During the Second World War the Wellcome Foundation laboratories at Frant, East Sussex, were engaged in work for the Ministry of Supply, producing scrub typhus vaccine for the armed forces. The project was given the wartime codename of 'Tyburn' after Tyburn Farm, the farm at the Wellcome Veterinary Research Station there. The project was organised by the bacteriologist Marinus van den Ende (1912-1957), serving with the RAMC: his obituary in the Lancet states that "his greatest achievement in England was the organisation of the laboratory at Frant for the large-scale production of scrub typhus vaccine, exacting and dangerous work which he carried out with great speed and precision".
KGK Syndicate was the name of the partnership between Peter Maurice Koch de Gooreynd and Arthur Kingston, under a deed of partnership dated 20 March 1934, joined by Alexander Koch Worsthone under a further deed, dated 31 December 1936. This partnership was dissolved in Febraury 1938, and in August 1944 Kingston's solicitors were disputing claims made in a BBC radio broadcast and in a special overseas edition of 'The British Optician' that Koch de Gooreynd was the inventor of the plastic optical lens manufactured by Combined Optical Industries, Ltd.
Born 1937; Anthony Angel studied physiology at University College, London, and went on to teach the subject at the University of Sheffield, where he was appointed Professor.
John Simons, OBE, MRCS, LRCP, JP (1900-1971) studied medicine at Guy's Hospital, London, after being invalided out of the Regular Army during the First World War. He qualified in 1925 and spent several years in the Sudan Medical Service,during which time he was Chief Medical Officer, Kordofan Province, retiring in 1931. His subsequent career as an Ear, Nose and Throat surgeon, first at the London ENT Hospital and from 1936 at Crowborough Hospital in Kent, was interrupted by distinguished service in the Second World War, with the Phantom reconnaissance unit and later as senior medical officer, 1 Tank Brigade, and Commanding Officer, 220 Field Ambulance, in North Africa, Italy and Germany. Died 1971.
Adrian Durham Stokes (1902-1972), painter and writer, was analysed by Melanie Klein for seven years during the 1930s and again for a brief period 1946-1947. He applied her psychoanalytic ideas to aesthetic theory in a number of influential works published during the 1950s and 1960s.
A consultant at Guy's Hospital, London, William Arbuthnot Lane was an innovative surgeon, the first to reintroduce Paré's practice of removing a portion of rib to treat empyema. He evolved the no-touch technique for surgical operations, which enabled him to treat fractures of the long bones by open operation with advantage and safety. In 1900 he introduced sterile caps, masks and gloves to operations at Guy's.
He caused controversy in using internal fixations for fractures which could be treated by conservative methods, and by his flap method of operating on cleft palate in infants, but most controversial of all were his views on 'intestinal stasis', and his advocacy of removal of the colon, which subject occupied six meetings of the Royal Society of Medicine in 1913. The text of the discussion is included in this collection (Ref B/11).
Lane was made a baronet after successfully operating on a member of the royal family in 1913. During the First World War, he was involved in the the organisation of Queen Mary's Hospital at Sidcup for the treatment of deformities of the face resulting from wounds. Due to the shortage of personnel at Guy's, he did not retire until 1920.
After his retirement, convinced that most disease is due to 'defective diet and bad habits', Lane founded the New Health Society to publicise his theories on internal stasis and his ideas about healthy diet, posture and excercise. In order to write and publish without contravening the rules of the General Medical Council, Lane had his name removed from the Medical Register in 1933. Lane died in 1948.
The 11th International Veterinary Congress was held at Central Hall, Westminster in 1930. It was the first congress meeting since 1909.
Faller's Pharmacy was opened by Faller Snr in 1932 and was finally closed down in 1979 by Mr Faller's son. These volumes containing details of prescriptions dispensed cover the whole lifespan of the business. All of them are indexed.
For background information consult histories of Guy's Hospital in the Wellcome Library.
John Page graduated in medicine from Trinity College, Dublin, and joined the Royal Navy as a probationary surgeon-lieutenant in 1930. He was appointed to the Royal Naval Hospital in Hong Kong in 1939. After the capitulation of Hong Kong to the invading Japanese in December 1941, selected medical staff, including Page, served from February to August in St Teresa's Hospital at Kowloon, which served the Prisoner of War camps at Shamshuipo and Argyll Street, where death rates from diphtheria were appalling. In September, Page contracted the disease himself, and fortunately could not accompany a draft of prisoners of war to Japan on the 'Lisbon Maru' - the ship was torpedoed with the loss of half the draft. Page was sent with the next draft in January 1943 to Amagasaki camp near Osaka. The prisoners were forced to work at a heavy foundry, which added to problems of exhaustion and diet deficiency, and also led to industrial accidents. In June 1944, Page was put in charge of a new 'International Prisoner of War Hospital' at Kobe, a propaganda exercise for Red Cross visits. Drugs and vitamins from the USA were plentiful, but the diet was even more deficient than in the labour camps. Direct hits on the hospital at Kobe during an American raid on 5 June 1945 resulted in the deaths of 3 patients outright and a further 6 from injuries, and the destruction of admission, diet and case records. Death and operation record were saved. The survivors moved to an evacuated camp at Maruyama, where on the 21st August Colonel Murata, o/c Osaka command, brought official news of the Japanese surrender. Page's account of the interview is in the back of the Kobe operations book (Ref C4). From 7th September, Page's patients were transferred to Yokohama or Manila for further treatment.
A.D. Douglas and E.D. Oram were psychiatrists at the Saxondale Hospital, Nottingham. A. Minto was a psychiatrist also based in Nottingham. Sam Sussman was Director of Social Services in London, Ontario, Canada.
Nicholl received his medical training at St Bartholomew's Hospital and held various posts including Hon. Surgeon to Stoke Newington Dispensary, Senior House Surgeon at the Metropolitan Free Hospital, and Consulting Surgeon at the British Asylum for Deaf and Dumb at Clapton. The diaries include mention of his calls on patients and their visits to consult him, as well as his personal appointments, listing his day to day financial accounts at the back of each volume. He lived in South Kensington and his private patients included General Fuller, General Fryer, Lady Raglan, General Sir Thomas Fraser and other titled people.
Lewis and Burrows Ltd was formed in 1895 to acquire and amalgamate under one management several pharmacy businesses in north and west London, including Burrow's Drug Stores in Brompton Road and Westbourne Grove, Matterson's Drug Stores in New Oxford Street and Wigmore Street, Lewis's Drug Stores in Great Portland Street, Kilburn High Road and Baker Street, and Trick's Drug Stores in Green Lanes and Abney Park Terrace, Stamford Hill. Photographs of the premises are reproduced in the prospectus, a copy of which is enclosed in the Allotment Book (GC/134/2).
Founded in 1905 as Napsbury Asylum, under Middlesex County Council. Became Napsbury Mental Hospital after the end of the First World War.
The papers in this collection relate to a four year project funded by the DHSS to set up an Occupational Medicine Department in Bedford Hospital, for the staff: the first such department in this country, initiated in 1967. They include reports to the DHSS and minutes of the committee administering the department. There are also the minutes of a committee set up under the auspices of the Westminster Group to set up an Occupational Health Department, and the tapes and slides used in a tape-slide presentation on occupational health in hospitals.
Arthur Templar Davies, MD, FRCP (1858-1929), was a physician specialising in diseases of the chest. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, and St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London. For most of his career he was associated with the Royal Hospital for Diseases of the Chest, London, at which his father Herbert Davies and grandfather Thomas Davies had both been Physician. He also served as Physician to the Bank of England, succeeding his father again, and Physician (in London) to the Royal Ventnor Hospital. During the First World War he was a member of staff of the Hospital for Officers at Fishmongers' Hall, London. His publications included editing Mechanisms of the Circulation through Diseased Hearts, by his father Dr Herbert Davies. Davies' career is summarised in Lives of the fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 1826-1925 by G.H. Brown (London: Royal College of Physicians, 1955) (Munk's Roll, volume IV).
Relating to the prevalence of spirilium fever among the native population of Swaziland, 1913.
Sir Weldon, who assumed his mother's maiden name as an additional surname in 1924, qualified MB, BCh from Oxford and trained at St Bartholomew's. After serving as Assistant Medical Officer of Health at Willesden in North London,he joined the Ministry of Health in 1927 and was Deputy Chief Medical Officer of Health from 1940 to his retirement in 1956. Among the subjects upon which Sir Weldon reported to the Ministry were undulant fever (brucellosis) and tuberculosis of bovine origin. From 1937 to 1939, he was a member of the Interdepartmental Committee on the Nursing Services, whose interim report (G.6) laid the foundations for all subsesquent improvements in nursing. Work on a final report was curtailed by the outbreak of the Second World War, as were Sir Weldon's investigations into the use of snake venom for pain relief and the treatment of epilepsy. He was President of the Royal Society of Medicine's Comparative Medicine Section 1954/1955. He also undertook work for the international medical community, reporting on bovine tuberculosis to the International Bureau of Public Hygiene (F.12) and representing New Zealand on the Bureau's Permanent Committee (this body was later absorbed into the World Health Organisation). He was President of the Joint Food and Agriculture Organisation / World Health Organisation Committee on Brucellosis, and did much to further the cause of veterinary education by his active support of the Royal Veterinary College and the Veterinary Educational Trust. After his retirement, Sir Weldon became President of the Haemophilia Society. After his move to Oxford in 1964 he was closely involved in the work of the Oxford Haemophilia Centre. He died in 1980.
For details of G W M Findlay's life and career, see Who Was Who 1951-1960, Munk's Roll Vol V and obituaries in The Times, British Medical Journal and Lancet.
Dr Ludwig Freyberger qualified in medicine in Vienna in 1889 and was House Physician, House Surgeon and Clinical Assistant at Vienna General Hospital before moving to London where he was Clinical Assistant at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street. He qualified MRCS (Eng) in 1893 and MRCP (Lond) in 1894. He was a barrister-at-law at the Middle Temple as well as a toxocologist, and served as pathologist for London inquests. At this time he was also Honorary Physician to the St Pancras and Northern Dispensary, and pathologist, museum curator and registrar at the Great Northern Central Hospital. An analysis of the controversy surrounding his employment, 1902-1912, by the new coroner for the South-Western District of London can be found in Medical History, 39,3, July 1995.
The team was set up by the World Health Organisation to investigate the feasability of the provision of health care by a mobile team in a country without a network of roads. The project established that such a team was not viable, and that health care could be better provided by a system of fixed health centres.
Nicholson's career was primarily in ornithology, natural conservation and questions of the relationship between development and the environment. These papers relate to his concern with issues of population. Carlos Paton Blacker and Nicholson were both founder members of the Simon Population Trust (founded 1957), but had already been in correspondence on matters relating to population and eugenics. Education at Sedbergh School, Cumbria 1920s; read history at Hertford College, Oxford; Birds In England, 1926, How Birds Live, 1927 1931 (As assistant editor of the Weekend Review) wrote supplement A National Plan For Britain; Created the British Trust for Ornithology, 1932; Songs Of Wild Birds (with gramaphone records). Produced with Ludwig Koch, 1937; helped found the Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, 1938; Handbook Of British Birds (helped H F Witherby), 1938-1941; Joined the civil service heading the allocation of tonnage division at the Ministry of War Transport, 1940; In 1945 given a post in the Deputy Prime Minister's office, which led to him chairing the committee for the 1951 Festival of Britain; with Julian Huxley (the then Director General of the United Nations scientific and education organisation Unesco) involved in forming the Scientific International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) now the World Conservation Union, 1947-1948; setting up of the Nature Conservancy, 1949; contracted polio whilst leader of the UN Food and Agricultural Organisation survey team in Baluchistan, 1952; Director-general of the Nature Conservancy, 1952-1966; Instrumental in setting up the Council For Nature, 1958; helped found the Conservation Corps (the British Trust for Conservation Volunteers) and to develop the Wildlife Trusts Movement, 1959; with Peter Scott and others, helped create the World Wildlife Fund, 1961; convenor for conservation of the International Biological Programme, 1963-1974; wroteThe System, 1967; The Environmental Revolution, 1970; initiated what is now the Trust for Urban Ecology, 1977; The Birds of the Western Palearctic, 1977-1994; President of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, 1980-1985; Trustee of Earthwatch Europe, 1985-1993; created The New Renaissance Group, 1994. Also founder member and chairman of Common Ground International, Head of the world conservation section of the International Biological Programme. Had three sons: Piers, Tom (by first wife Mary Crawford) and David (by second wife Toni).
Hugh Reginald Jolly, FRCP (1918-1986) was a paediatrician. An outline of Jolly's career follows: Qualified in medicine, 1942; worked in London (The West London Hospital, The London Hospital and the North Middlesex Hospital) and with RAMC in Britain and abroad (last posting as dermatologist to the Allied Forces in the Netherlands East Indies), 1940s; various posts, Great Ormond Street Hospital, 1948-1951; resident at the Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, USA, 1951; 1951-1960 Consultant Paediatrician, Freedom Fields Hospital, Plymouth, 1951-1960; Sexual Precocity, 1955; Consultant Paediatrician, Charing Cross Hospital, 1960-1983; Professor of Child Health, University College, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1961-1962; Diseases of Children, 1964; Paediatrician in charge at Charing Cross Hospital, 1965-1983; Visiting Professor in Child Health, Ghana Medical School, 1967-1969;
columnist for The Times, 1970s; founded Child Development Centre at Charing Cross Hospital, 1971; Commonsense About Babies and Children, 1973; Book of Child Care, 1975; More Commonsense About Babies and Children, 1978; 1980 Consultant Paediatrician, British Airways, 1980; retired, 1983; The First Five Years, 1985;
The Grandparents' Handbook, 1985; died 1986.
Barclay Barrowman JP, DTM, FCO, FRSH (1896-1978) was a malariologist. He was born and educated in Glasgow, served during World War One as a medical officer with the Royal Navy in various parts of the world. In 1923 he joined Sir Malcolm Watson in private practice in Klang, the royal capital of Selangor, Federated Malay States, becoming sole principal of the practice in 1928. In 1930 he was appointed Personal Physician to the Sultan of Selangor, and was one of the first two Europeans invested with the Name, Rank and Style of Dato'Semboh di Raja, in 1937. The Sultan's successor appointed him a Justice of the Peace. He served as President of the Malayan Branch of the British Medical Association. He made original and significant advances in the treatment and preventive control of malaria, including running instructional courses under the auspices of the League of Nations. He also made contributions to the improved housing and social welfare of local labour forces on plantations and in the towns and villages of Malaya. During the Second World War, he acted in a civilian capacity for the Australian Military Forces until he accepted an appointment with the Malayan Planning Unit of the War Office in London, and then returned to Malaya with the Military Administration as Advisor in Malariology with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, later Colonel. He remained with the civil administration until the permanent Colonial Services officers returned, while reorganising his medical practice for handover to his partner, retiring with serious ill-health in 1947. After his retirement the communities of Klang petitioned to commemorate his services by naming the new highway to Port Swettenham Barrowman Road. He died on 31 Jan 1978. There is an obituary in the British Medical Journal, 1978, i, p. 514.
Fredrick Le Gros Clark was the grandson of a surgeon of the same name (1811-1892) and the brother of Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark, Professor of Anatomy at Oxford and London Universities. His right hand and right eye were destroyed in an accident at the end of the First World War, and his left eye so badly damaged that he gradually became completely blind. His writing career commenced with children's books and some articles on his experiences of coping with blindness, but by 1930 had found his vocation as an integrator of knowledge and experience on problems connected with welfare and nutrition. He instigated the 'Committee against Malnutrition', drawing attention to the extent of malnutrition in Great Britain. He became secretary of the Children's Nutrition Council and edited the Nutrition Bulletin of the National Council for Health Education. He studied school feeding and was, briefly, a consultant to the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, contributing to the historical chapter in the FAO's School feeding: its contribution to child nutrition by Marjorie L Scott, 1953 (see also D.12 in this list). Aided by grants from the Nuffield Foundation, he undertook a prolonged study of the part played by tradition and preconceptions, rather than incapacity, in fixing the age of retirement. Clark took an Oxford MA in 1944 and was given an honorary DSc by Bristol University in 1972.
These papers on psychiatry in Nigeria were received from Dr Alexander Boroffka, who was Senior Specialist Psychiatrist in charge of Yaba Mental Hospital, Lagos, from 1961 to 1966. The Yaba Lunatic Asylum opened in Lagos, Nigeria, on 31 October 1907, taking in 8 female and 6 male patients. By 17 June 1912 there were 18 females and 17 males, and until 1949 the hospital also functioned as a leper asylum. The 'Lunatic Asylum' was renamed 'Yaba Mental Hospital' in 1960. The report book (GC/146/1) was given to him by the then Chief Nursing Officer, Mr A A Ordia, when the store of the hospital's records was cleared out in 1962. It appears to contain all the letters and reports written by the Medical Officer in charge, including reports on the leprosy patients. Dr Bruce F Home was appointed as an 'alienist' in 1927 and stayed for three tours, Oct 1927-Oct 1928, Apr 1929-Jul 1930, and Dec 1930-Aug 1931. A copy of his report of 1928 based on a tour of 25 centres of population and the results of questionnaires to Residents and Medical Officers, and the comments of the Lieutenant-Governor of the Northern Provinces, are included in this collection (GC/146/2-3).
Sir Stanford Cade qualified as a surgeon in 1917 and went on to hold a series of appointments at Westminster Hospital, London, becoming a full surgeon in 1937. In addition, he held posts at Mount Vernon Hospital and the Radium Institute. From an early interest in morbid anatomy and the surgical aspects of the treatment of cancer, Cade developed an interest in the treatment of malignant disease with radium and X rays. He is now best known for this pioneering work on radium, radiotherapy and the treatment of all types of cancer. He produced numerous articles and publications on cancer and surgical subjects, including Radium Treatment of Cancer (1929) and Malignant Disease and its Treatment by Radium, which was published in four volumes between 1948 and 1952. During the Second World War, Cade served in the Royal Air Force. He continued his association with the armed forces in the post-war period, serving as a civilian consultant surgeon to the RAF until 1965, and also as honorary civilian consultant in radiotherapy to the Army. He retired from his post at Westminster Hospital in 1960, but remained consulting surgeon until his death in 1973.
Bernard Sandler MD, DMR, DRCOG (1907-1997) was a gynaecologist and obstetrician, and a pioneer of infertility treatment. Dr Sandler opened the first clinic for the investigation of both male and female infertility at the Manchester Jewish Hospital in 1947. Until 1978 he was Lecturer in the Department of Gynaecology, University of Manchester, and Physician in Charge, Infertility Clinic, Manchester Jewish Hospital, and published much on infertility and on related issues of sex education and marriage guidance.
These case cards of patients first seen for vascular disease of the heart (VDH) between 1919-1921, were brought together by R D Grant for his study of this condition. The results of his research were published in Heart, Vol VI, June 1933, as 'After histories for 10 years of 1000 men suffering from heart disease: study in prognosis'. It is said that it was for this work that Grant became an FRS: for further biographical details see Who's Who.
The Bourne Abortion Case was a precedent-forming case in 1938, in which Dr Aleck Bourne was tried for performing an abortion on a 14 year old girl who had been made pregnant by rape. Bourne's acquittal liberalised England's abortion laws, establishing psychiatric grounds as a permissible medical reason for abortion. The case is central to these studies to the legal attitude to abortion.
The Physiological Society was formed in March 1876 after John Burdon Sanderson invited 19 scientists interested in physiology to his house for informal discussions over how they should react to impending legislation on the use of animals in experiments. For the first four years the meetings were fairly informal and intimate affairs, with membership formally limited to forty, and business taking place over dinner in a hotel. In December 1880 the first afternoon meeting for the demonstration of experiments and presentation of results took place, a precedent which has continued, and now the demonstrations and presentations are at the core of the Society's meetings, although dinner still plays an important part.
W Sampson Handley trained at Guy's Hospital, and graduated MB, BS, in 1895. After a period in general practice, his first post as a surgeon was at the Samaritan Hospital in 1900. In 1904 he won a research scholarship at the Middlesex Hospital, investigating the mode of spread of cancer. He was appointed assistant surgeon at the Middlesex in 1906, and pursued his researches in the Cancer Wing there while becoming a skilled abdominal surgeon.
Professor Leslie Harold Collier, Virologist, MRCS, FRCP, FRCPath. Assistant Bacteriologist in the Vaccine Lymph Department at the Lister Institute 1948-1955, where he was involved in the development of a heat-stable smallpox vaccine. Carried out research on trachoma when he was Honorary Director of the Medical Research Council Trachoma Research Unit at the Lister Institute and in the Gambia, 1957-1973. Was also involved in the WHO Scientific Group on Trachoma Research. Emeritus Professor (Virol.) University of London. Late Professor Virology and Senior Lecturer Joint Department of Virology, London Hospital Medical College and St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London. Director Vaccines and Sera Laboratories, Lister Institute, Elstree.
After graduation in 1914, Burn worked at the Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories under HH Dale. He trained in medicine after military service in the First World War and worked again with Dale at the National Institute for Medical Research Department of Pharmacology. He was Director of the Pharmacological Laboratories of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain 1926-1937 (and Dean of the College of Pharmacology from 1933) and Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Oxford 1937-1959. Further details can be found in obituaries in the BMJ 1981, 283,444, the Lancet 1981, ii, 212, and Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 30, 45-89, 1984.
Walter Ernest Dixon (1871-1931) was Lecturer, then Reader, in pharmacology at the University of Cambridge from 1909, and is credited, together with Arthur Cushny, with establishing pharmacology as a distinct science in Britain. His most original work was on the action of drugs on the bronchial musculature and pulmonary vasomotor system, and on cerebrospinal fluid especially in relation to postpituitary hormone and ovarian activity. [George] Norman Myers (1898-1981) joined Dixon in Cambridge in 1930 and worked with him on digitalis in toxaemia and on substitutes for morphine and heroin.
Alastair Nelson qualified MB, ChB from Edinburgh Medical School in 1947, and took the Diploma in Public Health in 1951, studying under FAE Crew, a luminary of the postwar movement in social medicine. He became Medical Officer of Health, Stourbridge, then Deputy MOH, Brighton, and Deputy Chief MOH for Middlesex, which was then the third largest health authority in the UK. Reorganisations of local government and of the Health Service made him successively MOH, Richmond, and Area Medical Officer, Richmond Health Authority, and he finally served as Director of Public Health at Kingston and Esher Health Authority before retiring in 1989.
As Chairman and later President of the Society of Medical Officers of Health, he steered through structural changes to preapre the Society for the 1974 Health Service reorganisation and the foundation of the Faculty of Community Medicine. He was active in the Faculty and in the South West Thames Committee for Community Medicine, edited the 'Handbook of Community Medicine, and represented the public health interest on nursing bodies.
Other interests included firat aid and accident prevention, and medical ethics: from 1982 he convened informal meetings to discuss the latter, from which grew the 'Human Values in Health Care' discussions.
Dr Saunders-Jacobs, MA, MD, DPH, spent most of her career as a Medical Officer in South London. While she had experience in most of the areas covered by local government public health work, for some time she seems to have concentrated on Maternal and Child Welfare, as women doctors in public health posts often did. Later on she appears to have taken particular interest in tuberculosis and diseases of the chest.
The Archives and Manuscripts department is grateful to Mr Sonu Shamdasani for the following notes on the significance of this edition:
"This particular copy is one of an edition of mimeographed seminars printed in Zurich that were originally available only in Jung libraries and to select individuals, and which are now in the course of being published. The lectures in question were published in 1967 under the title Analytical Psychology and included in Jung's Collected Works under the title by which they were generally known - "The Tavistock Lectures" (CW8).
However, the copy in question is of value for the following reasons (which are not generally known). In a conversation with Michael Fordham, an editor of the Collected Works, who was actually present at the lectures, he informed me that the publicly published versions were substantially edited - in particular, what he termed Jung's 'rudeness' to the assembled gathering of prominent British psychiatrists and psychologists was taken out. Further, the correspondence around the editing of this text shows that the question as to whether such tampering with Jung's 'holy writ' was permissible led to an involved discussion. Hence this copy would be of interest to anyone persuing either of these topics."
Savory and Moore was a firm of dispensing chemists based at Chapel Street, London SW1. The shop closed in 1968.
John Gallop born 1910; Junior posts with the Bournemouth and Poole Electricity Supply Company, 1932-1936; Technical Assistant, Bournemouth and Poole Electricity Supply Company. Designed and installed the company's first multiple earthing scheme, 1936-1942; Technical Officer, Telecommunications Research Establishment, Malvern - Deputy Leader of team developing radar transmitters for the RAF, 1942-1946; Senior Scientific Officer, Ministry of Supply Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell - leader of team developing the synchrotron, 1946-1948; Senior Cyclotron Engineer, MRC - organising recruitment of the Radiotherapeutic Research Unit's cylotron team at Hammersmith Hospital, and supervising the design and construction of the first medical cyclotron, with accompanying laboratory buildings which also contained an 8 MeV linear acceleration, 1948-1958; Senior Executive Research Engineer in charge of Gas Discharge Physics at the Nelson Research Laboratories, English Electric Co., Stafford (part of the High Temperature Physics Team under Dr R Latham at Imperial College, London), 1958-1971.
Chronology of the Cyclotron Project: Dr Constance Wood's work at the Radium Institute on comparison of radium and 22 kV X-Rays indicated that higher voltages of radiation give the best dose distribution, c 1940; 2 MeV Van de Graaff generator designed and built at Hammersmith Hospital by J W Boag for the MRC's Radiotherapeutic Research Unit, directed by Constance Wood. By 1945 the machine was near completion, but design had been overtaken by new accelerators such as the linear accelerator, 1941; Dr L H ('Hal') Gray joined the Hammersmith Hospital team to include radiobiology in the Unit's programme. He discovered that X-radiation is less effective than neutron bombardment unless oxygen is present, and since tumours tend to be anoxic, a cyclotron was needed to produce neutrons, 1945; The MRC decided to install both a 10 MeV Linear Accelerator and a 60" or 65" cyclotron at Hammersmith, the latter to provide the facilities for research into neutron therapy, radiobiology and isotope production. JWG was appointed Senior Cyclotron Engineer, having worked on the team at the Telecommunications Research Establishment, Malvern, which produced the first synchrotron, 1948; Gallop put together a team to build the cyclotron themselves, with Derry Vonberg in charge of the vacuum system, Bill Powell of the magnetic field and ion source, and Peter Waterton to design the v.f. system, based at a former Prisoner of War camp on Scrubs Common next to the hospital; Gallop undertook tour of existing cyclotrons in the USA, 1950; Proposal to cancel the whole project due to excessive quotation for building led to redesign. Sir Harold Himsworth, MRC Secretary, convened an advisory committee chaired by Sir Ernest Rock Carling, which, under the guidance of Professor Mayneord, approved the building of a 45" cyclotron; After disagreement with L H Gray, Wood submitted a report discounting all purposes for the cyclotron other than neutron therapy. Gray and J W Boag resigned and Gallop continued with the original programme: to build a machine to be used primarily for radiobiology with isotope production as a possibility.
Sir Rickard Christophers, born 1873; Graduated MB, ChB (Liverpool), 1896; Early medical appointments included ship's doctor - Amazon basin; Malaria Commission (Royal Society/Colonial Office), 1898-1901; studied techniques in Italy with Golgi in Pavia re cycles in tertian and quartan malaria, with Grassi in Rome re transmission of human malaria by mosquito, 1898; Africa: 1899 based in Blantyre, Nyasaland, 1900-1901 in West Africa. Established connection between blackwater fever and malaria. First recognition of endemic malaria in indigenous population; Commission moved to India. In this and subsequent IMS work, established foundation on which all subsequent work on malaria has been built: different species of Anopheles mosquito have different breeding places and feeding habits, so control operations should be preceded by a careful survey of local conditions, 1901; Indian Medical Service, 1902-1932; Anti-malarial operations at Mian Mir, subsequently investigated Charles Donovan's findings in Madras re newly described cause of Kala-azar (Leishmaniasis), 1902; First Director of the King Institute of Preventive Medicine, 1904-1908; Investigated violent epidemic of malaria in the Punjab. Led to the establishment of the Central Malaria Bureau at the Central Research Institute, Kasauli, with SRC as Officer in Charge, 1909; Awarded CIE, 1915; Published standard work on the anopheline mosquitoes of India, 'A revision of the nomenclature of Indian Anophelini', Indian J. Med. Res, 3, 454-488, 1916; War service, DADMS (Sanitation), Mesopotamia Expeditionary Force. Director of Central Laboratory on the ship Elphinstone, moored in the Shatt-el-Arab at Basra. [Senior staff: WDH Stephenson, IMS, senior bacteriologist; Dr Miskin, bacteriologist; Dr Bassett, chemist; Dr A J Grove, entomologist; Rev Aitken, amateur entomologist; P J Barraud, entomologist; and H E Shortt, IMS, protozoologist and malariologist]; Undertook malaria surveys of areas in which troops operating, and studied `oriental sore', transmitted by bite of phlebotomine flies, 1916; Returned to the Central Malaria Bureau as Deputy Director of the Central Research Institute. Malaria research expanded to become the Malaria Survey of India under J A Sinton, 1920; Director of the Kala-Azar Commission. [Senior staff: H E Shortt; P J Barraud; Captain A C Craighead, IMS; Mr C S Swaminath, entomologist; and Dr Sribas Das, IMS], 1924; Director of the Central Research Institute, 1925-1932; Knighted, 1931; Professor of Malaria Studies, University of London, in charge of the Experimental Malaria Unit of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 19321938; Cambridge University. Studies of anatomy and biology of mosquitoes. Interupted by Second World War, during which SRC undertook studies of mosquito repellents, from 1938; Anatomical work published - study of Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, 1960.
Ian Natoff, born 1933; After graduating in pharmacy at Chelsea School of Pharmacy, University of London, in 1955, Dr Natoff obtained a research scholarship from the Royal Pharmaceutical Society for research on the toxicity of preservatives in fruit drinks, and later on the action of insulin in diabetes. He worked thereafter in medicinal pharmacology for pharmaceutical companies and served as Home Office Liason Officer for Roche Products Ltd until he formed his own scientific liason consultancy.
The campaign was launched in Sep 1986. It was co-ordinated centrally from the Royal Society of Medicine, with each county in England having at least one area co-ordinator. Scotland, Wales and Ireland also had co-ordinators. In conjunction with countrywide classes the BBC ran a series of 10 minute programmes, with sequences using the life-saving techniques. The programmes were repeated a further four times. The campaign closed end of Mar 1988 due to lack of finance, although some areas continued training people who were interested, and the Royal Society of Medicine continued to produce booklets for sale. For a more detailed history of the campaign see H.1.
Dorothy Minnie Newhall was a nurse with one of the British women's units in the Serbian Army in 1915, and a Sanitary Inspector with the Serbian Relief Fund, 1916-1919. The manuscript diary bears the inscription 'Aldo Castellani, Society of Tropical Medicine, 11 Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, London W1', but is written in English and mentions Castellani in the third person (eg on 13 April 1916 'Dr Aldo Castellani arrived tonight'). The diarist's mention of the same colleagues and her return to Beckenham at the end of both this and the manuscript volume suggests that the author was Dorothy Newhall rather than Castellani.
Not given.
Sir Christopher Howard Andrewes born 1896; Deputy Director, National Institute of Medical Research, 1952-1961; died 1989.
The 'Balint Group' whose meetings these transcripts record were set up in 1975 by David Morris, then Consultant Paediatrician at the Woolwich Memorial Hospital, and Hamish Cameron, psychoanalyst and child psychiatrist at St George's Hospital, London, Cameron having participated in a group run by Enid Balint at University College Hospital. Other participants included Mike Robinson, Senior (Paediatric) Registrar at St Thomas's, Harvey Marcovitch, Senior Registrar at Northwick Park, Peter Malleson, Registrar at Charing Cross, Gary Katz, Consultant Paediatrician at Edgware and Barnet General Hospital, and Jake Mackinnon, Paediatric Registrar at Great Ormond Street. The meetings were along the same lines as Michael and Enid Balint's work with general practitioners, discussions enabling the participants to share experiences of dealing with patients and their relatives, which no doubt influenced Morris in his work on bereavement. Discussions were recorded, and transcripts prepared by a secretary. Some of the transcripts here (Section A) are original typescript, others photocopies. A few of the transcripts appear to be missing.
Not given.
On receipt of the radiotherapy case books of Sir Stanford Cade (GC/147), the Contemporary Medical Archives Centre arranged an interview with Cade's former colleagues at the Westminster Hospital, Professor Kurt Hellman, Professor Gerald Westbury and Dr Kenneth Newton. They were interviewed on 20 October 1993 by the Archivist, Julia Sheppard.
Bernard Williams was a surgeon and a Lieutenant-Colonel in the RAMC; he was called up from the Reserve at the outbreak of the Second World War. After the fall of France in 1940, he served in Egypt with No 8 General Hospital as a junior surgical specialist, and subsequently with the 2/5 Casualty Clearing Station [CCS] at Mersa Matruh. The highly mobile desert war led to the establishment of Field Surgical Units, to be attached to Casualty Clearing Stations or Field Ambulances to carry out surgical operations before the patients' transfer to hospitals far behind the lines. Williams was in command of No 6 FSU, with the rank of Major, from August 1942 until January 1943, dealing with casualties from the battles of Alam Halfa and El Alamein. A copy of his reminiscences of RAMC service, published in St Thomas's Hospital Gazette, Vol 87-88, 1989-1991, is in file GC/172/9.
Williams was also Emeritus Consultant Surgeon for the Portsmouth and South East Hampshire Health District.