William Henry Perkin was an English chemist born in East London; he entered the Royal College of Chemistry aged 15 and discovered the first aniline dye, Mauveine, at the age of 18. Perkin's discovery set off the subsequent discovery of other new aniline dyes which led on to factories being established to produce them. Another result of his discovery was the increase in the processing of coal tar, the main source of material for his dye. Perkin was widely lauded in his later life (including his knighthood in 1906) and was also President of the Chemical Society from 1883 to 1885.
Born in Edinburgh in 1873, Balfour received his education at George Watson's college and at the University of Edinburgh where he graduated MB CM in 1894. After graduation he joined his father in general practice but it soon became clear that he was inclined toward preventive rather than curative medicine. He went to Cambridge University in 1895, taking his Diploma in Public Health in 1897. He returned to Edinburgh University where he graduated MD with a thesis on the toxicity of dyestuffs and river pollution for which he was awarded the Gold Medal. He took the Edinburgh BSc in Public Health at Edinburgh University in 1900 before serving as a civil surgeon in the Transvaal in the second Boer War, 1900-1901. On his return he became interested in tropical medicine through his friendship with Sir Patrick Manson and took a course at the School. In 1902 he was appointed Director of the Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratory at Khartoum and Medical Officer of Health to that city. He remained in Khartoum until 1913 and his work was published in four reports from the Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories (1904-1911). On his return to England, he founded and directed the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research and organised what was to become the Wellcome Museum of Medical Science. He made an extensive tour of South America and the West Indies. He took on many different roles during world war one, at the outbreak he was in uniform in France, in 1915 he became a temporary Lt Col, Royal Army Medical Corps. In 1915-1916 he became a member of the Medical Advisory Committee, Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, he was the President of the Medical Advisory Committee, Mesopotamia 1916-1917, Scientific Adviser to Inspecting Surgeon-General, British Expeditionary Force, East Africa, 1917 and President of the Egyptian Public Health Commission, 1918. He returned as Director in Chief of the Wellcome Bureau and became a member of the Colonial Advisory Medical and Sanitary Committee and Medical Research Committee. In 1921 he visited Mauritius to advise on sanitation and went to Bermuda in 1923 on a similar expedition. In 1923 he was appointed the first Director of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. In 1926 he revisited the Sudan at the invitation of the Government, presided at the opening of the State Institute in Warsaw and gave an address at the opening of the School of Hygiene in John Hopkins University in America. He was elected President of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1925-1927, he became D.Sc and LL.D (Edinburgh) and LL.D of John Hopkins and Rochester Universities in USA and also a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London and Edinburgh. In 1920 he received the Mary Kingsley Medal of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. He was knighted in 1930. He died from a fall from a window of a nursing home in Kent on 1 January 1931. Selected publications include (medicine): Medicine, Public Health and Preventive Medicine (with C. J. Lewis, 1902); Memoranda on Medical Diseases in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Areas (1916); War Against Tropical Disease (1920); Reports to the Health Committee of the League of Nations on Tuberculosis and Sleeping Sickness in Equatorial Africa (1923); Health Problems of the Empire (with H. H. Scott, 1924); (novels/historical adventures): By Stroke of Sword (1897); To Arms (1898); Vengeance is Mine (1899); Cashiered and Other War Stories (1902); The Golden Kingdom (1903).
Sir Austin Bradford Hill was born on 8 July 1897 in Hampstead, London, son of Sir Leonard Erskine Hill (1866-1952), professor of physiology at the London Hospital medical college, and his wife, Janet, née Alexander (1868-1956). Bradford Hill was educated at Chigwell School, 1908-1916. He was destined for the study of medicine when, as a pilot in World War One, he was invalided out of the forces with near fatal tuberculosis while serving at Gallipoli in the Dardanelles campaign.
Recovering at home, he took an external London degree in economics and, encouraged by the family friend Major Greenwood, began statistical studies for the Medical Research Council in 1923. Moving with Greenwood to the new London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in 1927, he became Reader in Epidemiology and Vital Statistics, 1933-1945. The first edition of his textbook Principles of Medical Statistics was published in 1937 and has influenced generations of medical statisticians and epidemiologists, and left its mark on the development of medical science in the second half of the twentieth century, as have his seminal studies on carcinogenic effects of smoking (with Richard Doll) and on the use of randomisation in clinical trials of new drugs. Bradford Hill was Honorary Director of the MRC's Statistical Research Unit, 1945-61; 'acting' Dean, then Dean of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 1955-1957.
CBE, 1951; knighted, 1961; elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, 1954, and received honorary degrees from Oxford and Edinburgh and many honorary fellowships and medals, including an honorary fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians of London and the gold medal of the Royal Statistical Society, 1953. Bradford Hill died, 18 April 1991.
Publications include: Principles of medical statistics (The Lancet; Oxford University Press, London and New York, 1971); Statistical methods in clinical and preventive medicine (Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1962) and Experimental epidemiology by M. Greenwood, A. Bradford Hill, W. W. C. Topley and J. Wilson, Medical Research Council (Great Britain) Special report series, no. 209 (H. M. Stationery Office, London, 1936).
Cinchona-Institute was a non-profit research institute connected to the quinine industry of Holland.
Professor John David Gillett was born in 1913; began working with P A Buxton's Department of Entomology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 1930 having failed nine O-Level subjects at school, 1930; his first appointment was feeding and general upkeep of the Department's colonies of living insects.
Gillett went to East Africa with H S Leeson to educate himself in the study of mosquitoes, 1936, staying on for the next 26 years in Uganda's Medical Department. This was only interrupted with visits to the UK to obtain degrees and during World War Two, when he spent a year on an island in Lake Victoria, attempting to control sleeping sickness by reducing the number of tsetse in the infected area - this was a short term solution and it eventually became necessary to evacuate the island's entire population. In 1941, an outbreak of yellow fever occurred in western Uganda and he was seconded to the Rockefeller Foundation's Yellow Fever Institute to work in Bwamba on the old Congo border.
Gillett chose to retake his O-levels and then A-levels and was accepted at University College London to read Zoology, Physiology and Biochemistry. He graduated in 1949, with first class honours and returned to Uganda with his wife and two children to rejoin Haddow at what had become the East African Virus Research Institute. In 1955 he was awarded a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship to study mosquito virus relations in the United States. After his return to Uganda he was appointed Assistant Director to Alec Haddow at the East African Virus Research Institute, where they collaborated in a study of periodic behaviour in mosquitoes. He awarded the DSc from London, 1960.
Gillett returned to Britain, 1962, and was elected to the Chair of Applied Biology at Brunel University where later he was appointed Head of Biological Sciences. After serving two years as Treasurer of the Royal Entomological Society of London, he was elected President, 1977-79, and retired, 1978, becoming a Senior Research Fellow at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Gillett died in 1995.
Publications include: Mosquitoes (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1971); Yellow fever in western Uganda By Mahaffy, A. F., K. C. Smithburn, H. R. Jacopx and J. D. Gillettt. (Trans. R. Sox. Trop. Med. Hyg. 36, 1942) and The cyclical transmission of yellow fever virus through the grivet monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops centraZis Neumann, and the mosquito Aedes Megomyia africanus by Ross, R. W. and J. D. Gillett (Theobald. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 44, 1950).
Born 1861; educated Epsom College and London Hospital; Assistant Resident Medical Officer, South-East Fever Hospital, New Cross, London; House Physician, House Surgeon and Resident Accoucheur, London Hospital; Medical Officer in charge Sleeping Sickness Extended Investigation; Principal Medical Officer, Uganda Protectorate, 1908-1918; Lt Col Commanding Uganda Medical Service and Assistant Director of Medical Services for Uganda, 1914-1918; Fellow Royal Institute of Public Health; Fellow Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene; died 1946. Publications: Observations relating to the transmission of Sleeping Sickness in Uganda; the distribution and bionomics of Glossina palpalis; and to clearing measures and Progress Report on the Uganda Sleeping Sickness Camps from December, 1906, to November 30th, 1908 (Royal Society, Sleeping Sickness Bureau, London, 1909).
Sir William Wilson Jameson was born in 1885; educated at Aberdeen University and University College London, graduating in arts at Aberdeen in 1905 and qualified MB Ch.B at Marischal College in 1909. After resident posts in London hospitals he obtained the DPH in 1914. Henry Kenwood, on the outlook for talent for his department as Professor of Hygiene at University College London appointed him assistant lecturer in the same year; the two men then shared academic and wartime duties throughout World War One.
Jameson served in France, Italy, and at Aldershot as Specialist Sanitary Officer in the Royal Army Medical Corps, deputising in between teaching duties and the running of the department for Kenwood during the latter's absences serving with the Army Medical Advisory Board. Demobilised in 1919, Jameson then spent almost 10 years as MOH in Finchley and St Marylebone, and writing Synopsis of Hygiene (1st ed. 1920), with G S Parkinson. Appointed to the new Chair of Public Health at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, January 1929, he managed his new responsibilities as Professor, Head of Division, and Dean of the School with the consummate skill and tact needed within the new School.
Jameson was appointed Dean after the death of Sir Andrew Balfour in 1931, a position he held for nine years until he was appointed Chief Medical Officer of the Ministry of Health in 1940, a position he held for ten years. His further very distinguished career included decisive influence on the creation of the National Health Service through his links with the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education. For a time he acted part-time as Medical Advisor to the Secretary of State for the Colonies. He travelled widely in the tropics and visited Uganda and West Africa where his advice on many matters was been sought, so he was also of great service to tropical medicine. He was the Harveian Orator of the Royal College of Physicians in 1942 and he received the Bisset Hawkins Medal in 1950. He served on the General Medical Council from 1942-1947. Jameson was knighted, 1939; Knight Commander of the Bath, 1943 and Knight Grand Cross Order of the British Empire, 1949. Jameson died in 1962.
Publications include A synopsis of hygiene by W. W. Jameson and G. S. Parkinson (Churchill, London, 1936).
Anne Marie Meyer was born in Berlin into a Jewish family, 1919. She came to Britain with her father and younger brothers in 1933 and attended Bunce Court School in Kent. Unable to fund a university education, she trained as a secretary and started work at the Warburg Institute in London in 1937. From 1939 until her retirement in 1984 she was the Institute's Secretary and Registrar. Although employed as an administrator, Meyer acquired a wide scholarly knowledge in her own right, particularly in relation to classical music and to the history of the Warburg Institute, and her scholarship, knowledge of four languages and editorial skills proved invaluable in the production of the Institute's journal and monographs. She was awarded the MBE in 1983 and became an Honorary Fellow of the Institute in 1984. She died in 2004.
Henri Frankfort was born, 1897; brought up in the Netherlands and served in the Dutch armed forces during the First World War. He later studied at University College London and the British School at Athens and led archaeological excavations in Egypt before taking his PhD from Leiden University in 1927. He subsequently spent several years in Iraq carrying out fieldwork for the University of Chicago, where he became a Professor in 1932; he also held an Extraordinary Professorship at the University of Amsterdam concurrently with the Chicago chair. In 1949 he left the United States to become Professor of the History of Pre-Classical Antiquity at the University of London and Director of the Warburg Institute, a post he retained until his death in 1954. Prominent among his research interests were the religions of Ancient Egypt and the Near East. The art historian Enriqueta Harris was his second wife.
Aby Moritz Warburg was born in Hamburg, 1866 to a wealthy banking family; instead of entering the family business, he devoted himself to the academic study of art, European civilization and the classical tradition; studied in Bonn, Munich, and in Strasbourg, focusing on archeology and art history; worked in Florence producing studies on single works of art and their wealthy patrons; spent time on the Hopi Indians conducting an ethnological study, 1896; founded the Kultur-wissenschaftliche Bibliothek Warburg (KBW), to serve both as a private collection and as a resource for public education, 1921; visited the United States to document the Native Americans and their mystic traditions using photographs and text; hospitalized, 1921-1924; worked at the KBW, 1924-1929; died 1929.
The Kulturwissenschaftliche Bibliothek Warburg grew out of the personal library of Aby Warburg. In 1921, with the help of Fritz Saxl, the library became a research institution in cultural history, and a centre for lectures and publications, affiliated to the University of Hamburg. After Warburg's death in 1929, the further development of the Institute was guided by Saxl. In 1934, under the shadow of Nazism, the institute was relocated from Hamburg to London. It was installed in Thames House in 1934, moving to the Imperial Institute Buildings, South Kensington, in 1937. In 1944 it became associated with the University of London, and in 1994 it became a founding institute of the University of London's School of Advanced Study.
Charles Mitchell was born 1912 and educated at Merchant Taylor's School and at St John's College, Oxford. He received his BA in 1934 and a BLitt in 1939, having simultaneously worked as an assistant at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich (1935-1939). He served at the Admiralty and in the Royal Navy during the Second World War before becoming a lecturer at the Warburg Institute. Having previously held two visiting appointments in the United States, he left London permanently in 1960 for a position at Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania. After leaving Bryn Mawr in 1980, he held several short term profesorial appointments in the eastern United States before finally retiring in 1985. His scholarly interests were wide, but his chief areas of study were Renaissance art and British art of the 18th and 19th centuries.
Daniel Pickering Walker (known as 'Perkin' to friends and colleagues) was born in London, 1914 and educated at Westminster School and at Christ Church, Oxford, receiving his DPhil in 1940; after working for the Foreign Office and in the Intelligence Corps during the Second World War, he lectured and research at University College London for several years; Walker became a Reader at the Warburg Institute, 1961, and was subsequently the Institute's Professor of the History of the Classical Tradition (1975-1981). Much of his research centred on the importance of Christianity and religious belief in the development of European culture. After retirement he was an Honorary Fellow of the Institute until his death in 1985.
Ernst Hans Gombrich was born, 1909 and studied in Vienna. He moved to London in 1936, becoming a Research Assistant at the Warburg Institute. During the Second World War he worked for the BBC, before returning to the Warburg Institute as Senior Research Fellow (1945-1948), Lecturer (1948-1954), Reader (1954-1956), Special Lecturer (1956-1959) and eventually Director (1959-1976). Gombrich also held a chair at University College London (1956-1959), and numerous other appointments. He received a CBE in 1966 and a knighthood in 1972. After his retirement he was an Honorary Fellow of the Warburg Institute until his death in 2001.
Herbert Horne was born in London, 1864 and worked there as an architect, in partnership with A H Mackmurdo, during the 1880s and early 1890s. From the mid 1890s onwards he worked more on Italian art history, moving to Florence permanently in about 1904. He died in 1916.
Leopold David Ettlinger was born in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia), where his father was the university librarian, 1913. He studied at the Universities of Halle and Marburg, receiving his doctorate in 1937. He left Germany in 1938 because of his Jewish background and settled in England, working at the Warburg Institute under Fritz Saxl. With other Warburg staff, he was briefly interned on the Isle of Man in 1940 and became a member of the Institute on his release. During 1941-1948 Ettlinger worked as a schoolteacher in Birmingham, before returning to the Warburg Institute as Assistant to the Curator of the Photographic Collection (1948-1950); subsequently he was Assistant Curator (1950-1953) and Curator (1953-1956) of the Photographic Collection, and then a Lecturer at the Institute (1956-1964). From 1959 he was also a Professor at the Slade School of Art, becoming chair of the department in 1966. In 1970 Ettlinger left England for the University of California at Berkeley, where he remained until his retirement in 1980. He died in 1989. His research covered many aspects of art history.
The Domestic Design collection was begun in the 1950s by staff at the former Hornsey College of Art at a time when books on 19th and early 20th Century architecture and designs could be acquired very cheaply. In the 1960s the acquisitions policy was extended to include trade catalogues of mostly British furnishers, upholsterers and interior decorators, and continues to the present day.
The King Edward VII Nautical School was founded in 1902 by the British Sailors' Society. The Directors of the Society acted as the first governing body of the School, which was based over a seamen's hostel at 680 Commercial Road, Stepney, London. In 1926 the school became a recognised school of technical instruction aided by the London County Council (LCC). In 1949 the LCC implemented a further education development plan for nautical education. Under this scheme, senior courses would be established at Sir John Cass College, while junior courses would be run at the King Edward VII School (and later at a new college at Greenhithe). Further rationalisation occurred in the 1960s when the Department of Navigation of Sir John Cass College merged with the King Edward VII Nautical College in 1969 and moved to a new building at Tower Hill, London.
In 1893 the Vestry of St Leonard's, Shoreditch, inaugurated Trade Classes for the local youth. Although these were not aimed solely at the furniture trade, furniture and related trades were the foremost trades of the area and so the principal focus of the classes. These were held at 35 and 37 Hoxton Street and became known as the Shoreditch Municipal Technical School. By 1897 a formal body for the management of the school had been established and the Technical Education Board (TEB) of the London County Council (LCC) had agreed to purchase the former Haberdashers' Aske's School in Pitfield Street as premises.
The new institution, renamed the Shoreditch Technical Institute (STI), was run by the TEB with a local advisory committee, and opened in 1899, with 162 students. A Domestic Economy School for Girls opened at Pitfield Street in 1900 (and closed in 1918 as demand for places fell during World War One). A Trade School for 14-16 year old boys opened in 1901, and a similar school for girls opened in 1906, both at Pitfield Street. Teacher training started at the STI in 1919. During World War Two the STI was given over to army training and the trade schools were evacuated elsewhere. After the war, Pitfield Street was given over to teacher training until 1951. The remnant of the STI was based in Hammond Square, Shoreditch, and was re-established as the Technical College for the Furnishing Trades at Pitfield Street in 1951, with a new emphasis on design as well as craftsmanship and aimed at post 18 and adult education.
In 1964 the Institute was renamed the London College of Furniture (LCF). The College expanded rapidly during the 1960s as the range of courses increased to cover, amongst others, cabinet making, upholstery, wood machining and musical instrument construction. The existing accommodation was inadequate and during the 1960s plans were made to move the LCF to new premises at 41-71 Commercial Road, Stepney. Occupation took place in 1971 and the new building was officially opened in 1972. By 1975 there were approximately 500 full time and sandwich students and 1000 part timers, in three main divisions: Furniture, Interior Design and Musical Instruments. During the 1980s the Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) attempted to involve the LCF in its plans to create a single London Institute out of the several art and technical colleges which it ran. The LCF was reluctant however, as staff and students felt that its profile was unsuitable to merger within the proposed London Institute, and that instead its future would be best served by an alliance with the City of London Polytechnic. The LCF joined the Polytechnic as part of the Sir John Cass Faculty of Art, Design and Manufacture in 1990. The Polytechnic became London Guildhall University in 1992.
Mary Edith Durham born in London on 8 December 1863; educated at Bedford College, 1878-1882; became an artist, and trained at the Royal Academy Schools. Following illness and at nearly forty years old she travelled to the Balkans and worked as a political missionary. She first visited the area in 1900. She started travelling in search of health and was an anthropologist as well as a gifted artist. She travelled to the Balkans annually from 1900 to 1914. When uprisings occurred, in 1903 and 1909, she provided medical aid and food. Following the end of the Second World War, Durham was offered a permanent home in Albania by the Albanian Government. She refused, choosing to remain independent and settled in London writing books and articles. She died in London on 15 November 1944.
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Born 1874; served as British Resident to the Sultan of Zanzibar, 1923-1929; Governor of Trinidad and Tobago, 1930-1936; died 1961.
Born 1907; read history, Emmanuel College, Cambridge; Indian Civil Service, 1930; Deputy Commissioner of the Santal Parganas, 1942-1946; editor of Man in India, 1942-1949; Keeper of the Indian section of the Victoria and Albert Museum, 1949; Royal Asiatic Society's Burton Memorial Medal, 1978; died, 1979.
Thomas Crawford Johnston was a scholar working in San Francisco, USA. He was an honorary member of the Geographical Society of California.
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Mary Edith Durham born in London on 8 December 1863; educated at Bedford College, 1878-1882; became an artist, and trained at the Royal Academy Schools. Following illness and at nearly forty years old she travelled to the Balkans and worked as a political missionary. She first visited the area in 1900 in search of health and was an anthropologist as well as a gifted artist. She travelled to the Balkans annually from 1900 to 1914. When uprisings occurred, in 1903 and 1909, she provided medical aid and food. Durham was offered a permanent home in Albania by the Albanian Government. She refused, choosing to remain independent and settled in London writing books and articles. She died in London on 15 November 1944.
James Philip Mills was born in 1890 and educated at Winchester School and Corpus Christi College, Oxford. In 1913 he joined the Indian Civil Service and served in North-East India until 1947. He was Sub-divisional officer at Mokokchung in the Naga Hills of Assam from 1917-1924 and Deputy Commissioner, based at Kohima, during the 1930s. In 1930 he married Pamela Vesey-Fitzgerald.
In 1930 he was appointed the Honorary Director of Ethnography for Assam. His first monograph, The Lhota Nagas, was published by the Government of Assam in 1922, followed by The Ao Nagas in 1926 and The Rengma Nagas in 1937. In 1942 he was awarded the Rivers Memorial Medal of the Royal Anthropological Institute for anthropological fieldwork among the Nagas. In 1943 he was appointed as Advisor to the Governor for Tribal Areas and States, with overall responsibility for tribal matters in North-East India. This appointment enabled him to travel among and study for the first time tribal people living north of the Brahmaputra towards the Tibetan frontier, and to give permission to his good friend Christoph von Furer-Haimendorf, and also Ursula Graham-Bower, to enter this closed area and carry out their pioneering studies.
Mills was elected to the Council of the Royal Anthropological Institute in 1948 and served as its President from 1951-1953. In 1948 he became Reader in Language and Culture with special reference to South-East Asia at the School of Oriental and African Studies. Here he worked with Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf from the inception of the Department of Cultural Anthropology in 1950 until ill health forced his retirement in 1954.
Bernard Deacon was born, 1903, in Nicolaiev, south Russia, where his father was the representative of a shipping firm; came to England, 1916; education: Nottingham high school, Trinity College, Cambridge, 1921-1925; conducted antropological fieldwork on the island of Malekula in the south Pacific archipelago of the New Hebrides (later Vanuatu) where he gained a working command of at least three Malekulan languages, 1926-1927; he also spent six weeks on the neighbouring island of Ambrym, 1927; died of malaria, 1927.
The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, generally known as the Hellenic Society, was founded in 1879 to advance the study of Greek language, literature, history, art and archaeology in the Ancient, Byzantine and Modern periods. The first President was J B Lightfoot, Bishop of Durham, Vice Presidents included Lord Morley, Sidney Colvin, and R C Jebb and members of the Council included Sir Charles Dilke MP, Prof B H Kennedy, A J Balfour MP, Oscar Browning and Oscar Wilde.
The Journal of Hellenic Studies was first issued by the Society in 1880 and is internationally recognized as one of the foremost periodicals in the field of Classical scholarship. It contains articles on a wide variety of Hellenic topics, and reviews of recent books of importance to Greek studies. The supplement, Archaeological Reports provides fully illustrated accounts of archaeological work in Greece and other parts of the world that were sites of Greek culture.
The Society is established, together with the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies in the premises of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London. The Society helps to maintain the Joint Library, in conjunction with the Roman Society and the Institute of Classical Studies.
Bertha Tilly: Educated at Bedford College London, (BA 1924, MA 1932, PhD 1940); later Headmistress Ely High School for Girls; died 1980.
Publications: (ed)Virgil's Aeneid Book IX,London, G Bell (Alpha Classics), 1938; Vergil's Latium, Oxford, Blackwell, 1947 [represents in a revised form together with some additions, a thesis approved for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London in 1940]; The Story of Camilla from Aeneid Books VII and XI, Cambridge, 1956; Virgil's Aeneid Book V, London, University Tutorial Press, (Palatine Classics) 1966; Virgil's Aeneid Book IV, London, University Tutorial Press, (Palatine Classics) 1968; Varro the Farmer, A Selection fron the Res Rusticae, London, 1973.
Born, 1870; educated at Burton grammar school; left school to work for his uncle's coal business; articled apprentice to Alfred Hodgkins, veterinary surgeon; Royal Veterinary College, London, 1888-1892; resident hospital surgeon at the Royal Veterinary College, 1892; entered private practice with Arthur Blake, of Redhill, [1893]; unior professor, in charge of the outpatients' department and the teaching of materia medica and later hygiene, Royal Veterinary College, 1893-1899; FRCVS, 1897; John Henry Steel medal, 1899; private practice in Kensington with Frank Ridler, 1899-1927; honorary veterinary surgeon to Queen Alexandra, 1912-1939; veterinary officer to King Edward's Horse, army veterinary corps, 1914; in command of no 22 Veterinary Hospital at Abbeville in France, 1915-1916; took the hospital to Italy, 1916; returned to Kensington practice, [1919]; president of the section of comparative medicine of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1924-1926; served on the Council of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, 1925-1939; Principal of the Royal Veterinary College, 1927-1937; knighted, 1933; honorary fellow of the Royal Society, 1937; returned to practice as a consultant, 1937-1938; died, 1939.
Richard Powys was born in 1844; he was first Secretary of the Royal Veterinary College, 1876-1913; he died in 1913.
Born, 1810; educated at Bungay Grammar school; Veterinary College in Camden Town, London, 1828-1829 and also attended external lectures; joined his uncle Robert Beart's veterinary surgery at Bungay, 1829-1836; inherited a veterinary practice in Twickenham, 1836; founder member of the Veterinary Medical Association, 1836; member of the English (later Royal) Agricultural Society, 1838; first Professor of Cattle Pathology at the Veterinary College in London, 1839; consulting veterinary surgeon to the Royal Agricultural Society, 1839-1904; active in the movement for obtaining the charter to the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons; head of the veterinary department of the Privy Council, 1865-1871; President of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, 1862-1863; Principal of the Royal Veterinary College, 1872-1881; completed the incorporation of the Royal Veterinary College by royal charter, 1875; retired 1881 and farmed and served as a JP; died, 1904.
Mary Désirée Waller: Born 21 Oct 1886, daughter of Professor Augustus Waller and Alice (née Palmer); educated at Cheltenham Ladies College, 1901-1903 and Bedford College, London, 1906-1911; BSc, University of London, 1911; carried out research work in physics at the University of London Physiological Laboratory and the Royal College of Science, 1912; Demonstrator (1912-1915), Lecturer (1915-1942) and Senior Lecturer (1942-1947) in Physics, London (Royal Free Hospital) School of Medicine for Women; PhD, University of London, 1941; died 11 Dec 1959. Publications: Chladani Figures, A Study in Symmetry, (G Bell & Sons, London, 1961); more than 30 articles, mainly on Chladani figures and the vibration of free plates in the Proceedings of the Physical Society, the Proceedings of the Royal Society, Nature, Acustica and other journals.
Augustus Desiré Waller: Born Paris, 1856, son of Augustus Volney Waller, MD, FRS; educated at Collège de Genève; University of Aberdeen, (MB, 1878, MD, 1881); lecturer in Physiology at London School of Medicine for Women, 1883 and St Mary's Hospital, Paddington, 1884; FRS 1892; Director, University of London Physiology Laboratory, 1903-1922; Professor, University of London, 1912; married 1895, Alice Mary, dau. of George Palmer MP; died in London, 1922. His research interests were in the emerging field of electro-physiology, in which he made useful contributions to the study of fatigue in muscle, and the nature of cardiac potentials. He made the first recording of the human electrocardiogram in 1887. Publications: Introdution to Human Physiology, 1891, Animal Electricity, 1897; Signs of Life, 1903; Physiology, the Servant of Medicine, 1910; The Psychology of Logic, 1912.
Cecil Symons (1921-1987) was a physician and cardiologist at the Royal Free Hospital. In 1946 he was appointed Casualty Medical Officer at Hampstead General Hospital. He became Senior Medical Registrar at Hampstead General in 1951, and First Assistant to the Cardiac Department at the Royal Free in 1956. In 1961 he was appointed Consultant Physician at New En Hospital, and in 1968 he also became Consultant Physician and Cardiologist at the Royal Free. On his retirement in 1987 he became Honorary Consultant Physician and Cardiologist, but died a few days later. He is best remembered for his wide-ranging interests, and his activities in the fields of art and collecting of antique medical equipment. He was involved in many extra-mural activites both within the hospital and the local community, and instituted the Works of Art committee and the annual Marsden lecture. He also commissioned the artist Peter Jones in 1972 to make a series of pictorial representations of the old hospitals which were to be demolished to make way for the building of the new Royal Free. These are now held in the Archives Centre, and known as the Symons Bequest.
Following National Health Service reorganisation in 1982, Area Health Authorities were abolished and District Health Authorities were the level of management under Regional Health Authorities. Hampstead Health Authority contained units of management (UMTs) including the General Acute Unit (basically the Royal Free) and UMTs for other services such as New End or Friern Hospitals. The Hampstead Health Authority District Medical Committee included representatives from the District General Hospital (Royal Free), General Practitioners, and the Community and Mental Health teams.
William Marsden was born in Sheffield in August 1796. He moved to London, 1816, and became apprentice to Mr Dale, a surgeon practicing in Holborn. He trained at the Anatomical School of Joshua Brookes in Blenheim Street, and at St Bartholomew's Hospital under John Abernethy. In 1820 he married Elizabeth-Ann Bishop and also became a member of the Worshipful Company of Cordwainers. He obtained membership of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1827. His inability later in that year to obtain hospital treatment for an 18 year old girl, whom he found on the steps of St Andrew's Church, Holborn, almost dead of disease and starvation, turned his attention to the question of hospital relief. At that time treatment was only given to patients with a governor's letter. In 1828 he set up a small dispensary, the London General Institution for the Gratuitous Cure of Malignant Diseases, in Greville Street, Hatton Garden. The Institution initially met with great opposition, but in 1832 its value became widely recognised as it alone, of all the London hospitals, received cholera patients. After the epidemic the in-patient beds remained, and the hospital changed its name to the London Free Hospital. In 1842 the hospital moved to the Light Horse Volunteers Barracks in Gray's Inn Road. Marsden was senior surgeon of the hospital, and in 1838 he obtained the degree of Doctor of Medicine from the University of Erlangen. In 1846 Elizabeth-Ann Marsden died of cancer, and in 1851 Marsden opened a small house in Cannon Row, Westminster, for patients suffering from cancer. Within 10 years the institution moved to Brompton, and became known as the Cancer Hospital, of which Marsden was also the senior surgeon (The Hospital was renamed the Royal Marsden in 1954). In 1846 he married Elizabeth Abbott, daughter of Frances Abbott, a solicitor and member of the RFH Committee of Mamagement. Marsden died of bronchitis in 1867.
Alexander Edwin Marsden was born on 22 Sept 1832, the son of William and Elizabeth-Ann Marsden. He was educated at Wimbledon School and King's College London. He became a licenciate of the Society of Apothecaries, 1853; and MRCS 1854;. He joined the army in 1854 as staff assistant surgeon, and served in the Crimean War. On his return to Britain he was appointed surgeon to the Royal Free Hospital, where he was also curator of the museum and general superintendent. At the Cancer Hospital he was surgeon, 1853-1884, and consulting surgeon, 1884-1902. He married his cousin Catherine Marsden in 1856. He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine by the University of St Andrews, 1862; and was elected FRCS, 1868. In 1898 he was elected Master of the Worshipful Company of Cordwainers. He died 2 July 1902.
George Walter Prothero was born in Wiltshire, 14 October 1848, the eldest son of Rev. Canon George Prothero, Whippingham, Isle of Wight, and Emma nee Money-Kyrle, of Homme House, Herefordshire. He was educated at Eton, King's College Cambridge and the University of Bonn. He was Bell Scholar, 1869 and obtained 1st class in the Classical Tripos, 1872.
He was Assistant Master at Eton, and university lecturer in history and tutor at King's College, Cambridge 1876-1894. In 1894 he was appointed to the newly created chair of modern history at Edinburgh University, but in 1899 moved to London to take up the editorship of the Quarterly Review. He was President of the Royal Historical Society 1901-1905.
Other appointments included; Lecturer under University Extension Scheme at Nottingham, Leicester; Rede Lecturer (Cambridge), 1903; Lowell Lecturer (Boston), and Schouler Lecturer (Johns Hopkins), 1910; Chichele Lecturer (Oxford), 1920; Governor of Holloway College, 1916; Member of Royal Commission for Ecclesiastical Discipline, 1904-1906; Director of the Historical Section, Foreign Office, 1918-1919; Member of the British Peace Delegation, 1919; Pres., Royal Historical Society; Corresponding Member of Massachusetts Historical Society; Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Boston); Member of Société d'Histoire Modern (Paris); Hon. LLD Edinburgh and Harvard; Officer of the Crown of Belgium, 1919.
He married 1882, Mary Frances, daughter of late Dr Samuel Butcher, Bishop of Meath. Awarded KBE 1920; MA, LittD (Cambridge); FBA 1903. Prothero died in 1922.
Publications:
Life and Times of Simon de Montfort, 1877; edited [Histoire du] siécle de Louis XIV, Francois Marie Arouet de Voltaire, Pt. 1, Voltaire, 1694-1778 (Cambridge University Press 1879) and Histoire du siecle de Louis XIV. par Voltaire Pt II Voltaire. 1694-1778, edited by Gustave Masson, and G. W. Prothero, (Cambridge University Press 1879); Le Directoire considérations sur la révolution française, troisiéme et quatriéme parties with a critical notice of the author ... and notes ... by Gustave Masson and G W Prothero, Anne Louise Germaine Necker Staél-Holstein (Mme. de Staél), (Cambridge University Press 1881); translation of vol. I of Ranke's Weltgeschichte, 1883; A memoir of Henry Bradshaw, Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, and University Librarian, (London, Kegan Paul, Trench, 1888); Select Statutes and other constitutional documents illustrative of the reigns of Elizabeth and James I (Oxford, Clarendon Press 1898); editor of Sir J. R. Seeley's Growth of British Policy, 1895; British History Reader, 2 vols 1898;
co-editor of the Cambridge Modern History, 1901-1912; editor of the Cambridge Historical Series; School History of Great Britain and Ireland (to 1910), 1912; Commemorative addresses on Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall by G W Prothero and on Edward Henry Pember by W.J. Courthope, (London, Oxford University Press. 1912); Catalogue of war publications compiled by G W Prothero with the assistance of Alex J Philip, (London, John Murray, 1916); German policy before the war (John Murray, 1917); A lasting Peace (London, Hodder and Stoughton 1917); editor of the series of Peace Handbooks issued by the Foreign Office, 1920; contributor to Encyclopædia Britannica and the Dictionary of National Biography.
The Royal Historical Society (RHS) was founded on 23 Nov 1868, at a meeting at Somerset Chambers, the Strand, at office of Louis Charles Alexander, accountant and banker.
Those present at this meeting included Alexander's business partners Gibson and Rae, as well as Rev Dr Charles Rogers, Dr J E Carpenter, and Rev Samuel Cowdy. A constitution and laws for the Royal Historical Society of Great Britain were approved, with the objects of conducting historical, biographical and ethnological investigations. A pattern of regular meetings was established, the Archbishop of York - William Thompson, was designated President, and others proposed as Vice-Presidents and members of Council. Rogers was appointed Histroiographer and Alexander, Secretary.
The Archbishop declined the presidency, and the Society continued without a President until its first Annual general Meeting, Jan 1870, when George Grote, President of the University College and Vice-Chancellor of the University of London, was elected. At this time, its was agreed that a volume of Transactions should be published, and that permission be sought for the use of the prefix 'Royal' as described in the Society's constitution, but abandoned in practice.
There is some dispute about the validity of the minutes of the first Annual General Meeting and it appears that Rogers by underhand methods ousted Alexander from his post to consolidate his own position, was elected a life member, awarded an annual stipend and soon after took up the position of Honorary Secretary. This was followed by a public subscription in 1873 to procure the erection of a house for Rogers in recognition of his literary and public services. As well as this he was granted a gratuity for unpaid labours between 1868 and 1872, and successive salary raises and gratuities between Nov 1873 and 1876.
In Jan 1870, the Society had a membership of approximately 50, including associations, honorary members and corresponding members. That same year the Society amalgamated with the Provincial Record Association, in 1874, the English Reprint Society, and 1876, the British Genealogical Institute, in all of which Rogers had some involvement.
The Society's first publication was its Transaction, issued in two parts in 1871 and 1872, though not being strictly limited to papers read to the Society. By the end of 1872, membership had reached 100. In Nov 1872, 158 Fellows were elected at a single meeting of Council.
The society was not initially a professional society with professional standards. The average attendance at the ordinary meetings of Council from 1870-1878 was only 4, of which one was always Rogers. Papers were read to more numerous gatherings. A library collection was begun and in 1877, comprised mainly the Transactions of European and American historical societies.
Criticism of the Society's affairs was finally heard at a meeting of the Council in 1878 - that membership was too cheap, annual accounts were unsatisfactory, the subscriptions had not been invested, only one publication a year had been forthcoming, and the Society was spoken of amongst literary circles with anything but respect. Public denigration of the Society in the pages of the Atheneum, 1879-1880 sparked change, and a Committee of Enquiry was established in Jan 1881. Rogers instant resignation was demanded, and after further meetings, finally implemented. Following this upheaval the government of the society was put on a more regular footing, new regulations and financial arrangements adopted, and gradually gained the support of those interested in historical research in London, Oxford and Cambridge.
In 1886 the Society co-operated with the Public Record Office and the British Museum, in the Domesday Commemoration proceedings, and initiated a Conference of Historical Teaching in Schools.
Royal patronage was granted to the Society in 1888 and Royal Charter of Incorporation in 1889. This same year, the by-laws were revised, and in 1890 a Finance Committee appointed, followed by a Library Committee in 1891. The office of Director was also approved and Hubert Hall appointed, a post he held for 47 years.
The Society was fully involved in events for the commemoration of the centenary of the death of Edward Gibbon (1737-1794), historian and scholar in 1894, when Patrick Edward Dove, Secretary since 1882, apparently committee suicide. It was also revealed that money belonging to the RHS, as well as the Seldon Society of which Dove was both Treasurer and Hon Secretary had disappeared. However, the loyalty of the members sustained the Society, the Director took over the secretary's duties.
Falling membership of the society during the 1890s, and the approach of the Camden Society proposing amalgamation between the two societies in1896, was not unwelcome. The proposal was approved at a Special meeting on Nov 1896, and came into effect on 1 May 1897. Members of the Camden Society became Fellows of the RHS, with three of them taking seats on the Council. The RHS took over the balance of the Camden Society's funds and other assets, and it was agreed that the series of Camden volumes should continue as a publication of the RHS.
The Society took on a much more professional character in the 1890s, with a new programme of scholarly research, the selection of highly qualified members, and gave serious attention to its library. In 1897, Louis Charles Alexander, the first secretary, who had reassumed membership following the departure of Rogers, endowed the Alexander Medal and the first Alexander Prize Essay was presented in 1898.
In 1899 A W Ward was appointed President and in 1901 G W Prothero, former Professor of History at Edinburgh, was offered the Presidency. Both these men were active in attempts to establish a School of Advanced Historical Studies in London, which was without a History School, but only succeeded in establishing an annual Creighton Memorial Lecture at the University of London and temporary provision of two lectureships at LSE. In 1906 the Historical Association was founded as a valuable adjunct to this work, and was housed in the RHS for 30 years.
However the Society's primary object remained as a publisher, with two thirds of their income being devoted to this. Ward initiated plans for a larger publishing project - an historical bibliography for Great Britain and Ireland since the Middle Ages. First discussed in 1885, again in 1896, and 1903 it gained shape and form, finally in 1909 a plan for the bibliography was approved, with Prothero appointed general editor. (Bibliography of British History). The outbreak of war in 1914, brought a halt to the plans for the Bibliography of British History. On Prothero's death in 1922 a consultative committee was set up to carry on the work for the Bibliography of British History. In 1928, the 17th century volume was published in 1928, and the sixteenth century volume in [1933].
In 1929, a second Prize Essay was endowed - in Scottish history. In 1933 RHS underwent some administrative renovation, which included the creation of a new class of Associate Members. The Society inherited the bulk of Prothero's estate, following the death of his wife in 1934 a bequest of over £22 400 pounds, as well as his library. In 1968, an annual lectureship was instituted in his memory.
The Society is currently composed of over 2,500 Fellows from Britain and around the world, who are deemed to have made an original contribution to historical scholarship in the form of significant published work. The Fellows elect a Council which governs the Society's affairs. The Society is administered by a full-time Secretariat.
Samuel Rawson Gardiner (1829-1902) Born near Arlesford, 4 March 1829, the son of Rawson Boddam Gardiner and Margaret Baring Gould. He was educated at Winchester, and Christ Church, Oxford. Awarded DCL, LLD, LittD, 1st class Lit. Hum. 1851; Hon. Student of Christ Church, Oxford. He was a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and Professor of Modern History at King's College London. He died on 23 February 1902.
Publications: History of England, 1603-1642; History of the Great Civil War, 1642-1649; Cromwell's Place in History, 1897; What Gunpowder Plot was, 1897; History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate.
James Frederick Chance (1856-1938) Born 9 April 1856, the son of Sir James Timmins Chance, Bart. Educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Held the position of Honorary Secretary to the Eton War Memorial Fund since 1917. Awarded MA; Vice President, Royal Historical Society. Died 18 October 1938.
Publications: George I and the Northern War, 1909; The Alliance of Hanover, 1923; List of Diplomatic Representatives and Agents, England and North Germany, 1689-1727, 1907; List of Diplomatic Representatives and Agents, Denmark, Sweden, and Russia, 1689-1762, 1909; edited for the Royal Historical Society, Diplomatic Instructions, vol. i, Sweden, 1689-1727, 1922, vol. iii, Denmark, 1689-1789, 1926; vol. v, Sweden, 1727-1789, 1928; The Lighthouse Work of Sir James Chance, Bart, 1902; A History of the Firm of Chance Brothers and Company, 1919; Chance of Birmingham and Bromsgrove, 1892; The Pattinsons of Kirklinton, 1899.
Charles Rogers (1825-1890) Scottish author. Born in Denino, Fife, 18 April 1825, the only son of James Rogers (1767-1849), the local minister, and his wife Jane Haldane. He was educated at Denino parish school, and the University of St. Andrews, matriculating in 1839. Licensed by the presbytery of St Andrews in June 1846, he was employed in the capacity of assistant successively at Western Anstruther, Kinglassie, Abbotshall, Dunfermline, Ballingry, and Carnoustie. Subsequently he opened a preaching station at the Bridge of Allan, and from January 1855 until 11 Aug. 1863 was chaplain of the garrison at Stirling Castle. In 1855 he inaugurated at Stirling a short-lived Scottish Literary Institute. In 1862 he opened the British Christian Institute, for the dissemination of religious tracts, especially to soldiers and sailors, and in connection with it he issued a weekly paper, called The Workman's Friend,' and afterwards monthly serials,The Briton' and The Recorder;' but the scheme collapsed in 1863. In 1863 he founded and edited a newspaper,The Stirling Gazette,' but its career was brief. These schemes involved Rogers in much contention and litigation, and he imagined himself the victim of misrepresentation and persecution. To escape his calumniators he resigned his chaplaincy in 1863, went to England, and thenceforth devoted himself to literary work.
Rogers's earliest literary efforts in London were journalistic, but his chief interest was Scottish history, literature, and genealogy. He also had a passion for founding literary societies. In November 1865 he originated in London a short-lived Naval and Military Tract Society, as a successor to his British Christian Institute, and in connection with it he edited a quarterly periodical called The British Bulwark.' When that society's existence terminated, he set upThe London Book and Tract Depository,' which he carried on until 1874. The most successful of all his foundations - the Grampian Club, was inaugurated in London on 2 Nov. 1868, and he was secretary and chief editor until his death. Its purpose was to issue works illustrative of Scottish literature, history, and antiquities. He also claimed to be the founder of the Royal Historical Society, which was established in London on 23 Nov 1868, for the conduct of historical, biographical, and ethnological investigations. He was secretary and historiographer to this Society until 1880, when he was openly charged with working it for his own pecuniary benefit. He defended himself in a pamphlet, Parting Words to the Members,' 1881, and reviewed his past life inThe Serpent's Track: a Narrative of twenty-two years' Persecution' (1880). He edited eight volumes of the Historical Society's `Transactions,' in which he wrote much himself.
He was awarded a the degree of LL.D from Columbia College, New York, in 1854; and D.D. by the University of St Andrews in 1881. He was a member, fellow, or correspondent of numerous learned societies, British, foreign, and colonial, and an associate of the Imperial Archæological Society of Russia. He died in Edinburgh on 18 Sept. 1890, at the aged 65. Rogers married, on 14 Dec. 1854, Jane, the eldest daughter of John Bain of St. Andrews.
Publications:
I. Historical and Biographical- Notes in the History of Sir Jerome Alexander, 1872; Three Scots Reformers, 1874; Life of George Wishart, 1875; Memorials of the Scottish House of Gourlay, 1888; Memorials of the Earls of Stirling and House of Alexander, 2 vols. 1877; The Book of Wallace, 2 vols. 1889; The Book of Burns, 3 vols. 1889-91;
II. Topographical - History of St. Andrews, 1849; A Week at the Bridge of Allan, 1851; The Beauties of Upper Strathearn, 1854; Ettrick Forest and the Ettrick Shepherd, 1860;
III. Genealogical- Genealogical Chart of the Family of Bain, 1871; The House of Roger, 1872; Memorials of the Strachans of Thornton and Family of Wise of Hillbank, 1873; Robert Burns and the Scottish House of Burnes, 1877; Sir Walter Scott and Memorials of the Haliburtons, 1877; The Scottish House of Christie, 1878; The Family of Colt and Coutts, 1879; The Family of John Knox, 1879; The Scottish Family of Glen, 1888;
IV. Ecclesiastical- Historical Notices of St. Anthony's Monastery, Leith, 1849; History of the Chapel Royal of Scotland, 1882;
V. Social- Familiar Illustrations of Scottish Life, 1861; Traits and Stories of the Scottish People, 1867; Scotland, Social and Domestic, 1869; A Century of Scottish Life, 1871; Monuments and Monumental Inscriptions in Scotland, 2 vols. 1871-2; Social Life in Scotland, 3 vols. 1884-6;
VI. Religious - Christian Heroes in the Army and Navy, 1867; Our Eternal Destiny, 1868;
VII. Poetical- The Modern Scottish Minstrel, 6 vols. 1855-7; The Sacred Minstrel, 1859; The Golden Sheaf, 1867; Lyra Britannica, 1867; Life and Songs of the Baroness Nairne, 1869;
VIII. Autobiographical and General- Issues of Religious Rivalry, 1866; Leaves from my Autobiography, 1876; The Serpent's Track, 1880; Parting Words to the Members of the Royal Historical Society, 1881; Threads of Thought, 1888; The Oak, 1868;
Rogers also edited: Aytoun's Poems, 1844; Campbell's Poems, 1870; Sir John Scot's Staggering State of Scottish Statesmen, 1872; Poetical Remains of King James, 1873; Hay's Estimate of the Scottish Nobility; Glen's Poems, 1874; Diocesan Registers of Glasgow, 2 vols. 1875 (in conjunction with Mr. Joseph Bain); Boswelliana, 1874; Register of the Church of Crail, 1877; Events in the North of Scotland, 1635 to 1645, 1877; Chartulary of the Cistercian Priory of Coldstream, 1879; Rental-book of the Cistercian Abbey of Cupar-Angus, 1880; The Earl of Stirling's Register of Royal Letters, 2 vols. 1884-5.
Cyril Saunders Spackman (1887-1963) Sculptor, painter-etcher and architect. Born Cleveland, USA, 15 August 1887, the only son of Rev. John and Adelaide Saunders Spackman. He was educated at Public schools, Cleveland, Central Foundation School, London and King's Coll., London. FRNS.
He exhibited at Royal Academy, Paris Salons, as well as in regional Britian and in the USA. He was the designer of the Masonic Million Memorial Medal (exhibited Royal Academy and RMS, 1922) as well as medals for the Corporation of Croydon and the Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors; Medal of Harding Award for Selhurst Grammar School; The Nativity, The Crucifixion, The Ascension, Altar Panels in Grosmont Church, Monmouthshire; Crucifix in Hoptonwood stone in All Saints at Selhurst; Large Relief, St George and the Dragon, Clipsham stone, Ashburton Secondary Modern School, Croydon. He was filmed by Br. Paramount News and Wallace Productions Ltd carving bust of Wendy Newbury. Other sculptures include: Emancipation, in Belgian Black Marble; (Hon. Mention Salon, Paris, 1952), Duke of Devonshire, KG, in Hadene Marble; The Hall Stone Medal for United Grand Lodge of England; Black Marble Head (in the Municipal Museum Art Gallery, Arnheim).
Spackman was also Honorary Vice-President South-Eastern Society of Architects, Member Cleveland Society of Artists, Chicago Society of Etchers, Late Art Editor of The Parthenon. Chairman, Croydon University Extension Committee; Honorary-Vice-President Croydon Symphony Orchestra; Member Committee Croydon Writers' Circle; Vice-President Croydon Camera Club; Freeman and a Citizen of London; Freedom and Livery of The Company of Masons. In 1922 he married Ada Victoria (Queenie) Sadleir. He died on 16 May 1963.
Publications:
Colour Prints of a Dream Garden, and an Old-World Garden, from the original paintings exhibited at the RBA; contributor to the Architectural Review, etc.
Frederick Solly Flood (1801-1888) Born 1801, son of Richard Solly, Portman Square, London. He was educated at Harrow School, and Trinity College Cambridge. In 1820, following the death of his father, he took by Royal Licence the additional name of his maternal grandfather, a prominent Irish politician, Sir Frederick Flood (1741-1824). In 1924, he inherited his grandfather's property, and married Mary Williamson of Stoke Damerel, Devonport, who died in 1864. Admitted to Lincoln's Inn in 1824, he was called to the bar in 1828, joining the Midland Circuit, and attending Warwick an Northampton Sessions. He was attorney General of Gibraltar 1872-1877. He was elected Fellow of the RHS in 1885.
(Arthur Frederic) Basil Williams (1867-1950) historian. Born in London 4 April 1867, the only son of Frederick George Adolphus Williams, barrister-at-law, and his wife, Mary Katharine Lemon. He was educated at Marlborough and New College, Oxford. After graduating, he obtained a clerkship in the House of Commons where it was his duty to attend the parliamentary committee of inquiry into the responsibility for the Jameson raid; the appearance of Cecil Rhodes made a deep impression on him, and perhaps this accounts for his decision, many years later, to write Rhodes's biography. Williams volunteered for service in the South African war, and spent a year's campaign in the same unit with Erskine Childers. He co-operated with Childers in attempts to work out a solution of the Home Rule question, and wrote a memoir of him after his execution in 1922. Returning briefly to England, Williams went out again to South Africa as a civilian, where he served Lord Milner. He assisted Lionel Curtis, then town clerk at Johannesburg, and worked later in the education department.
On his second return to England he gave himself in earnest to his career as an historian of the eighteenth century. He distinguished himself by a series of articles on Sir Robert Walpole's foreign policy in the English Historical Review (1900-1). He was a skilled biographer, writhing the lives of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham (1913), and Stanhope (1932), Carteret and Newcastle (1943). He also wrote a general work on British history under the early Hanoverians, with the title The Whig Supremacy 1714-60 (1939).
During World War 1, he served as an education officer in the Royal Field Artillery and in 1919 was appointed O.B.E. for his services. He was Kingsford Professor of History at McGill University (1921-5), and then Professor of history at Edinburgh until 1937 when he retired under the age limit. He was elected Fellow, British Academy, 1935. He retained his interest in South Africa, and this became a secondary sphere of historical interest. In 1921 he published his life of Cecil Rhodes and in 1946 a book on Botha, Smuts and South Africa.
In 1905 Williams married Dorothy (died 1948), daughter of Francis William Caulfield. He died at Chelsea 5 January 1950.
No information is held concerning the provenance or authorship of these apparently unrelated documents concerning Jews in Hungary.
This collection of papers documents antisemitism in various forms in South Africa mostly during the 1930s.
Eric Conrad was a refugee from Vienna, a lawyer, who later became a chartered acountant. He joined the Pioneer Corps and subsequently transferred to the Intelligence Corps. He was awarded the American Bronze Star for causing the surrender of German troops at Cherbourg. On the surrender of Hamburg, 5 May 1945, he became an announcer on Hamburg radio and was then transferred to the music department which he helped to restart.
François Bondy was born in 1915, the son of Fritz Bondy, a Prague-born man of letters and of the theatre, who moved to Switzerland with his family on account of his wife's health. François became a journalist, was editor of a Parisian economics periodical in 1934 and member of the editorial team of a French political newspaper in 1935. He was interned in May 1940 in Camp du Vernet along with the author, Arthur Koestler. After his release he studied Germanistik in Paris and sociology in Zürich, where he also worked as an editor for Weltwoche. After the Berlin Congress on 'Cultural Freedom', 1950, in which he took an actve part, Bondy settled in Paris where he was the publisher of the cultural newspaper Preuves. He turned this information sheet into one of France's leading cultural periodicals. By the late 1960s he had become a leading writer on cultural affairs, appearing on radio and television and many leading European newspapers and periodicals.
The industrial clothing company, Neumann and Mendel, was founded in early 1889 by Emil Neumann and Carl Mendel, the latter dying shortly afterwards, the former retaining sole ownership. At the beginning of the 1890s a sister company was founded at Rhendt which later moved to Mönchengladbach. In 1908 the Essen firm moved to new, larger premises in the same city. By 1914, the 25th Jubilee year, the company employed 1100 people. By 1929, the year of the 40th Jubilee, the firm employed about half as many. After Emil Neumann's death in 1923, his son Ludwig became the sole owner. In accordance with the Nazi policy of 'Aryanisation' the company was forcibly sold to Joseph Herbring, a non-Jew in October 1938.
After the war Ludwig Neumann returned to Germany to reclaim what was rightfully his. The Essen branch of the firm along with most of Essen had been completely destroyed in the bombing during the war. He managed to secure a loan from his sister's frozen German bank account in order to re-establish the business in Germany in 1950. The business had fallen into difficulties and by 1949 was no longer functioning. Ludwig Neumann managed to obtain a work permit and remained for approximately 4 years in Mönchengladbach building up the company once more. It is not clear what the fate of the company was after Ludwig's attempts to rejuvenate it. A letter dated September 1954, shortly after the death of his mother, Dina Neumann, states that they were trying to find a buyer for the machinery. It is probable therefore that the company was broken up and its assets sold off at about this time.
Emil Neumann, born in Hammerstein Provinz, West Prussia in 1861 and living in Essen at the time of his marriage in 1892, married Dina Stern from Felsberg, Hessen, born in 1868. Louis Stern, her brother also worked for the company. He died in 1932. Emil and Dina had two children, Ludwig (aka Lutz) born in 1896 and Luise (aka Liesel, aka Louise) born in 1893. Having served and been wounded during the First World War (for which he was decorated), he studied at the Technical Institute for Textile Industries, Württemberg, 1919-1920, and became the sole owner of the company Neumann and Mendel and manager of the associated export firm of Schrey and Co in 1923 after the death of his father. Luise worked as a nurse in the Friedrich Krupp Krankenhaus, Essen, throughout most of the war. In 1919 she married Richard Elkisch, a Jewish businessman born in Berlin. Hardly anything is known about the latter. Luise was forced to leave her Berlin flat, Kaiseralle 203, in 1938.
In 1938, having been forced to sell the company, Ludwig was interned in Dachau for a couple of months, and released on the understanding that he would leave the country immediately. On his arrival in Great Britain after a period of internment as an enemy alien, he held a number of posts as a production manager in the clothing industry. He returned to Germany in 1950 to resume the management of the family business. Luise and her mother came over to Britain at about the same time and the family settled in Birkenhead where they remained. Dina died in 1954, Ludwig in 1970 and Luise in the 1980s.
The Bergmann family were residents of Leipzig and travelled to Great Britain probably some time in 1939. Walter Manfred Bergmann was a practising doctor until the beginning of October 1938, after which time he was no longer allowed to practise on account of his Jewish decent.
Fred Kormis was born in 1897 in Frankfurt and apprenticed in a large workshop specialising in the production of decorative sculpture and mouldings at the age of 14. In 1914 he won a scholarship to the Frankfurt Art School which came to a premature end with the outbreak of the First World War. He was conscripted into the Austrian army (his father was Austrian), sent to the Eastern Front, wounded and captured. After a year in European Russia, Kormis found himself in Siberia, north of Vladivostock, where he spent 4 years until he escaped.
Back in Frankfurt he earned a living as a portrait sculptor until, on 1 April 1933, Hitler came to power. Kormis who had been a socialist since the age of 14 and whose sister-in-law, Tony Sender, had been a deputy in the Reichstag, could see only too clearly what was to come. On 7 April he moved to Holland and then in 1934 to London.
There, he and his wife started a new life. Kormis exhibited at the Beaux-Arts Gallery, continued the medallic work, exemplified in his lovely portrait of the sculptor Moissy Kogan and was established in a studio in Sheriff Road when war broke out once more. In 1940 the studio was bombed and he lost all his large scale work. During the war Kormis spent a period working in the Potteries, designing china for export under the lend-lease scheme. In 1941 Philip Guedalla, seeking a cover for his biography, commissioned him to do one of the earliest medallic portraits of Churchill. This, exceptionally for Kormis, was not done entirely from life. Churchill had to cancel his sitting in favour of a meeting with Roosevelt in the Mid-Atlantic and publishers' deadlines left no time for an alternative appointment.
Kormis' medals of Churchill and Herbert Morrison (1941), served as a prelude to his series of portraits of members of the War Cabinet (Eden, Cripps, Bevin and Sinclair) in 1942 and his series of distinguished foreigners in London in 1943 and 1944 (Benes, Haakon VII, Sikorski, Perlot...)
The end of the war saw Kormis settled in the studio to the north of St John's Wood. He produced a steady output of work, culminating in his great 'Prisoner of War Memorial' in Gladstone Park, Willesden, the erection of which, in 1970, represented the conclusion of a fifty year journey towards the final expression of his experiences in the period, 1915-1920. Among his other public commissions have been 'The Shied Bearer' in the Corn Exchange, Stratford upon Avon; 'Angels Wings', Pound Lane, Willesden; 'The Ever-Lamenting harp', Kiryat Gat, Israel (1978).
Medals have, however, continued to be a constant part of Kormis' work; from his post-war portraits of Mountbatten (1947), Alexander Fleming (1947), and Laurence Olivier (1949), to his more recent tributes to Golda Meir (1973), Charlie Chaplin (1975), Michael Tippett (1977), Henry Moore (1978) and JB Priestley (1978), many of which have been shown at his exhibitions at the Fieldbourne Gallery in London. Kormis died in 1986.
Otto Bernstein grew up in late 19th century Elbersfeld and Kassel, Germany, and was an inmate of Theresienstadt concentration camp. Bern Brent, the depositor, provides us with an account of his experiences on the ship, the 'Dunera', bringing refugees from Europe to Australia where he made his home.
Gurs was a major internment camp in France, near Oloron-Sainte-Marie, 80 kilometers from the Spanish border. Established in 1939 to absorb Republican refugees from Spain, Gurs later served as a concentration camp for Jews from France and refugees from other countries. While under the administration of Vichy France (1940-1942) most non-Jewish prisoners were released and approximately 2000 Jews were permitted to emigrate. In 1941 Gurs held some 15,000 prisoners. The camp was controlled by the Germans from 1942 to 1944, during which time several thousand inmates were deported to extermination camps in Poland. An unknown number succeeded in escaping and reaching Spain or hiding in Southern France. Gurs was liberated in the summer of 1944.
During World War II the fort at Breendonk, Belgium was briefly used as the General Headquarters of King Leopold III, leading the Belgian armed forces. After his surrender to the Germans it was transformed into a concentration camp by the Nazis (primarily as a transit camp for transport to Auschwitz). It gained a grim reputation as a place of torture and interrogation of a wide variety of prisoners.