

Non-profit organisation supporting member-nominated trustees, directors and employee representatives of both private and public-sector UK pension schemes, with registered address at 90 Fenchurch Street, City of London. Formed in response to feedback and comments from member nominees’ desire to build a community to liaise with other professional and share experiences, the organisation was launched in 2010 with the support of Pitmans Trustees Limited. The first meeting was held on September 2010 and was attended by firms including Marks and Spencer, Aegon and Kasbank.

A chazan (also chazzan or hazzan) is a cantor who leads the synagogue congregation in sung prayer. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries this role developed into a full-time profession and professionally trained chazanim came to be viewed as deputy rabbis, part of the clergy.

The Association of Ministers (Chazanim) of Great Britain started as the Choral Section of the United Synagogue. At the first meeting in March 1934 Professor S. Alman addressed the meeting and emphasised the desirability of having such a section. Principals were laid down and it was decided to hold regular meetings and appoint a committee.

The objects of the Association are to represent the interests of the Chazanim of the United Synagogue in all matters affecting the relationship between:
1) The Chazanim and the United Synagogue;
2) The Chazanim and other communal bodies;
3) The Chazanim and the Chief Rabbinate.
The Association also aims to act as a professional body in matters affecting the dignity and prestige of the United Synagogue Chazanim.

The Association is interested in providing cultural advancement, social recreation, mutual aid, a library of music for members. Membership is open to all Chazanim of the United Synagogue.

The Association of Post Office Women Clerks (1903-c 1913) was founded as women became employed in this sector. Women were first employed in the British Civil Service in Feb 1870, after the responsibility for Britain's telegraph service came under the remit of the Controller of the Post Office under the Telegraph Act of 1869. At the end of the nineteenth century, there was great opposition to women's employment amongst male employees, in contrast to employers' acceptance of a new workforce who worked for lower wages and was less inclined to industrial agitation. This hostility also affected the male-dominated trade unions of the period, especially those concerned with the Civil Service. This meant that women civil servants of the time continued to occupy separate and lower grades than those of men, and a marriage bar prevented them continuing to work after they became wives. It was not until the turn of the century that female trade union agitation for equal pay and conditions with the male workforce began. Women workers continued to be employed in larger numbers by the Post Office than in other departments. However, conditions continued to be poor. The Association of Post Office Women Clerks was formed in 1903 as a result of a dispute which began in 1897 when women's starting pay and annual increments were suddenly further reduced. By 1904 the union had over 1,300 members. In 1913 the organisation joined the Federation of Women Clerks to further these aims. In 1916 they merged with the Civil Service Typists Association to become the Federation of Women Civil Servants. This represented all clerical women in the Civil Service with the exception of Writing Assistants, had the objective of securing equal pay with male employees and co-operated with male trade unions to attain this end. The Association, along with most of the civil service trades unions were involved in efforts to introduce arbitration and militated for what would become Whitley Councils. After the end of the First World War such action helped bring about a major restructuring of the service. Grades that had been unique to each of the departments were now merged across the entire service to form four basic bands. When women's posts were finally assimilated into the general grading system in 1920, the group found itself weakened as members left for larger mixed unions. As a result of this, the union amalgamated with the Association of Women Clerks and Secretaries in 1932 and continued as the National Association of Women Civil Servants. The organisation was affiliated to the Federation of Women Civil Servants, and later merged with the National Association of Women Civil Servants.

Technical education was vocationally oriented training held at junior and senior technical institutes. The encouragement of such education was thought vital to provide a skilled workforce and support the economy. The Association of Principals of Technical Institutions was a professional body for those working in this field.

Association of Women Clerks and Secretaries (1903-c 1921) was founded in 1903 as women became employed in this sector. At the end of the nineteenth century, there was great opposition to women's employment amongst male employees, in contrast to employers' acceptance of a new workforce who worked for lower wages and was less inclined to industrial agitation. This hostility also affected the male-dominated trades unions of the period, especially those concerned with the Civil Service. This meant that women civil servants of the time continued to occupy separate and lower grades than those of men, and a marriage bar prevented them continuing to work after they became wives. It was not until the turn of the century that female trade union agitation for equal pay and conditions with the male workforce began. The Association of Shorthand Writers was established in 1903 and was subsequently renamed the Association of Women Clerks and Secretaries. Unlike the Federation of Women Civil Servants at this stage, which represented only permanent and established female public servants, the Association dealt with staff that had been recruited on a temporary basis. The Association, along with most of the civil service trades unions, were involved in efforts to introduce arbitration and militated for what would become Whitley Councils. After the end of the First World War such action helped bring about a major restructuring of the service. Grades that had been unique to each of the departments were now merged across the entire service to form four basic bands. This resulted in the merger of unions that had previously been structured around specific departments. When women were finally assimilated into the general grading system in 1920 as part of the restructuring, the Association found itself weakened as members left for larger mixed unions that were better represented on the Whitley Councils and this was one of the reason why, in 1921, it joined with several mixed trades unions, as well as the Civil Service Typists Association to form the Civil Service Clerical Association. However, membership later became a problem when the Federation of Women Civil Servants changed its rules to allow temporary workers to join. This was exacerbated in 1930 when many of traditionally temporary contracts were made permanent and abortive moves were made to amalgamate with the National Union of Clerks. Later, in 1932 it went on to merge with the Federation to create the National Association of Women Civil servants. In Mar 1940, the Association finally joined the National Union of Clerks and Administrative Workers under the new title of The Clerical and Administrative Workers Union.

The Workers' Educational Association (WEA) was founded in 1903 under the title Association to Promote the Higher Education of Working Men following a scheme proposed by Albert Mansbridge (1876-1952). He became its general secretary in 1905 when the name was changed to The Workers' Educational Association and the first constitution was established in the following year. After a conference on the WEA and Oxford University in 1907, the WEA Central Joint Advisory Committee was established and three year university tutorial classes were started with the close involvement of R H Tawney (1880-1962). The WEA was also linked to the trade union movement and formed the Workers' Education Trade Union Committee in 1919 to strengthen and give cohesion to the educational work with trade unions. The WEA was closely involved in campaigns for better state education and in particular the campaign preceding the 1944 Education Act. The WEA is now a national voluntary organisation existing primarily to provide adults with access to organised learning. It is a registered charity and is non-party in politics and non-sectarian in religion. The WEA is one national organisation in England and Scotland, organised into 13 districts in England and a Scottish Association. It has over 650 local branches and 28 local organisations including 23 national trade unions are affiliated at national level.

The Workers Educational Association (WEA) was founded in 1903 under the title Association to Promote the Higher Education of Working Men and in 1905 the name was changed to The Workers Education Association. The Central Organisation of the Association dealt with its executive functions, various committees and the general administration as well as the organisation of the annual and national conferences.

The Assurance Educational Council was set up in 1932 by member offices of the Industrial Life Offices Association, following a report to the Executive of the Association on the perceived usefulness of "educational propaganda" about industrial assurance. The Council's first meetings are recorded in the minute book of the Executive Committee of the Association (Ms 29802/12) until 4 Jan 1933, when the Council resolved to keep its own minutes. The establishment of the Council reflected the industrial assurance business's unease at the investigations of the Departmental Committee of Inquiry (Cohen Committee), and accusations of malpractice. The Assurance Educational Council changed its name to the Industrial Assurance Council in 1949; and its records cease in 1964.

The Council generally met in the offices of its chairman; the chair rotating between the Industrial Life Offices Association and the Prudential Assurance Company Limited.

Born in 1861; educated at Westminster School and Royal Naval College, Greenwich; joined Royal Marine Artillery, 1879; served in Sudan, 1884; member of the Foreign Intelligence Committee, Admiralty, 1886; service in the Naval Intelligence Department, Admiralty, 1887-1890; Staff College, 1891; Intelligence Officer, Mediterranean Fleet, 1892-1895; Professor of Fortification, Royal Naval College, Greenwich, 1896-1899; served in Boer War, South Africa, 1899-1900; Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, Royal Marines, 1901; Secretary to Naval Reserves Committee, 1902; Deputy Assistant Adjutant General, Staff College, 1904-1907; Brig Gen, General Staff, South Africa, 1908-1912; publication of Defence of United South Africa as a part of the British Empire (Cape Times, Cape Town, 1910); publication of Letters on Amphibious Wars (John Murray, London, 1911, 1920); ADC to the King, 1911-1917; attached to Headquarters Staff, South African Forces, 1912; Special Service, Admiralty War Staff, 1913-1914; publication of Staff Duties and other Subjects (Hugh Rees, London, 1913); Chairman of the Committee on Defence of Admiralty Oil Reserves, 1914; commanded expeditions to Ostend and Dunkirk, 1914; publication of Sea, Land and Air Strategy (John Murray, London, 1914); Commandant, 1914-1917; Maj Gen and retired, 1917; publication of The Triangle of Terror in Belgium (John Murray, London, 1918); employed in secretariat of the War Cabinet, 1918-1919; publication of War Lessons New and Old (John Murray, London, 1919); Memories of a Marine: an amphibiography (John Murray, London, 1919); Mostly about Trout (G Allen and Unwin, London, 1921); The Problem of Defence (P Allan and Co, London, 1925); Letters to young flyfishers (P Allan and Co, London, 1926); The Navy Today (Methuen and Co, London, 1927); The Study of War for Statesmen and Citizens (Longmans and Co, London, 1927, 1973); The Life of Nelson (London, 1928); The Biography of the late Marshal Foch (Hutchinson and Co, London, 1929); His Royal Highness the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (G G Harrap and Co, London, 1929); The Great War of 1914-1918 (Thornton Butterworth, London, 1930); Secret Service (Faber and Faber, London, 1930); editor of Hamley's Operations of War and of the Study of War (1927).

Born 1915; educated at City School, Lincoln, St Catherine's College, Cambridge University, and the University of Clermont, France; Bye-Fellow, Magdalene College, Cambridge, 1938-1943; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; service with The Suffolk Regt, Royal Marines Div and the Intelligence Corps, 1939-1946; served as General Staff Officer 3 (Intelligence), Royal Marines Div, [1941]-Mar 1942; service as General Staff Officer 2 (Intelligence), 121 Force, Operation IRONCLAD, the British capture, from the Vichy French, of Diego Suarez, Madagascar, May 1942; Fellow of St Catherine's College, Cambridge, 1943; Secretary, Modern Humanities Research Association, 1945-1950; Dean, St Catherine's College, Cambridge, 1946-1957; service with the Cambridgeshire Regt and the Royal Anglian Regt, Territorial Army, 1946-1980; University lecturer, Cambridge, 1946-1982; Chairman, Cambridgeshire Army Cadet Force, 1947-1977; Territorial Army and Auxiliary Forces, Cambridgeshire Regt, and Cambridge University Officer Training Corps, from 1948; Chairman, Modern Humanities Research Association, 1950-1968; Member, International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Sciences, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation), 1952-1975; Secretary General, International Federation for Modern Languages and Literatures, 1954-1978; Visiting Professor, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 1955-1956 and 1961-1962; Tutor, St Catherine's College, Cambridge, 1957-1959; Deputy Lieutenant, Cambridgeshire, 1960; Bursar, St Catherine's College, Cambridge, 1961-1979; Chairman, Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire Territorial Army, 1967-1977; President, Modern Humanities Research Association, 1970; Deputy Honorary Col (Territorial Army), Royal Anglian Regt, 1972-1980; awarded OBE, 1973; Vice President, International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Sciences, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation), 1975-1979; President, International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Sciences, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation), from 1979; President, St Catherine's College, Cambridge, 1980; died 1992. Publications: Peirol, troubadour of Auvergne (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1953).

David Astor was born in London and brought up in London and Buckinghamshire. His parents were Waldorf and Nancy Astor (afterwards Viscount and Viscountess Astor). David Astor was educated at Eton and at Balliol College Oxford. He joined The Observer, a newspaper then owned by his family, informally in 1941 and formally in 1946. He became editor in 1948, retaining the position until 1975; under his influence, the paper became much less conservative and more liberal in outlook. Astor was interested in social and political issues and in philanthropy throughout his life and in retirement became heavily involved in charity work. He was made a Companion of Honour in 1994.

The company was established in 1824 and was also known as Asylum Life Office, and Asylum Foreign and Domestic Life Assurance Company. It amalgamated in 1857 with the London Assurance, which became a subsidiary of the Sun Alliance in 1965.

Born 1567; participated in the expedition of the Marquês de Santa Cruz to the island of Terceira, 1587; served under Don Martinho de Rivera, General of the Galleys of Spain; served as Captain of Horse; Frontier Commander of Alcobaça; General of the Armada of the Coast; Colonel of Infantry; Captain Major of the Indian Fleets, 1611-1612, undertook round voyage from Lisbon to Goa; Captain General of the Portuguese Home Fleet, 1618-1621; removed from command due to the loss of the ship NOSSA SENHORA DA CONCEIÇÃO to Algerine warships in 1621, subsequently absolved of blame; Gentleman of the Chamber of Philip IV, King of Spain, and Steward to Queen Isabella; Councillor of the State Council of Portugal; President of the Council of Aragon; Ambassador Extraordinary to Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, 1629; appointed with the Conde de Vale de Reis as joint Governor of Portugal under the Spanish Crown, 1631-1633; President of the Board of Conscience and Military Orders; imprisoned in 1641 on suspicion of involvement in pro-Spanish activities, subsequently acquitted and released; died 1647; buried in the Church of San Francisco, Lisbon.

Publications: Cargos que resultaram da devassa que os governadores de Portugal mandaram tirar a D Antonio de Ataide da nau da India `Nossa Senhora da Conceição' que os inimigos queimaram no ano de 1621, e reposta de D Antonio nos argos (Lisbon, 1622); Sentenças dadas sobre a devassa que se tirou de Dom A. de Atayde Capitão General da armada de Portugal (P Crasbeek, Lisbon, 1624); Viagens do Reino para a Índia e da Índia para o Reino, 1608-1612. Diários de navegação coligidos por D. António de Ataíde no século XVII. With introduction and notes by Comandante Humberto Leitão (3 vols, Lisbon, 1957).

Athlone Press

The Athlone Press was founded in 1948 as the University of London publishing house. It was sold to the Bemrose Corporation in 1979.

Born 1896; educated Kent County School for Girls, Tunbridge Wells; attended Bedford College, University of London, 1915-1917 and 1920-1922, gaining BSc Hons Zoology and Geology; Research scholar in Zoology, Bedford College, 1922-1923; Pilcher Research Laboratory, Bedford College, 1923; Research Studentship, Bedford College, 1927-1928; Amy Lady Tate Scholarship, Bedford College, 1928-1929; Marine Biology Laboratory, Plymouth, 1937-[1961]; gained DSc in Zoology, 1939; Leverhulme Research Fellowship, Bedford College, 1953-1955; died 1961.

Born 1871; educated at Queen Elisabeth Grammar School, Atherstone, Warwickshire; studied privately in France and Germany and at Trinity College, Cambridge; Professor of German at King's College London, 1900-1937; Fellow, 1912; Assistant Principal, 1919-1923 and 1925-1937; Member of the University of London Senate, 1918-1933 and of the University Court, 1929-1933; Joint Editor of the Modern Language Review; died 1942. Publications: include A short history of French literature with Professor Leon Emile Kastner, (Blackie and Son, London, 1900); Goethe's poems with Professor Kastner, (Blackie and Son, London, 1902); A skeleton French grammar (Blackie and Sons, London, 1902); A skeleton German grammar (Blackie and Sons, London, 1902); Johann Wolfgang Goethe (Methuen and Co, London, 1904); The teaching of modern foreign languages in school and university (with Henry Leonard Hutton), (Edward Arnold, London, 1920); A history of German versification (Methuen and Co, London, 1923); The student in purgatory (translated from Hans Sachs); Heine...with a portrait (Routledge and Sons, London; E P Dutton and Co, New York, 1929); The poems of Annette von Droste-Hülshoff (Sidgwick and Jackson, London, 1933); German literature through Nazi eyes (Methuen and Co, London, 1941).

The Chinese Maritime Customs (formerly the Imperial Maritime Customs) collected customs duties from foreign ships and administered port facilities on behalf of the Chinese Government. It was managed mainly by foreigners, largely British. The appointment of a new Inspector-General in 1928 caused controversy between the Chinese and British governments, having implications for Western business interests in China and relations between the two countries.

Born in Kingston-upon-Thames, 1913; moved to Brentford, c1919; enrolled as a full-time student at the Engineering School, Regent Street Polytechnic, 1927; participated in sporting activities there; gained a Ordinary National Diploma in Mechanical Engineering, 1930; employed in engineering; continued part-time education at Acton Technical College; Higher National Diploma, 1934; married Mary Eileen Senton, 1937; graduate member of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, 1939; associate member, 1940; served with the Royal Army Ordnance Corps, later Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, during World War Two; in India, 1942-1945; emigrated to Australia, 1951; retired, 1974; moved to New Zealand, 1982.

Born, 1875; educated at Guy's Hospital, MB 1901; on staff of the Imperial Yeomanry Hospital, South Africa, 1901; returned to Guy's Hospital as Assistant House Surgeon and Clinical Assistant, [1902-1904]; Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, 1903; General Practitioner in West Kensington, 1904-1914; served on staff of Commander-in-Chief, Sir John French, 1914-1918; Assistant Director-General of the Army Medical Service; became interested in improving the teaching of domestic science and home economics and initiated a subscription campaign to provide for a hostel for such students in King's College for Women, 1911; a distinct department for women emerged in 1915; knighted (KCMG), 1919; became Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Department/College, 1922-1958; died, 1963.

Members of the Brougham family of Brougham, Westmorland, included Henry, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux (1778-1868), who served as Lord Chancellor, 1830-1834; James (1780-1833); John Waugh (1785-1829); and William, 2nd Baron Brougham and Vaux (1795-1886).

Atkinson Morley Hospital, Copse Hill, Wimbledon was founded in 1869, following a donation from Atkinson Morley, as a convalescent home for patients at Saint George's Hospital. Atkinson Morley was a Governor of Saint George's. During the Second World War, a neurosurgery unit was established at the hospital by Sir Wylie McKissock. After the war, it was decided to develop the hospital as a neuroscience centre and to gradually reduce its use as a convalescent home. In 2003, the neurology services were relocated to a purpose built wing at Saint George's Hospital, Tooting and the hospital closed. The Wolfson Rehabilitation Centre remained on the site in Wimbledon.

The hospital has been administered by the following:

1869 - 1948: Atkinson Morley Hospital/ Saint George's Hospital

1948 - 1974: Saint George's Hospital Teaching Group of South West Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board

1974 - 1982: Merton, Sutton and Wandsworth Area Health Authority of South West Thames Regional Hospital Board

1982 - 1993: Wandsworth District Health Authority of South West Thames Regional Hospital Board

1993 - 2003: Saint George's Healthcare NHS Trust.

Saint George's Hospital Teaching Group was formed in 1948 following the establishment of the National Health Service (NHS). Originally, the group included Saint George's Hospital, Atkinson Morley Hospital, Royal Dental Hospital, Victoria Hospital for Children, Broadstairs Convalescent Home and Princess Beatrice Hospital. However, Broadstairs Convalescent Home and Princess Beatrice Hospital were quickly transferred to alternative administrative bodies. In 1949, it was decided that Saint George's Hospital would be rebuilt on the Grove Fever Hospital and the Fountain Hospital sites in Tooting. The Grove Fever Hospital was designated to Saint George's Hospital in 1953 and building on the new hospital began in 1973.

Following the reorganisation of the NHS in 1974, Saint George's Hospital Teaching Group was disbanded. Saint George's Hospital passed to the Merton, Sutton and Wandsworth Health Authority and was to be directly managed by a District Management Team. The District also included Atkinson Morley Hospital, South London Hospital for Women, Weir Hospital, Saint Benedict's Hospital, Birchlands, Springfield Hospital, Saint James' Hospital, Bolingbroke Hospital, and the Springfield Annex in Kingston.

In 1982, Saint George's was brought under the control of the Wandsworth Health Authority. Shortly after, Weir Hospital, South London Hospital for Women, Saint Benedict's Hospital and Springfield Annex were closed. Birchlands was amalgamated with the Hospital for Aged Jews, and Saint James Hospital in Balham closed in 1988 when the Saint James' Wing at Saint George's Hospital opened.

In 1993, Saint George's Hospital, Atkinson Morley Hospital and Bolingbroke Hospital became part of the Saint George's Healthcare NHS Trust. Bolingbroke Hospital closed in 2008 and its services transferred to Saint John's Therapy Centre, Battersea. Atkinson Morley Hospital's neurology services were relocated to Saint George's, Tooting in 2003, however the Wolfson Neurorehabilitation Centre remained in Wimbledon. In 2010, Saint George's Healthcare NHS Trust merged with Community Services Wandsworth. In 2011, the trust ran Saint George's Hospital, Tooting; Wolfson Neurorehabilitation Centre; and range of services at Queen Mary's Hospital, Roehampton. It also provided community services from Saint John's Therapy Centre, Wandsworth Prison, Dawes House intermediate care unit, health centres and clinics, schools and nurseries and patients' homes.

For histories of each hospital, please see individual entries in the catalogue.

Atlas Assurance Co Ltd

The Atlas Assurance Company was established in 1808 and transacted life and fire insurance business. A venture into general accident insurance in the 1880s was unsuccessful. It was based at 92 Cheapside (1901), and was acquired by Royal Exchange Assurance (CLC/B/107-02) in 1959.

William Sanderson (1586-1676) was secretary to Henry Rich, Earl of Holland, whilst the latter was Chancellor of Cambridge University. During the English Civil War, Sanderson took the side of the royalists, leading to his appointment as a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to King Charles II, who bestowed a knighthood upon him. Publications: A Compleat History of the life and raigne of King Charles from his cradle to his grave (London, 1658), A Compleat History of the lives and reigns of Mary Queen of Scotland, and of her son ... James the Sixth (H Moseley, R. Tomlins, and G. Sawbridge: London, 1656-55).

Honoré Aubanel was a distinguished alienist and writer on medical jurisprudence. He obtained his MD at Paris in 1839, and in 1843 was Chief Medical Officer to the St Lazare Hospital for the Insane at Marseilles. On the demolition of this ancient Asylum, Aubanel built a new Hôpital de St Pierre, to which he transferred the inmates of St Lazare, where they were housed and treated under the more humane systems of Pinel and Esquirol.

Berthold Auerbach was born into a Jewish family in Thorn in Western Prussia (now Torun in Poland). He attended school there, until his parents moved to Berlin in 1885. He had already begun studying Latin and in the next few years added French and Greek to his curriculum.

In December 1891 he began his working life by going into commercial training with the firm of H. Holde in Berlin. He remained with them until October 1894. Between 1895 and 1897 he trained in business and commerce with Albert Meyer (Speditions-, Commissions- und Bankgeschäft) but was most unhappy, realising that this type of career was not for him.

He joined the Literarische Gesellschaft in Leipzig, which had been founded by Carl Heine, and in March 1898 began work there as actor, Treasurer and Secretary. Out of this society grew Heine's Ibsentheater. The dramatist Frank Wedekind was also a member of the company. The Ibsentheater toured Northern Germany until the end of 1898 when it ceased to exist.

After a brief period as a reporter in Berlin, Auerbach started a career as a theatrical agent. He was to pursue this career for the next thirty-six years and became skilled in matching directors and companies with suitable actors and actresses, not only in Germany, but also in Austria and Switzerland. In this way many famous names in German theatre owed their careers to him through discovery by him and subsequent support and protection for their talent. Amongst these were Adolf Roff, Elsa Wagner, Emil Jannings and Carl Ebert. He was untiring in his travels to review productions and was enthusiastic about contemporary drama. His conduct and industry won him many lasting friendships in the profession: Helene Riechers, Carl Ebert, Elsa Wagner, and the Dumont/Lindemann Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus.

In October 1898, Auerbach went to work for the theatre agency E. Drenker & Co. In 1907 he married Anna Pergams who came to Berlin from Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad in Russia). In 1915 he was called up for military service and sent to Königsberg for training, where the director of the Stadttheater 'Neues Schauspielhaus' gave him free tickets for all performances. His old firm of Drenker managed to secure his release from the army and he remained with them until 1929, when the firm closed. At this point the State founded an official agency for stage and film, Paritätischer Stellennachweis der Deutschen Bühnen, where the Actors' Union and the Union of Theatre Directors were represented on equal terms. Auerbach remained with them until 1933, when he was dismissed after an SA (Sturmabteilung) raid, albeit with a creditable testimonial. He was called back and re-employed for short periods four times, having become indispensable to the Agency, until Goebbels personally put a stop to this.

Despite numerous letters from the acting profession and others urging his re-employment, Auerbach remained unemployed in Berlin from 1934-1939 when he and his wife, after much heart-searching, decided to leave Germany to join their daughter in England. They were not allowed to bring out their two sons. During the first few years of the Nazi regime, Auerbach was sent free tickets for performances at most of the Berlin theatres, but this largely ceased once Jews were forbidden to enter German theatres, and he could only attend performances in the few special Jewish theatres.

After his arrival in England, Auerbach was interned in a camp on the Isle of Man for a few months. In 1945 he was invited back to Germany to take up his profession again, but he decided it was too late to start afresh. In 1951 he made his first visit to Düsseldorf and Berlin. When he revisited Germany his reception was tumultuous. He wrote an address for Helene Riecher's 85th birthday in 1954, which was read out at her memorial sevice in 1957. She died one month after Auerbach's wife.

In November 1959, Auerbach celebrated his own 85th birthday and received presents and tributes from the entire German theatrical profession, including the Unions. During his exile, he never lost touch with the German theatre scene and derived immense enjoyment not only from the letters he received but from the journals which were sent to him regularly.

Auerbach also wrote poetry, examples of which are scattered through the collection and in relevant literature.

Austen, younger brother of Francis William Austen (q.v.) and of Jane Austen, the novelist, entered the Navy in 1794, was promoted to lieutenant in 1797 and to captain in 1810. After service on the North American and Mediterranean Stations, he was from 1815 engaged in the suppression of piracy in the Aegean until his ship, the PHEONIX, was lost in a heavy gale off Smyrna in February 1816. He served as second-in-command of the Jamaica Station from 1826 to 1828 and his success in the suppression of the slave trade led to his nomination as Flag-Captain of the WINCHESTER, North American and West Indies Station, 1830. He was invalided after an accident in 1830 and was not re-employed until appointed to the BELLEROPHON in 1838. He served in her in the Mediterranean, where he was present at the bombardment of Acre in November 1840, until she was paid off in 1841. He was made rear-admiral in 1846 but saw no further employment until 1850 when he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, East Indies, flying his flag in the HASTINGS. He died in Burma while still in this command.

Austen, brother of Charles John Austen (q.v.) and of Jane Austen, the novelist, entered the Royal Naval Academy in 1786 and in 1788 joined the Perseverance in the East Indies He was made lieutenant in 1792, commander in 1799 and captain in 1800, while in the PETEREL. In 1805 he was Flag-Captain to Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Louis (q.v.) in the CANOPUS and was at the battle of San Domingo in 1806. Whilst on convoy to the East Indies in 1809 he successfully settled a dispute with the Chinese, which earned the approval of the Admiralty and the award of a thousand pounds by the East India Company. He was Flag-Captain to Admiral Lord Gambier (1756-1833), then commanding the Home Fleet, in 1810 and, from 1811 to 1814, was in the ELEPHANT in the North Sea and the Baltic. In 1830 Austen was promoted to rear-admiral and to vice-admiral in 1838. He was Commander-in-Chief, West Indies, 1844 to 1848, and was made Admiral of the Fleet in 1863.

The company was formed by the merger in 1886-1887 of two coastal shipping companies, the Australasian Steam Navigation Company Limited and the Queensland Steam Shipping Company Limited, both engaged in transporting Australian settlers north to Queensland from the main port of debarkation, Sydney. The latter firm had been formed in 1881 by William Mackinnon (for whose background see the history in the fonds level description of the Inchcape Group, CLC/B/123) of MacKinnon, MacKenzie and Company as an extension of his existing interest in the area, a mail contract granted to the British India Steam Navigation Company Limited in 1881. Representation of British India interests on the board of the Australasian United Steam Navigation Company was predominant.

Established competition to the new firm was significant. However, the merger had made it one of the largest coasting companies, and it divided its activity between the carriage of cargoes on its smaller vessels and of passengers and mails on its liners. Depression in the 1890s was shaken off by company reorganisation, effected by James Lyle Mackay (later the first Lord Inchcape) from 1899. Outdated tonnage was sold and a fleet of large modern liners purchased, confirming the company's principal commitment to passenger traffic.

After World War One, profits declined as a result of the more serious competition for freight, passenger and cargo, represented by the newly opened Townsville-Cairns railway. The directors' response was to widen their investments, for instance into the subsidiary Eastern and Australian Steamship Company Limited, whose vessels traded from Australian ports to Manila, Hong Kong, Singapore etc, and into hotel, harbour and wharf enterprises. This trend was continued into the 1930s.

An existing shareholding in the firm by the Inchcape family was consolidated in 1960 when the company became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Inchcape group of trading companies.

The company had offices at 13 Austin Friars, 1887-94; 23 Great Winchester Street, 1897-1917; 122 Leadenhall Street, 1917-61; 40 St Mary Axe, 1962-88.

Australia held a year of celebrations in 1988 to mark the 200th anniversary of the founding of the country. Events were co-ordinated by the Australian Bicentennial Authority, with individual states, cities and other organisations mounting their own celebrations.

Australian Government

Papua comprised the south-eastern portion of the island of New Guinea. The area was proclaimed a British Protectorate in 1884, and in 1888 a part of the British Empire, known as British New Guinea. Its government was carried on under the Secretary of State for the Colonies, with participation from New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria, until 1902. It was then placed under the authority of the Commonwealth of Australia, this control taking effect in 1906; its name was changed to the Territory of Papua at that date.
The north-eastern portion of New Guinea formed the protectorate of German New Guinea until its occupation by an Australian Expeditionary Force in 1914. It continued under military rule until 1920 when it was entrusted to the Commonwealth of Australia, effective from 1921. It was then named the Territory of New Guinea.
Both these territories were invaded and occupied by the Japanese in 1942. Following the end of the war, civil administration was gradually restored and by 1946 a provisional joint administration of the former separate territories was instituted, as the Territory of Papua-New Guinea. The intention was that this be a temporary arrangement pending the determination of future policy for the area. This led to the formation, by the Department of External Territories, of the Inter-Departmental Committee for the Co-ordination of Plans for the Development of the Territories of Papua and New Guinea in 1947.
The joint territory continued under Australian administration until 1973 when self-government was achieved, to be followed in 1975 by complete independence, as Papua New Guinea.

The Autotype Company was founded in Brixton in 1868. The registered office was in the West End of London.

A new company was floated in 1870, also called Autotype Fine Art Company, and the premises moved from Brixton to Ealing. Manufacture of carbon paper continued in Ealing well into the 20th century, though by 1872 Autotype had already diversified in a variety of other photographic processes. By the late 1870s the company had grown to over 70 staff.

From carbon papers, Autotype moved into photogravure and by the first decade of the 20th century photogravure manufacturing represented over 25% of the company turnover.

The period between the two wars was one of intense diversification with photogravure representing nearly 90% of all sales. During the second war, Autotype undertook to do some work for the British government. One of the coating machines was dispatched to Canada for safe keeping, in case the factory in Ealing was bombed.

After 1946 Autotype expanded into the screen market and by the 1950s screen making materials were at the core of Autotype production.

By 1976 the Company moved to larger premises, in order to expand production, and chose a site in Wantage, south of Oxford. The old factory in Ealing was completely destroyed.

On June 14th 2005 Autotype International was acquired by MacDermid Inc. of Denver, Colorado.

Source of information: Company website at http://www.macdermidautotype.com/autotype.nsf/pages/europeaboutHistory

Phyllis Auty (1911-1998) was been closely associated with Yugoslavia thoughout her professional life. During the Second World War she worked on matters connected with Yugoslavia in the BBC, the Political Warfare Department and the Political Intelligence Centre in the Middle East Department of Allied Forces Headquarters. Immediately after the war she visited Yugoslavia on behalf of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Organisation. She became reader in history of the South Slavs at SSEES and then professor of modern history and chair of the History Department at Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada.

Auxiliary Investments Ltd

Auxiliary Investments Limited was registered in 1954 as an investment company. Harrisons and Crosfield Limited (CLC/B/112) acted as secretaries / agents for the company. In 1967/8 it became a wholly owned subsidiary of London Sumatra Plantations Limited (CLC/B/112-110). For statements of investments 1954-73 see CLC/B/112/MS37069.

Avery Hill College was established in 1906 by the London County Council as a residential female teacher training college. The mansion at Avery Hill, Eltham had been purchased by London County Council in 1902. It had previously been the home of Colonel John Thomas North and his family, who had spent up to �200,000 on renovating and adding to the property to create a large Italianate mansion. On his death in 1896 his widow sold the property, which was eventually bought by London County Council for �25,000. The College opened in 1906 with 45 resident and 115 day students. Most of the students were between 18 and 21 and came from London, and had already worked as pupil-teachers. The syllabus included nature study, drawing, music and the theory of education as well as the more usual academic subjects. Science was not taught until the 1930s as so few of the girls had been taught the subject at school. Games included tennis, hockey, cricket and netball, and student societies were established to organise social events and activities. By 1908 the College had purchased nearby Southwood House and a school building in Deansfield Road which were converted to hostels. Numbers of applicants to the College continued to rise, and four new halls of residence were built in the grounds of Southwood House, the last opening in 1916. During the First World War Roper Hall became a convalescent home for soldiers, but the College remained open.

In 1928 Avery Hill was attached to the University of London to conduct examinations for Teacher's Certificates, along with all teacher training colleges. In 1935 a range of improvements were made to the College's facilities, when the halls of residence were updated and mains electricity introduced. The Principal, Freda Hawtrey, introduced training for nursery school work as an important feature of Avery Hill courses after 1935.

During the Second World War Avery Hill was evacuated to Huddersfield Technical College. The College returned to Eltham in 1946, although all the buildings had suffered war damage, including most of the original mansion. Three large houses in Chislehurst were purchased in 1947 and converted into hostels, easing the problem of student accommodation.

After the war the College continued to attract rising numbers of students, with up to a third coming from the north of England by the late 1940s. Students continued to take a two year course leading to a Teacher's Certificate validated by the University of London. In 1959 Avery Hill took on male students, but inadequate accommodation meant that they boarded at the former Methodist training college in Westminster. The College also established an annexe at Mile End for mature students in 1968. In 1960 a third year was added to the teacher training course, according to the Ministry of Education's requirements. From the 1960s the future of Avery Hill as an independent college was under close consideration by the Inner London Education Authority as well as the college itself. After several years of resisting plans for mergers and retaining its independence Avery Hill merged with Thames Polytechnic in 1985, when Avery Hill became the Polytechnic's Faculty of Education and Community Studies.