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Postgraduate courses in Nuclear Power and Nuclear Technology were first offered by Imperial College in 1958. The Nuclear Technology course was part of the Department of Chemical Engineering, with the Nuclear Technology Group being established in 1962. The Nuclear Power course was part of the Department of Mechanical Engineering. The University of London Reactor Centre is located at Silwood Park, Berkshire, and is now operated within the T H Huxley School for the Environment, Earth Sciences and Engineering.

The Alumni Relations Office maintains regular contact with all former students of the College. The Office distributes the alumni magazine, IC Matters and services the administrative needs of the Constituent College Associations.
The Royal College of Science Union Motor Club maintains the College mascot 'Jezebel', a 1916 Dennis N - Type fire engine, donated to Imperial College in 1955. 'Boanergesis' is the City & Guilds College mascot, a 1902 James & Browne veteran car purchased in 1934. The mascot of the Royal School of Mines is the 1926 Morris T type truck 'Clementine', which in 1959 replaced the first Clementine, a steam roller.
During the First World War 2418 students from Imperial College served in the forces, of which 319 died.

After Imperial College received its new charter in 1998, the Governing Body was replaced by a Court and Council. Committees of the Governing Body and Board of Studies became Committees of the Council and of the Senate respectively.The Rector's Committees continue to act in an advisory capacity to the Rector in certain non-academic fields, with several having joint staff-student membership.

The key administrative functions of the College are carried out by the Registry, Secretariat, Estates, Finance and Personnel. The Academic Registrar, through the Board of Studies (later the Senate), administers academic matters, student admissions, the approval of courses and syllabuses and student records.The College Secretary services the Court and Council (formerly the Governing Body) and their associated committees.

A medical scheme was established by the Imperial College Hostel in 1945. A College Medical Officer was appointed in 1949, and a College Health Room (later Centre) established. By 1970 the Centre was providing a wide range of medical services.

The College Centenary celebrations of 1945 commemorated the founding of the Royal College of Chemistry in 1845, which was incorporated with the Royal School of Mines in 1853 and thus subsequently became part of Imperial College. An Appeal fund was launched with the celebrations to increase funding for planned College expansion. Charter Day celebrations mark the establishment of Imperial College in 1907 by Royal Charter.

A Records Committee was established in 1934 to organise the collection of college archives. A muniment room was established in 1937, and the first archivist appointed in 1957.

Schemes for the development of Imperial College have led to the rebuilding of the South Kensington site, particularly from the 1950s to mid 1970s. By 1935, Sir Henry Tizard, Rector of Imperial College from 1929-1942, had developed an expansion scheme to be achieved by securing the 'island site' campus (bounded by Exhibition Road, Prince Consort Road, Queen's Gate and the Museums) in South Kensington.
The Jubilee Expansion Scheme, approved in 1957, saw the remodelling of the College site on the securing of the 'island site'. The City and Guilds building was demolished in 1962, and the Imperial Institute building in 1963. The Collcutt Tower of the Imperial Institute (now Queen's Tower) was saved and became free-standing in 1968. New buildings were erected and residential student accommodation improved.

The teaching of Mechanical Engineering in South Kensington originated with the establishment of the City and Guilds Central Institution in 1884, which taught Engineering. By 1913 two separate departments of Mechanical Engineering and Civil Engineering had emerged, as part of the renamed City and Guilds College. The Biomechanics section was developed during the 1960s, and a professorship awarded in 1974.
The Industrial Sociology Unit, established as an independent unit in 1969, and the Department of Management Science, established in 1971 were both previously part of the Department of Mechanical Engineering.

The Department of Management Science was established in 1971 on its separation from the Department of Mechanical Engineering. The Department had its origins in a postgraduate course in Production Engineering in 1955, within the Department of Mechanical Engineering. From 1961 a course in Management Studies was offered, and the section became the Production Engineering and Management Studies Section (later the Management Engineering Section). In 1987, the Department merged with the Department of Social and Economic Studies to form the Management School.

The Group's origins were in mining and in metallurgy. Created in April 1880, its core business remained the extraction and processing of nickel ore for almost a century.

The 1970's were the first turning point. A holding company brought the group's companies together under the name Imetal, then diversified and extended its activity.

From 1990 onward, the Group focused its development on Industrial Minerals and implemented an ambitious acquisitions policy. Imetal established strong positions in white pigments, first in kaolins (Dry Branch Kaolin Company, United States) then in calcium carbonates (Georgia Marble, United States). It entered the graphite market (Timcal, Switzerland; Stratmin Graphite, Canada). The Group then expanded through acquisitions in refractories (C-E Minerals, United States; Plibrico, Luxembourg), clays (Cératéra, France), ceramic bodies (KPCL, France) and technical ceramics (Refral, France; Lomba and Cedonosa, Spain).

Between 1994 and 1998, Imetal doubled in size, one-third by organic growth and two-thirds by external growth. In 1998, business was structured around two sectors (Minerals Processing, Metals Processing) with an operating division-based organization.

In 1999 it acquired English China Clays (ECC). Founded in 1919, this UK company was a major producer of white pigments (kaolin and calcium carbonates). Following this operation, the Group completed its business refocusing on minerals processing by divesting its Metals Processing activity, comprised of the North American companies Copperweld and Copperweld Canada (world leader in bimetallic wires, American leader in speciality tubing).

To reflect this change, Imetal changed its name to Imerys on September 22, 1999. The Group completed the refocusing process by withdrawing from activities that no longer corresponded to its core business, including dimension stones (Georgia, USA) and trading. The speciality chemicals distribution business (CDM AB, Sweden) was divested in 2004, followed in 2005 by trading in mainly basic refractories (American Minerals, Inc, USA) and roofing products distribution (Larivière, France). Since 2000, the Group has developed by leveraging its unique know-how. From a varied portfolio of rare resources, Imerys turns industrial minerals into specialities with high added value for its customers. Organized into business groups that correspond to its main markets, the Group constantly broadens its product range, extends its geographic network into high-growth zones and takes up positions on new markets. See http://www.imerys.com/scopi/group/imeryscom/imeryscom.nsf/pagesref/NDEN-7BQMSU?OpenDocument&lang=en for more information (accessed Nov 2009)

The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 came as a result of the anti-Ottoman uprising (1875) in Bosnia and Hercegovina. On Russian instigation, Serbia and Montenegro joined the rebels in their war on the Ottoman Empire. After securing Austrian neutrality, Russia openly entered the war in 1877. The Treaty of San Stefano in 1878 so thoroughly revised the map in favor of Russia and of Russian-influenced Bulgaria that the European powers called a conference (the Congress of Berlin) to revise its terms.

These papers relate to various members of the Illidge family in the 19th century, in particular John Illidge, stockbroker (Sheriff 1834/5; died 1846) and his sons Thomas Bailey Illidge and John Betts Illidge.

W T Iliff entered as a pupil at Guy's Hospital, January 1819.

Ilford Synagogue was founded in 1936. It became a District Synagogue of the United Synagogue in 1937 and later gained Constituent Synagogue status. It is situated on Beehive Lane.

The Ilford Central Women's Section was formed in 1919 and since 1975 it has been known as the Ilford South Women's Section of the Constituency Labour Party.

The Greater London Council (GLC) was established in 1963, replacing the London County Council (LCC) and various metropolitan boroughs. The LCC had been responsible for education, but the GLC was not. Therefore, the Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) was founded as the education authority for the 12 inner London boroughs. The 20 outer London boroughs were responsible for education in their area. The GLC was abolished in 1986 but the ILEA was not abolished until 1990.

The Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) ran 33 Adult Education Institutes.

The Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) was responsible for the education service which had been provided by the London County Council (LCC) until 1 April 1965 when the LCC was abolished. The boundaries of the area covered by the ILEA were the same as those of the LCC and encompassed the 12 inner London boroughs as well as the City of London. The 20 outer London boroughs were responsible for education in their area. The ILEA was a 'special committee' of the Greater London Council (GLC), in the sense that once it was constituted it was virtually autonomous. In practice, the GLC and the ILEA worked closely together, as the ILEA relied on the GLC for architectural, engineering, legal, valuation and supplies services. The Clerk and the Comptroller of Financial Services at the GLC performed the same functions for ILEA.

The ILEA consisted of 48 members, 35 of whom were elected members of the GLC. The other 13 members consisted of one representative of each of the 12 inner London borough councils, and one member of the Common Council of the City of London. The work of ILEA was done through an Education Committee which included the 48 members of the Authority together with 17 other persons chosen because of their experience in the educational field, including five serving teachers. The Authority had central offices at County Hall run by the Education Officer. There were also 10 divisional offices covering one or more borough as follows:

1 - Kensington and Chelsea and Hammersmith

2 - Camden and Westminster

3 - Islington

4 - Hackney

5 - Tower Hamlets and the City of London

6 - Greenwich

7 - Lewisham

8 - Southwark

9 - Lambeth

10 - Wandsworth

Responsibilities of the ILEA included:

• management and administration of nursery schools, primary schools, secondary schools, colleges and polytechnics

• management of two boarding schools outside London (Woolverstone Hall, Ipswich and Crown Woods School, Eltham)

• management of two Rural Centres at Marchant's Hill and Sayers Croft in Surrey, summer camp at Swanage, Dorset and mountain centre at Tyn-y-Berth, Wales

• management of special schools and hospital schools for children with disabilities including the blind, partially sighted, deaf, partially hearing, physically disabled, delicate, maladjusted, autistic, those with speech defects and the educationally subnormal

• running the Education Welfare Service, a partnership between social workers and school care workers

• running a Careers Service for secondary school and college students

• offering financial assistance to students in further education

• management of Adult Education and Literary Institutes offering evening classes

• management of Youth Centres and the Recreational Institute for young people aged 14-20, and liaison with the London Youth Committee

• co-ordination of the teaching service including management of teacher-training colleges, support for further career development training and secondment of teachers to posts overseas

• management of non-teaching staff

• supply of books, teaching materials, equipment and furniture

• management of land and buildings including building programme to modernise older school buildings

• management of Media Resources Centre, a library of slides, film strips, audio tapes, slide presentations, work cards, packs, and overhead projector transparencies, and development of new teaching materials

• running the Educational Television Service, providing programmes for schools and colleges

• running a library service in schools and colleges, and the ILEA Library at County Hall which provided an advisory service and a loan collection for teachers

• aiding the London Schools Drama Association and the London Schools Music Association

• maintenance of playing fields, boat-houses and swimming pools

• running the Research Department to provide a comprehensive central statistical service for the education service and conducting and supporting research into education matters

• administration of two museums, the Horniman in Forest Hill and the Geffrye in Hackney

• maintenance of fleet of school buses, used to take disabled children to school and to take school children on educational visits

• provision of School Heath Service providing free medical inspections and some free treatment for schoolchildren; also provided speech therapy, child guidance, nursing services at special and boarding schools, physiotherapy, hygiene inspections and audiometric testing

• provision of school meals through the Catering Branch.

The GLC was abolished in 1986, but the inner London boroughs were not thought ready to manage education so the ILEA was not abolished. It became the only directly elected educational committee in the country. However, it was considered overly bureaucratic and was accused of overspending by the Conservative government. Kenneth Baker MP, then Secretary of State for Education and Science, suggested in his Education Reform Bill that boroughs should be allowed to opt-out of the ILEA. MPs Michael Heseltine and Norman Tebbit tabled an amendment to the Bill proposing that ILEA should be abolished. The amendment was accepted and it was announced that ILEA would be abolished in 1990 under the Education Reform Act of 1988. The responsibilities of ILEA passed to the inner London boroughs.

The ILEA Bridging Course began as a pre-pilot scheme in 1976 with one college and two associated schools. By 1980, the numbers involved had grown to nine secondary schools and five colleges of further education in seven divisions of the ILEA. The intention of the Course was to bridge the transition from school to working life. It was part-funded by the EEC from 1978-1982.

Paul Ignotus (1901-1978) was a writer. He was born in Hungary but came to Britain in 1956 and lived here for the rest of his life.

The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales was established by royal charter on 11 May 1880 reference code CLC/B/124/MS28431B). The charter incorporated the five English accountancy bodies established between 1870 and 1877: the Incorporated Society of Liverpool Accountants (now the Liverpool Society of Chartered Accountants); the Institute of Accountants; the Manchester Institute of Accountants (now the Manchester Society of Chartered Accountants); the Sheffield Institute of Accountants (now the Sheffield and District Society of Chartered Accountants); and the Society of Accountants in England.

Its objects as redefined in the supplemental charter of 1948 were, and are: "to advance the theory and practice of accountancy in all its aspects, including, in particular, auditing, financial management and taxation; to recruit, educate and train a body of members skilled in these arts; to preserve at all times the professional independence of accountants in whatever capacities they may be serving; to maintain high standards of practice and professional conduct by all its members; to do all such things as may advance the profession of accountancy in relation to public practice, industry, commerce and the public service".

Membership of the Institute at the time of incorporation was 599. The charter defined two classes of membership, fellows and associates, and provided for examination of those applying to be associate members. From the outset, the Institute aimed to raise the standards of new entrants to the profession. Its refusal to relax its strict admission requirements led, in 1885, to the formation of the Society of Accountants and Auditors by 300 accountants who did not qualify for membership of the Institute. This Society eventually amalgamated with the Institute of Chartered Accountants and the Scottish and Irish Institutes in 1957.

The first application for membership by a woman was received in 1888, but was not allowed until after the First World War when the passing of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act in 1919 made it illegal to bar women from membership. In 1992, the Institute had over 100,000 members.

The Institute sets its own entry requirements, code of ethics and disciplinary and practising standards, and monitors the activities of members and firms to ensure that the standards are maintained. It undertakes technical work and research, and offers arrange of advisory services to its members and to the public. It is a member of the Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies which includes the five major accountancy bodies in the British Isles, and is represented in the major international accountancy organisations. The Institute is governed by a council of 60 elected representatives who elect a president, deputy president and vice-president to hold office for one year. It is represented around the country by 22 district societies and 27 branch societies.

The Institute has operated a library from the outset, as one of the principal objects of the Institute. The ICAEW library catalogue of 1903 states 'The foundation of the Library of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales is of earlier date than that of the Charter: the Library of the then existing Institute of Accountants, founded in 1870, having been transferred when the Charter was granted on the 11th May 1880'.

The Institute was originally based at 3 Copthall Buildings. Its present headquarters building is Chartered Accountants' Hall, Moorgate Place, which was built in the early 1890s to the design of the leading Victorian architect, John Belcher, R. A. A second building was opened in Milton Keynes in 1984.

Born, 1893; served in World War One, 1914-1918; mobilised with Special Reserve, 1914; commissioned into the Royal Dublin Fusiliers, 1915; served on Western Front, 1916; commanded 11 Platoon, C Company, 2 Bn, Royal Dublin Fusiliers, Battle of the Somme, Picardy, France, 1916; Lt, 1917; transferred to Gloucestershire Regt, 1917; service in Nyasaland, Northern Rhodesia, and German and Portuguese East Africa, 1917-1918; served with West African Frontier Force, 1917-1919; service in operations against the Egba, Nigeria, 1918; served with 2 Bn, Royal Dublin Fusiliers, Turkey and India, 1920-[1922]; Capt, 1927; transferred to Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, 1927; Staff Capt, Northern Ireland District, 1929-1933; Maj, 1938; service in Singapore and India, 1938-1939; served in World War Two, 1939-1945; temporary Lt Col, 1940; Officer Commanding Troops, Falkland Islands, 1942-1944; commanded 9 Line of Communications Sub Area, British Liberation Army, North West Europe, 1944-1946; retired as Hon Brig, 1946; awarded CBE, 1946; service with United Nations (UN), 1947-1953; died 1972.

The Jews' Free School (now JFS Comprehensive) is the largest Jewish school in Britain. It was founded by Moses Hart, who paid for the restoration of the Great Synagogue where the school opened as a Talmud Torah for 15 boys in 1732. It was originally a charity school for orphaned boys with priority given to those of German parentage. By 1788 the school had moved to Houndsditch and in the late 1790s moved again to Gun Square where the number of pupils increased in 21. In the nineteenth century Dr. Joshua Van Oven found a permanent site for the school in Bell Lane.

Between 1880 and 1900, one third of all London's Jewish children passed through its doors - by 1900 it had some 4,000 pupils and was the largest school in Europe. The School provided these children with a refuge from poverty, a religious and secular education and in the spirit of the times anglicised them. Famous pupils from this time include Barney Barnato, Bud Flanagan, Alfred Marks and the novelist Israel Zangwill. The school enjoyed the patronage of the Rothschilds and had for 51 years a headmaster called Moses Angel. Angel was probably the most influential figure in Jewish education in the nineteenth century and a great advocate of "anglicising" his pupils. They were, he said "ignorant even of the elements of sound; until they had been Anglicised."

The school remained there until 1939 when it was evacuated to Ely. The Bell Lane building was destroyed during enemy action and after the Second World War the school remained closed untilk a new site was found on the Camden Road. In 1958 the school reopened as JFS Comprehensive.

The Hydrographic Department of the Admiralty was established by Order-in-Council in 1795 for the purpose of supplying up-to-date charts and hydrographic information to ships of the Royal Navy, in the first instance from a mass of undigested material accumulated at the Admiralty. In 1809 the Department also became responsible for supplying the fleet with chronometers. Through the nineteenth century the scope of the Department was steadily expanded until by the 1880s Great Britain became the first nation to offer a world coverage of charts and sailing directions on sale to shipping of all nations.

A deed is any document affecting title, that is, proof of ownership, of the land in question. The land may or may not have buildings upon it. Common types of deed include conveyances, mortgages, bonds, grants of easements, wills and administrations.

Conveyances are transfers of land from one party to another, usually for money. Early forms of conveyance include feoffments, surrenders and admissions at manor courts (if the property was copyhold), final concords, common recoveries, bargains and sales and leases and releases.

Probate (also called proving a will) is the process of establishing the validity of a will, which was recorded in the grant of probate.

From the British Records Association "Guidelines 3 - Interpreting Deeds: How To Interpret Deeds - A Simple Guide And Glossary".

Yates, James (1789-1871), Unitarian minister and scholar, was born in Toxteth Park, Liverpool, on 30 April 1789. His father was minister (1777-1823) of the dissenting congregation in Kaye Street and later in Paradise Street, Liverpool. In 1811 Yates became the unordained minister of a Unitarian congregation in Glasgow, for which a new chapel was opened on 15 November 1812 in Union Place.

In 1827 Yates spent a semester at the University of Berlin studying classical philology. In 1819 he was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society, in 1822 of the Linnean Society, and in 1831 of the Royal Society. In 1832 Yates succeeded John Scott Porter as minister of Carter Lane Chapel, Doctors' Commons, London. However, in 1834 he left the ministry and, being unordained, gave up using the title Reverend. His interest in denominational history and controversy was unabated. From 1831 to 1861 he served as a trustee of Dr Williams's foundations, among other great services introducing the system of competitive examinations for scholarships.

Except for Leonhard Schmitz, Yates was the largest contributor to the "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities" (1842) edited by William Smith (1813-1893); he supplied drawings for one-half of the woodcuts and wrote one-eighth of the text. His "Textrinum antiquorum" (1843), of which only the first part, with valuable appendices, was published, illustrates the minuteness and accuracy of his research. Numerous papers on archaeological subjects were contributed by him to the learned societies of London and Liverpool, and he became a strong advocate of the decimal system.

About 1820 Yates had married Dorothea (d. 1884), daughter of John William Crompton of Edgbaston, Birmingham; there were no children. With his inherited wealth he passed his later years in learned leisure at Lauderdale House, Highgate, where he had a fine library, a valuable collection of works of art, and a noted garden. Though his own habits were simple, he was noted for his extensive hospitality, and his conversation, aided by a marvellous memory, was deeply interesting. He was small in stature with a courtly dignity in his bearing; his power of caustic remark was all the more effective, given the unvarying calmness of his measured speech. He died at Lauderdale House on 7 May 1871, and was buried at Highgate cemetery on 11 May. His will left considerable benefactions, including endowments for chairs in University College, London, but his property did not realize the estimated amount.

From: Alexander Gordon, 'Yates, James (1789-1871)', rev. R. K. Webb, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2007 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30192, accessed 10 Nov 2009]

The manorial rights of Twickenham Manor were granted to Queen Henrietta Maria as part of her jointure in 1629, and, having been sold by Parliament in 1652, were returned to her at the Restoration. In 1665 she granted the manor to the Earl of Clarendon. His son Laurence Hyde, who was created Earl of Rochester in 1682, was in possession in 1689.

From: 'Twickenham: Manors', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3: Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell, Sunbury, Teddington, Heston and Isleworth, Twickenham, Cowley, Cranford, West Drayton, Greenford, Hanwell, Harefield and Harlington (1962), pp. 147-150 (available online).

No information was available at the time of compilation.

Born, 1756, Devon; married John Huxtable (1760-1838), South Molton, Devon, in November 1784; John Huxtable acquired Narracott, a farm in George Nympton parish, in 1806 and the family moved into the property in 1811; the couple had eight children, six sons and two daughters; Elizabeth Huxtable died in South Molton in July 1851, aged 94.

Thomas James Poole was born in Bridgwater, in 1809. He was apprenticed as a surgeon to Anthony Huxtable and Henry Clark in 1825. He went on to receive his medical education at St Bartholemews hospital, and passed his LSA in 1830, and his MRCS in 1832. Poole practised around the Somerset area and was Medical Officer to the Bridgewater Union, fl 1847. He died in 1881.

Anthony Huxtable MRCS, was a surgeon, apothecary and accouchier apprenticed to John Ball in Williton, Somerset, in 1797. He was practising surgery in Bristol in 1825, and his address given as Union Street, King Square, Bristol in 1826.

Henry Clark was a surgeon, apothecary and accouchier practising in Bristol, in 1825.

Thomas Henry Huxley died in Eastbourne on 29 June 1895 at the age of 70. A Memorial Committee was set up in August the same year with the object of collecting money to provide a fitting tribute to this great scientist. The first Provisional Committee was replaced by a large and distinguished General Committee, which met in November under the chairmanship of the Duke of Devonshire, and decided to seek funds for a statue, a medal and a studentship. An Executive Committee of twenty was set up at this meeting, and a number of local committees took charge of fund-raising in their areas. Statue and medal sub-committees were constituted soon afterwards. Of the £3378 which was collected over the next four years, £1813 was spent on a marble statue by Edward Onslow Ford which was unveiled in the Central Hall of the Natural History Museum by the Prince of Wales in April 1900. Dies for a portrait medal were commissioned from the sculptor Frank Bowcher, and the remaining money was passed to the Royal College of Science as an endowment. A student in zoology, botany or palaeontology would be awarded the Huxley Gold Medal, with the option of receiving a silver medal and a sum of money instead. The committees were wound up in 1900 once the unveiling had taken place.

T H Huxley met Henrietta Anne Heathorn in Sydney, Australia, at the home of her stepsister Oriana in 1847, whilst travelling with the surveying ship HMS RATTLESNAKE. They became engaged, and Huxley returned to England in 1850. They did not see other again until Henrietta Heathorn came to England in 1855 to be married to Huxley, and during this time letters were their only method of communication.

Born, Ealing, London, 1825; studied medicine; Assistant Surgeon, surveying ship HMS RATTLESNAKE around Australia, 1846-1850; Lecturer in Natural History, School of Mines, 1854; Naturalist to the Geological Survey, 1854; Hunterian professor, Royal College of Surgeons, 1863-1869; Fullerian professor, Royal Institution, 1863-1867; Professor of Biology and Dean, Normal School of Science (later Royal College of Chemistry), 1881-1895; Dean, Royal School of Mines, 1881-1895; Honorary Professor of Biology, 1885-1895; foremost advocate in England of Darwin's theory of evolution; died, 1895.
Publications: include: On the educational value of the natural history sciences (London, 1854); The Oceanic Hydrozoa; a description of the Calycophoridae and Physophoridae observed during the voyage of HMS "Rattlesnake" in the years 1846-50 (London, 1859); Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy vol 1 (London, 1864); A catalogue of the collection of Fossils in the Museum of Practical Geology, with an explanatory introduction with Robert Etheridge (London, 1865); Lessons in Elementary Physiology (London, 1866); An Introduction to the Classification of Animals (London, 1869); Lay Sermons, Addresses, and Reviews (London, 1870); A Manual of the Anatomy of vertebrated animals (London, 1871); More Criticisms on Darwin, and Administrative Nihilism (D Appleton & Co, New York, 1872); A course of practical instruction in elementary biology assisted by H N Martin (London, Cambridge [printed], 1875); A Manual of the anatomy of Invertebrated Animals (London, 1877); Physiography: an introduction to the study of nature (London, 1877); Fish Diseases (London, 1883); Evolution and Ethics (The Romanes Lecture, 1893) (Macmillan and Co, London, 1893); Man's Place in Nature, and other essays [1906]; Collected Essays 9 vol (Macmillan and Co, London, 1894-1908); The Scientific Memoirs of T H Huxley edited by Professor Michael Foster and Professor E Ray Lankester 5 vol (Macmillan & Co, London, 1898-1903).

Aldous Leonard Huxley was born at Godalming, Surrey, in 1894; educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford. His very poor eyesight prevented him from becoming a doctor and he initially became a teacher before turning to professional writing. Huxley emigrated to the United States in 1937, and worked as a Hollywood screenwriter for several years. In later life he was better known for essays, critical work and lecturing. Many of Huxley's relations became prominent in various fields, including the zoologist Julian Sorell Huxley (his brother), the novelist Mrs Humphrey Ward (his maternal aunt), the poet Matthew Arnold (his maternal great uncle) and the scientist Thomas Henry Huxley (his paternal grandfather). Huxley died in 1963.

Publications include Brave new World 1930.

William Hutton was born in on 26 July 1797 in Sunderland. He had little formal education, but by 1818 Hutton had joined the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne and in 1825 the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne. By this time he had already become honorary curator of the George Allan Museum, which had been purchased by the Literary and Philosophical Society in 1822, and had began to amass his own collection of minerals and fossil plants.

He became a Fellow of the Geological Society in 1828, and the next year helped found the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne, of which he also acted as secretary and curator. From 1830 until 1835 he was also co-secretary of the Newcastle Literary, Scientific and Mechanical Institution and from 1835 served as one of its vice-presidents.

Hutton's major contribution was his work on palaeobotany, publishing The Fossil Flora, between 1831 and 1837 which was co-authored by John Lindley (1799-1865). His other significant contribution was his work on the nature of coal. The fossil plant Huttonia was named after him in 1837 by Sternberg in recognition of his achievements and in 1840 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society.

By 1845, Hutton had also taken on the post of treasurer for the Natural History Society, the extra work possibly contributing to the breakdown in his health which occurred the following year. For the next few years he lived in Malta, returning to Britain in 1851. He later moved to West Hartlepool, becoming involved with the local Literary and Mechanics Institution and the plan to establish a museum at the Athenaeum. He died on 20 November 1860.

Born 1925; educated Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, 1938; Midshipman, HMS JAMAICA, 1942; Sub Lieutenant, HMS WARSPITE, 1944; trained as Fleet Air Arm pilot, 1945-1946; pilot, HMS OCEAN, 1945-1946; Instructor, Operation Flying School, Royal Naval Air Station Lossiemouth, 1948-1950; Instructor, Cadet Training Cruiser DEVONSHIRE, 1950-1952; senior pilot, 815 Squadron, Eglinton, Londonderry, 1952-1954; personal pilot to Flag Officer (Air) Home, 1954-1956; Commander, 1958; service in anti-submarine frigates HMS PELLEW and HMS HARDY, 1958-1961; Joint Services Staff College, Latimer, 1961; on Directing Staff, Joint Services Staff College, 1961-1963; Commander (Air), and second in command, HMS BULWARK, Singapore, 1963-1965; Commodore, Amphibious Warfare, Singapore, 1966; Chief of Staff, Amphibious Warfare, 1967-1972; retired 1972; died 2003.

Charles Hutton (1737-1823) was the son of a colliery labourer. He opened a mathematical school at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1760, and became Professor of Mathematics at the Woolwich Academy from 1773 to 1807. During this period, he also acted as editor of the Ladies Diary, 1773-1818. Hutton was a Fellow of the Royal Society, 1774, became the Copley medallist in 1778, and acted as its foreign secretary in 1779. Amongst other work, Hutton calculated the mean density of the earth in 1778. Publications: The compendious measurer; being a brief, yet comprehensive, treatise on mensuration and practical geometry. With an introduction to decimal and duodecimal arithmetic (G.G.J. and J. Robinson, and R. Baldwin ... and G. and J. Wilkie ..., London, 1786); The school-master's guide: or, a complete system of practical arithmetic, adapted to the use of schools (I. Thompson, Esq, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1764); A Computation of the length of the sine of a circular arc of one minute of a degree; A course of mathematics, in two volumes: composed, and more especially designed, for the use of the gentlemen cadets in the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich (G.G. and J. Robinson, London, 1798); A mathematical and philosophical dictionary: containing an explanation of the terms, and an account of the several subjects, comprized under the heads mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy both natural and experimental ... also memoirs of the lives and writings of the most eminent authors, both ancient and modern (J. Johnson; G. G. & J. Robinson, London, 1795); A treatise on Mensuration, both in theory and practice (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1770); An account of the Calculations made from the survey and measures taken at Schehallien, in order to ascertain the mean density of the earth (London, 1779); Mathematical Tables ... containing ... logarithms ... with tables useful in mathematical calculations. To which is prefixed a large ... history of the ... writings relating to those subjects, etc.. London, 1785; The principles of bridges: containing the mathematical demonstrations of the properties of the arches, the thickness of the piers, the force of the water against them (T. Saint, London, 1772).

Otto F Hutter was a former refugee from Vienna who came to Great Britain as a child on one of the Kindertransporte in 1939.

Michael Stewart Rees Hutt, born 1 October 1922; awarded senior lectureship in pathology at St Thomas' Hospital Medical School in London and appointed Professor of Pathology at Makerere University College, Kampala, in Uganda, 1962.

Whilst in Uganda, Hutt organised a country-wide postal pathology system so that remote hospitals received diagnoses in time to be meaningful; enabled one of the few excellent tropical country cancer registries to be set up and stimulated much medical research. Hutt and Dennis Burkitt made a road safari around the mission and government hospitals of Uganda and eastern Zaire, mid-1960s, gathering cancer incidence data. This work on illnesses including Burkitt's lymphoma, oesophageal and liver cancer was important in demonstrating that cancer is a very non-uniform disease. Hutt's work regarding a tumour called Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) showed that on the Uganda/Zaire border it accounted for 10 per cent of all tumours among adults, this occurred prior to the epidemic of HIV and Aids and was a crucial discovery.

Hutt returned to UK in 1970 and became Professor of Geographical Pathology in a unit created for him and Burkitt in St Thomas', developing a system of diagnostic pathology for resource-poor countries. Hutt retired in 1983; continued to press for support of medicine in Africa, especially in Uganda and through the Commonwealth Secretariat organised an umbrella group 'Apecsa, the Association of Pathologists of East, Central and Southern Africa', to reinforce pathology provision and local staff in Africa. Hutt died in Crickhowell, Powys on 29 March 2000.

Publications include: The geography of non-infectious disease (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986) and Kaposi's sarcoma: 2nd Kaposi's Sarcoma Symposium, Kampala, January 8 to 11, 1980 edited by Hutt and others (Karger, New York, 1981).

David Hutchison MRCGP, FSA (1920-2001) was a general practitioner in Musselburgh, Scotland.

Unknown

The membership lists for the Royal College of Surgeons of England show more than one William Hutchinson in the early 1800s. No further biographical information was available at the time of compilation.

Details of the creator were unknown at the time of the compilation of this finding aid.

Sir Jonathan Hutchinson was born at Selby, Yorkshire, on 23 July 1828, the son of Jonathan Hutchinson, a middleman in the flax trade and a member of the Society of Friends. Brought up as a Quaker, Hutchinson remained influenced by the doctrine of the Quakers throughout his life. He was educated at Selby and then apprenticed to the surgeon Caleb Williams of York in 1845. Between 1846 and 1850 Hutchinson attended both the York School of Medicine, where Williams lectured on materia medica and therapeutics, and the York County Hospital. Hutchinson went to London in 1849 to complete his medical training at St Bartholomew's Hospital. In 1850 he became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, and a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries.

Disliking the thought of private practice, he began his medical career writing for the medical journals, and coaching pupils for examinations. From 1853 he wrote weekly hospital reports for the Medical Times and Gazette. He remained a prolific writer throughout his career. In the early 1850s he was also appointed as clinical assistant to the Liverpool Street Chest Hospital, assistant surgeon to the Metropolitan Free Hospital, and soon afterwards joined the staff of the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital and the Blackfriars Hospital for Skin Diseases. After marrying Jane Pynsent West in 1856, he began private practice in London. In 1859 he was appointed assistant surgeon to the London Hospital.

Hutchinson helped found the New Sydenham Society in 1859, after the dissolution of the original Sydenham Society. He was its secretary throughout its existence, until 1907, and was responsible for editing the many publications of the Society. He was appointed assistant surgeon to the Royal Lock Hospital, and full surgeon to the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital, in 1862, and in the same year became lecturer on surgery at the London Hospital. Also in 1862 Hutchinson became a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons. In 1863 he became full surgeon at the London Hospital and began to lecture in medical ophthalmology, as well as surgery. Due to his new posts he stopped writing his weekly reports for the Medical Times and Gazette. 1863 also saw the publication of his book on inherited syphilis, A Clinical Memoir on Certain Diseases of the Eye and Ear, Consequent on Inherited Syphilis.

Hutchinson became a leading authority on the subjects of ophthalmology, dermatology, neurology, and in particular syphilis, and has been described as `the greatest general practitioner in Europe' (DNB, 1927, p.279). He promulgated the view that syphilis is a specific fever like smallpox or measles. His skill lay in observation, and the accumulation and collation of clinical facts. However his deductions from them were not always convincing, such as his conclusion that leprosy was caused by the consumption of decaying fish. Even after the discovery of the lepra bacillus Hutchinson did not change his opinion, despite being in direct opposition to the rest of the medical profession.

In 1868 he helped to establish the pathological museum held in connection with the annual meetings of the British Medical Association (BMA). From 1869-70 Hutchinson edited the British Medical Journal. In 1874 he moved to larger premises at 15 Cavendish Square, next door to his famous medical colleague Sir Andrew Clark. He was President of the Section of Surgery of the BMA in 1876. In 1878 the first volume of his Illustrations of Clinical Surgery (1878-84) appeared, consisting of drawings, photographs, and diagrams illustrating diseases, symptoms, and injuries with full explanations. From 1879-95 he served on the council of the Royal College of Surgeons, and between 1879-83 was their Hunterian Professor of Surgery and Pathology. He served on the Royal Commission on Smallpox and Fever Cases in London Hospitals, in 1881. In 1882 he was elected fellow of the Royal Society.

In 1883 he left the active service of the London Hospital, and became emeritus professor of surgery at the Hospital's medical school. The Hutchinson triennial prize essay was established to commemorate his services to the Hospital. Hutchinson became president of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1889, and began the publication of his series Archives of Surgery (1889-1900), which was issued quarterly, and proved of interest to general practitioners, surgeons, physicians, and specialists. From 1890-96 he served on the Royal Commission on Vaccination. In 1891 he delivered the Hunterian Oration of the Royal College of Surgeons. In 1895 he published A Smaller Atlas of Illustrations of Clinical Surgery.

Over the years Hutchinson acquired a vast collection of specimens and watercolour drawings. He donated his collections and a large number of books and periodicals to the Medical Graduates' College and Polyclinic at 22 Chenies Street, founded in 1899. Hutchinson played a major part instigating the foundation of the College, and, along with others, gave courses of lectures and demonstrations, as well as free consultations for impoverished patients. These public consultations were popular and largely attended by general practitioners. He also assumed the editorship of the College's journal, The Polyclinic.

Hutchinson established an educational museum and library at his own expense at his country house in Haslemere, Surrey, which included an aviary and vivarium, where he spent much of his time with his childhood friend the eminent neurologist John Hughlings Jackson. Hutchinson gave lectures and demonstrations to the local community on scientific, literary and religious subjects at the weekends. Edward VII knew of him as `the surgeon who had a hospital for animals on his farm' (Plarr, 1930, p.590). Hutchinson established a similar museum in his native Selby, but this proved less popular.

In 1907 he moved to Gower Street, to be closer to the Graduates' College in Chenies Street. He was knighted in 1908 for his distinguished services to medicine. It is said that he refused an earlier offering of a peerage and had to be persuaded by friends to accept this knighthood. He received honorary degrees from the universities of Glasgow, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Oxford, Dublin, and Leeds, and was a corresponding member of the Societe de Chirurgie de Paris. At various times he held the presidency of several London medical societies, including the Royal Medical and Chirurgical, Pathological, Hunterian, Ophthalmological, Medical, and Neurological Societies.

Hutchinson had a large family, with six sons, four of who survived him, and four daughters. His wife died in 1886. Hutchinson died at his house in Haslemere, Surrey, on 26 June 1913. He was buried in Haslemere, with a tombstone that was inscribed on his orders, `A Man of Hope and Forward-Looking Mind'.

Publications:
A Clinical Memoir on Certain Diseases of the Eye and Ear, Consequent on Inherited Syphilis (London, 1863)
A Descriptive Catalogue of the New Sydenham Society's Atlas of Portraits of Diseases of the Skin (London, 1869-75)
An Atlas of Illustrations of Pathology, Jonathan Hutchinson (ed.) (New Sydenham Society, London, 1877-1900)
Atlas of Skin Diseases, Jonathan Hutchinson (ed.) (New Sydenham Society, London, 1800s)
Illustrations of Clinical Surgery (2 Vols., London, 1878-88)
The Pedigree of Disease (1884)
Syphilis (London, 1887)
A Smaller Atlas of Illustrations of Clinical Surgery (1895)
Archives of Surgery (London, 1889-1900)
Atlas of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Jonathan Hutchinson (ed.) (New Sydenham Society, London, 1901-7)
Leprosy and Fish-Eating, A Statement of Facts and Explanations (1906)
A System of Syphilis; with an Introduction by Sir Jonathan Hutchinson, Sir D'Arcy Power, James Keogh Murphy & Sir Jonathan Hutchinson (London, 1908-10)
Retrospective Memoranda, by Sir Jonathan Hutchinson, and Subject Index and Index of Names compiled by Charles R. Hewitt (New Sydenham Society, London, 1911)
Neurological Fragments of J.H. Jackson; with Biographical Memoir by James Taylor, and including the Recollections of Sir Jonathan Hutchinson, and Charles Mercier, John Hughlings Jackson, James Taylor, Sir Jonathan Hutchinson, and Charles Arthur Mercier (London, 1925)

Publications by others about Hutchinson
The Life and Letters of Jonathan Hutchinson, Herbert Hutchinson (London, 1946)

James Randal Hutchinson (c.1880-1955) was a Medical Officer at the Ministry of Health, 1919-1947.

William Henry Bradley (1898-1975) was a Senior and Principal Medical Officer at the Ministry of Health, 1939-1963.

John J.G. Hutchieson (1920-1997) was born and brought up in Scotland but came to London in the late 1940s where he remained for the rest of his life. He spent almost all his working life in newspapers: starting as a reporter then from 1950 as a production journalist. He first started to work for the Mirror Group in 1972 through to 1985 with a small break between 1976 - 1980. John became a Mirror Pensioner in 1985 when he retired from the working solely on Saturdays to produce the Sunday newspaper. Following his death in 1997, his widow began receiving his mirror pension.

William Huskisson was born in Worcestershire in 1770. He was brought up in England, and in Paris, where he lived from 1783-1792, witnessing the early part of the French Revolution. On his return to Britain he was employed at the Home Office before entering parliament in 1796 as MP for Morpeth; he subsequently served as MP for Liskeard, Harwich, Chichester and Liverpool, and was a cabinet minister several times. Huskisson was known during his lifetime for his interest in trade and commercial policy, but is now most often remembered for the manner of his death. His left leg was crushed by Stephenson's 'Rocket' train during the first day of service on the new Liverpool and Manchester Railway and he died of his injuries a few hours later, the first person to be fatally injured in a railway accident.

Lieutenant-Colonel John Huskisson was the youngest son of Captain Thomas Huskisson (q.v.). He was appointed a second lieutenant in the Royal Marines in 1833 and served in the CAMBRIDGE, Mediterranean Station, from 1840 to 1842, being promoted to first lieutenant in 1842. He served in HMS OCEAN from 1844 to 1847 and then became Quartermaster of the Chatham Division, rising to captain in 1852. The outbreak of the Crimean War led to his appointment to the NANKIN, East Indies in 1854. He rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, 1879, on the retired list and died ca.1889.

Thomas Huskinsson was a younger brother of William Huskinsson (1770-1830) the statesman. He entered the Navy in 1800 and served during the Napoleonic wars, being promoted to lieutenant in 1806 and captain in 1811. In March 1827 his brother appointed him Paymaster of the Navy and when this post was abolished in 1830 he was appointed one of the captains of Greenwich Hospital.