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The early growth of the art collection belonging to the Corporation of London was linked to the ceremonial functions of the City. In 1670 the Corporation commissioned portraits of the Chief Judges of England who assessed property claims after the Great Fire in 1666. Portraits of the Royal family and City officials followed. In 1783 a more ambitious project was commissioned, a canvas 18x24 feet in size showing the British garrison at Gibraltar resisting a Spanish and French siege. Ten years later the first gift to the collection came from Alderman John Boydell, who donated 24 oil paintings to the Corporation, including portraits, narrative works and paintings of mayoralty ceremonies. By 1872 the collection numbered over 180 items and it was realised that the collection had a size and importance on a national level that made care and maintenance important. In 1879 the works were placed in the care of a Curator and exhibitions were held in Skinners' Hall. The popularity of these exhibitions led the Corporation to make the disused Law Courts at the Guildhall into a permanent exhibition space. The Guildhall Art Gallery was opened in 1886 and was enlarged in 1890 and 1901. By 1910 the Gallery held 891 items, and in addition the Corporation had voted to provide a purchase fund so that the Gallery could actively acquire pieces rather than wait for donations.

In 1941 the Gallery was destroyed in an air raid. Most of the collection had been sent to safe storage in the countryside, but some works were lost. A temporary structure was established although this was too small to display much of the collection and was used for short-term exhibitions. Other paintings were displayed in Corporation buildings such as Mansion House and the Central Criminal Court. A semi-permanent exhibition was established in the new Barbican Art Gallery during the 1980s. As early as 1963 plans had been made to rebuild a permanent gallery next to the Guildhall but financial restrictions meant that the new gallery was not completed until 1999. The Gallery now displays around 250 paintings in its permanent display and mounts temporary exhibitions on a variety of topics and themes. The Roman amphitheatre discovered on the site during the building works is incorporated into the Art Gallery building and can be viewed there.

Holborn Viaduct was begun in 1863 and finished in 1869; designed by William Heywood, the City Surveyor. It bridged the valley of the Fleet river and connected Holborn with Newgate Street. As part of the construction, Holborn Circus, Charterhouse Street and St Andrew's Street were also built.

The Corporation of London is the local authority for the City of London or Square Mile, the financial and commercial centre at the heart of the metropolitan area. With its roots in medieval times, it is probably the oldest local authority in the United Kingdom and has an unusually wide range of responsibilities reflecting both its ancient role as a municipality and its modern-day role as the equivalent of a London Borough. The Corporation of London is also unique in local government as it has no charter of incorporation nor any specific date of establishment: it has evolved organically from earlier bodies. Most other councils in the United Kingdom were either created or substantially reformed in the 19th century or later.

Where "Corporation" is used in modern legislation such as City of London (Various Powers) Acts, its meaning is defined as "the Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens of the City of London". This latter title is one of the styles used in the charter dated 20 Sep 1608, which also lists the following titles or styles: Mayor and Aldermen of the City of London; Mayor, Citizens and Commonalty of the City of London; Mayor and Commonalty of the City of London; Citizens of the City of London; Barons of London; Barons of the City of London and indeed "any other name whatsoever, by reason or force of any letters patent, charters, or confirmations of any of our progenitors, Kings of England, which in any time or times had reasonably used or exercised". In 1690 an Act of Parliament confirming all the privileges of the Corporation of London declared that the Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens of the City of London should "remain continue, and be, and prescribe to be a body corporate and politick, in re, facto et nomine".

Another unusual feature of the Corporation of London is its ability to alter or amend its constitution when it benefits the Corporation of London and City of London to do so, under charters of Edward III (1341) and Richard II (1377 and 1383). This power is exercised by means of Acts of Common Council. Such Acts of the Corporation of London are authenticated by the City or Common Seal. Although the legal title of the Corporation of London remains 'the Mayor and Commonalty and Citizens of the City of London', statutory powers are usually conferred on the Court of Common Council, under the designation of 'the Mayor, Aldermen and Commons of the City of London in Common Council assembled'.

In 1682 - 1683 the King's Bench issued a writ of Quo Warranto against the City of London which led to the Charter of the City being forfeited and the Corporation of London being dissolved, reducing the city to the legal status of a small village. Quo Warranto writs had often been used to regulate liberties and franchises, such as the right to hold a fair or a market. It was claimed that the City of London had breached its Charter by allowing the collection of tolls at market and by publishing a seditious petition against the King and Government - these abuses of the ancient liberties of the City were enough to justify issuing the writ. The overall aim of the King, Charles II, was to control the personnel and the government of the Corporation of London. After the Charter was forfeited the King issued a new one giving him the right to appoint and remove officers, including the Mayor, Sheriffs, Recorder, Common Sergeant, Justices of the Peace and Coroner, thus allowing him direct control over the government of the City. Between 1683 and 1688 the City of London was governed by a Royal Commission. In October 1688 King James II issued a Proclamation restoring the City Liberties as fully as before the Quo Warranto judgement. In 1690 a Special Committee of the House of Commons declared the judgement illegal and an Act of Parliament was passed restoring the City to its ancient rights, enacting that the City might prescribe to be a corporation and declaring that the Charter of the City of London should never be forfeited for any cause whatsoever.

The office of Justice of the Peace dates from the fourteenth century, when their Commission of the Peace gave them the power to enquire into "all manner of poisonings, enchantments, forestallings, disturbances and abuses", try offences in their courts of Quarter Sessions and keep the peace in their locality. During the sixteenth century the work of the Quarter Sessions and the Justices was extended to include administrative functions for the county.

The cathedral's deans, treasurers, precentors, chancellors and prebendaries (see below) are listed in J Le Neve's Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae, 1066-1300 (compiled by DE Greenway, 1968), and 1300-1541, and 1541-1857 (compiled by JM Horn, 2 vols, 1963 and 1969).

For officials in the period 1857-98, see G Hennessy, Novum Repertorium Ecclesiasticum Parochiale Londinense (1898). After 1898, consult individual volumes of Crockford's Clerical Directory and the London Diocese Book (both issued annually).

For further details of medieval deans, see CNL Brooke, "The Deans of St Paul's ca. 1090-1499" in Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, vol.29 (1956), pp.231-44. For the medieval Chapter, see CNL Brooke, "The Composition of the Chapter of St Paul's 1086-1163" in Cambridge Historical Journal, vol.10 (1951), pp.111-132, and CNL Brooke and G Keir "London and the Kingdom: The Chapter of St Paul's" in their London 800-1216: The Shaping of a City (1975), pp.338-59.

For relations between the Chapter and the bishops of London in the period 1426-48, see IA Zadnik, The Administration of the Diocese of London, Bishops William Gray, Robert Fitzhugh and Robert Gilbert (1426-1448) (University of Cambridge, PhD dissertation, 1993), pp.112-146.

The Printed Books Section of Guildhall Library has biographies of a number of individual deans of St Paul's, as well as Papers of British Churchmen, 1780-1940 (Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, Guides to Sources for British History no.6, 1987).

For a list of Surveyors to the Cathedral Fabric, 1675-1987, see P Burman, St Paul's Cathedral, p.181. A typescript list of virgers, 1598-1974, compiled by AJ Morrison, is also held by the Guildhall Printed Books Section (Fo Pam 6422).

A copy of W Sparrow Simpson's The Charter and Statutes of the College of Minor Canons in St Paul's Cathedral, held by the Printed Books Section, being a reprint from Archaeologia, vol.43 (1871), pp.165-200, includes manuscript lists by JS Bumpus of the following officials: minor canons, 1306-1908; sub-deans, 1414-1904; vicars choral, 1622-1909; succentors, 1672-1906; sacrists, 1660-1901 and cathedral librarians, 1728-1903.

For the functions of individual officials, particularly in the 14th century, see K Edwards, The English Secular Cathedrals in the Middle Ages (2nd edn, 1967). See also Victoria County History, London Vol.1 (1909), pp.420-28.

The cathedral's thirty prebends are as follows:
Broomsbury [i.e. Brondesbury];
Brownswood;
Caddington Major;
Caddington Minor;
Cantlers [i.e. Cantlowes];
Chamberlainwood;
Chiswick;
Consumpta-per-Mare;
Ealdland;
Eald Street;
Finsbury;
Harleston [i.e. Harlesden];
Holbourn [i.e. Holborn];
Hoxton;
Islington;
Mapesbury;
Mora;
Nesden [i.e. Neasden];
Newington [i.e. Stoke Newington];
Oxgate;
Pancratius [i.e. St Pancras];
Portpool;
Reculversland [i.e. Reculverland];
Rugmere;
Sneating;
Totenhall [i.e. Tottenham Court];
Twiford [i.e. Twyford];
Weldland;
Wenlocksbarn;
Wilsden [i.e. Willesden].
Prebends were estates or land from which money was derived to support a canon of a cathedral.

Note: there are a number of variant spellings for certain prebends. For manorial and estate records associated with most of these prebends, see section CLC/313/N. Financial records, including salary information for cathedral personnel, are described in the full catalogue of section CLC/313/G.

Details of "The Ritual and Religious Services of the Cathedral" are given by W Sparrow Simpson in Chapter in the History of Old St Paul's (1881), pp.41-58. Certain "Ceremonials at, and Processions to St Paul's" are recorded in Dugdale (1818 edn), pp.431-66, including the funeral of Lord Nelson in 1806, pp.455-63. For papers concerning the Duke of Wellington's funeral at St Paul's, 1852-3, see Ms 25783/368 (among the "Shenley deeds", see section CLC/313/L/H).

For music at the cathedral, see W Sparrow Simpson, Gleanings from Old St Paul's (1889), pp.155-244; JS Bumpus, The Organists and Composers of St Paul's Cathedral (1891); and Watkins Shaw, The Succession of Organists: of the Chapel Royal and the Cathedrals of England and Wales from c. 1538 (1991). For the cathedral's organ and bells, see section CLC/313/I. The performances of cathedral choir boys in the "Paul's playhouse" are described by Reavley Gair, The Children of St Paul's: The Story of a Theatre Company, 1553-1608 (1982), which lists the Masters of the Choristers, choristers/actors and playhouse managers (pp.184-185), as well as plays known to have been performed in the period (pp.186-187). NB: Gair appears to have found little of relevance in the cathedral archives. See section CLC/313/H for details of an article about the site of the playhouse.

For details of the medieval "Boy Bishop" Ceremony held at Old St Paul's on St Nicholas' Day (6th December), and an edition of a sermon preached at St Paul's by a Boy Bishop, c 1490-6, see Camden Miscellany, vol.7 (1875), introduction and pp.1-13. The sermon was usually prepared by the cathedral's almoner. A statute of 1263 concerning the ceremony is edited by W Sparrow Simpson, Registrum, pp.91-94.

The Guildhall Library Printed Books Section has a number of printed sermons delivered at St Paul's, which can be found using a classification search for "L 12.75", as well as service sheets for certain important cathedral occasions which can be found using a classification search for " L 12.71". Printed sermons held by St Paul's Cathedral Library are described in W Sparrow Simpson's St Paul's Cathedral Library: A Catalogue, pp.48-55 & 85-120.

For sermons and other (civic, papal or political) pronouncements delivered at Paul's Cross, see W Sparrow Simpson Chapters in the History of Old St Paul's, pp.149-232; ME Cornford, Paul's Cross: A History (1910); PE Jones "St Paul's Cross" in Guildhall Historical Association Transactions, vol.2 (1957), pop.14-22; and M Maclure, The Paul's Cross Sermons 1534-1642 (1958). The current cross in the cathedral courtyard is a 20th century memorial of the famous preaching cross first recorded in the late 12th century. The cross was originally built in stone, but was replaced ca. 1450 by wooden cross with a covered pulpit. These were destroyed in 1643 by order of Parliament. During the medieval period, in bad weather, Paul's Cross sermons were often delivered in the cathedral crypt ("Shrouds"). From the 17th century the Paul's Cross sermons were delivered in the cathedral itself, the Corporation of London extending hospitality to the preachers: see PE Jones, "St Paul's Cross" in Guildhall Historical Association Transactions, vol.2 (1957), pp.14-22. For payments to Paul's Cross preachers, see section CLC/313/G.

Meetings of Convocation of the southern province were regularly held at St Paul's.

The first cathedral on the present site was begun in 604 by Mellitus, Bishop of London, and was probably constructed in wood. This cathedral was rebuilt in stone by Erkenwald (Bishop of London, 675-693), destroyed by Vikings in 961, and again rebuilt. Following fires in 1086/7 and 1136, an ambitious Romanesque church in Caen stone was initiated on an enlarged site. This phase of building was completed in 1241 when the cathedral was rededicated. The Gothic "New Work" at the east end of the cathedral, which was started in 1256, elongated the choir (completed in 1314) and constructed a new central tower and spire (completed in 1315) and a new south aisle (completed in 1332). The upkeep of the "New Work" was the responsibility of the Dean and Chapter, while the "Old Work", the Western portion of the cathedral built before 1256, was, uniquely, the responsibility of the Bishop of London. In 1300 all offerings in the cathedral were assigned to the completion of the New Work. Few changes were made to the medieval cathedral after this period, except for rebuilding the spire after it was damaged by lightning in 1444. The spire (again), roof and much of the cathedral were damaged by fire in 1561. Extensive repairs were effected in 1561-1564 (although the spire was not rebuilt), but by the early 17th century the cathedral had suffered a long period of neglect, and urgently required repair.

In 1608 James I initiated a survey of the building, which resulted in an estimate for the cost of repairing the fabric and rebuilding the spire. The commissioners appointed in 1620 to investigate the necessary repairs launched a national subscription, and quantities of Portland stone were brought to the site, but again there was a lapse of interest. Subsequent repair and rebuilding work is described in section CLC/313/I.

The body of St Erkenwald, patron of London Diocese, survived the 1086/7 fire which destroyed the Anglo-Saxon cathedral, and was (supposedly) translated in both 1140 and 1148 to a new shrine behind the high altar screen. In February 1326 there was a further translation to a new shrine. The shrine was a major pilgrimage attraction, but was mostly destroyed in September 1547 or shortly after, although a drawing by Hollar records the surviving pedestal of the shrine in 1657: see Dugdale (1818 edn), facing p.74. In 1552 many chapels, altars and much other stonework were demolished: see Victoria County History (1909), p.415, and Dugdale, who records certain monuments damaged in the Restoration period (1818 edn), pp.31-32. The remains of St Erkenwald's shrine were totally destroyedby the Great Fire. The only memorial from Old St Paul's to survive the Fire undamaged was that of Dean John Donne, erected (1631/2), which still survives in the current cathedral. For monuments generally, see section CLC/313/I.

The cathedral's medieval cloister and chapter house, constructed ca. 1332-35 by William Ramsey on land in the angle of the (then) south transept and nave, were very small, being only 32 feet 6 inches in internal diameter. The LMA holds three deeds of 1332 for their construction: see Ms 25121:865, 1077 and 1902 (section CLC/313/H).

St Faith's parish church, within the cathedral precinct, was demolished ca. 1255 to lengthen the cathedral. A chapel in the cathedral crypt subsequently acted as the parish church. A chapel dedicated to St Faith survives in the current cathedral, although parish services no longer take place. The parish church of St Gregory by St Paul, which stood at the south west corner of the cathedral, was destroyed in the Great Fire and not rebuilt. Cathedral services were held in St Gregory's between June and November 1561. Inigo Jones had attempted to partially demolish this church in 1641 to make way for the cathedral portico (described in section CLC/313/I), but following the complaints of parishioners was forced to return the stonework he had taken down. The LMA holds the surviving parish records of St Faith under St Paul (P69/FAI) and St Gregory by St Paul (P69/GRE).

The Bishop of London had a palace in the medieval precinct, originally sited in the area across from the north door of the cathedral and moving some time after the late 13th century to a more extensive site to the north west. For St Paul's School, formerly in the cathedral precinct, see the introductory note to section CLC/313/P.

Following the appointment by letters patent in 1631 of a second commission to investigate repairs, plans for restoration work on the cathedral started under Inigo Jones (who had been appointed Surveyor of the Works in 1628). By May 1633 new sums of money had been raised from subscriptions (paid into the Chamber of London, see section CLC/313/I/B) to allow repairs to the Gothic choir. This work lasted about two years, during which time further funds were collected to recase and classicize the exterior of the nave and transepts. The work on the nave and transepts, the remodelling of the cathedral's west front and the addition of the Corinthian west portico, continued until at least September 1642. In addition, certain buildings adjacent to the cathedral were demolished in the period 1632-6: see Victoria County History (1909), p.416, and Peter Blayney, Bookshops in Paul's Cross Churchyard, pp.3 and 62-3. See also a list of houses adjoining the cathedral "necessary to be taken down ... to secure it from further spoil and annoyance", 1664/5 (CLC/313/L/F/011/MS25190/008), and an account of materials taken from demolished houses adjoining the cathedral and used to repair it, January-August 1666 (Ms 25679). For further details of this period of restoration work, see J Harris and G Higgott, Inigo Jones, Complete Architectural Drawings, (1989), especially pp.238-47; Sir John Summerson, "Lecture on a Master Mind: Inigo Jones" in Proceedings of the British Academy, vol.50 (1964), pp.169-92; and Sir John Summerson, The History of the King's Works, ed. HM Colvin et al., vol.5 (1975), especially pp.147-52.

In October 1642 (under the Commonwealth), the Chapter was abolished by order of Parliament, and the cathedral building turned over to Presbyterian worship. The cathedral was later occupied by a parliamentary army which caused considerable damage. See W Sparrow Simpson, "St Paul's during the Interregnum", in Chapters in the History of Old St Paul's, pp.253-81, and Victoria County History (1909), pp.53-4. For the dispersal of the Cathedral Library in this period, see section CLC/313/P.

The restoration of the Dean and Chapter in 1660 was followed in 1663 by the appointment by letters patent of new commissioners for repairing the cathedral: see Dugdale (1818 edn), pp.116-23. Repair work was just beginning when the Great Fire of September 1666 destroyed most of the cathedral. In 1668 a warrant (for copies, see CLC/313/I/A/001/MS11770 and CLC/313/L/H/003/MS25783/413) was issued to raze what remained of the eastern parts of the building [the old choir and tower], although services continued to be held in the nave until the collapse of the stonework there in 1673. Letters patent were subsequently issued in November 1673 for the building of an entirely new cathedral: see Wren Society, vol.13 (1936), pp.25-31. Certain "old materials" from the cathedral had already been sold by the commissioners in April 1671: see Wren Society, vol.13, p.25.

For repairs proposed immediately before the Great Fire, see Wren Society, vol.13 (1936), pp.13-19; for Wren's report on the Fire (Bodleian Ms Tanner 145, no.129), see Wren Society, vol.13 (1936), pp.20-22; and for details of preliminary repair works,1668-75, see Wren Society, vol.16 (1936), pp.183-213.

Wren (Surveyor General of the King's Works from 1669, and adviser to the cathedral's repair commission since 1663) was appointed Surveyor of St Paul's in 1675. The first stone of the new cathedral was laid in the same year, and the medieval alignment of the building was altered. Wren tried to lay the foundations for the entire new cathedral, rather than building in stages, although work continued at different speeds on various parts of the building. The choir was finished (and the first services held) in 1697, the dome finished in 1708, and the whole building declared complete in 1711. Annual summaries of expenditure, 1675-1710, are given in Wren Society, vol.13, p.11: see section CLC/313/I/B for further details. The decoration of the dome by James Thornhill was completed in 1716-20. Other minor works continued after this date, including repairs to the south transept in 1781-2 (see the introductory note to CLC/313/I/E). Later repairs have included the embellishment of the choir and crossing, the addition of mosaics in 1864 and 1892-1904, and the (controversial) construction of a marble reredos in 1886-8 (see CLC/313/I/E). The reredos was damaged in World War Two and replaced between 1949 and 1958 with a baldacchino. For surviving decorations, see Nikolaus Pevsner and Simon Bradley, The Buildings of England Series: London 1, The City of London (revised edition, 1997), pp.155-83. Many records of 19th century embellishments are not yet fully catalogued: see the CF series, especially CF18, 57 and 84. Others are retained by the Cathedral Librarian.

Records of monuments in the cathedral: see notebook of Michael Shaller, Virger and Under-Chamberlain, late 16th century, including financial accounts and some details of monuments (CLC/313/G/037/MS25532). See also John Weever, Ancient Funerall Monuments (1631); Henry Holland, Ecclesia Sancti Pauli Illustrata: The Monuments...of Kings... and Others, Buried in the Cathedrall Church of St Paul...Continued untill...1633 (1633 edn); and Payne Fisher, The Tombs and Monuments etc Visible in St Paul's Cathedral...Previous to its Destruction by Fire A.D.1666 (1684, edited by G Blacker Morgan in 1885 reprint). Dugdale (1818 edn), pp.37-74, 199-214 & 469-72, also lists monuments (continued to 1816), as well as including drawings by Hollar of certain pre-Fire monuments. See also AJ Jewers, manuscript transcripts of inscriptions compiled in 1919 (Ms 2480/4, pp.1109-1255). For surviving monuments, see Nikolaus Pevsner and Simon Bradley, The Buildings of England Series: London 1, The City of London (revised edition, 1997), pp.155-83. Note: most of the surviving monuments are from the period after ca. 1790. For the Duke of Wellington's monument in the cathedral, see J Physick, The Wellington Monument (Victoria and Albert Museum, 1970), and Public Record Office, Works 6 (Miscellanea), which includes papers on the monument, 1853-1907. For Wellington's funeral, see section CLC/313/F.

Many of Wren's original drawings for the reconstruction of the cathedral are now held by the Prints and Maps Section of LMA. They are calendared in Kerry Downes, Sir Christopher Wren: The Design of St Paul's Cathedral. Introduction and Catalogue (1988). Further drawings are at All Souls College, Oxford: see Wren Society, vol.1 (1924). Additional volumes of the Wren Society, especially vols. 2-3, 8 and 13-16 (1924-38), with index (vol.20, 1943), include copies of the drawings now held at LMA and extracts from other related records

For details of the fabric of the cathedral from the mid 18th century, see: Rev RS Mylne, "The Fabric of St Paul's 1760-1810" in RIBA Journal, 3rd series, vol.23 (1916), pp.207-8; J Mordaunt Crook, "William Burges and the Completion of St Paul's" in Antiquaries Journal, vol.LX, part 2 (1980), pp.285-307; and GF Browne, An account of the Recent Decoration of St Pauls, 1891-1906 (1906) (Guildhall Library Printed Books Section, Pam 2153). See also WR Matthews, Saint Paul's Cathedral in Wartime, 1939-45 (1946), and St Paul's in War and Peace, 1939-58 (1960), for details of war damage and repairs, and the work of the St Paul's Watch.

The cathedral organ is described by JS Bumpus, The Organists and Composers of St Paul's Cathedral (1891), Appendix A, pp.199-212. For the cathedral bells and the Ancient Society of College Youths (a bell ringing society founded in 1637 and based at St Paul's since 1878), see William T Cook, The Bells of St Paul's: An Account of the Bells of St Paul's Cathedral (2nd revised edn, 1984), and The Society of College Youths, 1637-1987: A New History of the Society (1987). LMA holds microfilm copies only of various of the society's records, including "Name books" of members, 1637-1959 (CLC/001/MS21656/001-002) and "Peal books", 1754-1974 (CLC/001/MS21657/001-004).

The medieval chapter house, see section CLC/313/H, was damaged in the Great Fire and not rebuilt. Wren's Chapter House was constructed in 1712-14 on a new site on the north side of the cathedral. The rebuilding accounts (Ms 25471/53) have been edited in Wren Society, vol.15 (1938), pp.211-17. Wren's Chapter House has largely been rebuilt since 1945 following damage in World War Two. Two scrapbooks concerning the cathedral fabric (CLC/313/I/E/014/MS25809) also include details of the Chapter House. Since 1878 St Paul's Churchyard, the open space around the cathedral, has been managed by the Corporation of London. For the cathedral precinct and surrounding area, see two articles in London Journal, vol.16, no.2 (1991): R Thorne, "The Setting of St Paul's in the Twentieth Century" (pp.117-128), and P Murray, "Paternoster - post Holford" (pp.129-139).

Chantries were chapels or altars and their attendant priests, maintained by an endowment on condition that a daily mass would be said for the soul of the provider of the endowment.

Similarly, an obit was a mass held to pray for the soul of a deceased person on the anniversary of his or her death. It was usually paid for by endowments or by the family.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

Saint Swithun's church in Aix-les-Bains was constructed in 1869 to serve the British colony attracted by the spa waters in the French town.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

Burgenstock was a popular Victorian tourist destination.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The church of the Holy Cross, Palermo, was constructed in 1872-75 for the use of the Anglican community in Sicily. Previously services had been held in the palace of the English Consul. The church was used by American forces during the Second World War, including General Patton. It is still in use.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The Church of the Holy Ghost, Genoa was consecrated on 4 June 1872.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The Church of the Holy Redeemer and All Saints, Viareggio was consecrated in 1913 and sold in 1977.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The town of Hughesovka grew up around a metallurgical plant established in the south Ukraine region of Russia in 1868 by John Hughes, a Welsh engineer. Hughes and his family moved to Russia to oversee the works and employed many Welsh specialists as well as local labourers. Since 1961 the town has been called Donetsk and is in the Ukraine.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

Minas de Ri­otinto is a town in the province of Huelva, Spain. It grew up around the mining operations on the Rio Tinto river, which were bought up by the Rio Tinto company in 1873.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The Russia Company was the patron of Anglican churches in Moscow, St Petersburg, Cronstadt and Archangel. The first chapel in Moscow was established in 1706 but was closed down when the British Factory left Moscow in 1717, initially for Archangel; its headquarters moved to St Petersburg in 1723.

In 1825 a chapel was opened in Princess Prozorowski's House at 259 Twerskoy, known as the British Chapel, Moscow, and a chaplain appointed. Land for a permanent church was purchased in 1828 and building was completed at the end of 1829/beginning of 1830.

A new church was consecrated in January 1885 when its official designation became the British Church of St Andrew, Moscow. The title deeds were drawn up in the name of the Russia Company who held the land, buildings and furniture in trust for the British residents. The chaplain was appointed by the Russia Company subject to the approval of a meeting of subscribers of annual contributions to the chaplaincy. The Russia Company also paid part of the chaplain's stipend.

The church was seized by the Bolsheviks in 1920, the chaplaincy terminated and the chaplain withdrawn. A new chaplaincy was established in Helsinki and the chaplain paid visits to Russia. Services in Moscow are held in the British Embassy.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The chaplaincy was established in 1866 when the foundation stone of Holy Trinity was laid. The growing British community in Sliema had been worshipping in the cathedral in Valletta until funds were raised to build and endow a church and vicarage. In April 1866 a villa and adjoining land was acquired, and a church was built which was consecrated in April 1867. The villa became the vicarage and from 1905 has been known as the Bishop's House.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

A number of English speaking churches were established in Boulogne during the nineteenth century, however, as the expatriate community decreased in size these were closed. The community was served by a visiting chaplain until 1995, and worships in chapels loaned by other churches.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

An Anglican church was constructed in Calais in the nineteenth century, however it was sold after the Second World War. The Anglican community now worships in venues loaned by other churches. A permanent chaplain was appointed in 1995.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The Anglican chaplaincy in Florence appears to have been established in 1827, although it was not until 1846 that Holy Trinity Church was consecrated.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

Saint-Servan is a small town near St Malo.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The tourist resort of Leysin in Switzerland had a full time chaplain until 1965. It is now served by a part-time, seasonal Anglican chaplain.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

Liepaja, or Libau, is the third largest city in Latvia, situated on the Baltic coast. The Anglican chaplaincy was presumably established for merchants and sailors visiting the port.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The North West France Anglican Chaplaincy covered Le Touquet, Boulogne, Calais and Arras.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The English community in Smyrna (now Izmir in Turkey) has been attended by an Anglican priest since 1638, for many years provided by the Levant Company who had an important factory (trading post) there. Services were held in rooms at the consul's house and in 1797 a fire in that house destroyed the existing registers.

The church at Smyrna was consecrated by the Bishop of Gibraltar in 1843 as St John the Evangelist, rebuilt in 1898-9 and reconsecrated in 1902.

There are two other chapels in nearby areas associated with the Smyrna chaplaincy. The church at Boudjah (Buca) opened in 1838 and was consecrated in 1843 as the Chapel of All Saints. The church at Bournabat (Bornova) was built in 1857 and consecrated as St Mary Magdalene in 1864.

In 1922 the Smyrna and Boudjah churches survived a period of political instability with only minor damage, but the church at Bournabat was looted and some of its registers may have disappeared.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

A seasonal Anglican chaplaincy was established in the popular tourist destination of Spiez, Switzerland.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

Anglican services began in Bayonne in 1853 before moving to Biarritz in 1854. The church was opened in 1861, but had to be replaced with a more spacious building in 1878 as the popularity of the resort grew.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The English Church, Bagni di Lucca and St George the Martyr, Pisa were both completed in 1843. In 1857 the two churches were united under one chaplain and services were held at Bagni di Lucca between May and October and in Pisa between October and May.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

Knokke is a seaside resort in Belgium. It was a popular tourist destination in the nineteenth century, although the expatriate community has dwindled since the Second World War. The church of Saint George was constructed in 1911, and altered in 1928. Many records were lost during the Second World War.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The first regular chaplaincy was established at Rapallo, north Italy, in 1875, and services were held in the private chapel of the Palazzo Serra, which later became the Hotel de l'Europe.

,n 1894 a piece of ground next to the cemetery in Rapallo was purchased for use as a burial ground for British residents and other protestants. In response to growing numbers of British visitors, it was decided to build a permanent church. Work began on St. George's church in 1901, and the first services were held there in January 1904. It was requisitioned by enemy forces during the Second World War and although services resumed after the war, numbers of British visitors fell and the church was eventually sold in 1975.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The church of St. John the Evangelist, Alassio was consecrated on 4th April 1883. A new church of the same name was built in 1927-1928 and the old church sold in 1932. In 1983 Mr A.M. Apostol was given charge of St. John the Evangelist by the Bishop in Europe for all matters non-ecclesiastical. The last service was held in the church in 1998 after which it was closed and sold.

Alassio was a popular tourist destination on the Italian Riviera, well known for having a large English expatriate community. As well as the Anglican church, they were served by a large lending library and tennis club. Writer and painter Edward Lear lived nearby for the last 16 years of his life; and both Edward Elgar and Kenneth Grahame visited and worked there.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

Davos, Switzerland, had a large English community due to the number of convalescent hospitals, particularly for those suffering from tuberculosis. In 1878 a local hotelier donated a piece of land for the construction of an Anglican church to serve this community. The building was completed by 1883. By the 1970s the church was threatened with closure and demolition but was saved by the Swiss Federation of Free Protestant Churches.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

Ulvik Anglican Chaplaincy was founded to serve the English tourists visiting Norway.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

The Anglican church of Saint Bernard was constructed in Wengen, Switzerland, in 1928 to meet the needs of English speaking tourists. It is managed by the Intercontinental Church Society.

The Bishop of London was held to exercise responsibility for Anglican churches overseas where no other bishop had been appointed. He retained responsibility for churches in northern and central Europe until 1980, but his jurisdiction in southern Europe ceased in 1842 on the creation of the diocese of Gibraltar. In 1980, the Bishop of London divested himself of all overseas jurisdiction and a new diocese of 'Gibraltar in Europe' was established.

Zermatt, in Switzerland, was a popular destination for Victorian English tourists. Protestant services were held in various hotels from the 1860s while funds were raised to construct a church. The church dedicated to Saint Peter, was finished in 1871.

The London Diocesan Penitentiary was formed after a gift of money to the Rev George Nugee in 1853, for the establishment of a house for the "reception and reformation of penitent fallen women". The sum involved was inadequate for the purpose and a public appeal for donations and subscriptions was made. A Council was appointed under the presidency of the Bishop of London on 20 March 1854, and an executive committee was formed.

Temporary accommodation was found at Hampton Court and then at Sunbury in 1855, but by the end of that year the lease had been acquired on Park House, Highgate. This property and adjoining land was subsequently purchased for £11,500 in 1861 and a mortgage raised to meet the cost; much of the adjoining land was later leased or sold for building and the money obtained used to assist paying off the mortgage.

The later history of the institution is uncertain, although in 1900 it was taken over by the Clewer sisters (an Anglican female religious community based in Clewer, Berkshire), and, at an unknown date, it became known as the House of Mercy. It was closed in 1940.

George Boddington (1646-1719), Citizen and Clothworker, was a Levant merchant, of Little St. Helen's. He was also Governor of the Greenland Company from 1693, a director of the Bank of England from 1694 and Member of Parliament for Wilton, Wiltshire, 1702.

Thomas Boddington (1678-1755), son of George, was also a Levant merchant, of Leadenhall Street and Camberwell. Thomas Boddington junior was a linen draper of Cheapside. Benjamin Boddington (1698-1779) the son of George Boddington (1646-1719) and brother of Thomas Boddington (1678-1755), was also a Levant merchant, of Love Lane, Aldermanbury, and 17 Mark Lane.

Benjamin Boddington (1730-1791), a West India merchant and a director of the South Sea Company, of 17 Mark Lane and Enfield, Middlesex, was the son of Benjamin Boddington (1698-1779). Samuel Boddington, Citizen and Fishmonger, was a merchant, successively of 17 Mark Lane, 9 St. Helen's Place, and 31 Upper Brook Street, and the son of Benjamin Boddington (1730-1791).

Thomas Brewer was an antiquarian who compiled extracts from records and notes on officers of the City of London Corporation, monumental inscriptions, and extracts from and indexes of other records, chiefly parish registers. He was also master of the Worshipful Company of Plaisterers (1859-60). The extracts and indexes were compiled between 1835-70.

Major Sir William Henry Champness was born in March 1873, the son of William John Champness. He married Elizabeth Butler in 1896 and had one son. Elizabeth died in 1939 and Champness married widow Ethel Harding in 1946. He lived at Knole Way, Sevenoaks, Kent. Champness was a solicitor who was involved in several City of London institutions. He was a Master of the Spectalemakers' Company and the Plumbers' Company; President of the City Livery Club; a governor of Bridewell and Bethlem Hospitals and the City and Guilds Institute; Chairman of various City Corporation Committees; a Sheriff of the City of London, 1937-38; one of the Lieutenants of the City from 1917; and an Alderman's Deputy from 1931. He was knighted in 1938. Champness conducted antiquarian research in his spare time and published histories of the Spectablemakers' Company and Plumbers' Company. He died in October 1956.

Biographical information from 'CHAMPNESS, Major Sir William Henry', Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920-2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007 [http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U235642, accessed 1 June 2011].

Reverend Philip Thomas Byard Clayton, CH, MC, DD, MA, FSA, nicknamed "Tubby" from an early age , was born in Australia in 1885, the youngest of five children of Reginald Byard Buchanan Clayton and Isabel Clayton (nee Sheppard). The family moved to England the following year where Reginald set up an Australian trading company in the City. Tubby attended St Paul's School from where he won a scholarship to Exeter College, Oxford, in 1904. He gained a first class degree in Theology and furthered his theological training under Dr Armitage Robinson, Dean of Westminster. Following his ordination as priest in 1911, he spent four years as a curate in the parish of St Mary, Portsea, but at the outset of World War One became an army chaplain and joined the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front in Spring 1915.

In France, his haven for front-line troops, Talbot House in Poperinghe, Belgium, with its Upper Room set aside for worship, formed the basis of the Toc H movement which became his life-long work, combined with his incumbency of All Hallows Barking by the Tower (1922-63). "Toc H" was morse code for the initials of Talbot House, founded with Neville Talbot, another army chaplain and son of the Bishop of Winchester, in memory of Talbot's younger brother, Gilbert. The aim of Toc H was to provide physical support and comfort based on a firm religious foundation. For many years its headquarters were at All Hallows, with a branch network spread round the world.

Tubby Clayton was an enthusiast and an articulate campaigner for many causes-rebuilding the church of All Hallows after World War Two; the ordination of ex-servicemen at the Knutsford Ordination Test School; the improvement of the Tower Hill area and the creation of open spaces for the local population; leprosy; the provision of social support to the East End poor; the study of the encaustic floor tiles at Westminster Abbey (for which he was awarded the Fellowship of the Society of Antiquaries); and early stone carvings in the Brito-Celtic church. He was a Chaplain to the Merchant Navy (spending much time with the British tanker fleet), Chaplain to Kings George V and VI and Extra Chaplain to Elizabeth II. With help, he combined all these activities with his parish duties, and endless publicity and fund-raising for Toc H.

The Clayton Family were close and corresponded prolifically; for Clayton this covered not only his immediate family, but cousins and relatives in Australia. In later years he pursued research into the history of his family, particularly the Claytons and the Byards.

In the early 20th century, Reverend Edward Andrews Downman compiled notes on and plans of ancient earthworks in England (arranged by county).

"The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England Trading into Hudson's Bay", later known as the Hudson's Bay Company, was founded in May 1670 with a royal charter from Charles II. The charter allowed the company a monopoly over trade, particularly in furs, in the region watered by all rivers and streams flowing into Hudson Bay [now in Canada]. The area was named Rupert's Land after Prince Rupert of the Rhine who had provided financial backing for the initial explorations which found Hudson Bay. Prince Rupert became the first director of the Company.

Headquarters were established at Fort Nelson on the Nelson River, while other posts were constructed around the edge of the Bay, including Fort Albany in 1670. Fort Albany was captured by the French in 1686 but reclaimed by the English in 1693.

Marjorie Blanche Honeybourne was born in Highgate in 1899. She took a BA in History at London University in 1921 and went on, under the supervision of Eliza Jeffries Davis, to gain an MA from the same institution in 1929.

With an abiding interest in London topography, she contributed articles on mediaeval London to several metropolitan periodicals. She was elected a member of the Society of Antiquaries in 1949. She acted as Honorary Editor to the London Topographical Society between 1960 and 1974 and the Ancient Monuments Society between 1967 and 1973. She died on 13 November 1974.

For a detailed resume of Miss Honeybourne's career see her obituaries in Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society vol.xx (1975) pp.11-14 and London Topographical Record vol.xxiv (1980) pp.203-208. The latter includes a list of her publications with a note on her sketch maps and plans.

Eliza Jeffries Davis was Reader in the History and Records of London at the University of London from 1921 to 1940.

These papers relate to various members of the Illidge family in the 19th century, in particular John Illidge, stockbroker (Sheriff 1834/5; died 1846) and his sons Thomas Bailey Illidge and John Betts Illidge.

Cedric Jagger was a historian of horology, publishing works including:
Paul Philip Barraud : a study of a fine chronometer maker, and of his relatives, associates and successors in the family business, 1750-1929 (1968, supplement 1979);
Clocks (1973 and 1975);
The world's great clocks & watches (1977);
Royal clocks: the British monarchy and its timekeepers, 1300-1900 (1983);
The artistry of the English watch (1988).

According to a review of The world's great clocks and watches in The Times, Jagger worked in the chemical industry for thirty years while devoting his spare time to horology. He became so expert that the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers asked him to take care of their collection. The Times, Friday Nov 25, 1977, page XIX, issue 60170, column A.

Paul Jeffery (1927-1998) was an architectural historian and author of various publications on the City Churches, such as The city churches of Sir Christopher Wren (1996).

Reverend W E Freeman Greene served most of his ministry in the Diocese of London.

Stephen Monteage was an accountant at the South Sea House and the Custom House.