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The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The English Church, Bagni di Lucca and St George the Martyr, Pisa were both completed in 1843. In 1857 the two churches were united under one chaplain and services were held at Bagni di Lucca between May and October and in Pisa between October and May.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

Knokke is a seaside resort in Belgium. It was a popular tourist destination in the nineteenth century, although the expatriate community has dwindled since the Second World War. The church of Saint George was constructed in 1911, and altered in 1928. Many records were lost during the Second World War.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The first regular chaplaincy was established at Rapallo, north Italy, in 1875, and services were held in the private chapel of the Palazzo Serra, which later became the Hotel de l'Europe.

,n 1894 a piece of ground next to the cemetery in Rapallo was purchased for use as a burial ground for British residents and other protestants. In response to growing numbers of British visitors, it was decided to build a permanent church. Work began on St. George's church in 1901, and the first services were held there in January 1904. It was requisitioned by enemy forces during the Second World War and although services resumed after the war, numbers of British visitors fell and the church was eventually sold in 1975.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The church of St. John the Evangelist, Alassio was consecrated on 4th April 1883. A new church of the same name was built in 1927-1928 and the old church sold in 1932. In 1983 Mr A.M. Apostol was given charge of St. John the Evangelist by the Bishop in Europe for all matters non-ecclesiastical. The last service was held in the church in 1998 after which it was closed and sold.

Alassio was a popular tourist destination on the Italian Riviera, well known for having a large English expatriate community. As well as the Anglican church, they were served by a large lending library and tennis club. Writer and painter Edward Lear lived nearby for the last 16 years of his life; and both Edward Elgar and Kenneth Grahame visited and worked there.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

Davos, Switzerland, had a large English community due to the number of convalescent hospitals, particularly for those suffering from tuberculosis. In 1878 a local hotelier donated a piece of land for the construction of an Anglican church to serve this community. The building was completed by 1883. By the 1970s the church was threatened with closure and demolition but was saved by the Swiss Federation of Free Protestant Churches.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

Ulvik Anglican Chaplaincy was founded to serve the English tourists visiting Norway.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The Anglican church of Saint Bernard was constructed in Wengen, Switzerland, in 1928 to meet the needs of English speaking tourists. It is managed by the Intercontinental Church Society.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

Zermatt, in Switzerland, was a popular destination for Victorian English tourists. Protestant services were held in various hotels from the 1860s while funds were raised to construct a church. The church dedicated to Saint Peter, was finished in 1871.

The London Diocesan Penitentiary was formed after a gift of money to the Rev George Nugee in 1853, for the establishment of a house for the "reception and reformation of penitent fallen women". The sum involved was inadequate for the purpose and a public appeal for donations and subscriptions was made. A Council was appointed under the presidency of the Bishop of London on 20 March 1854, and an executive committee was formed.

Temporary accommodation was found at Hampton Court and then at Sunbury in 1855, but by the end of that year the lease had been acquired on Park House, Highgate. This property and adjoining land was subsequently purchased for £11,500 in 1861 and a mortgage raised to meet the cost; much of the adjoining land was later leased or sold for building and the money obtained used to assist paying off the mortgage.

The later history of the institution is uncertain, although in 1900 it was taken over by the Clewer sisters (an Anglican female religious community based in Clewer, Berkshire), and, at an unknown date, it became known as the House of Mercy. It was closed in 1940.

George Boddington (1646-1719), Citizen and Clothworker, was a Levant merchant, of Little St. Helen's. He was also Governor of the Greenland Company from 1693, a director of the Bank of England from 1694 and Member of Parliament for Wilton, Wiltshire, 1702.

Thomas Boddington (1678-1755), son of George, was also a Levant merchant, of Leadenhall Street and Camberwell. Thomas Boddington junior was a linen draper of Cheapside. Benjamin Boddington (1698-1779) the son of George Boddington (1646-1719) and brother of Thomas Boddington (1678-1755), was also a Levant merchant, of Love Lane, Aldermanbury, and 17 Mark Lane.

Benjamin Boddington (1730-1791), a West India merchant and a director of the South Sea Company, of 17 Mark Lane and Enfield, Middlesex, was the son of Benjamin Boddington (1698-1779). Samuel Boddington, Citizen and Fishmonger, was a merchant, successively of 17 Mark Lane, 9 St. Helen's Place, and 31 Upper Brook Street, and the son of Benjamin Boddington (1730-1791).

Thomas Brewer was an antiquarian who compiled extracts from records and notes on officers of the City of London Corporation, monumental inscriptions, and extracts from and indexes of other records, chiefly parish registers. He was also master of the Worshipful Company of Plaisterers (1859-60). The extracts and indexes were compiled between 1835-70.

Major Sir William Henry Champness was born in March 1873, the son of William John Champness. He married Elizabeth Butler in 1896 and had one son. Elizabeth died in 1939 and Champness married widow Ethel Harding in 1946. He lived at Knole Way, Sevenoaks, Kent. Champness was a solicitor who was involved in several City of London institutions. He was a Master of the Spectalemakers' Company and the Plumbers' Company; President of the City Livery Club; a governor of Bridewell and Bethlem Hospitals and the City and Guilds Institute; Chairman of various City Corporation Committees; a Sheriff of the City of London, 1937-38; one of the Lieutenants of the City from 1917; and an Alderman's Deputy from 1931. He was knighted in 1938. Champness conducted antiquarian research in his spare time and published histories of the Spectablemakers' Company and Plumbers' Company. He died in October 1956.

Biographical information from 'CHAMPNESS, Major Sir William Henry', Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920-2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007 [http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U235642, accessed 1 June 2011].

Reverend Philip Thomas Byard Clayton, CH, MC, DD, MA, FSA, nicknamed "Tubby" from an early age , was born in Australia in 1885, the youngest of five children of Reginald Byard Buchanan Clayton and Isabel Clayton (nee Sheppard). The family moved to England the following year where Reginald set up an Australian trading company in the City. Tubby attended St Paul's School from where he won a scholarship to Exeter College, Oxford, in 1904. He gained a first class degree in Theology and furthered his theological training under Dr Armitage Robinson, Dean of Westminster. Following his ordination as priest in 1911, he spent four years as a curate in the parish of St Mary, Portsea, but at the outset of World War One became an army chaplain and joined the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front in Spring 1915.

In France, his haven for front-line troops, Talbot House in Poperinghe, Belgium, with its Upper Room set aside for worship, formed the basis of the Toc H movement which became his life-long work, combined with his incumbency of All Hallows Barking by the Tower (1922-63). "Toc H" was morse code for the initials of Talbot House, founded with Neville Talbot, another army chaplain and son of the Bishop of Winchester, in memory of Talbot's younger brother, Gilbert. The aim of Toc H was to provide physical support and comfort based on a firm religious foundation. For many years its headquarters were at All Hallows, with a branch network spread round the world.

Tubby Clayton was an enthusiast and an articulate campaigner for many causes-rebuilding the church of All Hallows after World War Two; the ordination of ex-servicemen at the Knutsford Ordination Test School; the improvement of the Tower Hill area and the creation of open spaces for the local population; leprosy; the provision of social support to the East End poor; the study of the encaustic floor tiles at Westminster Abbey (for which he was awarded the Fellowship of the Society of Antiquaries); and early stone carvings in the Brito-Celtic church. He was a Chaplain to the Merchant Navy (spending much time with the British tanker fleet), Chaplain to Kings George V and VI and Extra Chaplain to Elizabeth II. With help, he combined all these activities with his parish duties, and endless publicity and fund-raising for Toc H.

The Clayton Family were close and corresponded prolifically; for Clayton this covered not only his immediate family, but cousins and relatives in Australia. In later years he pursued research into the history of his family, particularly the Claytons and the Byards.

In the early 20th century, Reverend Edward Andrews Downman compiled notes on and plans of ancient earthworks in England (arranged by county).

"The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England Trading into Hudson's Bay", later known as the Hudson's Bay Company, was founded in May 1670 with a royal charter from Charles II. The charter allowed the company a monopoly over trade, particularly in furs, in the region watered by all rivers and streams flowing into Hudson Bay [now in Canada]. The area was named Rupert's Land after Prince Rupert of the Rhine who had provided financial backing for the initial explorations which found Hudson Bay. Prince Rupert became the first director of the Company.

Headquarters were established at Fort Nelson on the Nelson River, while other posts were constructed around the edge of the Bay, including Fort Albany in 1670. Fort Albany was captured by the French in 1686 but reclaimed by the English in 1693.

Marjorie Blanche Honeybourne was born in Highgate in 1899. She took a BA in History at London University in 1921 and went on, under the supervision of Eliza Jeffries Davis, to gain an MA from the same institution in 1929.

With an abiding interest in London topography, she contributed articles on mediaeval London to several metropolitan periodicals. She was elected a member of the Society of Antiquaries in 1949. She acted as Honorary Editor to the London Topographical Society between 1960 and 1974 and the Ancient Monuments Society between 1967 and 1973. She died on 13 November 1974.

For a detailed resume of Miss Honeybourne's career see her obituaries in Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society vol.xx (1975) pp.11-14 and London Topographical Record vol.xxiv (1980) pp.203-208. The latter includes a list of her publications with a note on her sketch maps and plans.

Eliza Jeffries Davis was Reader in the History and Records of London at the University of London from 1921 to 1940.

These papers relate to various members of the Illidge family in the 19th century, in particular John Illidge, stockbroker (Sheriff 1834/5; died 1846) and his sons Thomas Bailey Illidge and John Betts Illidge.

Cedric Jagger was a historian of horology, publishing works including:
Paul Philip Barraud : a study of a fine chronometer maker, and of his relatives, associates and successors in the family business, 1750-1929 (1968, supplement 1979);
Clocks (1973 and 1975);
The world's great clocks & watches (1977);
Royal clocks: the British monarchy and its timekeepers, 1300-1900 (1983);
The artistry of the English watch (1988).

According to a review of The world's great clocks and watches in The Times, Jagger worked in the chemical industry for thirty years while devoting his spare time to horology. He became so expert that the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers asked him to take care of their collection. The Times, Friday Nov 25, 1977, page XIX, issue 60170, column A.

Paul Jeffery (1927-1998) was an architectural historian and author of various publications on the City Churches, such as The city churches of Sir Christopher Wren (1996).

Reverend W E Freeman Greene served most of his ministry in the Diocese of London.

Stephen Monteage was an accountant at the South Sea House and the Custom House.

Sir John Moore, 1620-1702, was Lord Mayor 1681-1682, President of Christ's Hospital 1686-1687 and 1688-1702, member of the East India Company Committee 1669-1701 and Master of the Grocers' Company 1671-2. He came originally from Appleby in Leicestershire where his family continued to live and was bound as an apprentice to the Grocers' Company in 1647. He was the most important lead merchant of his time in London, exporting lead from Derbyshire and Yorkshire through Hull to Amsterdam and Rotterdam.

He died in 1702 with no children (his wife Mary Maddocks had died in 1690) and his large fortune passed to his nephews John (son of Charles) Moore and John (son of George) Moore. The papers also contain letters to and from his heirs and later Moores. A family tree has been drawn up by archives staff (Ms 29447).

Amongst the papers of Sir John Moore and his family (in Mss 507 and 29446) there are a few papers of Colonel John Moore and his son Sir Edward Moore of Bankhall, Lancashire. Sir John Moore may have been a distant relative, but these items have become mixed up with his papers because he was a mortgagee of the Bankhall estates.

Engelbert David Ferdinand Pickert was a merchant and shipper of 79 Mark Lane. He died in 1864.

These manuscripts were collected and compiled c 1937-52 by Wilfred S Samuel in connection with his research involving the daybook of Sir Charles Peers (1661-1737), Spanish merchant and Lord Mayor of London (1715-16) (see CLC/B/227/MS10187) and the journal of his protege Carleton Smith, kept during his service in charge of prisoners in Newgate who had participated in the Jacobite rebellion of 1715. The latter was borrowed from the Lord Mayor's descendant Sir Charles Peers (1868-1952), but was destroyed by enemy action in 1941. However a photocopy of it survives in this collection.

It is likely that this researcher is the same Wilfred S Samuel (d 1958) who was a prominent scholar of Jewish history, and a co-founder of the Jewish Museum.

Sir William Smith, citizen and member of the Company of Waxchandler, was sheriff 1741-42 and alderman for Aldgate Ward 1747-52.

Sir Frederick Tidbury-Beer was born in 1892. He attended Temple Grove, Mercers' and King's College Schools before beginning work aged 13 as an office-boy. He entered the Stock Exchange as a clerk in 1911, then served in the First World War in the French Army Medical Service and with the Royal Air Force. After the war he resumed his business activities, and in 1922 became a member of the Stock Exchange. He was knighted in 1947.

Sir Frederick was an active participant in the local government of the City of London. He was Master of the Company of Gold and Silver Wyre Drawers and of the Company of Parish Clerks. He sat on the Court of Common Council, 1940-1954, sitting on various Corporation committees particularly relating to post Second World War planning and reconstruction. He was Sheriff, 1945-1946, an Alderman of Cheap Ward, and one of the Lieutenants of the City of London. He was a trustee or governor of various schools and hospitals, and a churchwarden of St Botolph Without Bishopsgate, 1944-1953.

Sir Frederick gave his recreations as the history and topography of Old London, and was the vice-president of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, and the Roman and Medieval London Excavation Council. He was also an Honorary Associate of the Town Planning Institute. He died in February 1959.

Information from: 'TIDBURY-BEER, Sir Frederick (Tidbury)', Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920-2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007 [ http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U243743, accessed 17 June 2011].

These manuscripts were compiled by Edward Tyrrell, City Remembrancer, 1832-63.

John Houghton Wickes and Alfred Nelson Wickes, both of Clements Lane, Lombard Street, were undertakers and successively parish clerk of the united parishes of St Edmund the King and Martyr and St Nicholas Acons. AN Wickes was also a watch and clockmaker.

John Wilkes was born in Clerkenwell in 1725. He was educated at the University of Leiden from 1744, where he developed life-long habits of vice and profligacy. In 1747 he returned to England to enter into an arranged marriage. The dowry was the manor of Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire. In London Wilkes was admitted to several clubs and moved in intellectual circles, while in Aylesbury he participated in local administration as a magistrate. In 1757 he stood for the Aylesbury Parliamentary seat in an uncontested by-election. In 1761 he again won the seat by bribing the voters. Wilkes began to write anonymous political pamphlets and in 1762 he established a political weekly, the North Briton which was highly critical of the Prime Minister Lord Bute and his successor, George Greville. In November 1763 the North Briton was declared to be seditious libel, leaving Wilkes exposed to punitive legal action. At the same time he was badly injured in a pistol duel with another MP. Wilkes fled to Paris to escape legal proceedings and was expelled from Parliament.

In January 1764 Wilkes was convicted for publishing the North Briton. He was summoned to appear at the court of the king's bench and when he failed to appear was outlawed. Wilkes therefore stayed abroad for four years as returning to England would mean imprisonment. In Paris he moved in intellectual circles and was praised as a champion of freedom, however, he was accruing serious debts. Between 1766 and 1767 he made brief return visits to London, hoping to be pardoned. In 1768 he returned permanently, living under a false name. He announced that he would attend the king's bench when the court next met, and declared his intention to run for Parliament. He contested for the Middlesex seat and ran a superbly organised campaign backed by popular enthusiasm, winning the seat in March by 1292 votes to 827.

Wilkes was immediately expelled from Parliament as it was assumed he would be imprisoned when he attended court in April. The decision was reversed as it was feared that Wilkes' supporters would riot. In June Wilkes was sentenced to two years imprisonment in the King's Bench Prison. On 3 February 1769 he was again expelled from Parliament, only to be re-elected on 16 February in a by-election. He was expelled again but again re-elected in March, only to be expelled. At the April by-election Parliament produced a rival candidate who was soundly defeated, but nevertheless was awarded the Parliamentary seat. The resulting controversy forced the Prime Minister to resign.

Released in 1770 Wilkes stood for election as alderman for the Ward of Farringdon Without in the City of London. In 1771 he was elected Sheriff and in 1774 Lord Mayor. In the same year he was again elected to the Parliamentary seat for Middlesex. He held this seat until 1790. In 1779 he became the City of London Chamberlain and after leaving Parliament concentrated on this post until his death in 1797.

The Home Guard was first raised in May, 1940, on a semi-civilian basis in close association with the Police force, and was originally known as the Local Defence Volunteers. It was organized in companies, grouped in zones, corresponding to Police districts. The aim of the Guard was to delay an enemy invasion force, providing the Government and the regular army with time to establish a professional defence and repel the enemy invasion.

Established in 1929 as the Lloyd's Clerks' Superannuation Fund, Lloyd's Superannuation Fund, the corporate trustee of which is LSF Pensions Management Limited, was set up for the members, or underwriters at Lloyd's who wished to establish under irrevocable trusts in connection with their said business a fund for the purpose of providing pensions for male Clerks employed in the business on retirement.

The first meeting of the Provisional Committee of Management which established Lloyd's Clerks Superannuation Fund, was held in the Committee Room at Lloyd's of London, Lime Street, City of London on 15th May 1929. The first trustees of the Fund were selected by the Committee of Lloyd's, and the Fund officially commenced on 1st October 1929, with the aim of admitting new members to the Fund on a quarterly basis. R Watsons and Sons were appointed as the first actuaries to the Fund, with Messrs Gerard van de Linde and Sons the Fund's first auditors.

Although only at first open to male Clerks, the Trust Deed and Rules were amended to admit female Clerks from 1st December 1969, in advance of government changes to the rules of private pension schemes in 1972.

The Fund continues to provide pensions services to Lloyd's underwriters, and to work closely with its members as part of the Lloyd's group.

This company was established by Charles Chubb (1772-1846) of Portsea, Hampshire following the grant of a patent to his brother Jeremiah Chubb for a detector lock. In 1827 Charles Chubb moved and opened a shop at 57 St Paul's Churchyard, City of London.

In 1830 manufacturing of locks began in Wolverhampton, first in Temple Street, then St James's Square in 1835 and then Old Mill Lane, Horsely Fields in 1841. The production of safes followed an award of a patent to Charles Chubb in 1835. The firm's safe manufactory was established at 27 Cow Cross Street, London by 1846. This later moved to Glengall Road, Old Kent Road in 1867. Glengall Road also saw the production of locks with the return of works from Wolverhampton to London in 1882.

The Wolverhampton lock works were re-established and returned to Horsely Fields in 1889. New lock works were opened in Railway Street and Chubb Street in 1899 with auxiliary safe works built in Railway Street in 1900. Wolverhampton became the manufacturing hub of the company when the London safe works were transferred to a new safe works on Wednesfield Road in 1909, which also absorbed the Railway Street works. Lock works were also moved to new factory in Wednesfield Road in 1938.

Branches opened in Manchester in 1838 and Liverpool in 1839. Showrooms opened at 68 St James's Street in 1874.

John Chubb (1815-1872) joined his father in partnership in 1841 and continued the business following his father's death in 1846. Following John Chubb's death, the firm continued under the direction of his executors and sons John Charles Chubb (1846-1899) and George Hayter Chubb, later Lord Hayter (1848-1946). G H Chubb became chairman in 1882 with the incorporation of the company as Chubb and Son's Lock and Safe Company Limited. Lord Hayter retired in 1940 and was succeeded by his nephew Harry Emory Chubb (1880-1960).

Major overseas trading began in the late 19th century, with South Africa in 1890. Chubb and Maxwell Limited was incorporated in 1895 to manage South African work. Business in Australia was managed by Chubb's Australian Company Limited which was established in 1897 in Sydney. This company managed a safe, strong room and bronze work factory which was built in 1921. Chubb-France SA was formed in 1922 and Chubb India Limited in 1926. Abroad manufacturing of security equipment began in Johannesburg, South Africa in 1950 and Toronto, Canada in 1954. The 20th century saw acquisition of key firms including Josiah Parkes (manufacturers of 'Union' locks), Hobbs Hart of London and other companies.

Company name changes 1818-2000:

Charles Chubb, Jeremiah Chubb, patent detector lock, 1818-1846;
Chubb and Son, 1846-1882 (Charles Chubb and his son John Chubb);
Chubb and Son's Lock and Safe Company Limited, 1882-1958;
Chubb and Son Limited, 1958-1982;
Chubb and Son plc, 1982-1984;
Racal-Chubb Limited (with constituent companies Chubb Safe Equipment Company Limited and Chubb Locks Limited), 1984-1986. Chubb taken over by Racal Electronics and came under Racal Group;
Racal-Chubb Products Limited 1986-1992;
Chubb Security plc, 1992 separating from Racal;
Acquired by Williams Holdings, 1997;
Demerged as Chubb plc, 2000.

London Head offices: 57 St Paul's Churchyard (1827-1877); 128 Queen Victoria Street (1877-1941); St James's Street (1941-1946); 40-42 Oxford Street (1946-1955); 175-176 Tottenham Court Road (1955-1960); 14-22 Tottenham Court Road (from 1960); Manor House, Feltham, Middlesex; moved to Wednesfield Road, Wolverhampton in 1985.

An Accepting House is a firm or company, an important part of whose business consists of accepting bills of exchange. Following the sudden outbreak of war in 1914, a large group of London merchant banks, heavily exposed to losses through customers in enemy countries not providing funds to meet acceptances when they fell due for payment, formed the Accepting Houses Committee. Its representations to the authorities assisted in the establishment of a moratorium on the payment of enemy bills. After the war, the Committee continued as a loose knit body represented by a small executive committee which met irregularly to discuss matters of mutual concern, in particular the Standstill arrangements concluded with Germany and other countries in the early 1930s. Its role was enhanced in 1936 when the British Government instituted a clearing for trade and payments between the United Kingdom and Spain. The Committee became the official liaison between the Government and Accepting Houses for making special arrangements for the clearing. On the outbreak of war in 1939, Exchange Control regulations were brought into force, and much of the administration was entrusted to the banking community including Accepting Houses. Membership of the Committee at this time meant that the member was automatically an authorised dealer in foreign exchange, and the need for an Accepting House to be a member of the Committee was almost a necessity. This led to a revision of the membership and by 1940 the Committee was fully representative of all Accepting Houses doing active business.

In 1939, the Accepting Houses Committee was reorganised into a body of 14 "recognised" merchant banks with the remaining members being categorised as "constituents". After the war, membership stabilised at 17 first class houses and no "constituents". Membership was by invitation, but an essential qualification was that members' bills had to be taken by the Bank of England at the finest discount rate. The Committee therefore became the forum and mouth piece of the City's most respected merchant banks. In 1988, its activities were merged with those of the Issuing Houses Association, with which it had shared premises and a small secretariat, resulting in the formation of the British Merchant Banking and Securities Houses Association. Further information about the history of Accepting Houses and the Accepting Houses Committee may be found in The Accepting Houses of London (CLC/B/003/MS29321) and in CLC/B/003/MS29325.

Until 1936, the Accepting Houses Committee did not have premises or staff of its own. From the formation of the Committee in 1914, Frederick Huth and Company had accommodated the Committee and provided, without charge, secretarial and other services. Frederick Huth Jackson was the person primarily responsible for bringing the Committee about and had been its first Chairman. In 1936 Frederick Huth and Company decided to transfer its business to the Overseas Bank Limited and withdraw these facilities. The Committee had to find premises, engage staff, and also set up a mechanism by which its constituents could bear the expenses of its work. The first premises were at 16 Bishopsgate where the Committee remained until 1959. Subsequent premises were as follows: 19 Fenchurch Street, 1959-63; St Albans House, Goldsmith Street, 1963-9; 20 Fenchurch Street, 1969-73; Roman Wall House, 1-2 Crutched Friars, 1973-81; and Granite House, 101 Cannon Street, 1981-8.

In 1766 Lewis Agassiz was granted naturalization by a private act of Parliament (7 George III c.4). In 1769 he went into partnership with Joseph Lieutand and their business first appears in the trade directories in 1771 under the name of Lewis Agassiz and Company. Agassiz was a Swiss merchant, dealing in cotton, silk, sugar, cocoa, coffee, tobacco, cochineal and other tropical goods. He had trading connections not only throughout Europe (France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland), but also in Russia, North and South America and the East and West Indies. There is a large component of private and family papers kept with the business records.

Samuel Grellet joined the company sometime before 1772 and the name was changed to Agassiz, Grellet and Company. On Grellet's death in 1776, Francis Anthony Rougemont joined the partnership under the name of Agassiz, Rougemont and Company. Lewis Agassiz left the company in 1784 to retire to Margate in Kent. He had two sons, Arthur David Lewis Agassiz (who took over the family business) and James John Charles Agassiz. In 1792 the name was changed to Agassiz and Wilson when Thomas Wilson joined the business. From 1802, the company was listed as Wilson, Agassiz and Company. Around 1818 the company split. Thomas Wilson and Richard Blanshard traded from 4 Jefferies Square, St Mary Axe under the name Wilson and Blanshard, while Agassiz, Son and Company moved to 15 New Broad Street. After 1825 the Agassiz firm no longer appears in the trade directories.

The company was based at 92 Little St Helen's (1771-92), 36 Fenchurch Street (1793-1812), 4 Jefferies Square, St Mary Axe (1813-19), 15 New Broad Street (1820-4) and 6 Finsbury Square (1825).

The company was formed in 1912 to acquire and hold the share capital of an existing Argentine company, La Sociedad Anonima Compania de Maderas del Alto Parana. Its purpose was to exploit and develop the pine and hardwood and other crops on the Argentine company's estate of 600,000 acres in Parana province, Brazil. The company became an investment trust company by special resolution of its annual general meeting of 1949. In 1951 it changed its name to Scottish and Mercantile Investment Co Ltd.

From 1912 to 1951 the company address was River Plate House, variously described as Finsbury Circus EC2 (1912-38), 10-11 Finsbury Circus EC2 (1939-48), or 12-13 South Place EC2 (from 1948), but the company disappears from the directories after 1948. In 1951 the company moved to 36-37 King Street EC2.

The Corporation was founded in 1890. The offices were in 17 Lombard St 1891; 75 Lombard St 1892-1905; 20 Birchin Lane 1906-22; 3 Bank Buildings, Lothbury 1923; and 320 Gresham House, Old Broad St 1924-54. In 1960 it merged with other investment trusts to form the Anglo-American Securities Corporation.

The company was formed in 1897 as a holding company in St Petersburg controlling the Petroffsky and Spassky Cotton Spinning and Weaving Companies, and the Schlusselburg Calico Printing Company. It had offices at 4 St Helen's Place, Bishopsgate, London, 1897-ca. 1912, then at 17 St Helen's Place, ca. 1912-1934, 91 Wool Exchange, 1934-6, 35 Wool Exchange, 1936-7, and 157 Wool Exchange from 1937.

Ashanti Goldfields Corporation Limited was incorporated in May 1897 as a company to work the concession acquired by Edwin Cade in 1895. A small company, the Cote d'Or Company, had been established to provide funds for an expedition by Cade to Ashanti, during which he had signed an agreement with local chiefs and had secured the concession to mine for gold. In 1896 Ashanti had been annexed by the British Government and negotiations secured agreement whereby the concession to mining, trading and agricultural rights over a square mile area was recognised by the Government for 90 years, and the Ashanti Goldfields Corporation Limited was registered.

Edwin Cade and John Daw were members of the first expedition to work the concession and both were important figures in the early development of the Corporation, the former as a director until his death in 1903, the latter as consultant engineer, general manager, and eventually director until 1906. In 1972 Lonrho acquired an interest in the company which became jointly owned by them and the Ghanian Government until 1996. In 2000 the company entered into a strategic alliance with AngloGold which resulted in merger in 2004. The new company is called AngloGold Ashanti and continues to mine in Ghana. The Corporation had offices at 9 Broad Street in 1900; 6 Southampton Street 1902-1935; 10 Old Jewry 1936-1963; Moor House, London Wall 1964-1970; Cheapside House, 138 Cheapside from 1971; and Roman House, 4Wood Street from 1996. In 2004, the company closed its London offices.

The Association was founded in 1860 as the Association of Chambers of Commerce of the United Kingdom and its name was changed to the Association of British Chambers of Commerce in 1919. The Association is now known as the British Chambers of Commerce. Early chambers of commerce had been established in Jersey, Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool, Glasgow , Edinburgh and Belfast amongst others but there was no concerted attempt to work together until the presidents of the Yorkshire Chambers met at the Social Science Congress in Bradford in 1859 and decided they needed their own national forum. The Association had London offices in Queen Anne's Gate, City of Westminster (to be close to the Houses of Parliament) and at Cannon Street and Queen Street in the City of London.

The Association was concerned in the 19th century with a wide variety of subjects including bankruptcy and partnership law, patents and trade marks, copyright, reform of copyright law, shipping and railways and foreign tariffs. By 1900 the Association comprised 90 chambers and included more than 50 Members of Parliament among its honorary members. Much of its success in this period stemmed from its ability to influence Parliament. One cause for which it lobbied for over a century was adoption of the metric system. After the Second World War it argued for UK membership of a European trading area. In the postwar period the Association argued against the Labour Government's increased involvement with the economy and industry. The increasing interest of the state in industrial affairs led the Association to seek to influence Ministers directly and to liaise with government departments to amend proposed legislation, rather than by lobbying MPs.

The Debris Clearance Pool, also known as the Debris Clearance Pool Committee, was established in 1941 by the Accident Offices Association for the rating of site clearance risks in wartime. It was wound up in 1947.

The Engineering Offices Association was set up on 15 December 1920 by companies interested in engineering insurance. It administered a tariff for engineering insurance established at the same time. The Association met at the offices of the Accident Offices Association which provided it with executive and secretarial services.

Offices transacting fire insurance business overseas had been meeting since at least 1859 (see Ms 18862/1). By 1869, 29 foreign fire insurance tariffs were in operation, and the participating offices formed the Fire Offices' Committee (Foreign) for supervising rates. Co-operation assisted British fire offices in their development of overseas markets where they had problems with competition from local companies and the novelty and complexity of overseas risks, and had to deal with legislation by foreign governments (see Ms 29489). During the 20th century, the growth of foreign business was such that several committees were established by the Fire Offices' Committee (Foreign) to protect and promote the interests of companies transacting business in particular parts of the world. These were: the London Continental Fire Insurance Committee set up in 1920 (see CLC/B/017-21); the London Australasian Insurance Committee in 1925 (see CLC/B/017-20); the London West Africa Insurance Committee in 1958 (see CLC/B/017-25); the London South African Insurance Committee in 1966 (see CLC/B/017-24); and the Fire Offices' Committee of Ireland in 1975 (see CLC/B/017-13). The interests of some of these committees extended beyond fire insurance to accident, life and marine insurance.

The inaugural meeting of the committee was held on 14 October 1943. Its object was to advise Government on the interests of insurance companies in post-war settlements. The committee considered all classes of business dealt with by the companies: accident, fire and life insurance. Lloyd's of London had its own War Settlement Committee.

The first meeting of offices conducting insurance business on the continent of Europe was held on 7 October 1920 under the auspices of the Fire Offices' Committee (Foreign). This led to the formation of the London Continental Fire Insurance Committee.This committee was managed and administered by the Fire Offices' Committee.

The London Salvage Corps and the London Fire Engine Establishment were created and maintained by the principal fire insurance offices of London. The London Fire Engine Establishment had undertaken salvage work as part of its normal fire extinguishing duties. However, the Metropolitan Fire Brigade Act of 1865 was vague enough to enable the Metropolitan Board of Works to refuse responsibility for any salvage work without payment. The amount sought by the Metropolitan Board of Works for this service exceeded that for which an independent salvage corps could be maintained by the fire offices themselves. Therefore it was decided at a meeting of the London Fire Engine Establishment on 22 December 1865 to establish a salvage corps independent of the Metropolitan Fire Brigade. The London Salvage Corps commenced operations during January 1866. The original subscribers to the London Salvage Corps were the Alliance, Atlas, Globe, Imperial, London, Protector, Royal Exchange, Sun, Union and Westminster fire offices, but membership varied subsequently.

The London Salvage Corps was based at 31 Watling Street until 1873, 63-64 Watling Street from 1874 to 1884, 64 Watling Street from 1885 until 1905, 63-66 Watling Street from 1906 until sometime after 1955. The Corps was located at 140 Aldersgate Street when it was wound up in 1984.

The Printers and Theatres Rating Committee (Southern Committee) (CLC/B/017-29) was set up under the auspices of the London Salvage Corps towards the end of the 19th century to administer a scheme for the rating of insurance premiums on theatres, music halls and printers and allied trades. The scheme was later extended to cinemas and film production studios. The Southern Rating Committee became increasingly associated with the Fire Offices' Committee rather than the London Salvage Corps until, in 1962, its administration was taken over by the Fire Offices' Committee.

The first formal meeting of the London South African Insurance Committee was held on 1 September 1966. Its aims were to promote and protect the interests of companies transacting direct insurance business in the Republic of South Africa, south west Africa, Basutoland, Bechuanaland and Swaziland. It was set up under the auspices of the Fire Offices' Committee (Foreign) (see CLC/B/017-12) and was managed and administered by the Fire Offices' Committee (see CLC/B/017-11). It disbanded on 11 August 1976.

The National Conference of Industrial Assurance Approved Societies was formed in 1913, by the industrial assurance companies and collecting societies who had formed non-profitmaking "approved societies" to administer the 1911 National Insurance Act. The Conference met to consider the Offices' experience of National Insurance administration, and changes that could be recommended to the Insurance Commissioners. Under the 1946 National Insurance Act, approved societies were abolished, and the records of the Conference cease in 1948. The Conference does not appear to have held permanent offices; correspondence being directed as appropriate to the individual offices of Conference office-holders.

The Trading with the Enemy Joint Committee was set up as a result of the Trading with the Enemy Act, 1939. Its object was to advise Government through the Trading with the Enemy Branch (administered jointly by the Treasury and Board of Trade) about the application of the Act as far as the insurance business was concerned. In particular, it made recommendations in relation to the issue of licences, balancing what would be conferring a benefit on the enemy against what would inflict damage on British insurance. The committee was representative of the fire, accident and marine insurance business and included members of insurance companies representing the Fire Offices' Committee, Fire Offices' Committee (Foreign), Consequential Loss Committee, Accident Offices Association, Accident Offices Association (Overseas), non-tariff companies, Institute of London Underwriters and Lloyd's of London.

These are the only surviving records of the Jerusalem Coffee House, of Fleece Passage, Cornhill, later known as 32-33 Cowper's Court. The Jerusalem Coffee House was frequented by managing owners of East India Company ships and East India merchants and brokers. The Jerusalem Coffee House became "The Jerusalem Limited" in 1880 as the coffee house was demolished in 1879 and replaced by a purpose built commercial resort, sale, exchange and news rooms.

In 1892 the Jerusalem became the Jerusalem Shipping Exchange of 22 Billiter Street, setting itself up as a rival to the newly established London Shipping Exchange. The London Shipping Exchange was more successful and bought out the Jerusalem Shipping Exchange later that year. In 1900 the London Shipping Exchange amalgamated with the Baltic Committee to become the Baltic Mercantile and Shipping Exchange Limited.

This firm of watch, clock and chronometer manufacturers, silversmiths and jewellers was founded by William Birch, becoming Birch and Gaydon Limited in 1877. It had premises at 173 Fenchurch Street (1841-73 - premises occupied 1825-40 by William Turner, watch and chronometer maker); 172 Fenchurch Street (1874-1905); and 153 Fenchurch Street (1905-).