This company was formed as a limited company in 1864 to buy and work coffee plantations in Ceylon. It gradually changed over to tea production from the 1870s when the coffee industry was devastated by a fungus. In 1908 it reformed as Ouvah Ceylon Estates Limited. It had offices successively at 79 Cannon Street; 34 Cannon Street; 31 Lombard Street; 5 Dowgate Hill; Thames House, Queen Street Place; and 21 Mincing Lane.
The Overseas Student Trust was a pressure group formed in the 1960s to campaign for the interests of overseas students at British universities. It was dissolved in 1992 and its functions transferred to the Centre for Educational Research at LSE.
Born, 1926; educated, Cardiff High School, 1938-1944; Jesus College Oxford, 1944-1949; Professor of New Testament Studies in the Presbyterian Theological College, Aberystwyth, 1953-1961; Lecturer in the New Testament, University College of North Wales, Bangor, 1953-1961; Lecturer in History and Philosophy of Religion, King's College London, 1961-1963; Reader in the Philosophy of Religion at King's, 1963-1970; Professor of Christian Doctrine at King's, 1970-1981. Publications: Revelation and existence. A study in the theology of Rudolf Bultmann (Cardiff, 1957); The moral argument for Christian theism (London, 1965); A Christian knowledge of God (London, 1969); Concepts of deity (London, 1971); W R Matthews: philosopher and theologian (London, 1976); Christian theism. A study in its basic principles (Edinburgh, 1984).
Lady Caroline Amelia Owen was born in 1801. She was the daughter of William Clift, Conservator of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Richard Owen began work at the Museum as Assistant Conservator in 1827. He became friends with Clift's son, William Home Clift, and also became engaged to Caroline Clift in 1827. Mrs Clift refused to give her permission for the two to marry until Owen was earning an adequate income. They were married on Owen's birthday in 1835. Their only child, William, was born in 1837 but committed suicide at the age of 48. Caroline Owen died in 1873.
Robert Owen was born in Newtown, Wales in 1771. He was apprenticed to a draper in Stamford, Northamptonshire. In 1787 Owen moved to Manchester, where he set up a small cotton-spinning establishment, and also produced spinning mules for the textile industry. He became a manager for several large mills and factories in Manchester. In 1794 he formed the Chorlton Twist Company with several partners, and in the course of business met the Scots businessman David Dale. In 1799, Owen and his partners purchased Dale's mills in New Lanark, and Owen married Dale's daughter. At New Lanark, Owen began to act out his belief that individuals were formed by the effects of their environment by drastically improving the working conditions of the mill employees. This included preventing the employment of children and building schools and educational establishments. Owen set out his ideas for model communities in speeches and pamphlets, and attempted to spread his message by converting prominent members of British society. His detailed proposals were considered by Parliament in the framing of the Factories Act of 1819. Disillusioned with Britain, Owen purchased a settlement in Indiana in 1825, naming it New Harmony and attempting to create a society based upon his socialist ideas. Though several members of his family remained in America, the community had failed by 1828. Owen returned to England, and spent the remainder of his life and fortune helping various reform groups, most notably those attempting to form trade unions. He played a role in the establishment of the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union in 1834, and the Association of All Classes and All Nations in 1835. Owen died in 1858.
Robert Owen was born in Newtown, Wales in 1771. He was apprenticed to a draper in Stamford, Northamptonshire at the age of 10, and continued his working education in London from the ages of 13 to 16. In 1787 Owen moved to Manchester, where he set up a small cotton-spinning establishment, and also produced spinning mules for the textile industry. Following this success, he became a manager for several large mills and factories in Manchester. In 1794 he formed the Chorlton Twist Company with several partners, and in the course of business met the Scots businessman David Dale. In 1799, Owen and his partners purchased Dale's mills in New Lanark, and Owen married Dale's daughter. At New Lanark, Owen began to act out his belief that individuals were formed by the effects of their environment by drastically improving the working conditions of the mill employees. This included preventing the employment of children and building schools and educational establishments. Owen set out his ideas for model communities in speeches and pamphlets, and attempted to spread his message by converting prominent members of British society. His detailed proposals were considered by Parliament in the framing of the Factories Act of 1819. Disillusioned with Britain, Owen purchased a settlement in Indiana in 1825, naming it New Harmony and attempting to create a society based upon his socialist ideas. Though several members of his family remained in America, the community had failed by 1828. Owen returned to England, and spent the remainder of his life and fortune helping various reform groups, most notably those attempting to form trade unions. He played a role in the establishment of the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union, 1834, and the Association of All Classes and All Nations, 1835. Owen died in 1858.
Edward Owen, elder son of Commander William Owen, entered the Navy in 1786, was made a lieutenant in 1793 and a commander in 1796. In 1797 he commanded a division of gun-brigs at the Nore. He was promoted to captain in 1798, commanding several ships in home waters during hostilities with France. In 1809, in the Clyde, he commanded the Brouershaven Squadron during the Walcheren expedition. From 1822, when he was promoted to rear-admiral, to 1825, he Commander-in-Chief, West Indies. In 1827 he was Surveyor-General of the Ordnance and from March to September, 1828, was a Member of the Council of the Lord High Admiral. Between 1828 and 1832 he was Commander-in-Chief in the East Indies. He was appointed vice-admiral in 1837. From 1841 to 1845 he was Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, and he became admiral in 1846. Owen was Member of Parliament for Sandwich from 1826 to 1829.
Sir Richard Owen was born in Lancaster, in 1804. He was educated at Lancaster Grammar School and then enlisted as a midshipman in the Royal Navy. He became interested in surgery He returned to Lancaster and became indentured to a local surgeon, in 1820. He entered the University of Edinburgh medical school, in 1824 and privately attended the lectures of Dr John Barclay. He moved to London and became apprentice to John Abernethy, surgeon, philosopher and President of the Royal College of Surgeons, in 1825. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, in 1826. He became Assistant Curator of the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, in 1827, and commenced work cataloguing the collection. He set up a private practice in Lincoln's Inn Fields. He became lecturer on comparative anatomy at St Bartholomew's Hospital, in 1829. He met Georges Cuvier in 1830 and attended the 1831 debates between Cuvier and Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire, in Paris. He worked in the dissecting rooms and public galleries of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, in 1831. He published anatomical work on the cephalopod Nautilus, and started the Zoological Magazine, in 1833. He worked on the fossil vertebrates brought back by Darwin on the Beagle. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society, in 1834; Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, in 1836-1856; and gave his first series of Hunterian Lectures to the public, in 1837. He was awarded the Wollaston gold medal by the Geological Society, in 1838; helped found the Royal Microscopical Society, in 1839; and identified the extinct moa of New Zealand from a bone fragment, 1839. He refused a knighthood in 1842. He examined reptile-like fossil bones found in southern England which led him to identify "a distinct tribe or sub-order of Saurian Reptiles" he named Dinosauria, in 1842. He developed his concept of homology and of a common structural plan for all vertebrates or 'archetype'. He became Joint Conservator of the Hunterian Museum with William Clift, in 1842, and Conservator, in 1849. He was elected to 'The Club', founded by Dr Johnson, in 1845. He was a member of the government commission for inquiring into the health of London, in 1847, including Smithfield and other meat markets, in 1849. He described the anatomy of the newly discovered (in 1847) species of ape, the gorilla, [1865]. He engaged in a long running public debate with Thomas Henry Huxley on the evolution of humans from apes. He was a member of the preliminary Committee of organisation for the Great Exhibition of 1851. He was Superintendent of the natural history collections at the British Museum, in 1856, and began researches on the collections, publishing many papers on specimens. He was prosector for the London Zoo, dissecting and preserving any zoo animals that died in captivity. He taught natural history to Queen Victoria's children, in 1860. He reported on the first specimen of an unusual Jurassic bird fossil from Germany, Archaeopteryx lithographica, in 1863. He lectured on fossils at the Museum of Practical Geology, and he was Fullerian Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institution, during 1859-1861. His taxonomic work included a number of important discoveries, as he named and described a vast number of living and fossil vertebrates. He campaigned to make the natural history departments of the British Museum into a separate museum, leading to the construction of a new building in South Kensington to house the new British Museum (Natural History), opened in 1881; [now the Natural History Museum]. He was knighted in 1884. He died in Richmond in 1892.
Sir Richard Owen was born in Lancaster, in 1804. He was educated at Lancaster Grammar School and then enlisted as a midshipman in the Royal Navy. He became interested in surgery He returned to Lancaster and became indentured to a local surgeon, in 1820. He entered the University of Edinburgh medical school, in 1824 and privately attended the lectures of Dr John Barclay. He moved to London and became apprentice to John Abernethy, surgeon, philosopher and President of the Royal College of Surgeons, in 1825. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, in 1826. He became Assistant Curator of the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, in 1827, and commenced work cataloguing the collection. He set up a private practice in Lincoln's Inn Fields. He became lecturer on comparative anatomy at St Bartholomew's Hospital, in 1829. He met Georges Cuvier in 1830 and attended the 1831 debates between Cuvier and Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire, in Paris. He worked in the dissecting rooms and public galleries of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, in 1831. He published anatomical work on the cephalopod Nautilus, and started the Zoological Magazine, in 1833. He worked on the fossil vertebrates brought back by Darwin on the Beagle. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society, in 1834; Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, in 1836-1856; and gave his first series of Hunterian Lectures to the public, in 1837. He was awarded the Wollaston gold medal by the Geological Society, in 1838; helped found the Royal Microscopical Society, in 1839; and identified the extinct moa of New Zealand from a bone fragment, 1839. He refused a knighthood in 1842. He examined reptile-like fossil bones found in southern England which led him to identify "a distinct tribe or sub-order of Saurian Reptiles" he named Dinosauria, in 1842. He developed his concept of homology and of a common structural plan for all vertebrates or 'archetype'. He became Joint Conservator of the Hunterian Museum with William Clift, in 1842, and Conservator, in 1849. He was elected to 'The Club', founded by Dr Johnson, in 1845. He was a member of the government commission for inquiring into the health of London, in 1847, including Smithfield and other meat markets, in 1849. He described the anatomy of the newly discovered (in 1847) species of ape, the gorilla, [1865]. He engaged in a long running public debate with Thomas Henry Huxley on the evolution of humans from apes. He was a member of the preliminary Committee of organisation for the Great Exhibition of 1851. He was Superintendent of the natural history collections at the British Museum, in 1856, and began researches on the collections, publishing many papers on specimens. He was prosector for the London Zoo, dissecting and preserving any zoo animals that died in captivity. He taught natural history to Queen Victoria's children, in 1860. He reported on the first specimen of an unusual Jurassic bird fossil from Germany, Archaeopteryx lithographica, in 1863. He lectured on fossils at the Museum of Practical Geology, and he was Fullerian Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institution, during 1859-1861. His taxonomic work included a number of important discoveries, as he named and described a vast number of living and fossil vertebrates. He campaigned to make the natural history departments of the British Museum into a separate museum, leading to the construction of a new building in South Kensington to house the new British Museum (Natural History), opened in 1881; [now the Natural History Museum]. He was knighted in 1884. He died in Richmond in 1892.
Petrus Camper was born in Leiden, in 1722. He studied at Leiden University. He began lecturing at the University of Franeker, in 1749, and he taught in Amsterdam from 1756. He relocated to Groningen in 1763, to lecture in theoretical medicine, anatomy, surgery and botany. He supported his teachings with practicals and drawings, which he made himself. Camper made contributions to theoretical and practical medicine, especially in the fields of surgery and obstetrics. His main contribution was in comparative anatomy, where he studied skeletons of both animals and people, and studied racial differences based on anatomical sections and measurements of the skull. He died in 1787.
Joseph Henry Green was born in London, in 1791. He was educated at Ramsgate, at Hammersmith, and then for three years in Berlin and Hanover. He was apprenticed to his uncle, the surgeon Henry Cline, in 1800 and acted as Cline's anatomical prosector and gave regular demonstrations on practical anatomy. He began to practise in 1816, when he was formally appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy at St Thomas's Hospital. He was elected Lecturer on Anatomy and Physiology jointly with Astley Cooper in 1818, and became Surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital in 1820. He then undertook the Lectureship on Surgery and Pathology in the United Schools of St Thomas's and Guy's Hospitals, again conjointly with Astley Cooper. He gave a series of lectures on comparative anatomy as Hunterian Professor at the College of Surgeons, in which he dealt for the first time in England with the whole of the animal sub-kingdoms, from 1824-1828. He was elected FRS in 1825, and was appointed Professor of Anatomy at the Royal Academy, a position he held until 1852. When King's College (London) was founded in 1830 Green was nominated Professor of Surgery and held the post until 1886. He continued in office as Surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital, resigning in 1853. He became a Member of the Court of Examiners in 1840. He was elected President in 1849 and again in 1858, having given the Hunterian Oration in 1840 and 1847. He became President of the General Medical Council in 1860. He died in 1863.
William Clift was born in 1775. He was apprenticed to John Hunter in 1792 and had sole charge of his museum after his death. He made copies of many of Hunter's manuscripts before the destruction of the originals by his brother-in-law Sir Everard Home. Clift was then conservator of the Hunterian Museum after the collection was transferred to the Royal College of Surgeons in 1800. He continued in this role for nearly 50 years compiling an osteological catalogue of the museum and researching the collections.
Richard Owen was born in 1804. He studied at the University of Edinburgh Medical School from 1824. He moved to London and became apprenticed to John Abernethy, in 1825. He was made Assistant Curator to the Hunterian Museum, in 1826. Owen engaged in private practice; lectured in comparative anatomy; worked with the collections in the museum; founded various societies; and made discoveries such as the identification of a sub-order of Saurian reptiles which he named Dinosauria. He became Joint Conservator of the Hunterian Museum with William Clift in 1842. Owen worked on the natural history collections of the British Museum, and campaigned for them to form a separate museum, which was opened in 1881 (now the Natural History Museum). He was knighted in 1884, and died in 1892.
Born, Lancaster, 1804; educated, Lancaster Grammar School; enlisted as a midshipman in the Royal Navy; became interested in surgery; returned to Lancaster and became indentured to a local surgeon, 1820; became interested in anatomy; entered the University of Edinburgh medical school, 1824; privately attended the lectures of Dr John Barclay; moved to London and became apprentice to John Abernethy, surgeon and philosopher and President of the Royal College of Surgeons, 1825; member, Royal College of Surgeons, 1826; Assistant Curator, Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1827 and commenced work cataloguing the collection; set up a private practice in Lincoln's Inn Fields; Lecturer on comparative anatomy, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1829; met Georges Cuvier in 1830 and attended the 1831 debates between Cuvier and Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire, Paris; worked in the dissecting rooms and public galleries of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, 1831; published anatomical work on the cephalopod Nautilus; started the Zoological Magazine, 1833; worked on the fossil vertebrates brought back by Darwin on the Beagle; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1834; Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, 1836-1856; gave his first series of Hunterian Lectures to the public, 1837; awarded the Wollaston gold medal by the Geological Society, 1838; helped found the Royal Microscopical Society, 1839; identified the extinct moa of New Zealand from a bone fragment, 1839; refused a knighthood, 1842; examination of reptile-like fossil bones found in southern England led him to identify "a distinct tribe or sub-order of Saurian Reptiles" he named Dinosauria, 1842; developed his concept of homology and of a common structural plan for all vertebrates or 'archetype'; Joint Conservator of the Hunterian Museum with William Clift, 1842, and Conservator, 1849; elected to 'The Club', founded by Dr Johnson, 1845; member of the government commission for inquiring into the health of London, 1847, Smithfield and other meat markets, 1849; described the anatomy of the newly discovered (in 1847) species of ape, the gorilla, [1865]; engaged in a long running public debate with Thomas Henry Huxley on the evolution of humans from apes; member of the preliminary Committee of organisation for the Great Exhibition of 1851; Superintendent of the natural history collections at the British Museum, 1856; began researches on the collections, publishing many papers on specimens; prosector for the London Zoo, dissecting and preserving any zoo animals that died in captivity; taught natural history to Queen Victoria's children, 1860; reported on the first specimen of an unusual Jurassic bird fossil from Germany, Archaeopteryx lithographica, 1863; lectured on fossils at the Museum of Practical Geology; Fullerian Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institution, 1859-1861; taxonomic work included a number of important discoveries as he named and described a vast number of living and fossil vertebrates; campaigned to make the natural history departments of the British Museum into a separate museum, leading to the construction of a new building in South Kensington to house the new British Museum (Natural History), opened in 1881; [now the Natural History Museum;] knighted, 1884; died, Richmond, 1892.
Publications include: Memoir on the pearly nautilus (1832); The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle pt. 1. Fossil Mammalia: by Richard Owen (Smith, Elder & Co, London, 1840); Odontography 2 vol (London, 1840-45); Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Invertebrate Animals, delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons, in 1843 ... From notes taken by W. W. Cooper (London, 1843-46); Report on the State of Lancaster (W. Clowes & Sons, London, 1845); A History of British Fossil Mammals and Birds (London, 1846); On the archetype and homologies of the Vertebrate Skeleton (London, 1848); A History of British Fossil Reptiles (Cassell & Co, London, 1849-84); Descriptive catalogue of the Osteological Series contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons (London, 1853); On the classification and geographical distribution of the Mammalia (London, 1859); Palæontology, or a systematic summary of Extinct Animals and their geological relations (Edinburgh, 1860); Monograph of the Fossil Reptilia of the cretaceous and Purbeck Strata (1860); Memoir on the Megatherium; or, Giant Ground-Sloth of America (London, 1861); Description of the skeleton of an extinct gigantic Sloth, Mylodon Robustus (London, 1862); Inaugural Address .. on the opening of the New Philosophical Hall at Leeds (Leeds, 1862); On the extent and aims of a National Museum of Natural History (London, 1862); Memoir on the Gorilla (London, 1865); On the Anatomy of Vertebrates 3 vol (Longmans, Green & Co, London, 1866-68); Descriptive and illustrated catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa in the collection of the British Museum (London, 1876); Researches on the fossil remains of the Extinct Mammals of Australia; with a notice of the extinct Marsupials of England 2 vol (London, 1877); Memoirs of the extinct Wingless Birds of New Zealand (London, 1879); International Medical Congress. On the scientific status of medicine (J W Kolckmann, London, 1881); Experimental Physiology, its benefits to mankind (Longmans & Co, London, 1882).
Younger son of Commander William Owen, W F Owen entered the Navy in 1788 and served on the Home and West Indies Stations. He was in the Culloden at the battle of the First of June 1794 and became a lieutenant in 1797. In 1803 he went to the East Indies where he surveyed the Maldive Islands and assisted at the capture of Batavia in 1806. He was a captive of the French in Mauritius from 1808 to 1810 during which time, in 1809, he was promoted to commander. In 1811 he commanded the BARRACOUTA at the capture of Java. He became a captain and was posted to the CORNELIA, East Indies Station, in 1812. From 1815 to 1816 Owen was engaged in a survey of the Great Lakes and from 1821 to 1826 in the LEVEN, with the BARRACOUTA, conducted the first survey of the coasts of Africa. In the Eden he founded a colony on Fernando Po in 1827 and then served on the coast of South America until 1831. His only other command was the COLUMBIA, North America, in 1847. He returned to England at the end of the year on his promotion to rear-admiral. Owen became a vice-admiral in 1854 and retired in 1855.
The Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs aim 'to bring together, from around the world, influential scholars and public figures concerned with reducing the danger of armed conflict and seeking cooperative solutions for global problems'. The first Pugwash meeting, inspired by a 1955 Manifesto by Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein, was held in 1957 in Pugwash, Nova Scotia, Canada, the birthplace of the US philanthropist Cyrus Eaton, and was attended by 22 eminent scientists. From this meeting evolved a series of conferences at locations all over the world, which continue today. International Student/Young Pugwash was formed in 1978, starting in the US and Canada and spreading to a further 18 countries. International collaborations began in 1988, with the first IS/YP conference in the Netherlands. Each IS/YP group has an independent organisational structure. The IS/YP groups coordinate a series of activities including the publication of books, conferences, curriculum materials and electronic conferences.
Charles Oxley was a medical student at St Thomas Hospital in 1725-1726.
Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, from 1913.
The P & O Banking Corporation Limited was established in 1920 by James MacKay (later Lord Inchcape) to develop the private banking business of the P & O Company. Under MacKay's stewardship (as Managing Director from 1914 and Chairman from 1915) the P & O had expanded rapidly, acquiring the British India Company amongst many others, and the bank was to be both a commercial venture and a device to manage the financial interests of the business.
On its establishment the Corporation acquired Allahabad Bank in India and opened offices in Colombo, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore and Canton (now Guangzhou). Allahabad Bank was always operated as a subsidiary, and wasn't absorbed into the central organisation of the P & O Banking Corporation. The Corporation later expanded further in India under its own name, in Calicut (now Kozhikode in Kerala), Bombay and Madras (and the surrounding region). Lloyds and National Provincial bought shares in the new Corporation, reflecting the expectancy that a bank backed by the P & O would be a success.
In 1927 the Chartered Bank of India, China and Asia acquired seventy five percent of the Corporation's shares, effectively rendering the P & O Banking Corporation a subsidiary. In 1928 Chartered took over most of the remaining shareholding, and many of its Directors were elected to the Board of the Corporation in the subsequent years.
The P & O continued as a subsidiary company of the Chartered Bank for a further decade, though the Chartered Bank became dissatisfied with its performance. While the P & O had some merits as an institution (especially the business that came from the associated companies of the wider P & O group, and the success of Allahabad Bank in northern India), as a latecomer in international banking it often had to take on clients that existing institutions had refused. Furthermore many of the Corporation's branches existed in locations (such as Shanghai, Hong Kong and Bombay) that were served by other banks, including the Chartered Bank. With the down turn of the world economy in the 1930s the P & O was operating in a reduced market place as a direct competitor to the branches of its parent company for considerably reduced profit, an untenable position for the Corporation and its owner.
The Chartered Bank of India, China and Australia took the decision to liquidate The P & O Banking Corporation in 1938. The liquidation date was set for 31 January 1939, when the bank's branches closed and the liquid assets were transferred to the Chartered Bank (it appears that they were transferred to the nearest branch of the Chartered Bank in many cases).
The Corporation's headquarters in Leadenhall Street, London, remained open as a branch of Chartered, and appears to have handled the final breaking up of the bank's assets, and the longer term issues around the dissolution of the Corporation.
P & O Banking Corporation Nominees (the subsidiary that handled the shares owned by the Bank) continued in name until the late 1960s. Allahabad Bank continued to be run separately as a subsidiary of Chartered Bank, as the nature of its business kept it as a viable business in its own right. It was nationalised by the Indian Government in 1969, and still exists as a private body.
Geographical range:
India, Sri Lanka, China and Singapore
The P & O Banking Corporation Limited was established in 1920 by James MacKay (later Lord Inchcape) to develop the private banking business of the P & O Company. Under MacKay's stewardship (as Managing Director from 1914 and Chairman from 1915) the P & O had expanded rapidly, acquiring the British India Company amongst many others, and the bank was to be both a commercial venture and a device to manage the financial interests of the business.
On its establishment the Corporation acquired Allahabad Bank in India and opened offices in Colombo, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore and Canton (now Guangzhou). Allahabad Bank was always operated as a subsidiary, and wasn’t absorbed into the central organisation of the P & O Banking Corporation. The Corporation later expanded further in India under its own name, in Calicut (now Kozhikode in Kerala), Bombay and Madras (and the surrounding region). Lloyds and National Provincial bought shares in the new Corporation, reflecting the expectancy that a bank backed by the P & O would be a success.
In 1927 the Chartered Bank of India, China and Asia acquired seventy five percent of the Corporation's shares, effectively rendering the P & O Banking Corporation a subsidiary. In 1928 Chartered took over most of the remaining shareholding, and many of its Directors were elected to the Board of the Corporation in the subsequent years.
The P & O continued as a subsidiary company of the Chartered Bank for a further decade, though the Chartered Bank became dissatisfied with its performance. While the P & O had some merits as an institution (especially the business that came from the associated companies of the wider P & O group, and the success of Allahabad Bank in northern India), as a latecomer in international banking it often had to take on clients that existing institutions had refused. Furthermore many of the Corporation’s branches existed in locations (such as Shanghai, Hong Kong and Bombay) that were served by other banks, including the Chartered Bank. With the down turn of the world economy in the 1930s the P & O was operating in a reduced market place as a direct competitor to the branches of its parent company for considerably reduced profit, an untenable position for the Corporation and its owner.
The Chartered Bank of India, China and Australia took the decision to liquidate The P & O Banking Corporation in 1938. The liquidation date was set for 31 January 1939, when the bank's branches closed and the liquid assets were transferred to the Chartered Bank (it appears that they were transferred to the nearest branch of the Chartered Bank in many cases).
The Corporation's headquarters in Leadenhall Street, London, remained open as a branch of Chartered, and appears to have handled the final breaking up of the bank's assets, and the longer term issues around the dissolution of the Corporation.
P & O Banking Corporation Nominees (the subsidiary that handled the shares owned by the Bank) continued in name until the late 1960s. Allahabad Bank continued to be run separately as a subsidiary of Chartered Bank, as the nature of its business kept it as a viable business in its own right. It was nationalised by the Indian Government in 1969, and still exists as a private body.
Geographical range:
India, Sri Lanka, China and Singapore
The P & O Banking Corporation Limited was established in 1920 by James MacKay (later Lord Inchcape) to develop the private banking business of the P & O Company. Under MacKay's stewardship (as Managing Director from 1914 and Chairman from 1915) the P & O had expanded rapidly, acquiring the British India Company amongst many others, and the bank was to be both a commercial venture and a device to manage the financial interests of the business.
On its establishment the Corporation acquired Allahabad Bank in India and opened offices in Colombo, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore and Canton (now Guangzhou). Allahabad Bank was always operated as a subsidiary, and wasn't absorbed into the central organisation of the P & O Banking Corporation. The Corporation later expanded further in India under its own name, in Calicut (now Kozhikode in Kerala), Bombay and Madras (and the surrounding region). Lloyds and National Provincial bought shares in the new Corporation, reflecting the expectancy that a bank backed by the P & O would be a success.
In 1927 the Chartered Bank of India, China and Asia acquired seventy five percent of the Corporation's shares, effectively rendering the P & O Banking Corporation a subsidiary. In 1928 Chartered took over most of the remaining shareholding, and many of its Directors were elected to the Board of the Corporation in the subsequent years.
The P & O continued as a subsidiary company of the Chartered Bank for a further decade, though the Chartered Bank became dissatisfied with its performance. While the P & O had some merits as an institution (especially the business that came from the associated companies of the wider P & O group, and the success of Allahabad Bank in northern India), as a latecomer in international banking it often had to take on clients that existing institutions had refused. Furthermore many of the Corporation's branches existed in locations (such as Shanghai, Hong Kong and Bombay) that were served by other banks, including the Chartered Bank. With the down turn of the world economy in the 1930s the P & O was operating in a reduced market place as a direct competitor to the branches of its parent company for considerably reduced profit, an untenable position for the Corporation and its owner.
The Chartered Bank of India, China and Australia took the decision to liquidate The P & O Banking Corporation in 1938. The liquidation date was set for 31 January 1939, when the bank's branches closed and the liquid assets were transferred to the Chartered Bank (it appears that they were transferred to the nearest branch of the Chartered Bank in many cases).
The Corporation's headquarters in Leadenhall Street, London, remained open as a branch of Chartered, and appears to have handled the final breaking up of the bank's assets, and the longer term issues around the dissolution of the Corporation.
P & O Banking Corporation Nominees (the subsidiary that handled the shares owned by the Bank) continued in name until the late 1960s. Allahabad Bank continued to be run separately as a subsidiary of Chartered Bank, as the nature of its business kept it as a viable business in its own right. It was nationalised by the Indian Government in 1969, and still exists as a private body.
Geographical range:
India, Sri Lanka, China and Singapore
Revised 1849 by J. P.
P G Ward and Company were incorporated on 7 October 1944. Their registered office was at Kilver Street, Shepton Mallett, Somerset.
Philip William Flower (1809-72) and his brother Horace (1818-99), sons of John Flower, a City of London merchant, established themselves as merchants in Sydney, Australia, in 1838, trading in connection with their father's City business. In 1842 they formed a Sydney partnership with Severin Kanute Salting (1805-65), a Dane who had invested the profits from his marine equipment business, established in Sydney in 1834, in sheep stations and sugar plantations. A further partnership was formed later with a related company in Melbourne. Philip William returned permanently to the City in about 1843 to run the London side of the business (called P . Flower and Company, 1845-72), which had a succession of offices moving from John Flower's premises at 62 Bread St to 29 Bucklersbury in 1845 and then to 4 Princes St in 1852, 6 Moorgate in 1863, and Swan House, Swan Alley in 1914.
The business was eventually run, from about 1934, from the Park Town estate office at 18 Queen's Square, Battersea. The company was involved in the shipping of wool and a wide variety of other merchandize to and from Australia and of coffee from Mysore, India; and in various other ventures including trade with South Africa. Investments were made in London property including wharfs; 2 office blocks built in the 1850s (Weavers' Hall, Basinghall Street and Danes Inn Chambers, off the Strand); Albert Mansions, Victoria Street, Westminster; and Park Town estate, Battersea (for which James Knowles the younger was the supervising architect). The property investments, particularly in the Park Town estate, are described in The Park Town Estate and the Battersea Tangle by Priscilla Metcalfe (London Topographical Society, no 121, 1978).
The Moorgate office was run by a series of confidential clerks who acted as managers, including James Gould, who died in June 1893, and his successor, Charles Potter. The Park Town estate managers were J. Melville Curtis 1878-1901, Charles Ernest Mayo Smith 1901-27, H. W. Eason, formerly office clerk at Moorgate, 1927-51, and C F Hatto, 1951-79. The estate was sold in 1979. In 1877 James Cooper was appointed agent and surveyor to the Flower estates and worked from an office in Albert Mansions. The company's solictors were Flower and Nussey of Great Winchester Street, whose Flower partners were descended from John Wickham Flower, one of Philip William's brothers.
Not given.
Globe Telegraph and Trust Company Limited was incorporated in 1873 by John Pender, a Liberal MP, who also founded the Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group. Globe was formed in order to spread the short term risk of cable laying over a number of companies, and shares in Globe were offered in exchange for shares in submarine telegraph and associated companies. The Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies Group, meanwhile, was built up by Pender over a number of years in the late 19th century.
The Pacific and European Telegraph Company Limited was formed in 1892 by John Pender, in order to connect telegraphically the main Brazilian ports with each other and with Europe.
Padang Jawa Rubber Estate Limited was registered in 1910 to acquire the New Padang Jawa Rubber Company Limited (registered in Singapore) and its estates in Selangor, Malaya. Harrisons and Crosfield Limited (CLC/B/112) replaced Bright and Galbraith as secretaries / agents in 1952. In 1953 Harrisons and Crosfield sold its stock in the company and ceased to act as secretaries / agents.
In the 1860's Dr Eustace Smith and Dr T C Kirby established the North-West London Free Dispensary for Sick Children in cramped quarters at 12 Bell Street, NW1. It was set up as a charity and would provide medical treatment for any child without notice or recommendation. The buildings on Bell Street rapidly became too small for the number of patients being treated. In the early 1880's seven thousand pounds was raised and used to purchase two houses on Paddington Green. These were converted to form a hospital and opened on 16 August 1883 as Paddington Green Children's Hospital.
However, there was a serious outbreak of diphtheria at the hospital. As the cause could not be traced the hospital was closed down and the buildings demolished. It was then discovered that there were two old cesspits nearby which had been the cause of the outbreak. A new hospital was built on the site; it was opened in 1895 and extended a year later. In 1911 a much improved out-patients department was opened.
In 1948 it became part of the newly formed National Health Service and was in the London (Teaching) Regional Health Board and under the administration of the Saint Mary's Hospital Management Committee. With NHS reorganisation in 1974 it became part of the North West London Regional Health Authority under the North West (Teaching) District Health Authority. In 1982 the District Health Authorities were redrawn and Paddington Green was now in Paddington and North Kensington. In 1987 the hospital closed when its facilities were transferred to the new Saint Mary's Hospital at Paddington.
Paddington Green is the name given both to an open space and to the village surrounding it, bounded to the north and east by Edgware Road, to the south and west by the Grand Junction canal and to the north by the Regent's canal. The parish church was Saint Mary's, which ceased to be used in 1845. Part of the green west of the church, which had been bought as more burial ground, was instead used for a new parish vestry hall.
The vestry hall of the parish of Saint George was rebuilt in 1884 on Mount Street, near Hanover Square, Mayfair, presumably with an attached garden.
Poor relief was based on the Act for the Relief of the Poor of 1601 which obliged parishes to take care of the aged and needy in their area. Parish overseers were empowered to collect a local income tax known as the poor-rate which would be put towards the relief of the poor. This evolved into the rating system, where the amount of poor-rate charged was based on the value of a person's property. Early workhouses were constructed and managed by the parish. However, this process was expensive and various schemes were devised where groups of parishes could act together and pool their resources. As early as 1647 towns were setting up 'Corporations' of parishes. An Act of 1782, promoted by Thomas Gilbert, allowed adjacent parishes to combine into Unions and provide workhouses. These were known as 'Gilbert's Unions' and were managed by a board of Guardians.
Under the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, the Poor Law Commission was given the power to unite parishes in England and Wales into Poor Law Unions. Each Union was to be administered by a local Board of Guardians. Relief was to be provided through the provision of a workhouse. An amendment to the 1834 Act allowed already existing 'Gilbert's Unions' or Corporations of parishes to remain in existence, although they were encouraged to convert themselves into Poor Law Unions. Although there was some reorganisation of union boundaries, particularly in London, the majority of Unions created under the 1834 Act remained in operation until 1930. In March 1930 a new Local Government Bill abolished the Poor Law Unions and the Board of Guardians. Responsibility for their institutions passed to Public Assistance Committees managed by the county councils - in the metropolis either the London County Council or the Middlesex County Council.
1837-1845: Between 1837 and 1845 Paddington was part of the Kensington Poor Law Union. It separated in 1845 to form the Paddington Poor Law Parish. In 1901 a portion of the detached part of Chelsea known as Queen's Park transferred to Paddington Parish. In 1845 work began on a new workhouse for Paddington, situated on Harrow Road beside the Grand Union Canal.
Source of information: Peter Higginbotham at The Workhouse website.
Paddington Technical College (which originated in 1903) took over the Chelsea School of Chiropody in 1957 and in 1967 moved into new blocks on the north side of Paddington Green. The Biological Science Department of Paddington Technical College joined the Polytechnic of Central London as the School of Biological and Health Sciences in 1990, following the abolition of the Inner London Education Authority. The School moved from the Paddington campus in 1993.
John Henry Pyle Pafford was Goldsmiths' Librarian of the University of London Library from 1945 to 1967. He published works on librarianship, including Library Cooperation in Europe (1935) and American and Canadian Libraries: some notes on a visit in the summer of 1947 (1949), and acted as an editor of The Year's Work in Librarianship during 1939-1950. He was also an editor of literary texts, notably the Arden edition of Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale.
John Henry Pyle Pafford was Goldsmiths' Librarian of the University of London Library from 1945 to 1967. He published works on librarianship, including 'Library Cooperation in Europe' (1935) and 'American and Canadian Libraries: some notes on a visit in the summer of 1947' (1949), and acted as an editor of 'The Year's Work in Librarianship' during 1939-1950. He was also an editor of literary texts, notably the Arden edition of Shakespeare's 'The Winter's Tale'.
John Pafford was born on 6 March 1900. He was educated at Trowbridge High School and at the Faculty of Arts at University College London, 1919-1923, becoming a fellow of UCL in 1956. Pafford began work as a Library Assistant at University College London, 1923-1925; went on to become Librarian, and Tutor, at Selly Oak Colleges, 1925-1931 (Hon. Fellow 1985); then Sub-Librarian at the National Central Library, 1931-1945. He was Lecturer at University of London School of Librarianship, 1937-1961; also Goldsmiths' Librarian of the University of London, 1945-1967. He became Library Adviser, Inter-University Council for Higher Education Overseas, 1960-1968.
Page entered the Navy as a First Class Volunteer in the SUPERB in 1778. By 1782 he had been involved in four engagements and was wounded in one leg. At this time he was promoted acting Lieutenant and was involved in a further action in 1783. His rank was confirmed in 1784. For the next ten years he filled a series of appointments and was promoted commander of the HOBART by Captain Peter Rainier in 1794. Page was in the East Indies in 1796 using his experience gained whilst on station in the SUPERB to guide convoys through those difficult waters. In that year he achieved Post-rank. From 1800 he spent two years in the Mediterranean in command of the INFLEXIBLE and in 1804 returned to the East Indies in command of the CAROLINE. Whilst in the East Indies in 1804 he made the captures of two well armed French privateers. In 1805 he becam Rainier's flag captain in the TRIDENT and in October of that year returned to England. In 1809 Page assumed command of the Sea Fencibles at Harwich until they were disbanded in 1810. From 1812 to 1815 he commanded the PUISSANT a guardship at Portsmouth. Page attained the rank of admiral. He died in retirement in 1845.
The manor of Uxendon in Harrow parish was first recorded in 1373. In 1516 the manor was inherited by Mabel, the wife of Richard Bellamy. In 1603 their descendant, also Richard Bellamy, conveyed the estate to Joan Mudge and William Mascall. By 1608 the manor belonged to Joan Mudge's son-in-law, Richard Page. In 1629 a portion of the estate in Kenton was alienated to Robert and Thomas Walter, but the Uxendon part of the manor remained with the Page family. In 1817 it comprised 413 acres of enclosed land and 202 acres allotted in lieu of open-field land. In the 1820s Henry Page, who had inherited the manor from his brothers, was known to be of weak intellect and a drunkard. In 1825 Page confirmed a bargain and sale in favour of one Henry Young, a solicitor whose business partner had worked for the family-it is possible that the document was obtained fraudulently. On Page's death in 1829 Young moved into the manor, which he had sold for the benefit of his wife and children when he died in 1869.
From: 'Harrow, including Pinner : Manors', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4: Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood with Southall, Hillingdon with Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow with Pinner (1971), pp. 203-211 (available online).
Herbert Markant Page studied to be a doctor of medicine at Brussels in 1882. He had become a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1873 and a Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries in 1874. He had also studied Public Health at Cambridge in 1879. His career history included Resident Medical Assistant at the General Hospital, Birmingham; Medical Officer of Health at Redditch Unitary District; and Honorary Surgeon at Smallwood Hospital. He was a member of the British Medical Association; the Somerset Archaeology and Natural History Society; and the Royal Sanitary Institute. He was also a fellow of the Royal Institute of Public Health.
John Page graduated in medicine from Trinity College, Dublin, and joined the Royal Navy as a probationary surgeon-lieutenant in 1930. He was appointed to the Royal Naval Hospital in Hong Kong in 1939. After the capitulation of Hong Kong to the invading Japanese in December 1941, selected medical staff, including Page, served from February to August in St Teresa's Hospital at Kowloon, which served the Prisoner of War camps at Shamshuipo and Argyll Street, where death rates from diphtheria were appalling. In September, Page contracted the disease himself, and fortunately could not accompany a draft of prisoners of war to Japan on the 'Lisbon Maru' - the ship was torpedoed with the loss of half the draft. Page was sent with the next draft in January 1943 to Amagasaki camp near Osaka. The prisoners were forced to work at a heavy foundry, which added to problems of exhaustion and diet deficiency, and also led to industrial accidents. In June 1944, Page was put in charge of a new 'International Prisoner of War Hospital' at Kobe, a propaganda exercise for Red Cross visits. Drugs and vitamins from the USA were plentiful, but the diet was even more deficient than in the labour camps. Direct hits on the hospital at Kobe during an American raid on 5 June 1945 resulted in the deaths of 3 patients outright and a further 6 from injuries, and the destruction of admission, diet and case records. Death and operation record were saved. The survivors moved to an evacuated camp at Maruyama, where on the 21st August Colonel Murata, o/c Osaka command, brought official news of the Japanese surrender. Page's account of the interview is in the back of the Kobe operations book (Ref C4). From 7th September, Page's patients were transferred to Yokohama or Manila for further treatment.
Walter Pagel was born in Berlin, the youngest son of Julius Pagel, the Professor of Medical History at the Friedrich Wilhelms Universität, Berlin, where Pagel studied medicine. Pagel then worked at the Preussisches Institut für Infektionskrankheiten 'Robert Koch', Berlin, undertaking research in microbiology and immunology. In 1924 he moved to the Berlin Municipal Tuberculosis Hospital at Sommerfeld, where he pursued the immunological aspects of TB, working on theories recently advanced by Ranke. He continued to work as a pathologist in Germany until Hitler's accession to power in 1933, when he was dismissed from his post as a Jew. He then worked briefly in Paris before settling in England where he worked in Cambridge and London until his retirement in 1967. Between 1924 and 1967 Pagel was the author of around 120 publications on tuberculosis, including seven major monographs - of which Pulmonary Tuberculosis, 1939, was the OUP's standard textbook on the subject.
However, it was as a medical historian that Pagel was best known, concerned with the study of philosophy and religion in the 16th and 17th centuries, and primarily with the work of van Helmont, Paracelsus and Harvey. Pagel's first major historical monograph on van Helmont was published in 1930, but the majority of his historical research was carried out after his retirement from pathology work in 1967.
Nursing Notes Ltd was set up in 1929 by Dame Rosalind to produce the journal Nursing Notes, more recently called Midwives, which she had begun in 1887 for nurses and midwives. She personally funded the publication and was involved in its administration and production. Other members of the Paget family subsequently became involved, notably Kathleen and Guy Paget. The offices of the journal served as the focal point for the administration of the journal, and also a Trust Fund which Dame Rosalind established in 1919. She was a trained nurse and midwife and a prominent member in the movement to raise the status of midwives and nurses, and to improve the standards in these professions. The records in this collection reflect just a part of her activities, which also included the development of the Midwives Institute, now the Royal College of Midwives, and she also helped set up the Queen's Nursing Institute. She was also an active member of the Chartered Society of Massage and Medical Gymnastics which became the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy.
The Manors featured in these papers were all held by the interconnected Paget family. William Paget, first Baron Paget, (1505-1563) rose to prominence in the court of Henry VIII despite coming from a modest London family, acting as diplomat, ambassador, secretary of state and member of the Privy Council. As he became more successful Paget began to accumulate lands and estates, starting with the manor of West Drayton in 1536. The Manor of Harmondsworth was granted in 1547 and joined to his West Drayton estates. He later acquired estates in Staffordshire, Derbyshire and Worcestershire.
The eighth Baron Paget, Henry Paget (1663-1743), an official in the Royal household, was made first Earl of Uxbridge in 1714. His son, also Henry (1719-1769), was the second Earl of Uxbridge and added to the family estates with the purchase of the Manors of Dawley and Harlington in 1755. Henry died unmarried and childless, so the barony of Paget passed to Henry Bayly (1744-1812), the great-great-grandson of William, the sixth baron Paget. Bayly, who changed his name to Paget, sold the manor of West Drayton in 1786, the manor of Dawley in 1772 and the manor of Harlington in 1773. His son Henry William Paget (1768-1854) became the marquess of Anglesey after losing a leg at the Battle of Waterloo. His son sold the Manor of Harmondsworth in the mid-nineteenth century.
Sources: 'Harlington: Manors' and 'West Drayton: Manors', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3: Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell, Sunbury, Teddington, Heston and Isleworth, Twickenham, Cowley, Cranford, West Drayton, Greenford, Hanwell, Harefield and Harlington (1962), pp. 191-195 and pp. 261-267; and 'Harmondsworth: Manors and other estates', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 4: Harmondsworth, Hayes, Norwood with Southall, Hillingdon with Uxbridge, Ickenham, Northolt, Perivale, Ruislip, Edgware, Harrow with Pinner (1971), pp. 7-10. See also entries for the Paget family in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
Born Great Yarmouth, 1814; educated at a private school, Yarmouth; apprenticed to Charles Costerton, surgeon, in Yarmouth, 1830; entered as a student at St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1834; identified the parasite Trichina spiralis whilst studying at the hospital, 1835; clinical clerk to Dr Latham, 1835-1836; member, Royal College of Surgeons, 1836; sub-editor of the Medical Gazette, 1837-1842; Curator of the museum, 1837 and Demonstrator in morbid anatomy, 1839-1943, St Bartholomew's Hospital; Fellow, Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1843; Lecturer on general anatomy and physiology, 1843 and Warden of the College for students, 1843-1851, St Bartholomew's Hospital; prepared a catalogue of the anatomical museum of St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1846; prepared a catalogue of the pathological specimens in the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1846-1849; Arris and Gale Professor of Anatomy and Surgery, 1847-1852; Assistant Surgeon, 1847-1861, St Bartholomew's Hospital; Fellow, Royal Society, 1851; Surgeon-Extraordinary to Queen Victoria, 1858; member of the Senate, University of London, 1860; lectured in physiology, 1859-1861, Surgeon, 1861-1871 and Lecturer on Surgery, 1865-1869, St Bartholomew's Hospital; member, 1865-1889, Vice-President, 1873, 1874, President, 1875, of the Council, Royal College of Surgeons; Serjeant-Surgeon-Extraordinary to Queen Victoria, 1867-1877; Consulting Surgeon, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1869; President, Clinical Society, 1869; created Baronet, 1871; President, Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, 1875; representative of the Royal College of Surgeons at the General Medical Council, 1876-1881; Serjeant-Surgeon to Queen Victoria, 1877; Hunterian Orator, 1877; President, International Congress of Medicine, 1881; Bradshaw Lecturer, 1882; Vice-Chancellor, University of London, 1883-1895; Morton Lecturer, 1887; President, Pathological Society of London, 1887; died, London, 1899.
Publications include: Sketch of the Natural History of Yarmouth and its Neighbourhood, containing catalogues of the species of animals, birds, reptiles, fish, insects, and plants, at present known with Charles J Paget (F Skill, Yarmouth, 1834); Report on the chief results obtained by the use of the Microscope, in the study of human anatomy and physiology (London, 1842); The Motives to Industry in the study of Medicine. An address (London, 1846); Records of Harvey, in extracts from the journals of the Royal Hospital of St Bartholomew William Harvey With notes by J Paget (London, 1846); A Descriptive Catalogue of the Anatomical Museum of St Bartholomews' Hospital [vol 1, 2] (London, 1846-1862); Hand-Book of Physiology By W S Kirkes assisted by J Paget (Taylor, Walton & Maberly; John Murray, London, 1848-); Lectures on the processes of Repair and Reproduction after Injuries (London, 1849); Lectures on Surgical Pathology, delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England (2 vol London, 1853); Sinus and Fistula -Ulcers -Tumours (innocent) -Contusions -Wounds (1860); On the importance of the study of Physiology, as a branch of education for all classes (1867); Clinical Lectures and Essays Edited by H Marsh (London, 1875); The Hunterian Oration delivered ... on the 13th of February, 1877 (London, 1877); The Contrast of Temperance with Abstinence [1879]; Theology and Science. An address (Rivingtons, London, 1881); Descriptive catalogue of the Pathological Specimens contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. Supplement Second edition with G F Goodhart and A H G Doran (J & A Churchill, London, 1882); On some rare and new diseases; suggestions for the study of part of the natural history of disease. The Bradshawe Lecture, ... 1882 (London, 1883); The Morton Lecture on Cancer and Cancerous Diseases delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons (Longmans & Co, London, 1887); Studies of old Case-Books (Longmans & Co, London, 1891); Memoirs and Letters of Sir James Paget Edited by Stephen Paget (Longmans & Co, London, 1901); Three Selected Papers. I On the Relation between the Symmetry and Diseases of the Body, 1841. II On Disease of the Mammary Areola preceding Cancer of the Mammary Gland, 1874. III On a Form of Chronic Inflammation of Bones (Osteitis deformans), 1876 (London, New Sydenham Society, 1901); Selected Essays and Addresses Edited by Stephen Paget (Longmans & Co, London, 1902).
Sir James Paget was born on 11 January 1814 at Great Yarmouth, the son of Samuel Paget, brewer and ship owner, and one time mayor of Great Yarmouth. Paget was the eighth of seventeenth children, nine of which survived childhood, and brother of the eminent physician Sir George Paget. His early education was at a local private school. However his father ran into financial difficulties after the short boom of the post-Napoleonic War years, and Paget could not follow his elder brothers' route through Charterhouse and on to university. In 1830 he was instead apprenticed for five years to Charles Costerton, surgeon in Great Yarmouth. During his apprenticeship Paget wrote and published with one of his brothers a book on the natural history of the town.
In 1834 Paget became a student at St Bartholomew's Hospital (St Bart's), London, and took lodgings in the capital. The following year, whilst undertaking some dissection work, he noticed white specks in the muscles of his subject. On inspection through a microscope he found them to be cysts containing worms. Professor Richard Owen later confirmed his observations, and the parasite became known as Trichina spiralis. From 1835-36 Paget was appointed clinical clerk, under the physician Peter Mere Latham, because he could not afford the fee demanded by the surgeons of the hospital for the office of "dresser". Consequently he did not become a house surgeon. In 1836, at the age of twenty-two, Paget became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.
He made a short study tour to Paris before settling in London, where he supported himself by teaching and writing. From 1837-42 he was sub-editor of the Medical Gazette, and also wrote for the Medical Quarterly Review. In 1837 he was also appointed curator of St Bart's Museum, and in 1839 was made demonstrator of morbid anatomy. In 1841 he was elected surgeon to the Finsbury Dispensary. At St Bart's he was promoted to the position of lecturer on general anatomy and physiology in 1843, and in the same year became one of the original fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons. Also in 1843 he was elected warden of St Bart's new college for students, which in addition to a salary included accommodation within the college. In 1844 he finally married his fiancé Lydia North, after an eight-year engagement.
In 1846 Paget compiled a catalogue of St Bart's Museum, the style and content of which laid the foundation of his reputation. He also prepared a catalogue of the pathological specimens housed in the Hunterian Museum, which appeared between 1846 and 1849. In 1847 he was appointed an assistant surgeon at St Bart's, after a severe contest. There was some opposition to his appointment on the grounds that he had not been a dresser or a house surgeon, and so did not hold the qualifications traditionally thought necessary for the post. From 1847-52 he was Arris and Gale Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons. The subsequent publication of these lectures, in his Lectures on Surgical Pathology (1853), gave a great impulse to the study of pathology, which had been waning for some time. In 1851 he was elected fellow of the Royal Society. In the same year he resigned from his post as warden at St Bart's, although he remained assistant surgeon and lecturer. Consequently he found he had the time to set up a consultant practice. He moved to Henrietta Street, to a house large enough to accommodate his growing family and practice.
In 1858, whilst still only an assistant surgeon, he was appointed surgeon-extraordinary to the Queen. He was surgeon to the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII, and attended the Princess of Wales, later Queen Alexandra, during a long illness. Also in 1858 Paget moved to a larger property in Harewood Place, just off Oxford Street. In 1859 he resigned from his appointment as lecturer in physiology at St Bart's, owing to his burgeoning private practice. At the time his was the largest surgical practice in London. In 1860 he was appointed a member of the Senate of the University of London. He became full surgeon at St Bart's in 1861, and from 1865-69 lectured on surgery at the medical school. From 1865-89 he was a member of the council of the Royal College of Surgeons. From 1867-77 he held the post of Serjeant-Surgeon-Extraordinary. In 1869 he was made president of the Clinical Society.
Paget held great authority amongst his contemporaries, and it has been said that he was a surgeon who
`advanced his art by showing how pathology might be applied successfully to elucidate clinical problems, when as yet there was no science of bacteriology' (DNB, 1901, p.241).
He made great use of the microscope to determine the true nature of morbid growths. He was widely respected as a teacher, due to his eloquence and his ability to grasp the principles of his subject, and to discuss them briefly and clearly. His name is ultimately associated with a chronic eczematous condition of the nipple, which related to breast cancer, and with a chronic inflammation of bones, which was named Osteitis deformans.
Paget resigned as surgeon at St Bart's in 1871 and was immediately appointed a consulting surgeon of the hospital. In the same year he was created a baronet. He was vice president of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1873 and 1874, and president in 1875. In the same year he was elected president of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. He had made numerous contributions to medical literature throughout his career and this continued after his retirement from the hospital. He wrote articles on various topics, including cancer, syphilis and typhoid, as well as surgical conditions. In 1875 he published a collection of his papers entitled Clinical Lectures and Essays. He was the Royal College of Surgeons representative at the General Medical Council from 1876-81, and was the Hunterian orator at the college in 1877. In 1877 he was also made Serjeant-Surgeon to Queen Victoria.
In 1881 Paget was president of the International Congress of Medicine at the meeting held in London. In 1883 he became Vice-Chancellor of the University of London, a post he retained until 1895. In 1887 he was president of the Pathological Society of London. Amongst his many distinctions he was awarded honorary degrees from the universities of Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin, Bonn and Wurzberg.
Lady Paget died in 1895. Paget began to deteriorate soon afterwards, never really recovering from the blow caused by his wife's death. He died at his house in Regent's Park, where he had moved on his retirement, on 30 December 1899. He was buried at Finchley cemetery, after a funeral service at Westminster Abbey. The Pagets' four sons and two daughters survived both parents, their son Francis became Bishop of Oxford, whilst Stephen followed in his father's path and became himself a distinguished surgeon.
Publications:
A Sketch of the Natural History of Great Yarmouth and its Neighbourhood, containing Catalogues of the Species of Animals, Birds, Reptiles, Fish, Insects and Plants, at present known, James & Charles Paget (Yarmouth, 1834)
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Pathological Specimens contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons (Vol. I 1846; Vol. II 1847; Vol. III 1848; Vols. IV & V 1849; 2nd ed. 1882-85)
A Descriptive Catalogue of the Anatomical Museum of St Bartholomew's Hospital (Vol. I 1847; Vol. II, 1852)
Handbook of Physiology: assisted by J. Paget, William Senhouse, Sir James Paget (London, 1848)
Lectures on Surgical Pathology (London, 1853; 2nd ed. 1863; 3rd ed. 1870; 4th ed. 1876)
Clinical Lectures and Essays, Howard Marsh (ed.) (London, 1875, transl. into French, 1877)
The Hunterian Oration (London, 1877)
On Some Rare and New Diseases (London, 1883)
Studies of Old Case Books (London, 1891)
John Hunter, Man of Science and Surgeon, 1728-93; with an Introduction by Sir James Paget, Stephen Paget (London, 1897)
Memoirs and Letters of Sir James Paget, ed. by Stephen Paget (London, 1901) Posthumously published
Selected Essays and Addresses, edited by S. Paget, Sir James Paget, Stephen Paget (ed.) (London, 1902)
Publications by others about Paget:
Sir James Paget: The Rise of Clinical Surgery, Shirley Roberts (London, 1989)
Born Great Yarmouth, 1814; educated at a private school, Yarmouth; apprenticed to Charles Costerton, surgeon, in Yarmouth, 1830; entered as a student at St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1834; identified the parasite Trichina spiralis whilst studying at the hospital, 1835; clinical clerk to Dr Latham, 1835-1836; member, Royal College of Surgeons, 1836; sub-editor of the Medical Gazette, 1837-1842; Curator of the museum, 1837 and Demonstrator in morbid anatomy, 1839-1943, St Bartholomew's Hospital; Fellow, Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1843; Lecturer on general anatomy and physiology, 1843 and Warden of the College for students, 1843-1851, St Bartholomew's Hospital; prepared a catalogue of the anatomical museum of St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1846; prepared a catalogue of the pathological specimens in the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1846-1849; Arris and Gale Professor of Anatomy and Surgery, 1847-1852; Assistant Surgeon, 1847-1861, St Bartholomew's Hospital; Fellow, Royal Society, 1851; Surgeon-Extraordinary to Queen Victoria, 1858; member of the Senate, University of London, 1860; lectured in physiology, 1859-1861, Surgeon, 1861-1871 and Lecturer on Surgery, 1865-1869, St Bartholomew's Hospital; member, 1865-1889, Vice-President, 1873, 1874, President, 1875, of the Council, Royal College of Surgeons; Serjeant-Surgeon-Extraordinary to Queen Victoria, 1867-1877; Consulting Surgeon, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1869; President, Clinical Society, 1869; created Baronet, 1871; President, Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, 1875; representative of the Royal College of Surgeons at the General Medical Council, 1876-1881; Serjeant-Surgeon to Queen Victoria, 1877; Hunterian Orator, 1877; President, International Congress of Medicine, 1881; Bradshaw Lecturer, 1882; Vice-Chancellor, University of London, 1883-1895; Morton Lecturer, 1887; President, Pathological Society of London, 1887; died, London, 1899.
Paget was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1895. He was Secretary to the Patent Law Committee, 1900; Secretary to the University College Transfer Commission, 1905; Assistant Secretary to the Admiralty Board of Invention and Research, 1915-1918; and President of the British Deaf and Dumb Association, 1953. He published many writings on human speech and language.
No information was available at the time of compilation.
William, sixth Lord Paget, was born on 10 February 1637, the eldest son of William, fifth Lord Paget. On 25 November 1678 he took up his seat in the House of Lords. In 1681 he signed a petition against the Parliament being held at Oxford. On the landing of the Prince of Orange, he was one of the Peers who petitioned the King to call a 'free parliament'. He subsequently voted for the vacancy of the throne and for settling the Crown on William and Mary, the Prince and Princess of Orange. On their accession, he was constituted the Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire in March 1688-1689.
In September 1690 he was appointed Ambassador at Vienna. He held this post until February 1693, when he was appointed as Ambassador-Extraordinary to Turkey. In this role he participated in the negotiations for a treaty of peace between the Imperialists, Poles and Turks, resulting in the Treaty of Carlowitz on 26 January 1699. Shortly afterwards he was instrumental in the peace between Muscovy, the State of Venice and the Turks. The Sultan and Grand Vizier of Turkey wrote to William III in March 1699, asking that Paget would not be recalled home, as Paget himself desired. Paget consented to stay, finally quitting the Turkish Court at Adrianople in May 1702. Between July and November 1702, Paget stayed in Vienna to settle the dispute that had arisen between the Emperor and the Grand Seignior concerning the limits of their respective territories in the Province of Bosnia. In December 1702, he attended the Court of Bavaria to offer England's mediation in adjusting the differences between the Prince and the Emperor. He arrived back in London in April 1703. On 24 June 1703, he was re-appointed Lord-Lieutenant of Staffordshire. Paget died on 26 February 1713.
"Families, entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial values: Britain and Russia" was a project headed by Professors R E Pahl and P R Thompson and funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. The project involved life story interviews of adults from two different generations of the same family in order to investigate the connection between family and cultural sources of entrepreneurial values and entrepreneurship. The British section of the project was never undertaken.
No information available at present.
Barry Eric Odell Pain was born in 1864 in Cambridge and educated at Sedbergh School and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. After graduating he spent several years as an army coach before moving to London to pursue writing. He was a prolific writer of fiction and non-fiction, but is most often remembered today for his 'Eliza' series, a humorous portrait of working class, suburban life. The painter Rudolf Lehmann was his father-in-law and the composer Liza Lehmann his sister-in-law.
Born 1921; aircraft apprentice, RAF Holton, 1937; Aircraftsman Grade 2, RAF Driffield, 1939; posted to No 7 Squadron Hampdens, RAF Finningly, 1939; volunteered to join 210 Squadron, Coastal Command, 1939-1942; Sergeant, 1940; posted to 407 Squadron, Royal Canadian Air Force, 1942; Signals Instructor, South Cerney, 1943; Emergency Commissioned Acting Pilot Officer, Nov 1943; Flying Officer, Jul 1944; Flight Lieutenant, Sept 1944; Squadron Leader and Station Commander, Training Area Flying Control Centre, 1945; Flight Lieutenant, 1948; retired as Squadron Leader, 1973; died 2002.