Born Inverarnan, Perthshire, 1888; joined Royal Garrison Artillery, Mar 1916; served in India 1916-1918; died 1953.
Born in 1907; educated at Eton and Magdalen College, Oxford; served during World War Two with 59 (4 West Lancashire) Medium Regt and 11 (Essex) Medium Regt, Royal Artillery; commanded 85 (Essex ) Medium Battery, 1943-1945; commanded 47/49 359 (4 West Lancashire) Medium Regt, Royal Artillery, Territorial Army; MP for Wavertree, Liverpool, 1950-1974; Parliamentary Private Secretary to Secretary of State for War, 1951-1955, and Postmaster-General, 1957-1959; Chairman, Inter-Parliamentary Union, British Group, 1959-1962; Chairman, Conservative Commonwealth Council West Africa Committee, 1954-1962; Parliamentary Private Secretary to Minister of Transport, 1959-1962; Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, 1962-1964, and for the Colonies, 1963-1964; Chairman, Merseyside Conservative MPs, 1964-1974; Treasurer, UK Branch, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, 1968-1970; died in 1994.
Born in 1906; 2nd Lt, Royal Artillery, 1939; Maj, 1947; Lt Col commanding Robin Hoods, Sherwood Foresters, 1951-1955; died in 1981.
Born 1930; commissioned into the Irish Guards, 1951; service in the UK and British Army of the Rhine, West Germany, 1951-[1960]; Lt, 1953; Capt, 1957; author, 1963-1990. Publications: The standard bearer. The story of Sir Edmund Verney, Knight Marshal to Charles I (Hutchinson, London, 1963); The Micks. The story of the Irish Guards (Peter Davies, London, 1970); The Battle of Blenheim (Batsford, London, 1976); The gardens of Scotland (Batsford, London, 1976); Anzio 1944, an unexpected fury (Batsford, London, 1978); Here comes the circus (Paddington Press, London, 1978); editor of The Batsford book of sporting verse (Batsford, London, 1979); The earthquake handbook (Paddington Press, London, 1979); Homo tyrannicus, a history of man's war against animals (Mills and Boon, London, 1979); The genius of the garden, with Michael Dunne (Webb and Bower, Exeter, Devon, 1989).
Born in 1906; Controller, Birmingham Division, Great Western Railway; 2nd Lt, Officers' Emergency Reserve, 1940; R[ailway] T[ransportation] O[fficer], Northern France, 1940; Staff Capt, War Office, 1941-1942; Principal Military Landing Officer, 3 British Div, North Africa, [1942]; Principal Military Landing Officer, 78 Div, Sicily, 1943; Landing Officer, 3 Canadian Div, Normandy; died in 1995.
Born 1893; 2nd Lt, 3 Bn, London Regt, 1914; served in Sudan, 1915, Gallipoli, 1915, and France and Belgium, 1916-1918; died in 1985.
Born 1911; commissioned into RAF, [1929]; served with 11 Sqn, RAF, North West Frontier, India, 1930-1933; Flying Officer, 1931; Flight Lt, 1936; Instructor, RAF Flying Training Command, UK, 1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; service with RAF Bomber Command, 1939-1942; shot down on raid on Kiel, Germany, and captured by German forces, 25 Feb 1942; POW, East compound, Stalag Luft III, Germany, 1942-1945; member of escape committee and helped to plan 'wooden horse' POW escape [29 Oct 1943]; worked for Imperial Airways, 1946-1950; changed surname by deed poll, from Abraham, to mother's maiden name, Ward, Feb 1949; acted in and Technical Adviser for the film The wooden horse, released in 1950; served as Wg Cdr, Administration, RAF Bletchley, Buckinghamshire, and the Air Ministry, 1950-1952; Air and Military Attaché to the British Embassies in Peru and Ecuador, and Air Attaché to Chile and Bolivia, 1952-1955; served at RAF Hullavington, Wiltshire, 1956-1957; retired 1958; died 1992.
Born 1911; Flying Officer, No 3 (Indian) Wing, Quetta and Peshawar, North West Frontier, India, [1932]-1934; Flight Lt, 1935; Student, Flying Instructor's Course, Central Flying School, Inland Area, 23 Group, Upavon, Marlborough, Wiltshire, 1935-1936; attached to 612 (County of Aberdeen) Army Co-operation Sqn, Auxiliary Air Force [1936-1938]; Sqn Ldr, 1938; Instructor, School of Army Co-operation, 22 (Army Co-operation) Group, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire, 1938-1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Gp Capt, 1949; died 1985.
Born in 1927; educated at Gateway School, Leicester, and Royal Naval College, Eaton Hall, Chester; attended Royal Naval Engineering College, Keyham, Plymouth, 1945-1948; served on HMS THESEUS and HMS GAMBIA, 1949-1950; Royal Naval College, Greenwich, 1950-1952; served on HMS SUPERB, 1952-1954; Staff, Royal Naval Engineering College, 1954-1956; Ministry of Defence, 1956-1959; Senior Engineer, HMS ARK ROYAL, 1959-1961; Ministry of Defence, 1961-1965, 1968-1970, 1972-1975 and 1979-1981; British Defence Staff, Washington, USA, 1965-1968; Engineer Officer, HMS BLAKE, 1970-1972; Commanding Officer, HMS FISGARD, 1975-1978; R Adm, 1981; Port Adm, Rosyth, 1981-1983; Flag Officer and Naval Base Cdr, Portsmouth, 1983-1985; retired, 1986; died in 1995.
Temporary Instructor Lt, Apr 1937; Instructor Lt (Meteorological), HMS RODNEY, 2 Battle Sqn, Home Fleet, 1938-1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; service on HMS ILLUSTRIOUS, Mediterranean, 1940-1942; service on Crete and evacuated from Sphakia aboard HMS NAPIER, May 1941; served at Royal Naval Air Station, Hatston, Orkney, 1942-1943; Instructor Lt Cdr, 1943; Fleet Meteorological Officer, Eastern Fleet, and British Pacific Fleet, 1944-1945; acting Instructor Cdr, Fleet Education Officer and Fleet Meteorological Officer, HMS SHEFFIELD, Flagship of V Adm Sir William George Tennant, Commander-in-Chief, America and West Indies Station, 1946-1948; HMS DRYAD, 1948-1949; Instructor Cdr, 1948; HMS EXCELLENT, 1952-1953; Royal Naval College, Greenwich, 1955; acting Instructor Capt, HMS DAEDALUS, Royal Naval Air Station, Lee-on-Solent, Hampshire, 1956-1958; Instructor Capt, 1958; Naval Education Service, Admiralty, 1958-1960; HMS COLLINGWOOD, Naval Electrical School, Fareham, Hampshire, 1960-1963; HMS VICTORY, Portsmouth Command Instructor Officer and Port Librarian, 1963-1966; Aide de Camp to HM Queen Elizabeth II, 1966; Director of Studies and Dean of the College, RN College, Greenwich, 1966-1969; retired [1969]; died 1997.
Born 1883; educated at Wellington; served in World War One, 1914-1918 with Princess Charlotte of Wales's (Royal Berkshire) Regt; served on Western Front, 1915-1918; awarded MC, 1916; Capt, 1916; awarded DSO, 1917; temporary Lt Col, 1917-1918; Commanding Officer, 17 (Service) Bn, The Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regt), 1917-1918; temporary Brig Gen, 1918- 1919; General Officer Commanding 122 Bde, 41 Div, 1918-1919; re-employed by Army as Lt Col, 1940-1946; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; Officer Commanding troops on transport ships, notably RMS QUEEN MARY, and Inspector of Transports with rank of Col, 1940-1946; survivor of sinking of HM Transport EMPRESS OF CANADA by Italian submarine LEONARDO DA VINCI, off Sierra Leone, West Africa, 1943; died 1974.
Born in 1926; educated at King's College London; Aeronautical student, De Havilland, 1947; Divisional Manager, Electroflow Meters; Marketing Sales Manager, Honeywell Controls; General Marketing Manager, Crane Limited; Group Marketing Manager, Alenco Limited; Marketing Director, Charterhouse; Marketing and Sales Director, Bestobell Sales; Member of Economic Research Council [1972-1977]; Member of Management Centre, Europe [1980]; founded and managed financial consultancy business, 1984-1996; died 1997.
Born 1914, son of R Adm Sir Henry William Wildish, educated at Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, 1928-1931; entered RN as Cadet, 1932, sea service in HMSS RAMILLIES and REVENGE, 1932; transferred to Engineering Branch, 1933; Mid (E), 1933; RN Engineering College, Keyham, 1933-1936; Sub Lt (E) 1935; appointed to HMS NELSON, 1936-1938; Lt (E) 1937; RN Apprentice Training Establishment, 1938-1939; Damage Control Officer, HMS PRINCE OF WALES, 1940-1941; Staff of Fleet Engineer Officer, Far East Fleet, 1942; Engineer Officer, HMS ISIS, Apr 1942-Feb 1944; RN Engineering College, Devonport, Feb 1944-Sep 1946; Lt Cdr (E) 1945; Senior Engineer, HMS IMPLACBLE, Sep 1946-Aug 1948; Cdr (E) 1948; Planning Staff, Exercise Trident, 1948-1949; Staff of Engineer Officers' Admin Course, 1949-1951; Assistant Naval Attaché, British Embassy, Rome, Italy, 1951-1954; Engineer Officer, HMS EAGLE and Staff EO to Flag Officer Heavy Squadron, 1954-1956; Admiralty, Officer Planning Section, 2nd Sea Lord's Department, 1956-1958; Capt 1957; Admiralty Engineer Overseer, Southern District, 1958-1960; Deputy Director, Fleet Maintenance (Organisation), 1960-1962; Director of Fleet Maintenance, 1962-1964; Senior Officers War Course, 1964; Commodore, Naval Drafting, 1964-1966; R Adm 1966; Adm Superintendent HM Dockyard, Devonport, 1966-1970; CB 1968; V Adm 1970; Director General of Personnel Services and Training (Naval) and Deputy Second Sea Lord, 1970-1972.
R Adm Sir Henry William Wildish: born 1883; educated at Royal Naval Engineering College, Keyham and Royal Naval College, Greenwich; Engineer Sub Lt 1904; HMS NILE 1905-1906; HMS HERMES, 1906-1907; Engineer Lt 1907; Assistant to Engineer Captain, Nore Division, 1908-1912; HMS DUNCAN 1912-1914; Senior Engineer, HMS SUTLEJ, 1914-1915; Engineer Lt Cdr 1915; Senior Engineer, HMS KING ALFRED, 1915-1916; Chief Engineer, HMS SPRINGBOK 1916-1919; Engineer Officer, Malta, 1919-1923; Engineer Cdr 1921; Engineer Officer, HMS CANTERBURY, 1923-1925; Engineer Officer, HMS DILIGENCE, 1925; Engineer Officer, HMS WEYMOUTH, 1925-1926; Engineer Officer in charge, Admiralty Fuel Experimental Station, Haslar, 1926-1928; Engineer Officer, HMS FURIOUS, 1928-1931; Engineer Capt 1930; Engineer Manager, HM Dockyard, Gibraltar, 1930-1934; Fleet Engineer Officer, Mediterranean Fleet, 1934-1936; Admiralty Engineer Overseer, Northern District, 1936-1937; Engineer R Adm, 1937; Staff of Commander-in-Chief, Nore Command, 1937-1941; CBE, 1939; Staff of Commander-in-Chief, Western Approaches, 1941-1945; CB, 1942; retired 1945; KBE, 1946; died 1973.
Born, 1869; 18 King's Own Hussars; 2 Lt 5 Royal Irish Lancers, 1893; Major, 3 King's Own Hussars, 1906; Lt Col commanding 3 Hussars, 1915-1921; retired, 1921; Adjutant 5 Lancers, and of the Imperial Light Horse and South African Constabulary, served throughout South African (Boer) War, and wounded in defence of Ladysmith; died 1943.
Publications: The 3rd (King's Own) Hussars in the Great War, 1914-1919 (John Murray, London, 1925).
David G Williamson studied at Oxford, Heidelberg and the School of Slavonic Studies, London; he was head of History and Politics at Highgate School; he has written books on modern German and international history and on the first British Army of occupation in Germany, 1918-1930.
Publications:
A Most Diplomatic General: the life of General Lord Robertson of Oakridge, Bt, GCB, GBE, KCMG, KCVO, DSO, MC, 1896-1974 (Brassey's, London, 1996)
The British in Germany, 1918-1930 (Berg, Oxford, 1991)
Born 1904; MB, BS, University of London, 1930; joined Royal Army Medical Corps (Territorial Army) Lt 1930; Capt 1935; Lt Col 1939; Head of Surgical Division, 21st General Hospital, British Expeditionary Force, Feb-May 1940; captured at Boulogne, France, 25 May 1940; transferred to Camiers, 31 May 1940; transferred to Lille, 3 Jul 1940, transferred to Enghien, 6 Oct 1940; transferred to Sondershausen, Germany, 8 Nov 1940; Senior British Medical Officer, Hildburghausen, Germany, Dec 1940-Feb 1943; transferred to Oflag IXA/H, Germany, Feb-Mar 1943; Senior British Medical Officer, Lamsdorf and Bevier (Stalag VIIIB/344), Germany, Mar 1943-Mar 1945; Senior British Medical Officer, Memmingen, (Stalag 7B), Germany, Mar-Apr 1945; liberated at Memmingen, 26 Apr 1945; Consultant Surgeon, Eastbourne Hospital, 1946-c.1970; Col 1955; died 1999.
Born 15 May 1898 in Grimsby, Lincolnshire. Educated at Gresham's School, Holt, 1910-1916. Served in the World War One as a mechanic and motorcycle dispatch rider, Royal Flying Corps, Jun 1916-[Feb] 1919; Balliol College, Oxford, 1918-1920; visited Moscow, 1920; joined Communist Party Great Britain (CPGB), Feb 1923; assistant editor of Workers Weekly, 1923-1925. Married Elizabeth Emma Arkwright, 31 Aug 1923; imprisoned for sedition, Nov 1925-Apr 1926; editor of Workers' Life, May 1926-Jan 1930; editor of Daily Worker, Jan 1930-[1936]; founder editor of the Left Review, 1936; military correspondent of the Daily Worker, 1936. Joined the British Bn, International Bde, fighting with Republican forces, Spanish Civil War, Aug 1936-Aug 1937; machine-gun instructor for 11 Bn and 12 Bn, Nov 1936; commanded British Bn, 15 International Bde, 1937; wounded, Feb 1937; instructor at Officer's Training School, Albacete, Jun 1937; rejoined 15 Bde as a staff officer; wounded in Aragon, 25 Aug 1937; returned to England, Nov 1937. Expelled from the Communist Party, Jul 1938; divorced Elizabeth, Feb 1940; married Katherine 'Kitty' Wise Bowler, 25 Jan 1941; set up the Osterley Park Training School to provide instruction to the Home Guard, Jun 1940-[Jun] 1941; co-founder of the Common Wealth Party, July 1942; unsuccessfully ran in the 1943 by-election as Common Wealth Party candidate for North-Midlothian; unsuccessfully ran in the 1945 General Election as Common Wealth Party candidate for Aldershot. Died 16 Aug 1949. Publications: The Coming World War (Wishart Books, London, 1935), Mutiny: Being a survey of mutinies from Spartacus to Invergordon (Stanley Nott, London, 1936). English Captain. Reminiscences of service in the International Brigade in the Spanish Civil War (Faber & Faber, London, 1939). Armies of Freemen (G Routledge & Sons, London, 1940). New Ways of War (Penguin Books, Harmondsworth and New York, 1940). Deadlock war (Faber & Faber, London, 1940). Blitzkrieg, by Ferdinand Otto Miksche, translated and with introduction by Tom Wintringham (Faber & Faber, London, 1941). The Politics of Victory (G Routledge & Sons, London, 1941). Freedom is our weapon. A policy for army reform (Kegan Paul & Co, London, 1941). Guerrilla Warfare by Bert Yank Levy, ghost written and with an introduction by Tom Wintringham (Penguin, 1941). Peoples' War (Penguin, Harmondsworth and New York, 1942). Weapons and Tactics (Faber & Faber, London, 1943). We're going on!: the collected poems of Tom Wintringham, edited by Hugh Purcell (Smokestack, Middlesbrough, 2006).
Born 1889; commissioned into the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, 1907; Lt, 1912; Platoon commander, 2 Bn, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, Dublin and Carrickfergus, Ireland, 1914; served in World War One, 1914-1918; service with 2 Bn, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, 13 Infantry Bde, 5 Div, 2 Corps, British Expeditionary Force (BEF), France and Belgium, Aug-Sep 1914; retreat from Mons, Belgium, Aug 1914; Battle of Le Cateau, France, 26 Aug 1914; captured by German forces, Le Cateau, France, 26 Aug 1914; POW, Germany, Sep 1914-Jan 1918; Capt, 1915; interned in the Netherlands, Jan-Nov 1918; employed by the Historical Section, Committee of Imperial Defence ( later Historical Section, Cabinet Office), 1918-1956; resigned from Army, 1927; retired 1956; died 1964. Publications: Compiled, with Brig Gen Sir James (Edward) Edmonds, Military operations, France and Belgium, 1915. Volume I ( Macmillan, London, 1927); If Germany attacks. The battle in depth in the west (Faber and Faber, London, 1940).
Born, 1920; commissioned into Royal Artillery as 2 Lieutenant, 1939; Lieutenant, 1941; held in Oflag V11B POW camp, Germany, 1943-1945; Captain, 1946; Major, 1952; joined Royal Army Pay Corps as Paymaster, 1957; took a Long Finance and Accountancy Course, Royal Army Pay Corps training centre; Lieutenant Colonel, 1967; Staff Paymaster, 1 Grade, Army Department, MOD, 1970-1972; retired, 1972; died, 1997.
Born 1912; educated at Winchester and Royal Military College, Sandhurst; commissioned into the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, 1932; Lt, 1935; service with Royal West African Frontier Force, 1935-1939; served in World War Two in UK, Italy and India with Airborne Forces, 1939-1945; Capt, 1940; temporary Maj, 1940-1942; Bde Maj, 1941-1942; served with Airborne Forces, 1941-1948; General Staff Officer 2 (Air), 1944-1945; Maj, 1946; Assistant Adjutant and Quartermaster General, Div Headquarters, 1947-1948; temporary Lt Col, 1947-1951; Instructor, Staff College, Camberley, Surrey, 1948-1950; awarded OBE, 1949; General Staff Officer 1 (Operations and Training), Allied Land Forces Central Europe, 1951-1952; Lt Col, 1952; Commanding Officer, 1 Bn, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, 1952-1955; Col, 1955; temporary Brig, 1955-1958; commanded 44 Independent Parachute Bde (Territorial Army), 1955-1958; awarded CBE, 1958; commanded 1 Bde, Royal Nigeria Regt, Northern District, Nigeria, 1958-1961; Brig Q (Equipment), War Office, 1961-1962; Maj Gen, 1962; General Officer Commanding, Cyprus District, 1962-1964; awarded CB, 1965; Director of Infantry, Ministry of Defence, 1965-1967; retired 1968; died 1976.
Born 1887, Ostrowo (now Ostrów Wielkopolski, Poland), into Jewish family; went to school in Berlin, 1897; joined university, 1906, including a year of military service; qualified as a junior lawyer, 1909; fully qualified as solicitor, 1913; called up, 1914, was NCO throughout war (due in part to anti semitism); sent to unit in Rostock, Baltic coast; sent to Western Front, 1914 Dec; joined unit on Eastern Front, 1915 Oct, served in Russia and along Hungarian-Rumanian border; discharged from army, 1918 Sep 9; promoted to Lieutenant 2 days later; practised as solicitor, 1918-1941; held for 24 hours in concentration camp after events of Kristallnacht, 1938; emigrated to USA, via France, Spain, Portugal, and Guatemala, 1941; settled in San Francisco, became an advocate for emigrants seeking restitution from the German government; died 1967.
The Portsmouth branch of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (1909-1913) was established in 1909 with Miss Nora O'Shea as secretary and was a member of the Surrey, Sussex and Hants Federation of the NUWSS. It seems to have ceased work in 1913.
At the end of the nineteenth century, the widespread campaign against the Contagious Diseases Acts had had the effect of focussing attention on the issue of prostitution. This had the result of encouraging the growth of groups like the National Vigilance Association whose aim was to work against the trade and its causes. In 1898, this body agreed to address concerns about the international aspect of prostitution and began laying the foundations of an international federation of bodies, working towards the abolition of the traffic in persons, which came into being in 1899. This International Bureau for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons consisted of representatives from each of the constituent bodies, including five from the National Vigilance Association itself. Subsequently, this core of five became the English National Committee in accordance with the International Bureau's constitution regarding its branches. Subsequently, other British groups and societies were requested to send representatives to their meetings so that in 1907 the organisation became the British National Committee for the Suppression of the White Slave Trade. Six years later, their increasingly broad base may be judged from a list of member associations and societies in 1913: Church Army, Church of England Moral Welfare Society, Association for Moral and Social Hygiene, West London Mission, British Social Hygiene Council, Catholic Women's League, Manchester Moral Welfare Association, Alliance of Honour, National Vigilance Association, Liverpool Hygiene Association, National Vigilance Association of Scotland, Jewish Association for the Protection of Women and Girls, the International Bureau, London Haven for Women and Girls, Missions to Seamen, National Council of Women, Public Morality Council, Central After Care Association for Women and Girls, Presbyterian Church of England, Methodist Church, and the Hull Vigilance Association. During World War I the Committee did not meet between 1915 and 1918 but was reconstituted in 1919 when its name was changed to The British National Committee for the Suppression of the White Slave Traffic and the International Traffic in Women. By 1932, membership was open to all major British organisations doing practical work for the protection of women and children and the group flourished throughout the 1930s. World War II again disrupted international work and in the post-war years membership was widened once more to include societies working for the protection of women and children. The National Vigilance Association's faced financial difficulties after the war, leading to its amalgamation with the British National Committee in 1953. The new body was called The British Vigilance Association and the National Committee for the Suppression of Traffic in Persons, but was generally known as the British Vigilance Association.
Carrie Chapman Catt (1859-1947 ) was born on 9 Jan 1859, in Ripon, Wisconsin, the second of three children of Lucius and Maria (Clinton) Lane. In 1880, she graduated from the Iowa Agricultural College and Model Farm in Ames, at the top of her class, having worked her way through school by washing dishes, working in the school library, and teaching. She was the only woman in her graduating class. After college, she returned to Charles City to work as a law clerk and, in nearby Mason City, as a school teacher and principal. In 1883 she became one of the first women in the nation appointed superintendent of schools. In Feb 1885, Lane married Leo Chapman, editor and publisher of the Mason City Republican, in a wedding ceremony at her parents' rural Charles City home. Mr Chapman died of typhoid fever the following year in San Francisco, California, where he had gone to seek new employment. Arriving a few days after her husband's death, the young widow decided to remain in San Francisco, where she eked out a living as the city's first female newspaper reporter. In 1887 she returned to Charles City and joined the Iowa Woman Suffrage Association for whom she worked as a professional writer and lecturer. After a short period she became the group's recording secretary. From 1890 to 1892 she served as the Iowa Association's state organiser. At the time of Carrie Chapman's rise to her state organisation's highest office, in June 1890, she married George Catt, a fellow Iowa Agricultural College alumnus she had met during her stay in San Francisco, who encouraged her suffrage activity. Carrie Catt also began work nationally for the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), speaking in 1890 at its Washington DC convention. In the following months, Catt's work, writing and speaking engagements established her reputation as a leading suffragist. In 1892 she was asked by Susan B Anthony to address Congress on the proposed suffrage amendment. In 1900 she succeeded Anthony as NAWSA president. From then on, her time was spent primarily in speechmaking, planning campaigns, organising women, and gaining political experience. In 1902 Catt helped organise the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA), which eventually incorporated sympathetic associations in 32 nations. In 1904, she resigned her NAWSA presidency in order to care for her ailing husband. His death in Oct 1905, followed by the deaths of Susan B Anthony (Feb 1906), Catt's younger brother William (Sep 1907) and her mother (Dec 1907) left Catt grief-stricken. Her doctor and friends encouraged her to travel abroad; as a result, she spent much of the following eight years as IWSA president promoting equal-suffrage rights worldwide. Catt returned to the United States in 1915 to resume the leadership of NAWSA, which had become badly divided under the leadership of Anna Howard Shaw. In 1916, at a NAWSA convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Catt unveiled her 'Winning Plan' to campaign simultaneously for suffrage on both the state and federal levels, and to compromise for partial suffrage in the states resisting change. Under Catt's dynamic leadership, NAWSA won the backing of the USA House and Senate, as well as state support for the amendment's ratification. In 1917, New York passed a state woman suffrage referendum, and by 1918, President Woodrow Wilson was finally converted to the cause. On 26 Aug 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment officially became part of the United States Constitution. One hundred forty-four years after US independence, all women in the United States were at last guaranteed the right to vote. Stepping down from the NAWSA presidency after its victory, Catt continued her work for equal suffrage, promoting education of the newly-enfranchised by founding the new League of Women Voters (LWV) and serving as its honorary president for the rest of her life. In 1923, she published Women Suffrage and Politics : The Inner Story of the Suffrage Movement with Nettie Rogers Shuler. In her later years, Catt's interests broadened to include the causes of world peace and child labor. She founded the National Committee on the Cause and Cure of War in 1925, serving as its chair until 1932 and as honorary chair thereafter. She also supported the League of Nations and, later, the United Nations. Honored and praised by countless institutions for her more than half-century of public service, Carrie Chapman Catt died of heart failure at her New Rochelle, New York, home on 9 Mar 1947. At a New Rochelle cemetery she is buried alongside her longtime companion, Mary Garret Hay, a fellow New York state suffragist, with whom she lived for over 20 years.
Katie Edith Gliddon was born in 1883 in Twickenham. She studied at the Slade School of Art between 1900-1904. Katie probably became a member of the Women's Social and Political Union in Croydon some time around 1910 at the same time as her brother Paul, who took the name of Charles Gray to protect his family, was acting as an organiser of the Men's Political Union for Women's Enfranchisement. By 1911 she had already written several articles on the subject of women's suffrage for various newspapers. In 1912 she was arrested for breaking the window of a Post Office in Wimpole Street, subsequently serving a period from March to April in Holloway. Katie became an art teacher. She retired to Worthing and lived into her eighties, before dying some time in the 1960s.
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (1836-1917), the daughter of Newson Garrett and Louise Dunnell, was born in Whitechapel, London in 1836, one of twelve children. From 1851 to 1853 she was educated in Blackheath but while visiting Northumberland in 1854, Elizabeth met Emily Davies who would remain a friend and supporter for the rest of her life. Five years later Garrett met Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman in the United States to qualify as a doctor, influencing the former to enter the field of medicine. Attempts to enter several medical schools failed; instead Garrett became a nurse at Middlesex Hospital though her efforts to attend lectures for the male doctors failed. However, it came to light that the Society of Apothecaries did not specify that females were banned from taking their examinations and in 1865 Garrett sat and passed their examination before establishing a medical practice in London. That same year, she joined Emily Davies, Dorothea Beale and Francis Mary Buss to form the Kensington Society and in 1866 signed their petition for women's enfranchisement. In 1866 Garrett created a women's dispensary and four years later was appointed visiting physician to the East London Hospital where she met James Anderson, the man who was to become her husband in Feb 1871. Though she later graduated from the University of Paris, the British Medical Register refused to recognise her MD degree. Over the next few years she became the first woman elected to serve on a school board in England, the mother of three children, opened the women-run New Hospital for Women in London with Elizabeth Blackwell and helped Sophia Jex-Blake to establish the London Medical School for Women to which Garrett Anderson was elected Dean of the London School of in 1884. Though she was never on the executives of any of the major suffrage societies, she did chair meetings and was a member first of the Central Committee of the National Society for Women's Suffrage and then later of the London Society for Women's Suffrage. On her retirement she moved to Aldeburgh, Suffolk, and became mayor herself, following her husband's death, in 1908. Subsequently, she returned to suffrage politics, but left the National Union of Suffrage Societies, which her sister Millicent Fawcett dominated, and became active in the militant Women's Social & Political Union (WSPU) until 1911 when she objected to their arson campaign. Garrett Anderson and Skelton had one son, Alan Garrett Anderson (1877-1952), and two daughters, Margaret, who died of meningitis in 1875, and Louisa Garrett Anderson (1873-1943). Alan followed his father to become a public servant and shipowner, whilst Louisa went on to become a distinguished doctor herself and active suffragette. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson died on 17 Dec 1917.
Millicent Garrett Fawcett (1847-1929) was born in Suffolk in 1847, the daughter of Newson and Louisa Garrett and the sister of Samuel Garrett, Agnes Garrett, Louise Smith and Elizabeth Garrett Anderson. The sisters' early interest in the issue of women's suffrage and commitment to the Liberal party were heightened after attending a speech given in London by John Stuart Mill in Jul 1865. Though considered too young to sign the petition in favour of votes for women, which was presented to the House of Commons in 1866, Millicent attended the debate on the issue in May 1867. This occurred a month after she married the professor of political economy and radical Liberal MP for Brighton, Henry Fawcett. Throughout their marriage, the future cabinet minister supported his wife's activities while she acted as his secretary due to his blindness. Their only child, Philippa Fawcett, was born the following year and that same month Millicent Garrett Fawcett published her first article, on the education of women. In Jul 1867, Millicent Garrett Fawcett was asked to join the executive committee of the London National Society for Women's Suffrage and was one of the speakers at its first public meeting two years later. She continued her work with the London National Society until after the death of John Stuart Mill in 1874, when she left the organisation to work with the Central Committee for Women's Suffrage. This was a step which she had avoided taking when the latter was formed in 1871 due to its public identification with the campaign for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts. Fawcett, despite her support for the movement's actions, had initially believed that the suffrage movement might be damaged by identification with such controversial work. However, the two groups later merged in 1877 as the new Central Committee for Women's Suffrage and a new executive committee was formed which included Fawcett herself. Her influence helped guide the group towards support for moderate policies and methods. She did little public speaking during this period but after the death of her husband in 1884 and a subsequent period of depression, she was persuaded to become a touring speaker once more in 1886 and began to devote her time to the work of the women's suffrage movement. In addition to women's suffrage Millicent Garrett Fawcett also became involved in the newly created National Vigilance Association, established in 1885, alongside campaigners such as J Stansfeld MP, Mr WT Stead, Mrs Mitchell, and Josephine Butler. In 1894 Fawcett's interest in public morality led her to vigorously campaign against the candidature of Henry Cust as Conservative MP for North Manchester. Cust, who had been known to have had several affairs, had seduced a young woman. Despite Cust's marriage in 1893, after pressure from Balfour, Fawcett felt Cust was unfit for public office. Fawcett's campaign persisted until Cust's resignation in 1895, with some suffrage supporters concerned by Fawcett's doggedness in what they felt was a divisive campaign. In the late nineteenth century, the women's suffrage movement was closely identified with the Liberal Party through its traditional support for their work and the affiliation of many workers such as Fawcett herself. However, the party was, at this time, split over the issue of Home Rule for Ireland. Fawcett herself left the party to become a Liberal Unionist and helped lead the Women's Liberal Unionist Association. When it was proposed that the Central Committee's constitution should be changed to allow political organisations, and principally the Women's Liberal Federation, to affiliate, Fawcett opposed this and became the Honorary Treasurer when the majority of members left to form the Central National Society for Women's Suffrage. However, in 1893 she became one of the leading members of the Special Appeal Committee that was formed to repair the divisions in the movement. On the 19 Oct 1896 she was asked to preside over the joint meetings of the suffrage societies, which resulted in the geographical division of the country and the formation of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies. She was appointed as the honorary secretary of the Central and Eastern Society that year and became a member of the parliamentary committee of the NUWSS itself. It was not until the parent group's reorganisation in 1907 that she was elected president of the National Union, a position that she would retain until 1919. By 1901, she was already eminent enough to be one of the first women appointed to sit on a Commission of Inquiry into the concentration camps created for Boer civilians by the British during the Boer War. Despite this, her work for suffrage never slackened and she was one of the leaders of the Mud March held in Feb 1907 as well as of the NUWSS procession from Embankment to the Albert Hall in Jun 1908. She became one of the Fighting Fund Committee in 1912 and managed the aftermath of the introduction of the policy, in particular during the North West Durham by-election in 1914, when other members opposed a step that effectively meant supporting the Labour Party when an anti-suffrage Liberal candidate was standing in a constituency. When the First World War broke out in Aug 1914, Fawcett called for the suspension of the NUWSS' political work and a change in activities to facilitate war work. This stance led to divisions in the organisation. The majority of its officers and ten of the executive committee resigned when she vetoed their attendance of a Women's Peace Congress in the Hague in 1915. However, she retained her position in the group. During the war, she also found time to become involved in the issue of women's social, political and educational status in India, an area in which she had become interested through her husband and retained after the conflict came to an end. She remained at the head of the NUWSS when the women's suffrage clause was added to the Representation of the People Act in 1918 and attended the Women's Peace Conference in Paris before lobbying the governments assembled there for the Peace Conference in 1919. She retired in Mar 1919 when the NUWSS became the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship but remained on its executive committee. She also continued her activities as the vice-president of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, to which she had been elected in 1902, for another year. After this she became the Chair of the journal, the 'Women's Leader', and appointed a Dame of the British Empire in 1925. It was in that year that she resigned from both NUSEC and the newspaper's board after opposing the organisation's policy in support of family allowances. She remained active until the end of her life, undertaking a trip to the Far East with her sister Agnes only a short time before her death in 1929.
Amy Badley (fl 1894-fl.1929) was the daughter of the Reverend JF Garrett. She was sister to Edmund Garrett and Millicent Garrett Fawcett's cousin. She married JH Badley who was headmaster of Bedales in Hampshire. Amy was an ex piano mistress and vice president of the National Council for Equal Citizenship.
Born 1832; educated at Merchant Taylor's School 1840-1847. Unable to attend university due to his father's small income, he joined the Electric Telegraph Company 1847, founded by Sir William Fothergill Cooke 1845; was in charge of the Birmingham telegraph station by 1851. He joined the Magnetic Telegraph Company (an amalgamation), in 1852, of which his brother became the manager. For this company he laid many telegraph lines between and within London, Manchester, Liverpool, and other cities, showing much initiative in organizing the mechanical work that was needed; also laid a six-wire cable between Port Patrick, Scotland, and Donaghadee, Ireland. This was only the third sea cable laid, and the first in deep water. With Cyrus Field and John Brett he founded the Atlantic Telegraph Company in 1856 which aimed to lay a telegraph cable between Ireland and Newfoundland; this was finally achieved 5 August 1858 and Bright was knighted a month later. However, this cable failed shortly afterwards, and Bright turned his attention to improving the insulation of submarine cables. Resigned from the Magnetic Telegraph Company 1860; founded an independent consultancy with Josiah Latimer Clark, with whom he invented a bituminous cable insulation. Laid a telegraph cable to India 1862; made a further attempt to lay a transatlantic cable using Brunel's steamship Great Eastern 1865. The cable broke during laying, but a second attempt was successful 1866 and cable was retrieved and repaired 1865. Bright laid other cables in the Mediterranean and the West Indies, and with his brother invented a system of neighbourhood fire alarms and an automatic fire alarm system. Bright was an important figure in the movement for electrical standards. Liberal MP for Greenwich 1865-1868; President of the IEE 1886-1887; assisted with the preparations for the Paris Exhibition of 1881. Died 1888.
Unknown at present.
Born 1900; qualified with an MD from Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 1926. During the 1920s and 1930s he worked at the University Hospital for Pulmonary Diseases and Belgrade State Hospital, as well as undertaking research in Paris clinics; in charge of a unit for Internal Diseases and Tuberculosis at the Municipal Hospital Belgrade, 1935-1941. He fled to London in 1941, working in various capacities for the Yugoslav government and liberation movements and acting as Yugoslav representative to UNRAA. He appears to have re-qualified as MB,ChB in Glasgow in 1944 and he undertook research work under Professor Dible at the Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith, 1946-1948. Subsequently he held appointments at the Hounslow, Harrow, Hampstead, Edgware, Ealing, Luton and Uxbridge Chest Clinics, where he tested his classification scheme of TB. In 1948 and again from 1953 he undertook general practice work and had a small private practice. The collection reflects his dedication to the classification scheme for pulmonary tuberculosis which he devised. This was a subject which had interested him from 1923 and which he appears to have first written about in 1940. He published a large number of papers in Serbian, French, German and English, and his important books were published byHeinemann: The Classification of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (1953) and Tuberculosis, Classification, Pathogenesis and Management (1955). In his scheme he emphasised that every case should be classified for either primary or secondary TB of any organ, and must represent a pathogenic entity: he further divided into two pathogenic types and four clinico-pathologico-pathogenic forms. Sekulich died in 1986.
'In the Club' was a series of three 40-minute television programmes on birth control in the twentieth century, televised by Channel 4 in 1988 and made by Television History Workshop (THW).
These items were originally created by A N Drury, FRS, Chairman of the Medical Research Council Blood Transfusion Committee. Drury worked with the committee and other allied bodies, engaging in the organisation and development of the Blood Transfusion Services necessary as part of the war effort. In 1943 he became Director of the Lister Institute. These files were accumulated by him in his continuing involvement in the Blood Transfusion Service, in the running of which the Ministry of Health, the Medical Research Council and the Lister Institute were co-operating.
Ieuan Ellis studied dentistry at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, and qualified in 1941.
Dr Dobbie qualified in medicine in 1933. He was (presumably during and just after the war) in the RAMC, in which he reached the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, and was O.C. Medical Division 117 and 77 General Hospital, BAOR. He was subsequently in practice in Bromley. Although his entry disappears from the Medical Directory in 1987 it has not been possible to trace any obituary.
Born 1937; Anthony Angel studied physiology at University College, London, and went on to teach the subject at the University of Sheffield, where he was appointed Professor.
Baynes, son of Robert Lambert Baynes (q.v.), joined the Navy in 1866 and became a lieutenant in 1877. He served in the Pembroke, 1893 to 1895, and was promoted to captain in 1897. After attending gunnery and torpedo courses, his first active service as captain was briefly in the Minerva, 1899, and then in the Mildura, Australian Station, in 1900. He retired in 1902, advancing to the rank of rear-admiral in 1907.
Baynes entered the Navy in 1810, serving in the BLAKE under Sir Edward Codrington (q.v.) and in the TONNANT and TARTER in North America. He was commissioned as lieutenant in 1818, serving as First Lieutenant in the VIGO in South America until 1826 when he joined the ASIA, flagship of Admiral Sir Edward Codrington (q.v.). It was in the Asia that he was present at the Battle of Navarino. In 1828 he was promoted to captain. After ten years on half-pay he joined the ANDROMACHE in Nova Scotia during the rebellion in Canada, after which he commanded on the Cape Station, 1840 to 1841. In 1847 he was in the BELLEROPHON off the coast of Tuscany, when Leghorn was taken by the Austrians, and in 1855 was on Particular Service with the blockading fleet in the Baltic. He became Commander-in-Chief in the Pacific in 1857, remaining there until 1860 and was promoted to admiral in 1865.
Oliver entered the Navy in 1779. He served in the West Indies and was promoted to lieutenant in 1790, commander in 1794 and captain in 1796. After the battle of Trafalgar he was appointed to the MARS, whose captain, George Duff, had been killed. He continued to serve until 1814 and was promoted to rear-admiral in 1819, vice-admiral in 1830 and admiral in 1841.
Oliver entered the Navy in 1869. He served in the BRISTOL, 1870 to 1871, and was rated midshipman in 1871. He was in the Mediterranean from 1871 to 1874, in the ARIADNE and then for two years in the flagship LORD WARDON. From 1874 to 1876 he served in the AUDACIOUS, flagship on the China Station. He was promoted to sub-lieutenant in 1876 and served in the SHANNON, 1877 to 1880, on the same station. In 1880 he was promoted to lieutenant and appointed to the PELICAN, Pacific Station, 1880 to 1882. From 1882 to 1884 he was in the Indian troopship JUMA and served in operations in the Sudan in 1884. Between 1885 and 1887, Oliver served in three Coast Guard ships based at Southampton, the HECTOR, NORTHAMPTON and INVINCIPLE. He returned to China in the WANDERER between 1888 and 1891. During the 1890s Oliver served in various posts, in a training ship, in the dockyard reserve and the coastguard. He retired with the rank of commander in 1900.
Oliver was the son of Admiral Robert Oliver. He entered the Navy in 1825 and became a lieutenant in 1838. He was in the QUEEN in the Mediterranean from 1842 to 1844 and was promoted to commander in 1844. In 1847 he was appointed to command the FLY in Australian and New Zealand waters. Following his return home in 1851 he served during the Crimean War and was promoted to captain in 1854 but from then had no further service. He retired in 1864 and rose to the rank of admiral on the retired list.
Blane studied medicine in Edinburgh and, in 1779, sailed to the West Indies. It was during this and subsequent expeditions to the West Indies that he impressed upon the Admiralty the importance and the success of anti-scorbutic measures. He was appointed Physician Extraordinary to the Prince of Wales in 1785, the year in which he produced the first edition of his work on the diseases of seamen. From 1795 until 1803 he was one of the Commissioners for Sick and Wounded Seamen. See Christopher Lloyd ed., The Health of Seamen (Navy Records Society, 1965), pp. 132-211.
Bond spent the whole of his seafaring career in the employ of the British India Steam Navigation Company. He joined as a cadet in 1918 on the ship CHAKRATA. His next ship was the CHUPRA, carrying troops from India home and from London to New Zealand. He next served on the Indian coast until 1925. He passed for Second Mate in Bombay and did tours of duty in several ships. After passing as mate, he returned to indian waters as Second Officer of the SIRDHANA, and remained in her for three and a half years. He got his Master's Certificate in 1930. His first command of a ship was in 1938, and in December 1939 was given command of the VASNA, in which he remained for the whole of World War Two. The VASNA was fitted-out in Bombay as a naval hospital ship and served in Indian Waters, with the Home Fleet in the Mediterranean, with the Eastern Fleet and with the Pacific Fleet. In 1945, the VASNA was sent to Tokio Bay to help in the repatriation of prisoners of war from Japanese camps and as a Fleet hospital ship, and was the sole British Hospital Ship in Japanese waters. Capt Bond was awarded the OBE for his services during the war. In 1947, Bond was given command of the SANGOLA and in1949 the EMPIRE TROOPER, in which he stayed for over five years. In 1956, he took command of the NEVASA, which was hired by the Ministry of Transport as a troopship. He retired in June 1962 at the age of 60.
Bridge joined the Navy in 1851, was commissioned lieutenant in 1859 and from 1874 until 1877, when he was promoted to captain, served in the AUDACIOUS on the China Station. He went to Australia in command of the ESPIEGLE, 1881 to 1885, and when he was promoted to rear-admiral in 1894 became Commander-in-Chief there. As a vice-admiral he was Commander-in-Chief of the China Station, 1901 to 1904, during which time the Anglo-Japanese treaty was signed. At the end of this commission he retired. He published Some Recollections (London, 1918).
Robert Edward Barker (c 1820-1910) served with the General Steam Navigation Company before becoming a customs official in 1866.
Brown entered the Navy in 1894 as an engineer student at Devonport Dockyard, qualifying in 1899 as a Probationary Assistant Engineer. Be became an engineer lieutenant in 1900, engineer lieutenant-commander in 1912, engineer commander in 1917 and engineer captain in 1924. Between 1921 and 1925 he was Assistant Naval Attache in Washington. In 1930 he became engineer rear-admiral and in 1932 was appointed vice-admiral and Engineer-in-Chief of the Fleet, until his retirement in 1936.
Son of Captain Alfred Burton (q.v.), Burton was commissioned as first lieutenant in 1853. He served in the WINCHESTER and CALCUTTA from 1853 to 1858 and took part in the Second China War. In 1858 he was temporarily attached to the Canton Constabulary. On his return home he was stationed at Plymouth, 1859 to 1860. Burton was promoted to captain in 1861 and to major in 1862. He served in the PHOEBE in the Mediterranean from 1862 to 1865 and was in the marine battalion in Japan attached to the IRON DUKE, flagship on the China Station, 1870 to 1873. He retired in 1884 with the rank of Major-General.
Royal Navy: Administration - Volumes relating to central administration
Abdy began his career by serving in the East India Company's ships TRUE BRITON, 1750 to 1752, on a voyage to China and Stafford,1753, to India. He then entered the Navy and was commissioned as lieutenant in 1758. He was promoted to commander in 1761 and served in the BEAVER, 1761 to 1766, in home waters and then in the West Indies. In 1766 he was promoted to Captain of the ACTAEON in the West Indies, but he returned home before the end of the year and did not serve again because of ill-health.
Henry Caldwell, grandson of Sir Benjamin Caldwell (q.v.), entered the Navy in 1828 as a volunteer on board the DARTMOUTH and became a midshipman in the PRINCE REGENT in 1830. He served for the next five years on the coast of South America in the CLIO, SPARTIATE and HORNET and then in the PEMBROKE and VANGUARD on the Mediterranean Station. After this he spent three years in the brigs PANTALOON and RAPID, tenders to the Royal George yacht. Caldwell was promoted to lieutenant in 1841 and for two years attended courses in the EXCELLENT on gunnery and at the Royal Naval College on steam. He then served in the INCONSTANT on the Mediterranean Station from 1843 until 1846, when he joined the EXCELLENT and PRINCE REGENT, home waters. From the latter ship he was promoted to commander in 1847. In 1848 he joined the POWERFUL on the Mediterranean Station and returned to the PRINCE REGENT in 1851. He was promoted to captain in 1853 and after studying steam at Woolwich dockyard, became Flag Captain to Rear-Admiral Hon. R.S. Dundas (1802-1861), Commander-in-Chief Baltic, in the DUKE OF WELLINGTON, and remained in her until 1857. Caldwell joined the MERSEY in 1859 for three years, serving in the Channel and on the North American and West Indies Station. After a short period in the ROYAL ADELAIDE at Devonport, he joined, in 1864, the ASIA, guardship of the steam reserve at Portsmouth. Finally Caldwell was aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria from 1866 until his death.
Sir Benjamin Caldwell entered the Navy in 1754 and was made a lieutenant in 1760. After service in the Channel during the Seven Years War, he became a commander in 1762 and a post captain in 1765. He then commanded the ROSE in North America, 1768 to 1771, and the EMERALD, 1775 to 1779, on that station and on convoy duties. He was appointed in 1780 to the HANNIBAL and convoyed the East India Company ships home. In April 1781 he was transferred to the AGAMEMNON in the Channel; she then sailed with Admiral Rodney (1719-1792) to the West Indies and was present at the battle of the Saints, 1782. The Agamemnon remained on the West Indies and North American Stations until 1783. Caldwell commanded the ALCIDE in 1787 and the BERWICK during the mobilization of 1790. In 1793 he was promoted to rear-admiral and served in the CUMBERLAND under Admiral Howe (q.v.). He transferred his flag in 1794 to the IMPREGNABLE and took part in the battle of First of June. In July of the same year he became a vice-admiral and was sent to the Leeward Islands in the Majestic under Admiral Jervis (q.v.); shortly after this Jervis returned home and Caldwell acted as Commander-in-Chief. His active career ended in 1795 and he was promoted to admiral in 1799.
Henry Osborn served in the Mediterranean before becoming a lieutenant in 1717. In 1718 He took part in the action off Cape Passaro in the Mediterranean and the following year served in a squadron on the north coast of Africa. His first command was the Squirrel in 1728. In 1734 he commanded the Portland in the Channel and in 1738 the Salisbury in the Mediterranean. He was appointed to the Prince of Orange in 1740, returning to England in the Chichester in 1741, when he moved to the Princess Caroline, Channel, until 1743. Osborn was promoted to rear-admiral in 1747 and in 1748 was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Leeward Islands; in the same year he became a vice-admiral. He was promoted admiral and appointed Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, in 1757 but after blockading the French fleet in 1758, he suffered a stroke and saw no more active service. Osborn was Member of Parliament for Bedfordshire, 1758 to 1761.
Caldwell entered the Navy in 1754 and was made a lieutenant in 1760. After service in the Channel during the Seven Years War, he became a commander in 1762 and a post captain in 1765. He then commanded the Rose in North America, 1768 to 1771, and the Emerald, 1775 to 1779, on that station and on convoy duties. He was appointed in 1780 to the Hannibal and convoyed the East India Company ships home. In April 1781 he was transferred to the Agamemnon in the Channel; she then sailed with Admiral Rodney (1719-1792) to the West Indies and was present at the battle of the Saints, 1782. The Agamemnon remained on the West Indies and North American Stations until 1783. Caldwell commanded the Alcide in 1787 and the Berwick during the mobilization of 1790. In 1793 he was promoted to rear-admiral and served in the Cumberland under Admiral Howe (q.v.). He transferred his flag in 1794 to the Impregnable and took part in the battle of First of June. In July of the same year he became a vice-admiral and was sent to the Leeward Islands in the Majestic under Admiral Jervis (q.v.); shortly after this Jervis returned home and Caldwell acted as Commander-in-Chief. His active career ended in 1795 and he was promoted to admiral in 1799.