The New Leader was the journal of the Independent Labour Party. These are the papers of L A Plummer, who was General Manager of the New Leader, between 1923 and 1930.
New River Action Group was established in 1986 to protect, conserve and preserve for the benefit of the public and New River, its immediate environs, associated reservoirs and filter beds and fauna and flora. It is composed of member organisations with London wide and local interests in the New River, and of individual Friends of New River.
In the sixteenth century it became apparent that there was not enough fresh water for the capital's fast growing population. In 1606 a Bill was passed in the House of Lords to cut a new river to bring water to London from Chadwell and Amwell in Hertfordshire. A second act allowing them to use a tunnel to convey the water was passed in 1607. In March 1609 the powers and obligations of these two Acts were passed to Hugh Myddelton a Merchant Adventurer and Goldsmith who was also an Alderman of Denbigh (Wales) and had engineering experience in the form of coal mining. Edward Wright a famous mathematician was employed to survey and direct the course of the river. The plan was met with much opposition as various members of the House of Commons feared the value of their lands would be decreased by flooding and a Bill was introduced to repeal to two Acts. In the meantime the project was running over time and budget. The city granted Myddleton an extension and King James I agreed to provide half the cost of the work in return for half of the profits. The work was officially completed 29 September 1613. The original length of the New river was 38.8 miles, but the distance in a straight line is nearer 20 miles.
Two separate Manors, those of Clerkenwell and Canonbury which came into the Northampton family through the marriage in 1594 of William Compton, first earl of Northampton, to Elizabeth, daughter and heir of Sir John Spencer, Alderman of London.
The New River was constructed between 1609 and 1613 by Sir Hugh Myddelton to bring water from Amwell and Chadwell in Hertfordshire to the City of London. The River terminated at the Commandery Mantles in Clerkenwell where ponds and a cistern house were constructed. From New River Head the water was distributed by pipes. The New River Company was incorporated by letters patent in 1619.
By 1660 it was necessary to supplement the flow of water in the New River by extracting water from the River Lee below Hertford. In 1709 an Upper Pond was built in Claremont Square some two hundred yards further up the hill from New River Head, to provide a greater head of water.
During the late 16th century the need for a fresh water supply to the City of London became increasingly apparent. The city was served by an inadequate number of conduits, and its main source of fresh water - the River Thames - was contaminated by sewage and refuse.
After several abortive attempts at legislation, the Corporation of London finally accepted the offer of Hugh Myddelton, a goldsmith of the city, to complete a new conduit in four years. This was in 1609, and by September 1613 the work was duly completed. The conduit, known as the New River, rises from Chadwell Spring in Hertfordshire, and runs approximately 40 miles, finally ending in the Round Pond at New River Head, behind Sadlers Wells Theatre in Rosebery Avenue. As well as providing water for the citizens of London, the New River Company owned a great deal of property along the course of the river, in both Hertfordshire and London.
James I granted a charter to the New River Company in June 1619, and it was incorporated under the title of 'The Governor and Company of the New River brought from Chadwell and Amwell to London'. The seal of the company depicted the 'hand of Providence bestowing rain' upon the city and its motto was "et plui super unam civitatem" (and I rained upon one city).
Capital for the venture was provided jointly by James I and Hugh Myddelton, along with 28 other 'Adventurers'. On the incorporation of the company the two parties divided the shares between them; James I owned the King's Shares. The Adventurers' Shares were divided into 36 parts, 22 of the directors owning one part, and 7 others (including Hugh Myddelton) owning two.
The function of the company as a public utility ceased with the passing of the Metropolis Water Act in 1902. By this act the provision of London's water supply was passed from the various water companies to the newly-created Metropolitan Water Board.
As a result of this takeover, the New River Company was re-incorporated in 1904 as a modern property company. It was registered under The Companies Acts 1862-1900 as The New River Company (Limited). The Company was taken over again in 1974 by London Merchant Securities, but still exists as a separate entity within that group.
In the late 16th-century, there was a pressing need for a fresh water supply to the City of London. Work was begun on a new conduit in 1609, which was completed in 1613. The New River rises from Chadwell Spring in Hertfordshire and ends in the Round Pond at New River Head. The New River Company was incorporated in June 1619.
In 1902 the provision of London's water supply passed to the newly created Metropolitan Water Board. Following this takeover, the New River Company was re-incorporated as a modern property company.
The New River was constructed between 1609 and 1613 by Sir Hugh Myddelton to bring water from Amwell and Chadwell in Hertfordshire to the City of London. The River terminated at the Commandery Mantles in Clerkenwell where ponds and a cistern house were constructed. From New River Head the water was distributed by pipes. The New River Company was incorporated by letters patent in 1619.
By 1660 it was necessary to supplement the flow of water in the New River by extracting water from the River Lee below Hertford. In 1709 an Upper Pond was built in Claremont Square some two hundred yards further up the hill from New River Head, to provide a greater head of water. Initially water was pumped to the Upper Pond from the Round Pond at New River Head by a windmill. This was replaced in 1720 by a "horse mill" which was in turn replaced in 1767 by a steam engine.
During the 19th century the original circuitous forty mile course of the New River was shortened and straightened by the construction of aqueducts, tunnels and underground pipes. Reservoirs were built at Stoke Newington in 1831 and 1833 and at Cheshunt in 1837. The Metropolis Water Act 1852 required water companies to filter all domestic water and to store it in covered reserviors. The New River Company built filtration works at Stoke Newington, Hornsey and New River Head.
The New River Company had purchased Sir Edward Ford's Waterworks at Durham Yard on the River Thames, and at St Marylebone and Wapping in 1667 (see Acc 2558/NR13/227-250). In 1818 and in 1822 the Company acquired the York Buildings Water Works and the London Bridge Water Works. Both of these enterprises had pumped water from the Thames. The New River Company ceased to extract water from the Thames for normal use, but maintained a steam engine at Broken Wharf for use in emergencies until 1850. For records relating to the York Buildings Water Works see Acc 2558/NR13/70/1-8 and page 53 of list of Metropolitan Water Board "Exhibits" (Acc 2558/MW/C/15). For records of the London Bridge Water Works see Acc 2558/LB/1-4, the list of Metropolitan Water Board "Exhibits", pages 11-13 and 27-28, Acc 2558/NR5/51-58 and Acc 2558/NR13/57-59. In 1859 the New River Company purchased the Hampstead Water Works, including the Hampstead and Highgate Ponds, which continued to supply unfiltered water until 1936. For records relating to the Hampstead Water Works see Acc 2558/NR5/22, Acc 2558/NR13/60-69, Acc 2558/MW/C/15/202/6 and Acc 2558/MW/C/15/337.
To provide additional water the Company sank twelve wells worked with steam pumps along the course of the New River. The first of these was Amwell Hill Well sunk in 1847 and the most recent was Whitewebbs Well sunk in 1898. By that date the possibilities of further supply from the Lee Valley seemed to be near exhaustion. In 1896 the New River Company combined with the Grand Junction and West Middlesex Companies to obtain powers to construct two new reservoirs at Staines to store water from the River Thames. The New River Company's Act of 1897 authorised the construction of two storage reservoirs, filter beds and a pumping station at Kempton Park to utilise the water from the Staines Reservoirs and pump it through a 42 inch trunk main 17 miles long to covered reservoirs at Fortis Green. These works were under construction at the time of the transfer of the metropolitan water undertakings to the Metropolitan Water Board in 1904.
The New River Company estate in Clerkenwell was developed as a residential area in the early 19th century, including the church of St Mark, Myddelton Square designed by the New River Company surveyor, William Chadwell Mylne. In 1904 the New River Company (Limited) was formed to take over the property interests of the New River Company in Clerkenwell, Islington, Enfield and other parishes in the vicinity of the New River.
During the late 16th century the need for a fresh water supply to the City of London became increasingly apparent. The city was served by an inadequate number of conduits, and its main source of fresh water - the River Thames - was contaminated by sewage and refuse.
After several abortive attempts at legislation, the Corporation of London finally accepted the offer of Hugh Myddelton, a goldsmith of the city, to complete a new conduit in four years. This was in 1609, and by September 1613 the work was duly completed. The conduit, known as the New River, rises from Chadwell Spring in Hertfordshire, and runs approximately 40 miles, finally ending in the Round Pond at New River Head, behind Sadlers Wells Theatre in Rosebery Avenue. As well as providing water for the citizens of London, the New River Company owned a great deal of property along the course of the river, in both Hertfordshire and London.
James I granted a charter to the New River Company in June 1619, and it was incorporated under the title of 'The Governor and Company of the New River brought from Chadwell and Amwell to London'. The seal of the company depicted the 'hand of Providence bestowing rain' upon the city and its motto was "et plui super unam civitatem" (and I rained upon one city).
Capital for the venture was provided jointly by James I and Hugh Myddelton, along with 28 other 'Adventurers'. On the incorporation of the company the two parties divided the shares between them; James I owned the King's Shares. The Adventurers' Shares were divided into 36 parts, 22 of the directors owning one part, and 7 others (including Hugh Myddelton) owning two.
The function of the company as a public utility ceased with the passing of the Metropolis Water Act in 1902. By this act the provision of London's water supply was passed from the various water companies to the newly-created Metropolitan Water Board.
As a result of this takeover, the New River Company was re-incorporated in 1904 as a modern property company. It was registered under The Companies Acts 1862-1900 as The New River Company (Limited). The Company was taken over again in 1974 by London Merchant Securities, but still exists as a separate entity within that group.
The New Road Synagogue, situated at 115 New Road, Whitechapel, was established in 1895. Dunk Street Beth Hamerdash, also situated in Whitechapel, was incorporated into the New Road Synagogue in the 1960s, having been founded in 1907. Both establishments were affiliated to the Federation of Synagogues. The New Road Synagogue amalgamated with the East London Central Synagogue in 1974.
The New Survey of London was begun in 1928 and concluded in 1933 as a deliberate attempt to update Charles Booth's Survey of Life and Labour in London. It was directed by Sir Hubert Llewellyn Smith who had been one of Booth's assistants. The Survey was based at the London School of Economics and was financed by the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Trust and by donations raised by Beveridge from London organisations. Llewellyn Smith published his findings in 1930-1934 as The new survey of London life and labour (London, 1930-1935).
The New Synagogue was founded in 1761 in Leadenhall Street. It remained there until 1837, when it moved to Great Saint Helens in Bishopsgate. Following the movement of a large part of its congregation into London's suburbs, the synagogue moved again in 1915 to Egerton Road, Stamford Hill. Its membership began to decline after World War II and in 1987 the United Synagogue sold it to the Bobov, a Chasidic community.
The New Synagogue was one of the original five synagogues which grouped together to form the United Synagogue in 1870, and remained a Constituent member until its sale.
The New University Club was open to graduates of the Universities of Oxford or Cambridge. It was founded in 1864 and was situated at 57 St James's Street. In 1938 it merged with another club for Oxford and Cambridge graduates, the United University Club.
The New West End Synagogue is situated in St Petersburgh Place, Bayswater. It was built between 1877 and 1879, and admitted as a Constituent member of the United Synagogue in 1879.
The New Zealand Shipping Company Limited was incorporated in 1873 in Christchurch, New Zealand, by a group of local farmers and merchants, who were dissatisfied with the existing shipping facilities and their ability to cope with the country's rapidly expanding trade. It was at first administered from New Zealand, with a London 'Board of Advice' in the City. The company began by purchasing four second-hand iron sailing ships. Competition from the existing shipping companies, particularly Shaw Savill and the Albion Line was keen, and there was initially a brief rate war which led to an agreement ensuring uniform and viable rates of freight. Within four years of its inception the company was operating seventeen ships under its own flag as well as a large number of chartered vessels. In 1879 a joint charter, by Shaw Savill and the company, of a steamship demonstrated that, at the outset at least, a regular steamship service would have to be subsidized. Accepting this, the Colonial Government provided for a subsidy of £30,000 on its joint contract with Shaw Savill and Albion and the company in 1884: this contract ran for five years and was not renewed. Refrigeration was introduced and the second cargo of frozen meat from New Zealand was carried in 1882 in one of the company's sailing ships, the Mataura, fitted with Haslam's cold-air refrigerating machinery. In 1880 financial control of the company was transferred to London, and the business was reorganized. When in 1889 Edwyn Sandys Dawes (later Sir Edwyn, 1838-1903) acquired the controlling interest, it was the start of a connection between the company and the Dawes family which was to last until 1970. The company absorbed the Federal Steam Navigation Co in 1912 and the amalgamation secured for the company a firm foothold in the Australian trade. The Federal Steam Navigation Company Ltd was founded in 1892 after Allan Hughes (d 1928) had acquired the remaining assets of Money Wigram and Sons Ltd, owners of the Blackwall Line; the Federal Line ships flew the same house-flag and used the same English county names as Money Wigram's. Allan Hughes became chairman of the New Zealand Shipping Company in 1920.
In 1916 the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company acquired a controlling interest in the company. Both the New Zealand Shipping Company and the Federal Line, however, enjoyed considerable autonomy. Parallel to, but less important than the United Kingdom trade, was the affiliation of New Zealand Shipping and the Federal Line with other shipping companies, either as shareholders in a company or partners in a consortium. An early exampleof this was the New Zealand and African Steamship Company, 1902 to 1911, to take care of trade with South Africa. The Canadian connection, the Canadian-Australian Royal Mail Line, 1901 to 1910, was a joint venture between New Zealand Shipping and the Union Steam Ship Company of New Zealand. A later development was the Montreal, Australia and New Zealand Line, 1941 to 1971, a partnership between New Zealand Shipping, Ellerman's and the Port Line. M.A.N.Z., as it was called, took in the East Coast United States, which trade was also served by the American and Australian Steamship Line, 1956 to 1971. In 1954 the Avenue Shipping Company Ltd was founded to augment the New Zealand and Federal fleets when needed; otherwise its ships were put into tramping. The Crusader Line (1957-1967) a joint service from New Zealand to the West Coast of the United States and to Japan, with Shaw Savill, Port Line, Blue Star and New Zealand Shipping as partners, was another Pacific venture. Finally the Dolphin Line (1967-1971) was a joint service of conventional ships to supplement the Overseas Containers Ltd operation; the partners were New Zealand Shipping Company, Scottish Shire and Clan Lines, Shaw Savill and Ocean Steam Navigation Company.
Francis George Newbolt was born in 1863 and educated at Clifton College and Balliol College, Oxford University. He entered the Inner Temple as a barrister in 1890. He was the Recorder of Doncaster, 1916-1920, and an Official Referee for the Supreme Court, 1920-1936. He also contested the Chertsey Division on behalf of the Liberal Party in 1910. During his career, Newbolt also showed an interest in science and the arts, delivering over 1000 lectures on experimental science to girls in Board Schools, and becoming a member of the Art Workers Guild (Master 1927) and the Clockmakers' Company (Master 1932). He was also Honorary Professor of Law in the Royal Academy and President of the Norwegian Society from 1920-1926. Newbolt was knighted in 1919 and died in 1940.
Born, October 1876, Barton in the Clay, Bedfordshire; by 1890, the family had moved to Luton, where the father worked as a corn and flour dealer; in 1894, just before his eighteenth birthday, Arthur began work as a footman for Clements Robert Markham of 21 Eccleston Square, London; in subsequent years, Arthur would work as a footman for many other gentlemen, including Sir Jabez Edward Johnson-Ferguson, Count Edmund de Baillet and Sir Arthur Otway.
Richard Newcourt was the son of a topographical draughtsman. He attended Oxford University before becoming a notary public. He was also a clerk at the Court of Arches, later becoming a proctor. In 1669 he became principal registrar of the diocese of London, holding the post until 1696.
Using the records in his custody as well as researching elsewhere, Newcourt compiled a history of the diocese of London. This two volume work was published in 1708 and 1710, entitled Repertorium ecclesiasticum parochiale Londinense: an ecclesiastical parochial history of the diocese of London. The work recounts the history of St Paul's Cathedral, the bishops and deans of London, and the parishes of the diocese. He also wrote an unpublished history of the bishops of England to 1710.
Newcourt died in 1716; his date and place of birth are unknown although his family came from Somerset.
Information from Newcourt, Richard, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19999, accessed 15 June 2011].
The Manor of Harefield was owned by the Swanlond family from 1315. The Manor passed to the Newdigate family [the spelling later changed to Newdegate] at some time between 1439 and 1446, possibly after the marriage of John Newdigate and Joan, the daughter and heir of William Swanlond. The Newdigates owned the estate until 1586 when they exchanged the manor (and Moorhall Manor) for Arbury Manor in Warwickshire. They kept the Brackenbury estate.
Harefield passed through various hands, including the Countess of Derby, the Chandos family, and the Pitts. Richard Newdigate bought back the manor in 1675. The manor remained in the Newdigate family until the manorial rights were extinguished in 1925.
The Manor of Moorhall was sold to John Newdigate in 1553. After this the manor was joined with Harefield and followed the descent described above.
The Manor of Brackenbury was held by John Newdigate in 1486, although the family did not come into full possession until after 1500, certainly by 1558. The Newdigates retained the manor in their own possession, and it was the sole land excepted from the sale of Harefield and Moorhall manors in 1586. By 1558 it was considered part of the demesne of Harefield manor.
From: 'Harefield: Manors', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3: Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell, Sunbury, Teddington, Heston and Isleworth, Twickenham, Cowley, Cranford, West Drayton, Greenford, Hanwell, Harefield and Harlington (1962), pp. 240-246 (available online).
Born in Bradford, Yorkshire, England, 1852; trained at Lancashire Congregational College; appointed London Missionary Society (LMS) missionary to Savai'i, Samoa, was ordained in Farnworth, married Elizabeth Emma Sidlow (d 1882), and sailed for the South Pacific, 1880; arrived and began his service at Matautu, Samoa, 1881; sailed to Sydney, 1883; married Honor Jane Gill (1857-1922; daughter of the LMS missionary in the Cook Islands, W W Gill) in Sydney, 1884; sailed frequently on the mission ship the John Williams III to place and visit students in Tokelau, Niue, Tuvalu, Kiribati, and Papua; visited the mission outstations, 1885; served at the Malau seminary on Upolu, which trained pastors and teachers for Samoa and for missionary service within Oceania, from 1887; visited England, 1891-1893; visited the outstations, 1894, 1896; mediated between Samoans and contending colonial powers, 1898-1899; an expert on Samoan law and custom; edited the Christian magazine Sulu (Torch) and guided formation of the council of elders (Au Toeaina) - the Samoan presbytery, nucleus of the future self-government of the Samoan church; when Western Samoa became a German colony (1900), his knowledge qualified him as LMS adviser and negotiator with the governor Wilhelm Solf; visited England, 1901-1902; improved his German and visited missionary societies in Germany to recruit German-speaking staff for Samoa, 1902; persuaded the Samoan orator-chief and deacon of the church, Lauaki Mamoe of Savai'i, of the inadvisability of a revolt against Germany, 1908; with August Hanke, a leader in the Rhenish (Barmen) mission, planned to send Samoan LMS missionaries to the Madang field of German New Guinea, and following the World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh went to Barmen to make arrangements, but died of pneumonia at Gütersloh, Germany, 1910.
Dorothy Minnie Newhall was a nurse with one of the British women's units in the Serbian Army in 1915, and a Sanitary Inspector with the Serbian Relief Fund, 1916-1919. The manuscript diary bears the inscription 'Aldo Castellani, Society of Tropical Medicine, 11 Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, London W1', but is written in English and mentions Castellani in the third person (eg on 13 April 1916 'Dr Aldo Castellani arrived tonight'). The diarist's mention of the same colleagues and her return to Beckenham at the end of both this and the manuscript volume suggests that the author was Dorothy Newhall rather than Castellani.
Helen Maxwell Newham was born in 1896, daughter of Rev. W. G. Newham. After being educated at Godolphin School, Salisbury she trained as a teacher at Salisbury Training College and Shoreditch College. Helen Newham worked as a teacher in South West Africa between 1929 and 1933. On her return to England she became headmistress at Bayham, Suffolk and then from 1948 in Campsea Ashe. She died on 6 Feb 1974.
Newham Health District existed from 1974 to 1981, as one of three districts within the City and East London Area Health Authority (Teaching). During this period the development of Newham General Hospital was planned and a number of joint consultative appointments made, mostly with the London Hospital Medical College.
Newham District Health Authority was established in 1981. Until the National Health Service reorganisation in 1991 the Authority was responsible for running hospital and other health services in Newham. In 1991 the District became the purchasing authority for health services for the population for Newham, with provider services contracted principally with Newham Healthcare, based at Newham General Hospital. In 1993 Newham District Health Authority merged with City and Hackney District Health Authority and Tower Hamlets District Health Authority to form the East London and City Health Authority.
Newington Petty Sessional Division:
The Newington Petty Sessional Division was, until March 1889, entirely within the ancient county of Surrey, On 1 April 1889 it was transferred to the new county of London.
Until 1841 the justices who operated in this part of Surrey were described as 'acting in and for the East Half Hundred of Brixton and the Town and Borough of Southwark'. From November 1841 they were simply described as acting for the 'Newington Division'. From 1965 the Division became part of the new South Central Division of Inner London.
The Division comprised the following parishes and places: Southwark (with all its constituent parishes including the Clink Liberty), Bermondsey, Rotherhithe, Newington, Camberwell, Hatcham, Lambeth, Streatham, and Clapham.
History:
An Act of 1792 established seven 'Public Offices' (later Police offices and Police courts) in the central Metropolitan area. The aim was to establish fixed locations where 'fit and able magistrates' would attend at fixed times to deal with an increasing number of criminal offences.
Offices were opened in St Margaret Westminster, St James Westminster, Clerkenwell, Shoreditch, Whitechapel, Shadwell and Southwark. An office in Bow Street, Covent Garden, originally the home of the local magistrate, had been operating for almost 50 years and was largely the model for the new offices.
In 1800 the Marine Police Office or Thames Police Office, opened by 'private enterprise' in 1798, was incorporated into the statutory system. In 1821 an office was opened in Marylebone, apparently replacing the one in Shadwell.
Each office was assigned three Justices of the Peace. They were to receive a salary of £400 per annum. These were the first stipendiary magistrates. Later they were expected to be highly qualified in the law, indeed, to be experienced barristers. This distinguished them from the local lay justices who after the setting up of Police Offices were largely confined, in the Metropolitan area, to the licensing of innkeepers. In addition each office could appoint up to six constables to be attached to it.
The commonly used term of 'Police Court' was found to be misleading. The word 'police' gave the impression that the Metropolitan Police controlled and administered the courts. This was never the case, the word 'police' was being used in its original meaning of 'pertaining to civil administration', 'regulating', etc.
In April 1965 (following the Administration of Justice Act 1964) the London Police Courts with their stipendiary magistrates were integrated with the lay magistrates to form the modern Inner London Magistrates' Courts.
The police courts dealt with a wide range of business coming under the general heading of 'summary jurisdiction', i.e. trial without a jury. The cases heard were largely criminal and of the less serious kind. Over the years statutes created many offences that the courts could deal with in addition to Common Law offences. Examples include: drunk and disorderly conduct, assault, theft, begging, possessing stolen goods, cruelty to animals, desertion from the armed forces, betting, soliciting, loitering with intent, obstructing highways, and motoring offences. Non-criminal matters included small debts concerning income tax and local rates, landlord and tenant matters, matrimonial problems and bastardy.
Offences beyond the powers of the Court would normally be passed to the Sessions of the Peace or Gaol Delivery Sessions in the Old Bailey (from 1835 called the Central Criminal Court). From the late 19th century such cases would be the subject of preliminary hearings or committal proceedings in the magistrates' courts.
Outside the London Police Court Area but within the administrative county of Middlesex lay justices continued to deal with both criminal offences and administrative matters such as the licensing of innkeepers.
The exact area covered by a Court at any particular time can be found in the Kelly's Post Office London Directories, available on microfilm at LMA. The entries are based on the original Orders-in-Council establishing police court districts. A map showing police court districts is kept in the Information Area of LMA with other reference maps. Please ask a member of staff for assistance.
William Newland was practising as a surgeon at Guildford in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Medical Registers for 1779, 1780 and 1783 all list him under Surgeons and Apothecaries in Guildford, Surrey. Apprenticeship records used by Wallis and Wallis in Eighteenth Century Medics, reveal that William Newland was Master to the following apprentices at Guildford: Richard Chance, 1767; William Parson, 1777; Caleb Woodyer, 1782; and Harry Baker, 1800. Wallis and Wallis also list Newland's practice in Guildford in 1800 as Newlands and Co Mssrs. An apprencticeship indenture held at the Wellcome Library adds James Rymer, 1810 to this list of apprentices of William Newland, and in this case Rymer was also apprencticed to Caleb Woodyer.
Francis William Newman was born in London and educated at private school in Ealing. He then went to Oxford University and achieved a double first in classics and mathematics in 1826. From 1827 to 1828 he tutored in Dublin, Ireland, and here he met John Nelson Darby and attended non-conformist worship for the first time. In 1828 Newman returned to Oxford and helped in looking after the poor. Through Darby he met Anthony Norris Groves whom he followed to Bagdad in 1830 on a mission. He returned to England in 1833. In 1834 he became a classical scholar at Bristol College and he lectured on logic. In 1840 he was appointed Professor of Classical Literature at Manchester New College Oxford. In 1846 he was appointed to the Chair of Latin at University College London, where he translated books into Latin and also wrote on subjects of religion. He held the Chair till 1869, when he became Emeritus Professor. Newman had a keen interest in political questions especially those bearing on social problems. He was a friend of Mazzini and Kossuth and published 'Reminiscences of Kossuth and Pulszky' in 1888. Newman died in 1897 in Weston-Super-Mare. During his life he published many religious, social and political, historical, mathematical, and linguistic writings.
Francis William Newman was born in London and educated at Worcester College, Oxford, graduating with a double first in 1826. As a young man he travelled in the Middle East before settling to an academic career. After holding positions in Bristol and Manchester, he became Professor of Latin at University College London in 1846, retaining the post until 1862. Newman aslo wrote widely on classical and religious topics and was a staunch supporter of women's rights and women's education. He returned to south-west England in 1866 and continued to write extensively while living in retirement at Weston-super-Mare. Unlike his elder brother, John Henry Newman (who converted to Roman Catholicism and became a cardinal), Francis Newman came to be sceptical of religious teaching, rejecting bibical authority and Christian dogma, but still considered himself to be a Christian.
Francis William Newman was born in London and educated at Worcester College, Oxford, graduating with a double first in 1826. As a young man he travelled in the Middle East before settling to an academic career. After holding positions in Bristol and Manchester, he became Professor of Latin at University College London in 1846, retaining the post until 1862. Newman also wrote widely on classical and religious topics and was a staunch supporter of women's rights and women's education. He returned to south-west England in 1866 and continued to write extensively while living in retirement at Weston-super-Mare. Unlike his elder brother, John Henry Newman (who converted to Roman Catholicism and became a cardinal), Francis Newman came to be sceptical of religious teaching, rejecting bibical authority and Christian dogma, but still considered himself to be a Christian.
Miss Winifred Mozley was the great-niece of Francis William Newman.
No historical information has yet been found for Josiah Hignell Newman.
Born, 1919; worked at Maples department store; joined the Middlesex Yeomanry (TA); commissioned into the Queen's Royal Regiment (West Kent) after the outbreak of the Second World War, 1939; fought with the 2nd battalion in the Western Desert before being posted to India in 1944 as an instructor at the tactical school; returned to England,1945; served as a company commander and training officer at Eaton Hall Officer Cadet Training Unit, 1945-1948; London Rifle Brigade (TA), 1948; joined the Conservative Party, 1949; recalled to the Regular Army, 1951-1953; commander of the London Rifle Brigade (TA), 1959; second-in-command of the 56th London Infantry Brigade, (TA), 1962; Conservative Party agent for Eton and Slough, Lambeth and Buxton and then London and Westminster; trained Conservative Party agents at Central Office, mid-1960s; assistant to Reginald Maudling, Anthony Barber and William Whitelaw in the 1966 and 1970 elections; retired, 1984; died, 2002.
William Newmarch was born in Thirsk, Yorkshire, on 28 January, 1820, and was a self-educated man. He began employment as a clerk with a distributor of stamps but then moved to the Yorkshire Fire and Life Office and thence to Messrs. Leathams' banking house. Following his early marriage, in 1846 he moved to London and worked on the Morning Chronicle as well as in the management of Agra Bank. Here his knowledge of banking and business brought him into contact with the leading economists and businessmen in the City including Thomas Tooke who supported Newmarch's successful application to become a Fellow of the Statistical Society in 1847. Four years later, in 1851, he became Secretary to the Globe Insurance Company and began work with Tooke on preparing volumes 5 and 6 of the History of Prices. These were published in 1857 and quickly became classics, generally acknowledged as a continuation and development of Tooke's work rather than a simple collaboration. In 1857 he gave evidence in committee on the Bank Acts and in 1861he received the unusual honour for a businessman of being elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in recognition of his achievements. The following year he became the first manager of Glyn, Mills & Co. bank where he remained until his retirement in 1881 following a stroke. Glynn, Mills & Co. provided banking facilities for more than 200 of the new railway companies as well as handling the important Canadian financial agency and Newmarch became a director of the Grand Trunk Railway Company of Canada. Throughout his career Newmarch was a journalist contributing articles to magazines and newspapers including the Economist, the Statist, and the Times, especially on prices, the gold supply and the movement of money. With the RSS he was Secretary from 1854 to 1861, Editor of the Journal, 1852-1862, Vice-President in 1863, and from 1871 to 1881, as well as President between 1869 and 1871 and a contributor of numerous articles to the Society's Journal. He was also a member and Secretary of the Political Economy Club, founder of the Adam Smith Club and a prime mover in establishing the Tooke Professorship at King's College London. He died at Torquay, Devon, on 23 March, 1882, and was commemorated by the establishment of the Society's Newmarch Memorial Essay and by the Newmarch Professorship of Economic Science at University College London. Publications: The New Supplies of Gold (1853); Pitt's Financial Operations (1855); A History of Prices and of the State of the Circulation during the Nine Years 1848-56 (1857).
Sir Peter Anthony Newsam (knighted in 1987) was born in November 1928. He was educated at Clifton College and then Queen's College, Oxford. In his early career he held the following positions: Assistant Principal, Board of Trade (1952-1956); Teacher (1956-1963); Assistant Education Officer for North Riding of Yorkshire (1963-1966); Assistant Director of Education for Cumberland (1966-1970); Deputy Education Officer at West Riding of Yorkshire (1970-1972).
In 1972 he became Deputy Education Officer, and then succeeded Eric Briault as the Education Officer (Controller of Education) in 1975, for the Inner London Education Authority (ILEA). The authority, based at County Hall, had been established in 1965 and had taken over the responsibilty from the London County Council for education in the inner London boroughs.
Newsam's duties as head of the authority, were to:
- be 'the principal adviser to the Education Committee and sub-committees on matters of professional, administrative or managerial education policy with responsibility for securing co-ordinated advice to enable members of the authority to a) decide the authority's objectives, policies and priorities and b) to monitor and control the implementation of policy and the use of resources and ensure consistency of the department's proposals with the authority's policy';
- 'advise the Education Committee and sub-committees on all major questions of organisation and on questions of staff management including the distribution of functions across the authority's service';
- 'be responsible for securing the professional administrative managerial effectiveness of the authority's teaching and non-teaching staff';
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'have the right to intervene in and report separately to the Education Committee and sub-committees on any matters relating to the management of and services provided by the authority'.
A major development made by the ILEA during Newsam's period of office was a shift in policy regarding ethnic minorities, from a non-discriminatory approach, which did not deal with the needs and interests of ethnic minority children, to an approach which intended to achieve integration by paying attention to their needs and interests. In Newsam's report to the Schools Sub-Committee on 'Multi-ethnic education' in October 1977, he announced that the ILEA was going to undertake a 'radical reappraisal' of previous policies, stating 'that disproportionate numbers of people from ethnic minority groups have low expectations and aspirations and lack of confidence in the education system which itself appears not fully to take advantage of the vitality and richness to be derived from a multi-cultural society'. The ILEA became the first Local Education Authority in Britain to introduce policies on multi-ethnic education in schools.
Other significant contributions made by Newsam included the introduction of large structural changes in the Schools Inspectorate following the blame raised by inquiries into the management of Risinghill and William Tyndale Schools; and the progress he made in reforming the management structure in the ILEA according to his vision of providing a more local, parent-friendly administrative base to London's education authority. He replicated the management functions at the divisional level, which operated at his central office at County Hall. He also helped challenge traditional thinking in education provision by organising the ILEA's response to the Scarman Report on the Brixton riots.
The Leader of the ILEA during Newsam's period of office was Sir Ernest Ashley Bramall, 1916-1999, politician and educationalist. Bramall had been Labour MP for Bexley (1946-1950) and Westminster Councillor (1959-1968) before he became Leader in 1970. Bramall was knighted in 1975 and ceased to be the Leader of the ILEA in 1981.
Newsam left the ILEA in August 1982, remarking that 'ten years' service in the ILEA was equivalent to working twenty elsewhere'. He was succeeded by William Stubbs. Newsam continued his interest in furthering equal opportunities across racial groups, and became chairman of the Commission for Racial Equality (1982-1987), Secretary of the Association of County Councils from 1987 to 1989, Director of the Institute of Education (1989-1994), and Deputy Vice-Chancellor of University of London (1992-1994). He became Chief Adjudicator of School Organisation and Admissions in 1999 and was a member of the Commission on the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain.
Newsam married twice and had six children.
Born Haworth, Yorkshire, 10 Feb 1857; educated in Haworth and Keighley; entered St Thomas' Hospital, London, 1875; graduated MB, London, 1880; MD, London, 1881; resident at St Thomas and General Practitioner, Clapham, London; appointed part-time Medical Officer of Health (MOH) for the parish of Clapham, 1884; appointed MOH for Brighton, 1888; conducted research in epidemiology, particularly relating to tuberculosis, scarlet fever, and diphtheria; gave Milroy lectures at the Royal College of Physicians on The Natural History and Affinities of Rheumatic Fever', 1895; FRCP London, 1898; President, Society of Medical Officers of Health, 1900-1901; appointed Principal Medical Officer, Local Government Board, 1908; served for ten years in this post dealing particularly with tuberculosis, maternity and child-welfare, and venereal diseases; served on Army Sanitary Committee with rank of Lt Col, Royal Army Medical Corps, 1914-1918; knighted, 1917; also Examiner in Public Health to the University of Cambridge, Examiner in State Medicine, University of London, Examiner in Preventive Medicine, University of Oxford, and Consulting Medical Officer Westminster and Battersea Training Colleges; served on General Medical Council, 1909-1919; retired 1919; Lecturer on Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 1920-1921; continued to write and lecture on public health, with visits to other countries, including the Soviet Union in 1933; died, Worthing, 17 May 1943. Publications: Hygiene (1884); School Hygiene (1887); The Elements of Vital Statistics (1889);Vital Statistics of Peabody Buildings' Journal of the Statistical Society (1891); The Alleged Increase of Cancer', with G. King (Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1893); Natural History and Affinities of Rheumatic Fever (Milroy Lecture, 1895); Epidemic Diphtheria: a Research on the Origin and Spread of the Disease from an International Standpoint (1898); The Prevention of Phthisis, with special reference to its Notification to the MOH (1899);An Inquiry into the Principal Causes of the Reduction of the Death-Rate from Phthisis' Journal of Hygiene (1906); The Prevention of Tuberculosis (1908); The Brighton Life Tables, 1881-1890 and 1891-1923; The Ministry of Health (1925); Evolution of Preventive Medicine (1927); The Story of Modern Preventive Medicine (1929); International Studies on the Relation between the Private and Official Practice of Medicine (3 vols, 1931); Medicine and the State with J A Kingsbury (1932); American Addresses on Health and Insurance (1920); Red Medicine with J. A. Kingsbury (1934); Fifty Years in Public Health (1935); The Last Thirty Years in Public Health (1936).
Alfred Edward Newton was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1863. After receiving his education from private schools, Newton, in 1876, went to work for Porter and Coates Bookshop in Philadelphia. In 1890 he went to work at the Cutter Electrical and Manufacturing Company, becoming the company's financial manager in 1895. Newton wrote books and contributed to the Atlantic Monthly. He also collected rare books, building up a library of 10, 000 volumes. In 1930 Newton became the first American president of the Johnson Society of Great Britain. Newton died in Philadelphia on 29 September 1940.
Born 1873; educated King Edward's School, Birmingham, and King's College, London; Assistant Lecturer in Physics, King's College London; Lecturer in Imperial and Colonial History, King's College London, 1914-1918; Rhodes Lecturer, University and King's College, London, 1914-1918; Secretary of Imperial Studies Committee, University of London, 1914-1918; Organiser of Imperial Studies Committee, Royal Empire Society, 1914; visited universities of the US and the British Dominions under the auspices of the Universities Bureau of Empire and the Institute of International Education, 1919-1920; Rhodes Professor of Imperial History, King's College London, 1920-1938; member of the Governing Committee of the Institute of Historical Research, University of London, 1921; Vice-President of the Historical Association, since 1924; Vice-President, Royal Historical Society; Visiting Professor in the University of the Punjab and Reader in the University of Calcutta, India, 1928-1929; retired 1938; died 1942.
Publications: The principals of training for historical investigation (Calcutta, 1929); The establishment of responsible government in Cape Colony, 1870-1872; A short history of British colonial policy revised by Newton (Methuen and Co, London, 1932); editor of Vols 41-43 of Calendar of state papers, colonial series (London, 1860-); The English-American (Routledge and Sons, London, 1928); introduction to Letters from early New Zealand (Private, Plymouth, 1936); editor of Imperial studies (London, 1927-); editor of The Empire and the future. A series of Imperial Studies lectures delivered in the University of London, King's College (Macmillan and Co, London, 1916); A hundred years of the British Empire (Duckworth, London, 1940); A junior history of the British Commonwealth and Empire (Blackie and Son, London and Glasgow, 1933); An introduction to the study of colonial history (1919); editor of Federal and unified constitutions. A collection of constitutional documents for the use of students (London, 1923); Newfoundland to 1783 (1930); editor of Select documents relating to the unification of South Africa (Frank Cass and Co, London, 1968); The beginnings of English colonisation, 1569-1618; The British Empire to 1783 (Methuen and Co, London, 1935); The colonising activities of the English puritans (1914); The European nations in the West Indies, 1493-1688 (A and C Black, London, 1933); editor of The great age of discovery (University of London Press, London, 1932); editor of The Imperial Studies series (J.M. Dent and Sons, London and Toronto, 1917-1919); The old Empire and the new (1917); editor of The sea commonwealth and other papers (1919); editor of The staple trades of the Empire (1918); The universities and educational systems of the British Empire (W Collins Sons and Co, London, [1924]); editor of Travel and travellers of the Middle Ages (Kegan Paul and Co, London, 1926); United States and colonial developments, 1815-1846: Anglo-American relations during the Civil War (1923); The British Empire since 1783 (Methuen and Co, London, 1929); editor of Empire builders (1920); editor of The Cambridge history of the British Empire (University Press, Cambridge, 1929-1959); Calendar of the manuscripts of Major-General Lord Sackville...preserved at Knole, Sevenoaks, Kent (London, 1940-).
Mention of the Newton Family in Barbados dates back to 1654 when one Samuel Newton is recorded and who was, by the time of his death, a substantial landowner. The family estate passed through several generations of Newtons until finally being inherited by the brothers John and Thomas Lane sometime after the death of John Newton in 1783.
John Newton was born in Wapping, London, in 1725. He was the son of a master mariner and went to sea aged 11. As a young sailor he was heavily involved in the slave trade, something he regretted in later life. From 1748-1749 onwards Newton was deeply religious in the evangelical Christian tradition. He was ordained in the Church of England in 1764 and was curate-in-charge at Olney, Buckinghamshire, for 16 years until he was given the benefice of St Mary Woolnoth, City of London, in 1780. Newton also wrote religious poetry and was close friends with the poet William Cowper. His prose works include a memoir detailing his early life as a slave trader, as well as published collections of his letters and sermons.
John Newton of Old Brentford was a brewer, and several of the documents in this collection relate to public houses, including the Hand and Flower, Half Moon and Seven Stars, Six Bells, and Hare and Hounds.
Moses Levy Newton was a West India merchant of 5 Great Prescott Street, Goodmans Fields, who died in 1823.
Isaac Newton was born, 1642; Education: Grantham Grammar School; Trinity College, Cambridge; BA (1665), MA (1668); Career: Left Cambridge because of the plague and spent two years at Woolsthorpe, where he did most of the work later published in the 'Principia Mathematica' and 'Opticks' (1665-1667); Fellow of Trinity (1667-death); Lucasian Professor of Mathematics, Cambridge (1669-1701); MP for Cambridge University (1689, 1701); Warden of the Mint (1696); Master of the Mint (1699-death); Commissioner for Assessment for Cambridge, Cambridge University and Lincolnshire (1689-1690); acknowledged throughout Europe as a great scientist, philosopher and mathematician, he was involved in bitter controversies with Robert Hooke (FRS 1663), with Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (FRS 1673) over the calculus and with John Flamsteed (FRS 1677) over the publication of his astronomical observations; his body lay in state in the Jerusalem Chamber, Westminster; Benefactor to the chapels of Christ's and Trinity Colleges, Cambridge and to Addenbrooke's Hospital; Fellow of the Royal Society, (1672); President of the Royal Society, (1703-1727); Royal Society Council (1697, 1699); died, 1727.
Thomas Newton was born 21 December 1719. He was educated at the 'Choir of St. Paul's Cathedral' in London. Instead of going into business, Newton was educated by a tutor and subsequently devoted his life to his writings and to the affairs of his friends. His literary works included a novel, James and Julia, Grammar and Literary Criticism and Religious History. On the death of his father in 1757 Thomas Newton moved to Westminster. Having no children or close relatives late in his life, Thomas Newton had decided to bequeath his inheritance to a charitable institution. Originally he had intended to leave his estate to the Marine Society. However, on hearing of the foundation of the Literary Fund (created in 1790, later, the Royal Literary Fund) Newton decided to bequeath his inheritance to them instead. He died on 5 February 1807. The General Committee of the Royal Literary Fund were both the executors and trustees of the Thomas Newton bequest. By about 1830 the duties of the executors had ceased. However, as trustees of the Thomas Newton bequest, the Royal Literary Fund were still dealing with issues generated by Newton's property in the East End of London until 1954.
William Newton (1786-1861) was a patent agent of Bloomsbury and Herne Bay in Kent.
Nias entered the Navy in 1807 and served during the remaining years of the Napoleonic wars. During the next few years he took part in three Arctic expeditions, being promoted to lieutenant in 1820. In 1826 he was appointed to the Asia, flagship of Sir Edward Codrington. Following the battle of Navarino in 1827 he was promoted to commander and appointed to the HMS ALACRITY, remaining in the Aegean until 1830. Nias was promoted to captain in 1835 and in 1840 commissioned the HMS HERALD for service in the East Indies. After a period in New Zealand, he took part in the First Chinese War 1839 to 1842, and was involved in operations leading to the capture of Canton. After his return home in 1843, he was on half-pay until 1850 when he was appointed to the HMS AGINCOURT and then to the HMS ST GEORGE, guardship of the reserve at Devonport. From 1854 to 1856 he was Superintendent of the Victualling Yard and Hospital at Plymouth. He saw no further service. He was promoted to rear-admiral in 1857, to vice-admiral in 1863 and admiral in 1867, being knighted in the same year. He was placed on the retired list in 1866.
Whitlock Nicholl was born in Treddington, Worcester, in 1786. He grew up with his uncle, the Reverend John Nicholl. He was placed with Mr Bevan in 1802, a medical practitioner at Cowbridge in Glamorganshire. He entered as a pupil at St George's hospital, in 1806. He attended the lectures of Mr Wilson, Dr Hooper, Dr Pearson, Dr John Clarke, and Sir Everard Home. He was appointed house surgeon at the Lock Hospital, in 1808, and admitted as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, in 1809. He returned to Cowbridge and entered into partnership with his former master, Mr Bevan, and then succeeded him as physician on his retirement. He was created Doctor of Medicine by Marischal College, Aberdeen, in 1816, and was admitted an extra Licentiate of the College of Physicians, the same year. He was created Doctor of Medicine by the Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1817, through the interest of his relation Sir John Nicholl. He had a successful practice in Ludlow. He matriculated from Glasgow in 1825, and attained the M D in 1826. He then moved to London, where he was admitted a Licentiate of the College of Physicians in 1836. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, in 1830. He died in 1838.
Francis Nicholls White and Company originated before 1858 as Robinson, Nicholls and Company of 13 Old Jewry, London. In 1863 the name was changed to Francis Nicholls White and Company, in 1866 to Nicholls and Leatherdale and, in 1885, back to Francis Nicholls White and Company. From its beginnings, the firm practised as accountants dealing only with insolvency matters; it also acted as proprietors of a debt collection business known as the British Mercantile Agency and of a number of trade associations. The practice continued at 13/14 Old Jewry Chambers until 1924 when it moved to 73 Cheapside; in 1954 it moved to 19 Eastcheap. In 1967 the firm amalgamated with Parkin S Booth and Company.
John Bowyer Nichols was born in London, 1779, and went on to be schooled at St Paul's School, London. In 1796 he entered his father's printing office and began part editorship of The Gentleman's Magazine, of which, by 1837, he was sole proprietor. For a short time he was printer to the Corporation of the City of London. In 1850 he became Master of the Stationer's Company. He published many county histories as well as significant works such as The Literary History of the Eighteenth Century. He died in Ealing, 1863.
John Gough Nichols, son of John Bowyer Nichols, was born in London in 1806. He published his first work, Progress of James I in 1828 and went on to become joint editor of The Gentleman's Magazine in 1851. He was a founding member of the Camden Society, 1838. In 1856 ill health forced him to give up The Gentleman's Magazine and he dedicated his time to Literary Remains of Edward VI (1857-8). Like his father, he published many county histories and volumes of antiquary concern. He died in 1873.
Born, 1904; educated as a scholar at Sedbergh School, -1921; lived with his family for a year in Germany; worked writing travel guides, 1923; wrote for newspapers, especially on birds, and by 1925 was well established; read modern history, Hertford College, Oxford, 1926-1929; set up the Oxford University Exploration Club, and took part in expeditions to Greenland and British Guiana; assistant editor of the Weekend Review, 1929; member of the think-tank Political and Economic Planning (PEP), 1931-; founder of the British Trust for Ornithology, 1933; chairman of the British Trust for Ornithology, 1947-1949; founder member of the Edward Grey Institute in Oxford, 1938; Head of Allocation of Tonnage Division, Ministry of War Transport, 1942-1945; Secretary, Office of The Lord President of the Council, 1945-1952; Member, Advisory Council on Scientific Policy, 1948-1964; Director-General of The Nature Conservancy, 1952-1966; participated in Guy Mountfort's expeditions to the Coto Doñana in 1957 and to Jordan in 1964; Lecturer, University of California, 1964; Convener, Conservation Section, International Biological Programme, 1963-1974; founder of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), 1961; Secretary, Duke of Edinburgh's Study Conference on the Countryside in 1970, 1963; Albright chairman of Land Use Consultants, 1966-1989; chairman of the New Renaissance Group, 1966-; a Director and Managing Editor, Environmental Data Services Ltd, 1978-1980; President, RSPB, 1980-1985; President, Trust for Urban Ecology (formerly Ecological Parks Trust), 1987-1988; President, New Renaissance Gp, 1998-2000; died, 2003.
Publications:
Birds in England (1926)
How Birds Live (1927)
The Art of Bird-Watching (1931)
The System (1967)
The Environmental Revolution (1970)
The Big Change (1973)
This collection of correspondence consists mostly of letters written by a school teacher, Hellmut Lange from Chemnitz, Saxony, to an English woman, Miss Jessie Nicholson in South London between 1933 and August 1939.
Born 1916; educated at Stowe School, the Institute of Actuaries and the London School of Economics; Researcher and Lecturer, Oxford University Institute of Statistics, 1941-1946; Statistician, Ministry of Home Security, 1943-1944; Statistician, 1947-1952, and Chief Statistician, 1952-1968, Central Statistical Office, 1947-1968; External Examiner in Statistics, London, 1951-1956, and Manchester, 1958-1960; Simon Research Fellow, Manchester University, 1962-1963; Chief Economic Advisor to the Department of Health and Social Security and to successive Secretaries of State for Social Services, 1968-1976; Associate Professor of Quantitative Economics, Brunel University, 1972-1974; Senior Leverhulme Fellowship, 1977; Senior Fellow, Policy Studies Institute, 1977-1983; Rockefeller Fellowship, 1984; Fellow, Royal Statistical Society, 1940 (Member of Council, 1961-1966); Member, Econometric Society, 1951-1971; died 1990. Publications: Redistribution of Income in the United Kingdom in 1959, 1957 & 1953 (Bowes & Bowes, London, 1965); The interim index of industrial production (HMSO, 1949); The assessment of poverty (HMSO, 1979).
Marjorie Nicholson was born in 1914. She attended Oxford University in the 1930s and, after graduating, taught before becoming an extra-mural organising tutor with Ruskin College. Whilst on a working trip to Nigeria in 1949 she became convinced that to help develop democratic self governing institutions she had to work full time from within the labour movement. Firstly, she worked as secretary at the Fabian Colonial Bureau. Here she was involved in producing pamphlets and memoranda and editing its monthly journal Venture. The Fabian Society took a special interest in the Colonies, founding its Colonial Bureau in 1940, thanks to the knowledge and enthusiasm of Nicholson and Rita Hinden. They not only provided expert advice to members of both Houses of Parliament, but befriended many young colonials, mainly students, on their first visits to London. Through her work at the Bureau Nicholson met and assisted India's Jawaharlal Nehru and Krishna Menon, Eric Williams from Trinidad, Hugh Springer from Barbados, Siaka Stevens from Sierra Leone, Tom Mboya from Kenya, Lee Kuan Yew from Singapore and Kwame Nkrumah from Ghana, who were to become leaders of the National movements in their own countries. During this period she also stood three times, unsuccessfully, as the Labour candidate for Windsor. From 1955 she worked in the International Department of the Trades Union Congress (TUC), one of the few women working in policy development employed by the trade union movement. After her retirement in 1972, she began writing up the history of the TUC's involvement overseas from her own papers and cuttings collection. The first volume, The TUC overseas: the roots of policy, was published in 1986 and she was still working on a second volume at the time of her death in July 1997. Publications: The TUC overseas: the roots of policy, London (1986).