[Jonas] Henrik Kellgren (1837-1916) was a practitioner of Swedish medical gymnastics and helped to disseminate the technique beyond Sweden. He was born in Alingsas, southern Sweden, matriculated in 1855 and became an officer in the Swedish Army in 1858. In 1863-1865 he trained at the Kungliga Gymnastika Centralinstitut in Stockholm (founded 1813 by Per Henrik Ling, the pioneer of medical gymnastics), gaining the institute's diploma, and took up the post of teacher of pedagogical gymnastics at Lidköping. Following the death of his wife and son, however, he left Sweden and settled in Germany, setting up the Schwedisches Heilgymnastisches Institut in Gotha. In the early 1870s his health broke down and he retired from full-time work, taking up residence in London. Here he founded the Swedish Institution for the Cure of Diseases by Manual Treatment. An expanding practice was reflected in the foundation of further institutes in the German resorts of Norderney (1877) and Baden-Baden (1883), and in Paris (1884); in summer he took patients to Sanna, near Jönköping in Sweden, leading to the foundation of a sanatorium there. He became the director of the Kungliga Gymnastika Centralinstitut in Stockholm. His son-in-law, Edgar Ferdinand Cyriax, who took up residence in London, was also an important figure in the spread of Kellgren's techniques of Swedish remedial gymnastics and massage to the United Kingdom.
Born, 1877; Graduated MB. BS. University of Durham, 1898; Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne; Postgraduate study at Vienna; MS, 1901; FRCS, 1903; Elected to staff of Royal Infirmary, 1906; Service with R.A.M.C. at home and overseas - for a time as consulting surgeon in Mesopotamia; 1914-1918; Council of Royal College of Surgeons, 1926-1950; Professor Surgery in University of Durham, 1927; President of the Association of Surgeons of GB and Ireland Hunterian Professor, 1928; Orator, Medical Society of London, 1929; President Medical Society of London, 1934; Professor of Surgery in new British Postgraduate Medical School, 1935; Vice President, Royal College of Surgeons, 1937-1939; President, Medical Society of London, 1943-1944; died, 1951.
Born, 1780; spent four years studying under the Norwich surgeon Philip Meadows Martineau, before matriculating at Edinburgh University in 1800; graduated MD at Edinburgh, 1803; attended Robert Willan's practice at the Public Dispensary in Carey Street, London, 1803; fellow of the Medical Society of London, 1803; went on a year-long European tour, 1805-1806; extra-licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, 1807; private practice in Norfolk; physician to the Norfolk Public Dispensary; physician to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital and the Bethel Hospital for Lunatics, 1808; died, 1814.
Not given
Born Great Yarmouth, 1814; educated at a private school, Yarmouth; apprenticed to Charles Costerton, surgeon, in Yarmouth, 1830; entered as a student at St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1834; identified the parasite Trichina spiralis whilst studying at the hospital, 1835; clinical clerk to Dr Latham, 1835-1836; member, Royal College of Surgeons, 1836; sub-editor of the Medical Gazette, 1837-1842; Curator of the museum, 1837 and Demonstrator in morbid anatomy, 1839-1943, St Bartholomew's Hospital; Fellow, Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1843; Lecturer on general anatomy and physiology, 1843 and Warden of the College for students, 1843-1851, St Bartholomew's Hospital; prepared a catalogue of the anatomical museum of St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1846; prepared a catalogue of the pathological specimens in the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1846-1849; Arris and Gale Professor of Anatomy and Surgery, 1847-1852; Assistant Surgeon, 1847-1861, St Bartholomew's Hospital; Fellow, Royal Society, 1851; Surgeon-Extraordinary to Queen Victoria, 1858; member of the Senate, University of London, 1860; lectured in physiology, 1859-1861, Surgeon, 1861-1871 and Lecturer on Surgery, 1865-1869, St Bartholomew's Hospital; member, 1865-1889, Vice-President, 1873, 1874, President, 1875, of the Council, Royal College of Surgeons; Serjeant-Surgeon-Extraordinary to Queen Victoria, 1867-1877; Consulting Surgeon, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1869; President, Clinical Society, 1869; created Baronet, 1871; President, Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, 1875; representative of the Royal College of Surgeons at the General Medical Council, 1876-1881; Serjeant-Surgeon to Queen Victoria, 1877; Hunterian Orator, 1877; President, International Congress of Medicine, 1881; Bradshaw Lecturer, 1882; Vice-Chancellor, University of London, 1883-1895; Morton Lecturer, 1887; President, Pathological Society of London, 1887; died, London, 1899.
Sir Charles Locock (1799-1875) obstetric physician, physician accoucheur to Queen Victoria. Revd Alfred Henry Locock (1829-1922) (son of Sir Charles Locock (1799-1875)) and his wife Anna Maria Charles Dealtry Locock (1862-1946) (son of Revd Alfred Henry Locock (1829-1922)).
John Petherick was a traveller in East Central Africa. He entered the service of Mehemet Ali, and was employed in examining Upper Egypt, Nubia, the Red Sea coast and Kordofan in an unsuccessful search for coal, 1845-1848; trader at El Obeid, the capital of Kordofan, 1848; British consular agent for Sudan; ivory trader in Khartum, 1853; travelled extensively in the Bahr-el-Ghazal region, then almost unknown, exploring the Jur River, Yalo and other affluents of the Bahr el Ghazal river; explored the Niam-Niam country, 1858; returned to England, 1859; British consul in Sudan, 1861; Royal Geographical Society mission to convey to Gondokoro relief stores for Captains Speke and Grant, 1862; returned to England, 1865, and adopted the profession of mining engineer; died, 1882.
Robert Morrison (1782-1834):
Robert Morrison was born on 5 January 1782 near Morpeth, Northumberland. In 1798 he joined the Presbyterian Church, and in January 1803 began to study at Hoxton Academy [now Highbury College]. Once accepted by the London Missionary Society in 1804, he transferred to the Missionary Academy at Gosport where he remained until 1805. As Morrison's destination was to be in China, he spent two years studying the Chinese language and acquiring a basic knowledge of medicine, from an introductory course for missionaries at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London.
Morrison was ordained on 8 January 1807 at the Scots Church, Swallow Street, Westminster and arrived in Canton on 7 September 1807. The first two years in Canton were dedicated to further study of the Chinese language and to work on translating the scriptures. In 1809 he was appointed Chinese Translator in the East India Company, a post which he held until the lapse of its Charter in 1833, thereby gaining both a secure income and the right to remain in China. From 1833 to 1834 he held the post of Chinese Secretary and Interpreter under Lord Napier.
It is for his role as a pioneer missionary that Robert Morrison is perhaps most significant. He was the first British protestant missionary to work in China, and his influence can be seen neither in the number of converts he made nor in any overt role as an Evangelist, but rather in the foundations which he established for future missionary work in a society otherwise hostile to Christianity. Against this background, Morrison's task for the London Missionary Society was to make "the translation of the Holy Scriptures, into the Chinese language, the first and grand object of his attention". His three major works were a Dictionary of the Chinese language in three parts, completed in 1823, a Grammar of the Chinese language (1815), and, with the assistance of the Revd. William Milne, a Translation of the Old and New Testaments, completed in 1819.
The most significant of Morrison's educational endeavours was the establishment in 1818 of the Anglo-Chinese College in Malacca. The Morrison Education Society, created after Morrison's death by foreign residents in Canton, encouraged a mutual exchange of cultures and knowledge of languages, and Morrison's commitment to the need for a greater understanding of Chinese language and culture by the west led to the founding of the Language Institution in Bartlett's Buildings, London, 1824-1826.
Morrison's observation of the medical needs of the native community resulted in the establishment of a dispensary in Macao offering medical treatment to the Chinese. The dispensary was headed by a Chinese practitioner, familiar with the main principles of Western medicine, who was assisted by Dr. J. Livingstone, surgeon to the East India Company. However it was not until Benjamin Hobson's arrival in China in 1839 that the influence of Western medical practice became significant.
Robert Morrison died in Canton on 1 August 1834. He was married twice. Firstly in February 1809 to Mary Morton, who died in 1821, and secondly in November 1824 to Eliza Armstrong. He had seven children, two (John Robert and Mary Rebecca) by his first wife and five by his second.
John Robert Morrison (1814-1843):
John Robert Morrison, the eldest son of the Revd. Robert Morrison by his first wife Mary, was born at Macao in 1814. He was educated initially in Europe, studied the Chinese language under his father, and from 1827-30 attended the Anglo-Chinese College in Malacca.
From 1830 Morrison worked as a translator for the English merchants in Canton, China, and in 1832 accompanied Edmund Roberts, a United States merchant and diplomat, on an investigative mission to Siam (Thailand) and Cochin China (former French colony of Indo-China), resulting in the conclusion of trade treaties. He was also responsible for compiling the Chinese Commercial Guide, which provided information on British trade in China to the merchant community.
Following the death of his father in 1834, he was appointed Chinese Secretary to the British government. In this capacity he was directly involved in the diplomacy surrounding the outbreak of the 'opium wars' (1839-1842), and in the negotiations leading to the Treaty of Nanking.
With the establishment of peace, Morrison was made a member of the Legislative and Executive Council, and official Colonial Secretary of the Hong Kong government, by the English plenipotentiary Sir Henry Pottinger.
In addition to his official duties, John Robert shared his father's commitment to the spread of Christianity. On the death of Robert Morrison, he continued the work of the English Protestant Church in Canton, supporting those Chinese converts persecuted by the Chinese authorities, assisting with the revision of Robert Morrison's translation of the Bible, and appealing to the London Missionary Society to continue the missionary work in Canton. In February 1838 he was made Recording Secretary of the Medical Missionary Society. John Robert Morrison died in the autumn of 1843 from malarial fever. He was unmarried.
Benjamin Hobson (1816-1873):
Benjamin Hobson was born on 2 January 1816 at Welford, Northamptonshire, the son of an Independent minister. He began his medical studies as an apprentice at Birmingham General Hospital, and, in 1835 transferred to University College London, gaining the MB degree of the University of London, and Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons.
Prompted by a desire to use his medical knowledge in the service of Christianity, Hobson was appointed as a medical missionary for the London Missionary Society. In 1839 he left for China. On his return to England in 1859 he practised medicine in Clifton and Cheltenham, until retiring in 1864.
Dr Hobson died at Forest Hill, Sydenham on 16 February 1873. He was married twice: firstly in 1839 to Jane Abbay until her death in 1845, and secondly in 1847 to Mary Rebecca Morrison, daughter of the Revd. Robert Morrison. He had two children by his first wife and two by his second.
Dr Hobson is significant for being the first British protestant medical missionary to work in China. In general the work of the pioneer missionaries, including that of the Revd. Robert Morrison, had focused on the study of the language, the production of Christian literature and on the creation of openings into Chinese society. For Dr Hobson the role of such a missionary was both philanthropic and evangelistic: priority was given to meeting the medical needs of the native people in the belief that this would gain their confidence. His work in China was therefore devoted to the development of medical facilities in Macao, Hong Kong and Canton, the introduction of Western medical techniques, the preparation of texts in Chinese dealing with western medicine, and the provision of medical education in order to train native physicians.
Arriving in China in 1839, Hobson's first post was with William Lockhart at the hospital recently established by the Medical Missionary Society in Macao. Hobson's medical observations at this time cover the famine, small pox, cholera, leprosy and, in particular, the problems of opium addiction. His concern with the harmful effects of the opium trade led him to voice openly his opposition to the attitude of the English government.
In 1843 Benjamin Hobson moved to Hong Kong to take charge of the Missionary hospital newly founded by Peter Parker. As in Macao, the hospital was in great demand, with the treatment of ophthalmic conditions being the most common need. In the more tolerant atmosphere of Hong Kong, Hobson's commitment to the need for medical education of the native Chinese became apparent: firstly in his support for the China Medical and Chirurgical Society, founded in 1845; secondly in the training given to 'pupil assistants'; and thirdly in proposals to the Committee of the Medical Missionary Society for the establishing of 'medical classes'. However, a conflict of approaches to the role of the missionary and to the strategy of the Medical Missionary Society led to the creation of two separate associations, the Hong Kong Missionary Society (1845), supported by Dr Hobson, and the Medical Missionary Society in Canton supported by Peter Parker.
In 1847 Hobson moved to Canton to continue the work which had been neglected since the death in 1834 of his father-in-law, the Revd. Robert Morrison. Although Christianity was increasingly tolerated in China, the native city of Canton remained closed to Westerners, and Hobson had to establish his hospital in the Kam-Li-Fau district, in the Western suburbs. Hobson's medical observations continued, and show a continuing concern for leprosy and the problems of opium addiction. Similarly his awareness of the need for medical education is reflected in the importance of training given to pupil assistants, most of whom were subsequently considered competent to undertake small operations.
In 1856, in the face of the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Kam-Li-Fau hospital was closed. Dr Hobson transferred first to Hong Kong and then in 1857 to Shanghai, before returning to England in 1859. The eight years spent in Canton were perhaps the most significant in terms of Dr Hobson's contribution to the acceptance of Western medical practice, and enabled the publication in Chinese of major works bringing together selections from key English works on specific medical subjects. These works became standard medical texts for the Chinese and were translated into various languages including Korean and Japanese.
Whiffen and Sons Ltd, founded by Thomas Whiffen (1819-1904). Whiffen's chief products were of medical application, including poisons and alkaloids, with a special interest in quinine and strychnine.
Sir Thomas Lauder Brunton was a physician at St Bartholomew's Hospital.
Lionel Decle was author of Three Years in Savage Africa (London, 1898).
Revd Thomas Gayfere was a patient of the Gloucester County Lunatic Asylum.
Professor of Organic Chemistry at the Sorbonne, Paris.
Robert Liston (1794-1847) was Professor of Clinical Surgery at University College London. His brother David Liston (1800-1881) was Professor of Oriental Languages at Edinburgh. Henry Liston (1857-1900), LRCP, LRCS, was a medical man and the son of David Liston.
Joseph Jackson Lister was a wine merchant and amateur British opticist and physicist and the father of Joseph Lister. He carried out the research in the design of lenses that transformed the microscope.
David Urquhart (1805-1877) was a diplomat and a pioneer of the Turkish Bath in the United Kingdom, helping to establish one in Jermyn Street, London. His wife Harriet Angelina Urquhart (née Fortesque) was a literary figure under the pen-name 'Caritas'.
Ticehurst House Hospital was opened as a private lunatic asylum at Ticehurst, East Sussex, in 1792. The founder was Samuel Newington (1739-1811), who was already in practice at Ticehurst as a surgeon and apothecary. The asylum remained in the ownership of his descendants until recent times, and they continued to serve as its medical superintendents until the death of Herbert Francis Hayes Newington (1847-1917).
At first the hospital admitted a number of pauper patients as well as its more numerous private clients. However no pauper patients were admitted after 1838, and the clientèle became increasingly upper class as the century progressed. Already in the 1820s a prospectus was issued with impressive illustrations of the asylum and its grounds, which included a pagoda, a gothic summer house and an aviary for gold and silver pheasants. Later, in 1882, a newspaper report described the Ticehurst establishment as ducal, with horses and carriages, valets and liveried servants, hothouses, greenhouses, and its own pack of harriers. In keeping with this rise in social status, patients were increasingly drawn not only from Sussex, Kent, and the Home Counties, but from the whole of Great Britain and even from overseas.
In addition to Ticehurst House itself (known in the early years of the Hospital as The Establishment), the Newington family acquired a number of other properties in the vicinity for the accommodation of patients and staff. By 1827 the Hospital consisted of Ticehurst House itself, and two nearby houses, The Vineyard and The Highlands, set in pleasure grounds amounting to over forty acres. The acquisition of Brick Kiln Farm and other properties brought the total land holding to over three hundred acres by 1900.
Following the death of Herbert Francis Hayes Newington, the ownership and management structure of the Hospital was formalised by the registration of 'The Doctors Newington' in 1918 as a private unlimited company. The share capital of the company was divided equally between four trusts representing the various branches of the family: the Hayes Newington Family Trust Ltd; the Alexander Newington Trust Ltd; the Samuel Newington Family Trust Ltd; and the Herbert Newington Trust Ltd. The Hospital was run by a Board of Directors on which each of the Trusts was represented. Day to day management was the responsibility of two employees, the Secretary and, with respect to patient care, the Medical Superintendent. The dominant figure, however, until at least the 1950s, was the Chairman of the Board, Herbert Archer Hayes Newington.
In 1918 when 'The Doctors Newington' was registered as a company, its purposes were stated to be not only the management of the asylum, but also farming. The estate continued to be extensive until 1951, when it consisted of 311 acres. However a series of sales in the decade which followed, which included the disposal of Brick Kiln Farm, The Gables, Quarry Villa, and a substantial part of the land of Broomden Farm, brought a large reduction in the land holding, and the return of the Hospital to its original single function of psychiatric patient care.
The company was re-incorporated in 1967 as 'Ticehurst House Private Clinic Ltd.'. It became part of Nestor Nursing Homes Ltd. in 1974. Following this it was acquired by Westminster Healthcare and became part of the Priory Healthcare group in 2000. Information about the Priory group and its history can be found on the internet at http://www.prioryhealthcare.co.uk/.
The Society (est circa 1821) was instituted for the collection, cultivation, study and exploitation of medicinal plants. Fellows, including those drawn from the medical professions, attended lectures, submitted reports and awarded annual medals for the encouragement of medical botany. John Frost (1803-1840), the founder of the Medico-Botanical Society of London. Frost abandoned medicine for botany after quarrelling with his teacher Dr Wright, the apothecary of Bethlem Hospital. He founded the Medico-Botanical Society of London in 1821 and became Secretary to the Royal Humane Society in 1824; in 1830 he was expelled from the Medico-Botanical Society of London on the grounds of his arrogant behaviour and in 1832, as a result of financial liabilities, he fled to Paris. Subsequently he practised as a physician in Berlin.
G B Wood trained at Edinburgh and Manchester, later becoming senior house surgeon at Huddersfield Infirmary and practising on the Isle of Wight. MCh, MO at Jersey General Dispensary and Infirmary.
Joshua Webster (1709?-1801), MD, formulated his patent remedy "Dr. Webster's diet drink", or "Cerevisia Anglicana" in 1742. Shortly before his death Webster gave the recipe to Samuel Slee, a wine merchant in Southwark, whence it was inherited by his son, Edward Slee (d c 1836). In 1835 Edward Slee entered into partnership with one George Pike (d 1854), who also married Slee's daughter, Eliza. After Pike's death, Eliza Pike and her son George Pike junior (b 1835) continued trading as Edward Slee and Co, based at successive locations in the London area - Kennington, Lee, Harlington and Hounslow. Edward Slee and Co seem to have ceased trading shortly after the turn of the century.
Born, 1872; graduated from Harvard Medical School,1902; assistant visiting physician for diseases of the skin in the Boston City Hospital, 1906; taught dermatology at Tufts Medical School, 1917; Professor of Dermatology, Tufts Medical School, 1929-1929; founder member and first Vice President of the New England Dermatological Society; died, 1929.
Thomas Martin was a General Practitioner in Dorking.
Unknown
Victor Scheuer was a Belgian physician based at Spa, where he attended the Princes d'Orléans and other European nobility. He was a collector of autographs and his professional correspondence, involving contact with various notables, contributed to his collection.
The Sédillot family from Clermont, Cantal, produced several medical figures in the course of a few generations. Jean Sédillot was founder and editor of the Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy. Charles Sédillot was a military surgeon and Professor of Surgery at the Strasbourg faculty of medicine.
For further biographical information see Charles Henri Sunder, La vie et les oeuvres de Ch. Emmanuel Sedillot (1804-1883) (Strasbourg: Les Editions Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1933) and Alain Ségal, "Notice biographique sur Jean Sédillot Le Jeune (1757-1840)", in Histoire des sciences médicales T. 30, no. 4 (1996), pp. 495-500.
Sir William Herschel (1738-1822) was born in Hanover and came to England in 1757, where he taught music in Leeds, Halifax and Bath. He devoted himself to the study of mathematics and astronomy, built his own telescope in c 1773, and with it discovered the planet Uranus in 1781 (which he named 'Georgium Sidus' in honour of George III). He was appointed private astronomer to George III in 1782 and knighted in 1816, and is regarded as the virtual founder of sidereal science.
His sister Caroline Lucretia Herschel (1750-1848) discovered eight comets, receiving a salary from George III in 1787. She received the Astronomical Society's gold medal for her catalogue of Sir William Herschel's star clusters and nebulae, 1828, and was created an honorary member of the Society in 1835.
Sir John Frederick William Herschel (1792-1871), the son of Sir William Herschel, was a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, and obtained his M.A. in 1816. With George Peacock (1791-1858) he translated Lacroix's Elementary Treatise on the Differential Calculus, and was elected FRS in 1813.
His son Alexander Stewart Herschel (1836-1907) was born in South Africa, and studied meteorology at the Royal School of Mines, London, 1861. He was professor of physics at Glasgow, 1866-1871 and at Durham College, Newcastle, 1871-1886. He reported on observation of meteors to the British Association, 1862-1881, observing a solar eclipse in Spain in 1905, and was elected FRS in 1884.
The Colles family were based in Dublin in the late 18th century, later moving to Great Britain.
Richard Ernest Crompton was a 41-year-old gas-inspector in Bolton who enlisted in the RAMC in August 1915 for the duration of the war and served with the 93rd Field Ambulance. He was a widower with two daughters, Celia and Dora, apparently being looked after by his sister-in-law, Margaret Rushton.
David Fraser Fraser-Harris (1867-1937) was employed by the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum.
William Prout obtained his MD at Edinburgh University in 1811, and then began practice in London. He was a pioneer in physiological and organic chemistry, and lectured at his residence to a small but distinguished audience including Sir Astley Paston Cooper. (See MS.4016.) He was elected FRS in 1819, and FRCP in 1829.
The Bridgewater Treatises represented in this collection were the result of a bequest of £8,000 to the Royal Society by the Earl of Bridgewater, to finance the publication of a work or works "on the power, wisdom, and goodness, of God, as manifested in the creation". Eight were completed.
Edward Barclay-Smith was Professor of Anatomy at Cambridge University.
Sir Frederick William Andrewes (1859-1932) was appointed pathologist to St. Bartholomew's Hospital in 1897.
Professor Arthur Robertson Cushny, FRS (1866-1926) Professor of Pharmacology, University College London and Edinburgh University.
William Allen Daley held public health offices from the beginning of his career and was the Chief Medical Officer of Health for London County Council from 1939 until his retirement in February 1952, after which he was an Associate Member of the Baltimore Public Health Dept for 4 months.
After returning to Britain, Daley continued to serve on a variety of committees, relating to community health and ancillary professions, as well as other health and medical matters. He was involved in several special studies or projects, either as part of the particular committee or because he was invited to by the organisation. Very often a report was produced as a result of the work or study undertaken by Daley; in most cases, these reports can be found among these papers.
Christine Mary Murrell was born in 1874 and was given educational and other encouragement by her family to seek a public and professional career. She went to the London Medical School for Women in 1894, graduating MB BS in 1899, and was the second women to be appointed a house physician at the Royal Free Hospital. She also held an appointment at the Northumberland County Asylum which stimulated an interest in early mental disorder leading to an MD on that subject in 1905. She set up in general practice in Bayswater with Honor Bone, whom she had met at the London School, and developed a large and successful practice in this residential area, something still unusual for women in the early twentieth century. She also found time and energy to preside over one of the Infant Welfare Clinics established under the auspices of the St Marylebone Health Society, and to undertake lectures for the London County Council and other bodies on health and related subjects. Her 1923 book Womanhood and Health contains material which had formed part of her lectures. It embodied not only her medical knowledge but her feminist beliefs, arguing against received assumptions about the physiological disabilities of women. Besides leading an active professional life she took a considerable interest in public matters. She supported the militant suffrage movement as well as other campaigns for the benefit of women. She was active in the Medical Women's Federation, serving as its President 1926-1928, and founded its loan fund for junior medical women. She also took part in the wider field of medical politics as represented by the British Medical Association, and was the first woman appointed to its Central Council, in 1924, as well as serving on numerous other BMA committees. She was the first woman to be appointed to the General Medical Council, in 1933, although her premature death occurred before she was able to take her seat.
Charles Joseph Singer (MA, DM, D.Litt., Hon D.Sc., FRCP) was born on 2 November 1876 in London. He studied at University College London, and from 1896-99 he studied zoology at Oxford, graduating BA, BCh. In 1903 he qualified from St Mary's Hospital Medical School MRCS LRCP. He gained other degrees honours during his career: MA MD; FRCP; Honorary DSc. From 1904-1908 Singer held various hospital posts in England and abroad, including Sussex County Hospital; Brighton; Government House, Singapore; Abyssinia (Medical Officer to expedition); Malta and Salonica, where he returned during the First World War when he served with the RAMC.
Singer held various posts throughout his career: Registrar to the Cancer Hospital, London; Physician to Dreadnought Hospital; Lecturer in history of medicine at University College London, as well as work abroad, including Visiting Professor at University of California, Berkley.
He married Dorothea Waley Cohen, eldest daughter of Nathaniel L Cohen and Julia M Waley in 1910, with whom he was awarded the Sarton Medal of the History of Science Society of America.
He held a number of secretaryships and presidential posts, including Honorary Secretary of the Royal Society of Medicine (Historical Section), 1916-1919; President RSM (Historical Section), 1920-1922; President of Third International Congress of History of Medicine, 1922 and President of Académie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences. He retired in 1942.
Charles Singer died on 10 June, 1960 at home in Par, Cornwall. Dorothea Singer died on 24 June, 1964.
Charles McMoran Wilson, Lord Moran of Manton (1882-1977) had a long and active life. He was a prominent figure in the medical world, firstly as Dean of St Mary's Hospital Medical School (1920-1945), when he was responsible for rebuilding the premises and promoting the school as an undergraduate honours school. During this period he contributed to the debate on medical education, notably in his article `The Student in Irons', published in the BMJ in March 1932. He was elected president of the Royal College of Physicians (RCP), London, in April 1941, narrowly defeating the traditionalist Lord Horder, and was re-elected annually until he stepped down in favour of Russell Brain in 1950. He promoted the influence of the RCP as an independent voice for the consultants in the negotiations over the introduction of the National Health Service. He was created a baron in the New Year honours of 1943 and made his maiden speech in June of that year in the debate on the Beveridge report. He spoke powerfully in many of the debates on the NHS and was also a member of the second Spens Committee, which devised the merit awards system for consultants. He was the first chairman of the Awards Committee from 1949 to 1962 and with his vice-chairman, Sir Horace Hamilton, travelled extensively every year, working on the detail of individual recommendations for awards.
In addition to his role in medical politics he published two influential books. The Anatomy of Courage, published in February 1945, a study of the psychological effects of war, was a result of his experiences as a medical officer in the First World War and his work on shell-shock at a stationary hospital in Boulogne and later in Cambridge, where he met his wife, Dorothy Dufton. Throughout the 1930s he lectured to army colleges on morale in war and eventually brought all these thoughts together in the course of the Second World War, when he was travelling with Winston Churchill as his doctor. It is probably as Winston Churchill's doctor, that Lord Moran is best remembered and his second book Winston Churchill: Struggle for Survival, published fifteen months after his famous patient's death, was the subject of much controversy about the ethics of a doctor publishing information about a patient.
For further biographical information see Churchill's Doctor : A Biography of Lord Moran, by Richard Lovell (London: Royal Society of Medicine, 1992).
Born, 1890; educated at Rugby School; New College, Oxford; second-class degree in physiology and entered Guy's Hospital with a scholarship, 1912; dispatch rider, First World War, 1914; wounded, Sep 1914; returned to Guy's Hospital to complete his clinical studies, 1914; commissioned in the Royal Army Medical Corps and posted as medical officer to the Royal Flying Corps squadron at Farnborough, 1915; MRCP, 1916; returned to France to serve with 101 field ambulance and as medical officer of the 1st Middlesex regiment, 1916; resident medical officer at the National Hospital, Queen Square, London, 1919; assistant physician for nervous diseases at Guy's Hospital, 1920; Radcliffe travelling fellowship, USA, 1920; National Hospital, Queen Square, 1926; consultant in neurology to the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, 1926; civilian consultant in neurology to the RAF, 1934; consultant in neurology, Central Medical Establishment at Halton, 1939; returned to his hospital and private practice after the Second World War; Sims travelling professor, 1953; retired from hospital practice, 1955; retired from practice, 1963; died, 1978.
Ann Gwendolen Dally was born in Marylebone, London in 1926. Her father, Claud Mullins, was one of the founders of the Family Planning Association and of the Marriage Guidance Council. Ann won an Open Exhibition in Modern History to Somerville College, Oxford, and graduated in 1946. She then completed a year's service at the War Office in Germany and Austria. She began her medical training at St Thomas's Hospital in 1947, where she was one of the first three women to be offered a place for the first year course. She was a Nicholas Research Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and Weir Research Fellow of the Wandsworth Hospital Group. She qualified MB, BS in 1953. She also gained a diploma in Obstetrics and experience in general practice. She married Peter Dally in 1950 and went on to have six children. In 1969 Ann and Peter divorced and she married Philip Egerton in 1979.
She worked in several areas of medicine, including posts as a research registrar in general medicine, a medical journalist, radio psychiatrist in a phone in programme for Radio London for nearly 10 years, an editor of a paediatric journal (Maternal and Child Care) and in general practice (Family Doctor). She also wrote a regular column for the Sunday Telegraph and Evening News. Despite never training formally in psychiatry, in partnership with her ex-husband, Dr. Peter Dally, Ann practiced psychiatry in private practice. Peter and Ann were in practice together from 1968 until 1994. She was an associate of The Royal College of Psychiatrists.
Ann's main area of interest was families, mothers, babies and adolescents. It was this experience of mothers and children that led to an understanding of many psychiatric problems. Whilst sharing a private psychiatric practice with Peter, she became interested in drug addicts and their problems. She officially stopped treating drug addicts in September 1987.
In 1987 Ann was charged by the GMC of irresponsible prescribing, which was found not to be proved. The GMC found Ann guilty of professional misconduct and directed that for a period of 14 months, her registration be conditional on compliance with the requirement that she should not prescribe or possess controlled drugs. The GMC restored her full, unconditional registration at the end of the 14 month conditional period. An appeal was made to the Privy Council on the grounds that if the general charge was held not to be proven, this must imply that her treatment of patients was not culpable. The Privy Council dismissed the appeal against the GMC.
Ann Dally wrote many books including An Intelligent Person's Guide to Modern Medicine; A Doctor's Story; The Morbid Streak: Destructive Aspects of the Personality; Mothers - Their Power and Influence; and Women Under The Knife: A History of Surgery.
Dally was latterly a research fellow at The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine. She died on 24 March 2007.
Peter was born in 1923 and retired from private practice in 1994. Peter undertook his medical training at St. Thomas' Hospital too. He retired from the Westminster Hospital in 1988 at the age of 65 but continued with the private practice until the house in Devonshire Place was sold in 1994.
Daly was born on 14 April 1893 in Leamington Spa and educated at Rossall School, 1906-1911, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, 1911-1914, and St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, qualifying M.B., B.Ch., Cambridge, in 1918. In addition to completing his medical training, he also served with the Royal Navy Air Service during the First World War. Daly was Assistant in the Physiology Department, University College, London, 1919-1923, and Lecturer in Experimental Physiology, University of Wales, Cardiff, 1923-1927. He held Chairs in Physiology at the Universities of Birmingham, 1927-1933, and Edinburgh, 1933-1947, seconded 1943-1945, as Director of the Medical Research Council's Physiological Laboratory, Armoured Fighting Vehicle Training School, Lulworth, Dorset. He became the first Director of the Agricultural Research Council's Institute of Animal Physiology, Babraham, Cambridge, 1948-1958. He continued in active research in retirement as Wellcome Trust Research Fellow, 1958-1962, and with the financial support from the National Institutes of Health, USA, 1962-1965, at the University Laboratory of Physiology, Oxford. Daly was a leading authority on pulmonary and bronchial systems. He died on 8 February 1974. He was elected FRS in 1943.