Charles Robinson attended lectures at St Thomas's Hospital, 1819. He became a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries, London, 1819, and member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, 1820.
William Savory was the son of William Savory of Brightwalton, Wantage. He was apprenticed at the age of 14 to Dr David Jones, Newberry, before becomming a student of the Borough Hospitals (Guy's and St Thomas's) in 1788-1789. He later became a member of the Surgeon's Company.
Henry Cline: born, London, 1750; educated, Merchant Taylors' School; apprenticed to Mr Thomas Smith, surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital, 1767; diploma from Surgeons' Hall, 1774; Lecturer on anatomy, St Thomas's Hospital, 1781-1811; Surgeon, St Thomas's Hospital, 1784-1811; examiner at the College of Surgeons, 1810; master of the College of Surgeons, 1815, president, 1823; delivered the Hunterian oration, 1816, 1824; died, 1827. Publications: On the Form of Animals (Bulmer & Co, London, 1805).
William Saunders was born, Banff, 1743; educated, University of Edinburgh; graduated MD, 1765; began practice in London; licentiate of the College of Physicians, 1769; lectured on chemistry, pharmacy and on medicine; Physician, Guy's Hospital, 1770-1802; lectured on the theory and practice of medicine; Fellow, 1790, and Censor, 1791, 1798, 1805, 1813, College of Physicians; delivered the Gulstonian lectures, 1792; probably the first English physician to observe that in some forms of cirrhosis, the liver became enlarged and afterwards contracted; delivered the Harveian oration, 1796; Fellow, Royal Society, 1793; a founder member and first president, Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, 1805; Physician to the Prince Regent, 1807; retired from practice, 1814; died, 1817. Publications include: A Catalogue of the Materia Medica, printed for the use of such gentlemen as attend Dr Saunders's lectures on that subject, in London [London, 1760?]; Dissertatio ... de antimonio, etc (W Ruddiman, J Richardson & Soc, Edinburgh, 1765); A syllabus of lectures on chymistry [London?, 1766?]; A Syllabus of Lectures on Chymistry and Pharmacy ([London?] 1766); Compendium medicinæ practicum ad prælectiones accommodatum ... Editio altera emmendata (J Richardson, London, 1774); Institutes of therapeutics and materia medica (London, 1774); Observations and experiments on the power of the mephytic acid in dissolving stones of the bladder. In a letter to Dr Percival (London, 1777); Elements of the practice of physic, etc. (The general plan of lectures upon ... physick, chemistry, therapeutics and the materia medica, now read at Guy's Hospital.) ([London] 1780); Observations on the superior efficacy of the red Peruvian bark, in the cure of agues and other fevers. Interspersed with occasional remarks on the treatment of other diseases, by the same remedy (printed for J Johnson and J Murray, London, 1782); A Treatise on the structure, economy and diseases of the Liver; together with an enquiry into the properties ... of the bile and biliary concretions: being the substance of the Gulstonian Lectures ..1792 (London, 1793); Oratio ex Harveii instituto habita in theatro Collegii Regalis Medicorum Londinensis, Octob. 19, 1796 (London, 1797); A treatise on the chemical history and medical powers of some of the most celebrated mineral waters; with practical remarks on the aqueous regimen. To which are added, observations on the use of cold and warm bathing (London: William Phillips, 1800); Observations on the Hepatitis of India, and on the prevalent use of mercury in the diseases of this country (London, 1809).
John Simon was born 10 October 1816 and educated in England and Germany. In 1833, he was became a pupil apprentice to Mr Green at St Thomas's Hospital. In 1838, he became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1938 and was elected a fellow in 1844. Simon was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy at King's College London, a post he held for nine years, and was Assistant Surgeon at King's College Hospital from 1840 to 1847. In 1844, he won the Astley Cooper Prize for his illustrated essay on the thymus gland. Electoed Fellow of the Royal Society, 1845.
In 1847, Simon was appointed lecturer in Pathology at St Thomas's Hospital, where he was also Surgeon from 1853-1876. He was Officer of Health to the City of London, 1848-1855; Chief Medical Officer of Health to the General Board of Health, 1855-; member of the Privy Council, 1858-1876; President, Royal College of Surgeons, 1878-1879; President, Royal Society, 1879-1880. Simon built up a state medical department for public health and developed the vaccination system, and was particularly concerned with eradicating the smallpox virus; influential in bringing about the Sanitary Act, 1866 and Public Health Act, 1875. Awarded KCB 1887 (CB 1876); In 1848 Simon married Jane O'Meara (died 1901). He retired in 1876, and died 23 July 1904.
Publications include: A Physiological Essay on the Thymus Gland (London, 1845); General Pathology, as conducive to the establishment of rational principles for the diagnosis and treatment of disease (London, 1850); Report on the Sanitary Condition of the City of London, for the year 1853-4 (London, 1854); Report on the last two Cholera-epidemics of London, as affected by the consumption of impure water (Stationery Office, London, 1856); Inflammation in T Holmes A System of Surgery, ... in treatises by various authors, vol 1 (1860); English Sanitary Institutions, reviewed in their course of development, and in some of their political and social relations (Cassell & Co, London, 1890).
Born, St Mary Axe, London, 1805; educated under Eliezer Cogan; articled to Benjamin Travers, Surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital, 1822; member, Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1828; continued his medical studies in Paris; commenced practice, 1831; Lecturer on anatomy and physiology in the medical school of St Thomas's Hospital, 1833-1839; Fellow, Royal Society, 1836; Assistant Surgeon, 1841-1853, Surgeon and Lecturer on Surgery, 1853-1871, St Thomas's Hospital; Fellow, 1843, Council Member, 1843, Examiner, 1867, Royal College of Surgeons of England; Arris and Gale Professor of Human Anatomy and Surgery, 1862; President, Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, 1867-1868; died, 1871.
Publications: The Human Brain, its configuration, structure, development, and physiology, illustrated by references to the nervous system in the lower order of animals (London, 1836), second edition (London, 1847); The intimate structure of secreting glands. By J[ohannes Mueller] [Being an analysis of his work.] ... With the subsequent discoveries of other authors, by S Solly (London, 1839); Surgical Experiences: the substance of clinical lectures (London, 1865); contributed papers to medical periodicals and to the Transactions of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society.
Born 30 December 1910, the son of John Reginald Taylor and Beatrice Violet Lake Taylor; educated at Stowe School; St Thomas's Hospital Medical School, University of London. BSc 1st class Hons; MB, BS (Hons Hygiene and Forensic Medicine); MD, FRCP 1960; FFOM RCP, 1979. Taylor served World War Two as Surgeon-Major, Major, Lieutenant-Commander (Neuro-psychiatric Specialist), RNVR; Director of Home Intelligence and Wartime Social Survey, Ministry of Information, 1941-1945. MP (Labour) Barnet Division of Hertfordshire, 1945-1950; Parliamentary Private Secretary to Deputy Prime Minister and Lord President of Council, 1947-1950; In 1958, he was created Baron Taylor of Harlow, one of the first group of life peers.
Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and Colonies, 1964-65; resigned from Labour Party, 1981, to sit as a cross-bencher. Consultant in Occupational Health, Richard Costain Ltd, 1951-1964 and 1966-1967; Medical Director Harlow Industrial Health Service, 1955-1964 and 1965-1967; President and Vice-Chancellor, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1967-1973. Visiting Research Fellow, Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust, 1953-1955; member Harlow New Town Development Corporation, 1950-1964 and 1966-1967. He was also a Former Chairman, Labour Party Study Group on Higher Education; Vice-Chairman, British Film Institute; former Member: N-W Metropolitan Regional Hospitals Board; Health Advisory Committee of Labour Party; Cohen Committee on General Practice, Beveridge Committee on BBC; Member of the Board of Governors, University College Hospital, London. Awarded MD, BSc, FRCP; FRCGP. Taylor married Dr May Doris Charity Clifford in 1939. He died 1 February 1988.
Publications include: Scurvy and Carditis, 1937; The Suburban Neurosis, 1938; Mental Illness as a Clue to Normality, 1940; The Psychopathic Tenth, 1941; The Study of Public Opinion, 1943; Battle for Health, Nicholson & Watson: London, 1944; The Psychopath in our Midst, 1949; Shadows in the Sun, 1949; Good General Practice, Oxford University Press: London, 1954; The Health Centres of Harlow, 1955; The Survey of Sickness, 1958; First Aid in the Factory, London. Pitman. 1960; Mental Health and Environment, 1964; and articles in Lancet, British Medical Journal, World Medicine.
Born, Büdingen, Germany, 1829; met the chemist Julius Liebig in 1847; medical student, University of Giessen, 1847; worked in Liebig's laboratory, developing a keen interest in biological chemistry; emigrated to London, 1853, during the war between Prussia and Denmark; physician at St Pancras Dispensary, 1856; practiced medicine throughout his life as an otologist and rhinologist; invented a nasal speculum; lecturer in chemistry at the Grosvenor Place School of Medicine, 1858; later director of a pathological and chemical laboratory; published his first book on the analysis of urine, 1858; Lecturer on Pathological Chemistry at St Thomas's Hospital, 1865; chemist to the medical department of the Privy Council, 1866; began to investigate the effects of cholera on the brain and research into his major original work on the chemical constitution of the brain; discovered hematoporphyria, the brain cephalius, galactose, glucose, lactic acid, cerebranic sulfatides and many other chemicals, conducted research in his private laboratory from 1871; published the first English edition of Treatise on the chemical constitution of the brain, 1884; a controversial figure and many colleagues disputed his findings; considered to be the founder of neurochemistry; died, London, 1901.
Publications: Treatise on the chemical constitution of the brain (Baillière, Tindall and Cox, London, 1884); The progress of Medical Chemistry. comprising its application to: Physiology, pathology and the practice of medicine (Bailliere, Tindall and Cox., 1896); some 80 major scientific publications.
Mr Tubbs was Librarian to St Thomas's Hospital Medical School from 1944 to 1976.
James Ware was born at Portsmouth on 11 February 1756, and was the son of Martin Ware, who was successively the master shipbuilder of the royal dockyards of Sheerness, Plymouth, and Deptford. He was educated at the Portsmouth grammar school, and went upon trial to Ramsay Karr, surgeon of the King's Yard in Portsmouth on 3 July 1770. He was bound apprentice to Karr on 2 March 1771, to serve for five years from the previous July. During his apprenticeship he attended the practice of the surgeons at the Haslar Naval Hospital, and, having served a part of his time, his master allowed him, as was then the usual custom, to come to London for the purpose of attending the medical and surgical practice of one of the general hospitals. Ware selected St. Thomas's, and entered himself as a student on 25 Sept. 1773. In 1776, Joseph Else appointed him to be his demonstrator of anatomy. On 1 January 1777 he began to act as assistant to Jonathan Wathen, a surgeon who devoted himself principally to diseases of the eye; and on 25 March 1778 he entered into partnership with Wathen until 1791, after which Ware began to practise upon his own account, chiefly but not entirely in ophthalmic surgery. In 1788 he became one of the founders of the Society for the Relief of the Widows and Orphans of Medical Men in London and its vicinity, a society of which he was chosen president in 1809. In 1800 he founded the school for the indigent blind, in imitation of a similar institution which had been established at Liverpool ten years earlier. He was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries on 18 Jan 1798, and on 11 March 1802 he was admitted a fellow of the Royal Society. He married, in 1787, the widow of N. Polhill, and daughter of Robert Maitland, by whom he had a large family of sons and daughters. He died on 13 April 1815.
Publications:
Remarks on the Ophthalmy, Psorophthalmy, and Purulent Eye, London, 1780; Chirurgical observations relative to the epiphora, or Watery Eye ... The scrophulous or intermittent ophthalmy, the extraction of the cataract, and the introduction of the male catheter, London, 1792; An enquiry into the causes which have ... commonly prevented success in the operation of extracting the cataract, London, 1795; Chirurgical Observations relative to the Eye, London, 1798; Remarks on the Fistula Lachrymalis, to which are added observations on hæmorrhoids and additional remarks on the ophthalmy, London, 1798; Remarks on the purulent ophthalmy which has lately been epidemical in this country, London, 1808; Observations on the Treatment of the Epiphora edited by his son, Martin Ware, London, 1818; On an Operation of largely Puncturing the Capsule of the Crystalline Humour in Gutta Serena, London, 1812. He published several papers of professional importance in the Transactions of the Medical and of the Medical and Chirurgical societies, of which the most interesting are the cases of recovery of sight after long periods of blindness. He also edited Reade's Practical Observations on Diseases of the Inner Corner of the Eye, London, 1811; and translated Wenzel's Treatise on Cataract, 1791.
Astley Paston Cooper was born at Brooke Hall near Norwich, 1768; educated at home; apprenticed to his uncle, William Cooper, surgeon to Guy's Hospital, 1784; soon after transferred to Henry Cline, surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital; Edinburgh Medical School, 1787-1788; Demonstrator of anatomy, St Thomas's Hospital, 1789; joint lecturer with Cline in anatomy and surgery, 1791; lectured on anatomy at the College of Surgeons, 1793-1796; Surgeon, Guy's Hospital, 1800-1825; private practice rapidly increased; Fellow, Royal Society, 1802; made post-mortem examinations wherever possible, and was often in contact with 'resurrectionists'; a founder and first treasurer, 1805, President, 1819-1820, Medical and Chirurgical Society of London; Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons, 1813; lectured, 1814-1815; performed a small operation on George IV, 1820; by the bestowal of a baronetcy; examiner at the College of Surgeons, 1822; published his 'Dislocations and Fractures of the Joints', 1822; resigned his lectureship at St. Thomas's, 1825; instigator of the founding of a separate medical school at Guy's Hospital; Consulting Surgeon to Guy's Hospital; President, College of Surgeons, 1827, 1836; Sergeant-Surgeon to King William IV, 1828; Vice-President, Royal Society, 1830; died, 1841.
Publications include: The Anatomy and Surgical Treatment of Inguinal and Congenital Hernia (Crural and Umbilical Hernia) (printed for T Cox; sold by Messrs Johnson, etc, London, 1804); A Treatise on Dislocations, and on Fractures of the Joints (Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown; E Cox & Son, London, 1822); The Lectures of Sir Astley Cooper, Bart., F.R.S. ... on the Principles and Practice of Surgery: with additional notes and cases, by Frederick Tyrrell 3 volumes (Thomas & George Underwood, London, 1824-1827); Illustrations of the Diseases of the Breast ... In two parts (Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green: London, 1829; Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Surgery Second edition (F C Westley, London, 1830); Observations on the Structure and Diseases of the Testis (Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green; Highley & Underwood, London, 1830); The Anatomy of the Thymus Gland (Longman, Rees, Orme, Green & Brown, London, 1832).
Henry Warren, member of the Royal College of Surgeons, England, 1809. In 1859, he was resident at Gravesend, Kent.
Sir Astley Cooper: Born, Brooke Hall near Norwich, 1768; educated at home; apprenticed to his uncle, William Cooper, surgeon to Guy's Hospital, 1784; soon after transferred to Henry Cline, surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital; Edinburgh Medical School, 1787-1788; Demonstrator of Anatomy, St Thomas's Hospital, 1789; joint lecturer with Cline in Anatomy and Surgery, 1791; lectured on anatomy at the College of Surgeons, 1793-1796; Surgeon, Guy's Hospital, 1800-1825; private practice rapidly increased; Fellow, Royal Society, 1802; made post-mortem examinations wherever possible, and was often in contact with 'resurrectionists'; a founder and first treasurer, 1805, President, 1819-1820, Medical and Chirurgical Society of London; Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons, 1813; lectured, 1814-1815; performed a small operation on King George IV, 1820; by the bestowal of a baronetcy; examiner at the College of Surgeons, 1822; published his 'Dislocations and Fractures of the Joints', 1822; resigned his lectureship at St Thomas's, 1825; instigator of the founding of a separate medical school at Guy's Hospital; Consulting Surgeon to Guy's Hospital; President, College of Surgeons, 1827, 1836; Sergeant-Surgeon to King William IV, 1828; Vice-President, Royal Society, 1830; died, 1841.
Publications include: The Anatomy and Surgical Treatment of Inguinal and Congenital Hernia (Crural and Umbilical Hernia) (printed for T Cox; sold by Messrs Johnson, etc, London, 1804); A Treatise on Dislocations, and on Fractures of the Joints (Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown; E Cox & Son, London, 1822); The Lectures of Sir Astley Cooper, Bart., F.R.S. ... on the Principles and Practice of Surgery: with additional notes and cases, by Frederick Tyrrell 3 volumes (Thomas & George Underwood, London, 1824-1827); Illustrations of the Diseases of the Breast ... In two parts (Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green: London, 1829); Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Surgery Second edition (F C Westley, London, 1830); Observations on the Structure and Diseases of the Testis (Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green; Highley & Underwood, London, 1830); The Anatomy of the Thymus Gland (Longman, Rees, Orme, Green & Brown, London, 1832).
Cline: Born, London, 1750; educated, Merchant Taylors' School; apprenticed to Mr Thomas Smith, surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital, 1767; diploma from Surgeons' Hall, 1774; Lecturer on anatomy, St Thomas's Hospital, 1781-1811; Surgeon, St Thomas's Hospital, 1784-1811; examiner at the College of Surgeons, 1810; master of the College of Surgeons, 1815, president, 1823; delivered the Hunterian oration, 1816, 1824; died, 1827.
Publications: On the Form of Animals (Bulmer & Co, London, 1805).
Publications: The Infirmities of Genius, Christopher Johnson: London, 1952; Osler: the Man and the Legend William Heinemann Medical Books: London, 1951; The Preparation and Writing of Medical Papers for Publication, Menley & James, [London, 1952.] A Short History of Nursing, Faber & Faber, London, 1960; The Short-Lived Spring. Poems of youth and desire, A. H. Stockwell, London, 1934; Sir John Bland-Sutton, 1855-1936, E & S Livingstone, Edinburgh & London, 1956; Editor of The History and Conquest of Common Diseases. [By various authors.] University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, [1954.]; and A Short History of Some Common Diseases, Oxford University Press, London, 1934.
Richard Whitfield was the son of George Whitfield (c.1727-1801), St Thomas Hospital Apothecary, 1754-[1800]. He succeeded his father as Hospital Apothecary in [1800], holding the post until 1832. He died [1837]. Richard Gullet Whitfield was born on 31 January 1801, the son of Richard Whitfield, St Thomas Hospital Apothecary, [1801]-1832. He was educated at Eton, St John's College Oxford, and St Thomas's Hospital. In 1822, he became a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries, London, and was appointed assistant to his father. He became a member of the Society of Apothecaries in 1834, and in 1832, was elected Hospital Apothecary and Secretary to the Medical School. He was also medical instructor at the Nightingale Training-school from 1860-1872, and Fellow of the Zoological Society. He retired as Apothecary in 1871, and as Secretary to the Medical School about 1877. He married in 1828, and died on 21 February 1877.
Henry Cline: born, London, 1750; educated, Merchant Taylors' School; apprenticed to Mr Thomas Smith, surgeon to St Thomas's Hospital, 1767; diploma from Surgeons' Hall, 1774; Lecturer on anatomy, St Thomas's Hospital, 1781-1811; Surgeon, St Thomas's Hospital, 1784-1811; examiner at the College of Surgeons, 1810; master of the College of Surgeons, 1815, president, 1823; delivered the Hunterian oration, 1816, 1824; died, 1827. Publications: On the Form of Animals (Bulmer & Co, London, 1805).
George Fordyce: born, Aberdeen, 1736; educated, school at Fouran, University of Aberdeen; trained with his uncle, Dr John Fordyce of Uppingham, physician, [1751-1755]; medical student, University of Edinburgh; MD, 1758; studied anatomy at Leyden under Albinus, 1759; began a course of lectures on chemistry in London, 1759; added courses on materia medica and the practice of physic, 1764, and continued to teach for nearly thirty years; licentiate of the College of Physicians, 1765; Physician, St Thomas's Hospital, 1770-1802; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1776; 'speciali gratia' fellow of the College of Physicians, 1787; assisted in the compilation of the new Pharmacopeia Londinensis, issued 1788; assisted in forming a Society for the Improvement of Medical and Chirurgical Knowledge, 1793; died, 1802. Publications include: Elements of Agriculture and Vegetation [Edinburgh, 1765]; Elements of the Practice of Physic third edition (J Johnson, London, 1771); A Treatise on the digestion of food (London, 1791); A Dissertation on Simple Fever, or on fever consisting of one paroxysm only (J Johnson, London, 1794); A second dissertation on fever; containing the history and method of treatment of a regular tertian intermittent (London, 1795); A third dissertation on fever Containing the history and method of treatment of a regular continued fever, supposing it is left to pursue its ordinary course (London, 1798-1799); A Fourth Dissertation on Fever. Containing the history of, and remedies to be employed in irregular intermitting fevers (J. Johnson, London, 1802); A fifth dissertation on fever, containing the history of, and remedies to be employed in, irregular continued fevers Edited by W C Wells (J Johnson, London, 1803).James Gregory was born in Aberdeen, 1753; educated, Aberdeen and Edinburgh Universities; Christ Church, Oxford; studied at St George's Hospital, London, 1773-1774; M D, 1774; studied medicine on the continent, 1774-1776; Professor of the Institutes of Medicine, 1776; began giving clinical lectures at the infirmary, 1777; Professor of the Practice of Medicine, 1790; head of the Edinburgh Medical School; had the leading consulting practice in Scotland; died, 1821. Publications: Dissertatio medica inauguralis de morbis coeli mutatione medendis (Edinburgh, 1774); Theory of the moods of verbs From the transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh [Edinburgh, 1787]; Philosophical and literary essays 2 volumes (Edinburgh, 1792); Memorial to the managers of the Royal Infirmary [of Edinburgh] (Edinburgh, 1800); Additional Memorial to the Managers of the Royal Infirmary (Murray & Cochrane, Edinburgh, 1803); Lectures on the duties ... of a physician ... Revised and corrected by James Gregory, M.D. (Edinburgh, 1805); Epigrams and Poems (Edinburgh, 1810); Letters from Dr J G in defence of his Essay on the difference of the relation between motive and action, and that of cause and effect in physics: with replies by A Crombie(London, 1819).
William Heberden was born in London in August 1710. He was educated at St Saviour's Grammar School, Southwark, and St John's College, Cambridge,. He graduated BA in 1728, and then MA in 1732. He was elected Fellow of his College in April 1731 and began to study medicine, partly at Cambridge and partly in a London hospital. In 1734 he received a fellowship of his College. Between 1734 and 1738 he was Linacre Lecturer in Physic, and proceeded to MD in 1739. During the next decade he practiced medicine in the university, and gave an annual course of lectures on materia medica. In 1745 Heberden was admitted a candidate of the Royal College of Physicians, and was made Fellow in 1746. In 1748 he was persuaded to move to London by Sir Edward Hulse, physician to George III, and settled in Cecil Street where his practice began to thrive. In 1749 he was made Fellow of the Royal Society, and was made Gulstonian Lecturer and Censor at the Royal College of Physicians. In the following year he was nominated Harveian Orator at the College. He gave up his fellowship at St John's College in 1752, and in the same year married Elizabeth Martin. In 1760 he held the offices of Croonian Lecturer and Censor at the Royal College of Physicians. Heberden was held in high esteem by George III, and in 1761 upon Queen Charlotte's arrival in England was named her physician in ordinary, an honour which he declined. In 1762 he was constituted an Elect of the College, an office in which he remained until 1781. His interest in classical literature was further reflected in his election, in 1770, to Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.
About 1770 he moved to Pall Mall, where he continued in practice. He was made honorary member of the Royal Society of Medicine in Paris in 1778. In 1783, he took partial retirement, residing during the summer months at Datchet, near Windsor, though he continued for some years to return to London to practice during the winter. He began to compile in his seventies his Commentaries on the History and Cure of Diseases (1802), which his son William Heberden the younger published, in Latin and then in English, after his death. As an acute clinical observer he had always been in the habit of taking copious notes of his cases, and these formed the basis of this work. Heberden's first wife died in 1754, just two years after their marriage; she left him one son, Thomas, who became Canon of Exeter. In 1760 he married Mary Wollaston and had eight children, one being the aforementioned William Heberden the younger, a reputed physician in his own right. Heberden died on 17 May 1801 at the age of 90. Publications: Antitheriaca: An Essay on Mithridatium and Theriaca (1745); Commentarii de Morborum Historia et Curatione (London, 1802, 1807; Frankfurt, 1804; Leipzig, 1805, 1927; English translation ascribed to William Heberden junior, London, 1803, 1806); Medical and non-medical papers in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society and the Medical Transactions of the College of Physicians; Strictures upon the Discipline of the University of Cambridge addressed to the Senate, anonymous - attributed to Heberden by Halkett and Laing and Bowes (London, 1792); An Introduction to the Study of Physic, with a prefatory essay by L. Crummer with a reprint of Heberden's Some Account of a Disorder of the Breast, Le Roy Crummer (New York, 1929)
John Hunter: Born 1728; worked as cabinet maker for brother-in-law in Glasgow; assisted brother William at his London dissecting room, 1748; attended Chelsea Hospital, 1749-1750; studied at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1751; appointed a master of anatomy at the Surgeons' Corporation, 1753; surgeon's pupil at St George's Hospital, London, from 1754; matriculated, St Mary Hall, Oxford, 1755; staff surgeon on expedition to Belleisle, 1761; served with British Army in Portugal, 1762; practised as surgeon in Golden Square, London, 1763; Surgeon, St George's Hospital, 1768; took in house pupils including Edward Jenner, 1768; began to lecture on the principles and practice of surgery, 1773; worked on the human placenta and a paper read before the Royal Society, London, 1780; built new museum to house his extensive collection of anatomical specimens, 1785; died, 1793; Publications include: A treatise on the natural history of the human teeth (London, 1771, 1778); A treatise on the venereal disease (London, 1786); A treatise on the blood, inflammation, and gunshot wounds (published posthumously, London, 1794); Directions for preserving animals and parts of animals for anatomical investigation (London, 1809); The works of John Hunter James Palmer editor 4 volumes (London, 1835-1837); Essays and observations on natural history, anatomy, physiology, psychology and geology Sir R Owen editor 2 volumes (London, 1861).
Alexander Monro: Born, Edinburgh, 1733; educated at the school of Mr Mundell; University of Edinburgh, 1752; Professor of Anatomy and Surgery as coadjutor to his father, Alexander Monro, 1755; graduated, M D, 1755; went to London and attended William Hunter's lectures, and after to Paris, Leyden, and Berlin; matriculated, Leyden University, 1757; worked under the anatomist Professor Meckel in Berlin; returned to Edinburgh, 1758; Fellow, College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 1759; Secretary, Philosophical Society of Edinburgh; gave a full course of lectures every year, 1759-1800; stopped lecturing, 1808; died, 1817. Publications include: Essays and heads of lectures on Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, and Surgery (Edinburgh, 1840); Dissertatio ... de testibus et de semine in variis animalibus, etc (Edinburgi, 1755); Observations, anatomical and physiological, wherein Dr Hunter's claim to some discoveries is examined. With figures (Edinburgh, 1758); De venis lymphaticis valvulosis et de earum in primis origine (Berolini, 1760); A State of Facts concerning the first proposal of performing the paracentesis of the thorax, ... and concerning the discovery of the lymphatic valvular absorbent system of vessels, in oviparous animals (Edinburgh, 1770); A short description of the human muscles; chiefly as they appear on dissection. Together with their several uses, and the synonyma of the best authors John Innes Second edition improved by A Monro (Edinburgh, 1778); Observations on the structure and functions of the Nervous System, etc (Edinburgh, 1783); The Structure and Physiology of Fishes explained, and compared with those of Man and other animals (Edinburgh, 1785); Experiments on the Nervous System, with opium and metalline substances; made chiefly with the view of determining the nature and effects of Animal Electricity (Edinburgh, 1793).
Percivall Pott: Born, London, 1714; educated, private school at 'Darne' (Darenth), Kent; apprentice to Edward Nourse, assistant-surgeon at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, 1729-1736; admitted to the Barber-Surgeons' Company, 1736; lecturer on anatomy, 1753, master, 1765, Corporation of Surgeons; assistant-surgeon, 1744, surgeon, 1749, senior surgeon, 1765-1787, St Bartholomew's Hospital; introduced many improvements to surgery; became the leading surgeon of his time, and perhaps the earliest 'modern' surgeon; thrown from his horse, and suffered a compound fracture of the leg, 1756, that type of fracture becoming known as 'Pott's fracture'; fellow of the Royal Society, 1764; instituted a course of lectures for the pupils at St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1765; honorary fellow, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 1786; honorary member, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 1787; Governor, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1787; died, 1788. Publications include: A Treatise on Ruptures (C Hitch & L Hawes, London, 1756); An Account of a particular kind of Rupture, frequently attendant upon children, and sometimes met with in adults; viz. that in which the intestine, or omentum, is found in the same cavity, and in contact with the testicle (London, 1757); Observations on that Disorder of the Corner of the Eye, commonly called Fistula Lachrymalis second edition (L Hawes & Co, London, 1763); Remarks on the disease commonly called a fistula in ano (L Hawes, London, 1765); A Treatise on the Hydrocele, or Watry Rupture, and other Diseases of the Testicle second edition (L Hawes, London, 1767); Observations on the nature and consequences of those injuries to which the head is liable from external violence, etc (L Hawes, London, 1768); Some few General Remarks on Fractures and Dislocations second edition (L Hawes, London, 1773); Chirurgical Observations relative to the Cataract, the polypus of the nose, the cancer of the scrotum, ... ruptures, and the mortification of the toes, etc (London, 1775); The Chirurgical Works of Percival Pott (London, 1775); Farther Remarks on the useless state of the lower limbs in consequence of a Curvature of the Spine, being a supplement to a former treatise on that subject (London, 1782); Observations on Chimney Sweeper's Cancer [London, 1810?].
The fundamental text of the Canadian Constitution was the British North America (BNA) Act, 1867, by which the Canadian federation was established, uniting what were then British colonies. The Act was a statute of the United Kingdom Parliament, and as such could only be changed in London.
After Confederation Canada gradually assumed more autonomy over its own affairs until its independent status (and that of the other self-governing dominions) was recognized in the Balfour Report of 1926. Beginning in 1927, discussions were held about patriating Canada's Constitution -- transferring amending authority from the British Parliament to Canada - but governments couldn't agree on constitutional amending procedures. Consequently, when Canada officially ceased to be a British colony with passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, authority to amend the Constitution remained with the British Parliament. In 1949 the Canadian Parliament was given a limited amending power in areas that did not concern provincial jurisdiction. Despite many discussions and several formal conferences, agreement on a comprehensive set of amending procedures proved elusive for more than 30 years.
In November 1981, after intensive negotiations at a First Ministers' conference, the federal government and all the provincial governments except the Parti Québécois government of Quebec, agreed on a package of constitutional amendments. The agreement did not alter the fundamental distribution of powers but included a comprehensive amending formula, a Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, entrenchment of the principle of equalization payments to the poorer provinces, and a strengthening of the provinces' control over natural resources.
Despite support for the agreement by a large majority of Quebec representatives in the federal Parliament, the Quebec National Assembly rejected it on the grounds that the Charter limited the Assembly's legislative powers without its consent. The Quebec government objected to two clauses in the Charter: the provision for minority language education rights, which conflicted with restrictions on English schooling in the province's French language charter; and the mobility clause guaranteeing Canadians freedom to live and work anywhere in Canada, which could affect the province's ability to set labour policies favouring the employment of Quebecers. The Quebec government also objected to the amending formula, which offered financial compensation to provinces that opted out of constitutional amendments only on educational and other cultural matters. The Constitution was patriated on April 17, 1982, without the consent of the Quebec legislature, but the Supreme Court of Canada subsequently ruled that the patriation process had respected Canada's laws and conventions, and that the Constitution, including the Constitution Act, 1982, was in force throughout Canada.
Papua comprised the south-eastern portion of the island of New Guinea. The area was proclaimed a British Protectorate in 1884, and in 1888 a part of the British Empire, known as British New Guinea. Its government was carried on under the Secretary of State for the Colonies, with participation from New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria, until 1902. It was then placed under the authority of the Commonwealth of Australia, this control taking effect in 1906; its name was changed to the Territory of Papua at that date.
The north-eastern portion of New Guinea formed the protectorate of German New Guinea until its occupation by an Australian Expeditionary Force in 1914. It continued under military rule until 1920 when it was entrusted to the Commonwealth of Australia, effective from 1921. It was then named the Territory of New Guinea.
Both these territories were invaded and occupied by the Japanese in 1942. Following the end of the war, civil administration was gradually restored and by 1946 a provisional joint administration of the former separate territories was instituted, as the Territory of Papua-New Guinea. The intention was that this be a temporary arrangement pending the determination of future policy for the area. This led to the formation, by the Department of External Territories, of the Inter-Departmental Committee for the Co-ordination of Plans for the Development of the Territories of Papua and New Guinea in 1947.
The joint territory continued under Australian administration until 1973 when self-government was achieved, to be followed in 1975 by complete independence, as Papua New Guinea.
The Legal Aid and Welfare Fund was first set up in 1959 to provide support to persons detained by the Government of Southern Rhodesia, later Rhodesia. It received donations from individuals and organisations within Rhodesia and overseas, and used these to provide both legal aid for detainees to be adequately defended, and practical support in the form of various necessities, and other items such as books, while they were in prison. Other national and international organisations also gave support. The papers in this collection relate to the meetings and work of the group in Salisbury only. The minutes and accounts frequently refer to specific cases of aid required and/or given. A pencil note at the end of the minutes of the meeting of 3 Aug 1965 suggests that this was probably the last meeting to be held, the suspension of activity partly being due to the suspicion that a police informer had been planted on the Committee. However, there are further notes on detainees' cases in 1966-1967 and the support they received from legal representatives.
Graham Mytton began to study mass media in 1966, as a postgraduate political science student at the University of Manchester. He undertook practical research into the media in Tanzania, spending a year as a research associate at University College, Dar es Salaam in 1967-1968. After completing his studies in Manchester in 1970, Mytton became the Zambia Broadcasting Services Research Fellow at the Institute for African Studies, University of Zambia, a post he held until 1973. Much of the material in this collection was accumulated during these research projects.
Mytton later worked for the BBC, eventually becoming Controller of Marketing for the BBC World Service. He is now an independent market and audience research consultant and trainer.
Heloise Ruth First was born on 4 May 1925 in Johannesburg, the daughter of Julius and Matilda ('Tilly') First, Jewish emigrants to South Africa from the Baltic states. Her parents were members of the International Socialist League and founder members of the South African Communist Party (SACP).
After attending schools in Johannesburg, Ruth First began a Social Science degree in 1942 at the University of Witwatersrand. Whilst at university, she helped found the left-wing Federation of Progressive Students, and also served as secretary of the Young Communist League and Progressive Youth Council.
On her graduation in 1945, First took a job in the Research Division of the Department of Social Welfare of Johannesburg City Council, but she resigned in 1946 in order to pursue a career in journalism. In the same year she produced pamphlets in aid of the miners' strike and was temporarily secretary of the Johannesburg offices of the South African Communist Party. In 1947, together with Michael Scott, she exposed a farm labour scandal in Bethal, Eastern Tansvaal.
Between 1946-1952 she was the Johannesburg editor of the weekly newspaper The Guardian, the mouthpiece of the SACP. When this publication was banned in 1952, it was restarted under the name Clarion, a pattern which continued throughout the next decade, the titles used being People's World, Advance, New Age and Spark. Between 1954-1963 she was also the editor of Fighting Talk, a Johannesburg based monthly.
In 1949 Ruth First married Joe Slovo. They had three daughters, Shawn (b 1950), Gillian (b 1952) and Robyn (b 1953). In 1950, First was named under the Suppression of Communism Act and her movements restricted. In 1953 she was banned from membership of all political organisations, although in 1955 she helped draw up the Freedom Charter, a fundamental document of the African National Congress, and was later a member of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the ANC's military wing. In December 1956, she and Joe Slovo were among the 156 people charged in the so-called Treason Trial, although her indictment was dismissed in April 1959. In August 1963 she was arrested and detained under the 90-Day Law for a total period of 117 days. Effectively forced into exile, in March 1964 she left South Africa for the United Kingdom, accompanied by her three daughters.
From 1964 she worked full-time as a freelance writer, before becoming a Research Fellow at the University of Manchester in 1972. Between 1973-1978 she lectured in development studies at the University of Durham, although she spent periods of secondment at universities in Dar es Salaam and Lourenco Marques (Maputo). In November 1978 she took up a post as Director of the research training programme at the University Eduardo Mondlane in Maputo.
Ruth First was killed on 17 Aug 1982, when she opened a parcel bomb addressed to her at the above university.
Simon Taylor was born in Jamaica in 1740, eldest son of Patrick Tailzour, who had assumed the name Taylor on his marriage to Martha Taylor. Patrick had come out to Jamaica from Borrowfield, Scotland and established himself as a merchant in Kingston. Simon Taylor began his career as an attorney for absentee planters, became a sugar planter in his own right and at his death in 1813 he was reputedly the richest man in Jamaica. He was active in Jamaican politics and society, being member for Kingston in the Jamaican Assembly, 1763-81, and for St. Thomas in the East, 1784-1810; Custos; Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas; and Lieutenant Governor of Militia. He never married, although he had a large illegitimate family. For an account of his life and business, see R.B. Sheridan, "Simon Taylor, Sugar Tycoon of Jamaica, 1740-1813" in Agricultural History Vol.45, No.4 (Oct. 1971) pp. 285-296 (a copy is available at ICS) General Nugent, Governor of Jamaica, 1801-1806, described Taylor in 1806 as "...by much the richest proprietor in the island, and in the habit of accumulating money, so as to make his nephew and heir one of the most wealthy subjects of His Majesty. In strong opposition to Government at present and violent in his language against the King's Ministers, for their conduct towards Jamaica. He has great influence in the Assembly, but is nearly superannuated. He has most extraordinary manners and lives principally with overseers of estates and masters of merchant vessels; but he has had an excellent education [he went to Eton], is well informed and is a warm friend to those he takes by the hand. He is also very hospitable and civilised occasionally, but is said to be most inveterate in his dislikes." [P. Wright, ed. Lady Nugent's Journal (4ed., Institute of Jamaica 1966) p318] Simon's heir was his nephew, Sir Simon Richard Brissett Taylor (1785-1815), and after the latter's death his eldest niece, Anna Susannah Watson Taylor (1781-1853), inherited the estates. She had married George Watson in 1810 and the additional name Taylor was assumed at the time of the inheritance.
Kamarang - Ekereku - Wenamu expedition, British Guiana Geological Survey Department, 1951; Government Geologist of the Leeward and British Virgin Islands; Government Geologist of the Winward Islands; Federal Geologist, West Indian Federation; Director of the Geological Survey, British Guiana, 1961-1966.
On October 4, 1966, the Kingdom of Lesotho attained full independence, governed by a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral parliament consisting of a Senate and an elected National Assembly. Early results of the first post-independence elections in January 1970 indicated that the Basotho National Party (BNP) might lose control. Under the leadership of Prime Minister Chief Leabua Jonathan, the ruling BNP refused to cede power to the rival Basotholand Congress Party (BCP), although the BCP was widely believed to have won thee elections. Citing election irregularities, Prime Minister Leabua Jonathan nullified the elections, declared a national state of emergency, suspended the constitution, and dissolved the Parliament. In 1973, an appointed Interim National Assembly was established. With an overwhelming pro-government majority, it was largely the instrument of the BNP, led by Prime Minister Jonathan. In addition to the Jonathan regime's alienation of Basotho powerbrokers and the local population, South Africa had virtually closed the country's land borders because of Lesotho support of cross-border operations of the African National Congress (ANC). Moreover, South Africa publicly threatened to pursue more direct action against Lesotho if the Jonathan government did not root out the ANC presence in the country. This internal and external opposition to the government combined to produce violence and internal disorder in Lesotho that eventually led to a military takeover in 1986.
Under a January 1986 Military Council decree, state executive and legislative powers were transferred to the King who was to act on the advice of the Military Council, a self-appointed group of leaders of the Royal Lesotho Defense Force (RLDF). A military government chaired by Justin Lekhanya ruled Lesotho in coordination with King Moshoeshoe II and a civilian cabinet appointed by the King.
In February 1990, King Moshoeshoe II was stripped of his executive and legislative powers and exiled by Lekhanya, and the Council of Ministers was purged. Lekhanya accused those involved of undermining discipline within the armed forces, subverting existing authority, and causing an impasse on foreign policy that had been damaging to Lesotho's image abroad. Lekhanya announced the establishment of the National Constituent Assembly to formulate a new constitution for Lesotho with the aim of returning the country to democratic, civilian rule by June 1992. Before this transition, however, Lekhanya was ousted in 1991 by a mutiny of junior army officers that left Phisoane Ramaema as Chairman of the Military Council.
Because Moshoeshoe II initially refused to return to Lesotho under the new rules of the government in which the King was endowed only with ceremonial powers, Moshoeshoe's son was installed as King Letsie III. In 1992, Moshoeshoe II returned to Lesotho as a regular citizen until 1995 when King Letsie abdicated the throne in favor of his father. After Moshoeshoe II died in a car accident in 1996, King Letsie III ascended to the throne again.
In 1993, a new constitution was implemented leaving the King without any executive authority and proscribing him from engaging in political affairs. Multiparty elections were then held in which the BCP ascended to power with a landslide victory. Prime Minister Ntsu Mokhehle headed the new BCP government that had gained every seat in the 65-member National Assembly. In early 1994, political instability increased as first the army, followed by the police and prisons services, engaged in mutinies. In August 1994, King Letsie III, in collaboration with some members of the military, staged a coup, suspended Parliament, and appointed a ruling council. As a result of domestic and international pressures, however, the constitutionally elected government was restored within a month.
Surrounded by the Cape Province (in the portion that is now Eastern Cape) of South Africa, the black "homeland" of Ciskei consisted of two parcels of land, the larger one bordering the Indian Ocean to the southeast.
Under acts of the South African Parliament, land was set aside for blacks in pseudoindependent territories (originally called Bantustans), allegedly to allow blacks self-government and cultural preservation. Ciskei was designated for Xhosa-speaking people. In 1961, Ciskei became a separate administrative territory and in 1972 was declared "self-governing. Following the 1973 Election Lennox L Sebe replaced Thandatha Jongilizwe Mabandla as Chief Minster. Sebe remained Chief Minster until 1981, and was President from 1981-1990. During the 1970s Xhosa-speaking people were relocated to the homeland.
In 1981, Ciskei became the fourth homeland to be granted "independence and subsequently its residents' South African citizenship was revoked. Ciskei, like all of the homelands, was not recognized as an independent nation by the international community. Even after the legal foundation of apartheid was largely struck down in 1991-92, the Ciskei government remained closely aligned with the South African government. In September 1992, Ciskei police fired on a crowd of African National Congress demonstrators, killing 28 and wounding several hundred. South Africa took control of Ciskei in early 1994 after a coup by local police, and later that year, Ciskei and the other homelands were reincorporated into South Africa after the nation's first all-race elections.
Sir (William) Edward Parry: b 1790; entered Royal Navy 1803; Lt 1810; in 1818 he commanded the ALEXANDER, a hired brig under the orders of Captain John Ross in his expedition to the Arctic; in 1819 he was appointed to the HECLA, in command of an expedition to discover the north-west passage; promoted Commander, 1820 and Captain 1821; led a further three expeditions to the Arctic, 1821-1825; Hydrographer to the Admiralty, 1825; led a further expedition to the North Pole, 1827, reaching further north than any previous expedition; knighted 1829; Commissioner, Australian Agricultural Company, 1829-1834; Assistant Poor-Law Commissioner in Norfolk, 1835-1836; controller of steam department of the Navy , 1837-1846; Captain-Superintendent, Haslar Hospital, 1846-1852; Rear Admiral, 1852; Lt Governor of Greenwich Hospital, 1853; died 1855.
The Australian Agricultural Company was established by charter in 1824, with a grant of one million acres in New South Wales, and the object of breeding fine-woolled sheep and employing a large number of convicts. The directors of the company appointed Robert Dawson as chief agent, and appointed a local committee to supervise him. Dawson chose Port Stephens, an inlet about 100 miles from Sydney for the Company's grant. In time much of this land was pronounced unsuitable for sheep and Dawson was dismissed. Sir William Edward Parry was appointed Commissioner in 1829, with the task of finding better grazing land, and to arrange for the exchange of at least part of the grant.
Bantu Stephen Biko was born in Kingwilliamstown on the 18th December 1946. He was educated at Marianhill Secondary School in Kwazulu. He entered the Medical School of the University of Natal (Black Section), 1966; he and his colleagues founded the South African Students' Organisation (SASO) in 1968. He was elected the first President of the organisation at its inaugural congress held at Turfloop in 1969; he was instrumental in the formation of one of SASO's projects, the Black Workers' Project (BWP) which was co-sponsored by the Black Community Programmes (BCP) the project addressed problems of Black workers whose unions were then not recognised in law; After serving as President, Biko was elected Publications Director of SASO where he wrote prolifically under the pen name Frank Talk in the SASO Newsletter; he was expelled from medical school in 1972 and joined the BCP; in March 1973 he was banned and restricted to Kingwilliamstown, there he set up a BCP office where he worked as aBranch Executive, but shortly afterwards his banning order was amended to prohibit him from working or associating with the BCP; on 18th August 1977, he was arrested in a police roadblock with his colleague and comrade, Peter Cyril Jones and detained under Section 6 of the Terrorism Act. He died in custody, on 12 Sept 1977.
Kenneth Ernest Robinson b 1914; educated at Monoux Grammar School, Walthamstow; Hertford College, Oxford; Beit Senior Scholar in Colonial History; Colonial Office, 1936-1948; Fellow of Nuffield College and Reader in Commonwealth Government, Oxford, 1948-1957; Director, Institute of Commonwealth Studies and Professor of Commonwealth Affairs, University. of London, 1957-1965; Vice-Chancellor, University of Hong Kong, 1965-1972; Hallsworth Research Fellow, University of Manchester, 1972-1974; Director, Commonwealth Studies Resources Survey, University of London, 1974-1976; Editor, Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies, 1961-1965.
Publications (with W. J. M. Mackenzie) Five Elections in Africa, 1960; (with A. F. Madden) Essays in Imperial Government presented to Margery Perham, 1963; The Dilemmas of Trusteeship, 1965; (with W. B. Hamilton & C. D. Goodwin) A Decade of the Commonwealth 1955-64 (USA), 1966.
John Patrick Cope, the son of C F J Cope, was born on Mooi River, Natal, South Africa, on 17 Mar 1906. He was educated at St Andrews College, Grahamstown and in 1924 joined the Rand Daily Mail as a reporter. In 1930 he joined the Natal Mercury as their parliamentary and political correspondent, and became friendly with Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr, and other prominent political figures.
In 1935 he went to Abyssinia and discovered the Italian Plot to annex the country. In 1937 he went to China to cover the Sino-Japanese war for three South African papers. In 1937 he joined his former editor, R J Kingston Russell in his venture to found a political weekly Forum. On Russell's retirement through ill health he assumed the editorship, which he retained for 14 years under the chairmanship of Hofmeyr.
In 1951 Forum closed, and Cope rejoined the Rand Daily Mail as editorial assistant. He entered politics and was returned for Parktown in 1953 and 1958 as a United Party MP. In 1958 he was one of a group of UP members who broke away to form the Progressive Party, but he lost his seat after a smear campaign in the 1961 election.
Cope married Margaret Nancy Rouillard in 1939 and they have 3 children.
The Britain Australia Bicentennial Committee (BABC) was set up in 1984 by the British Government through the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to supervise the British involvement in the Australian Bicentennial. It was chaired by Sir Peter Gadsden. Initially a steering committee was set up, which later became the BABC. In 1985 the Britain Australia Bicentennial Trust was set up to deal with the public money raised, at this time the BABC also set up a number of National Task subcommittees and regional subcommittees.
One of the tasks of the BABC was to make a recommendation for the UK gift to Australia for the Bicentennial. Several ideas were put forward for consideration, notably a re-enactment of the voyage of the First Fleet under Admiral Arthur Philip, This was decided against, although the re-enactment fleet did sail from the Isle of Wight, 13 May 1987 and arrived in Australia 26 Jan 1988, without the support of the BABC. The UK gift to Australia was eventually decided on as the sail training schooner STS Young Endeavour, proposed by Arthur Weller. The building of STS Young Endeavour, was supervised by the Schooner Trust, supervised by Weller. The Bicentennial events in the UK were widespread including balls, banquets and church services, notably at Westminster Abbey led by Archbishop Robert Runcie, 14 Jul 1988.
Born 1889; educated Oxford; Ceylon 1925-1935; appointed by the Secretary of State, 1926; Divisional Inspector, 1929-1930; Assistant Director of Education (Supply and training of teachers), 1930-[1935].
Born in Ceylon, 1913; higher education, England, 1932; joined Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP); attended Pan-African Conference held in Manchester, 1947; elected to parliament of Ceylon, 1947; left LSSP, 1955 and joined Independent Socialist Party; Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Defence and External Affairs, 1956-1959; resigned and joined the opposition party, 1959; ran as an independant candidate, 1960; Speaker 1960; Ambassador to the USSR, 1960-1965; Ambassador to the UN; MP for Sri-Lanka Freedom Party, 1965; Minister of Industies and Scientific Affairs; 1970-1977; retired 1977; died 1995.
The Commonwealth Journalists' Association was founded by a group of journalists in 1978 following a conference of Commonwealth non-governmental organisations held at Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada, to cater for the needs of individual journalists in Commonwealth countries. The CJA's objectives include the raising of journalistic standards by the provision of training courses, the encouragement of an interest in and knowledge of Commonwealth affairs and the defence of the independence of journalists where a threat is perceived. The CJA takes a particular interest in safeguarding the rights of journalists in countries where press freedom is restricted and has intervened on several occasions, sometimes in collaboration with other interested bodies, to secure the re-opening of a newspaper or the release of journalists from prison. The CJA's main activity is the provision of training courses for journalists in developing countries. Other activities include holding conferences, open to the whole membership, every three years. Where there is sufficiently large individual membership in a given country or region members are encouraged to set up local branches or chapters to organise their own activities and, where possible, organise their own training. A newsletter devoted to subjects of professional interest is published and distributed to members three times yearly.
Abdullah Abdurahman was born December 18, 1872? in Cape Town, South Africa. He married Helen Potter James and they had two children, of whom the younger, Zainunnissa Abdurahman, like her father, was a prominent figure in Cape Town municipal affairs. After the dissolution of his first marriage, Dr. Abdurahman in 1925 married Margaret May Stansfield. They had a son and two daughters. Dr. Abdurahman was educated at Marist Brothers School and the South African College School. In 1888 he went to Glasgow University, where he obtained the M.B., Ch.M. medical degree in 1893.
In 1895 he returned to South Africa and acquired an extensive practice in Cape Town, among both Coloured and White people. In 1904 he was elected to the Cape Town City Council, and was the first Coloured person to become a Councillor. Except for two years (1913-1915) he remained a member up to the time of his death. Dr. Abdurahman was also a member of the Cape Provincial Council from 1914 until his death, and was largely responsible in establishing a system of school medical instruction for the Cape Province. In 1905 Dr. Abdurahman founded and was president of the South African Native and Coloured People's Organization, later known as the African People's Organization.
In 1909 he was a member of a delegation led by W. P. Schreiner to London. He was also a member of the Indian National Congress and in 1925 went to India to discuss the Indian's position in South Africa with the National Congress and Viceroy.
In 1934 he was appointed a member of the coloured People's Fact-finding Commission and served on the Cape Coloured Commission of 1937. He died in Cape Town in 1940
'World in Action', produced by Granada Television, is one of Britain's longest running current affairs programmes. First launched in 1963, World in Action was the first weekly current affairs programme in Britain to pioneer pictorial journalism on film and to risk taking an independent editorial stance. Guyana achieved independence in 1966, the 1968 General Election was won by the People's National Congress, led by Forbes Burnham.
Baruch Hirson was born at Doornfontein near Johannesburg, South Africa on 10 December 1921, the son of a Jewish electrician. Between 1944 and 1946 he worked as the political organiser for the Workers' International League, and subsequently he combined his politics with an academic career as a physicist at the University of the Witwatersrand. Towards the end of the 1950s he joined the Congress of Democrats, the white arm of the African National Congress-led congress alliance. Highly critical of its leadership and policies, with other disaffected left-wing congress activists Hirson formed the Socialist League of Africa just before the Sharpeville massacre in 1960, and later the National Committee for Liberation/African Resistance Movement (ARM). The ARM was broken in 1964, and Hirson and other leading activists arrested and imprisoned for nine years. After his release he moved to Britain, he taught physics at Bradford and Middlesex Universities, and devoted much of his time to history and the publication of Searchlight South Africa (1988-1995), a left-wing analysis of South African politics. He wrote several books or aspects of South African history and an autobiography, Revolutions in my Life (1995). He died in London on 3 October 1999.
In 1961 Basutoland was one of three British High Commission Territories in South Africa. In the original treaties between the British Government and Chief Moshoeshoe [Mshweshwe] on behalf of the Sotho people in 1843 and 1862, a British Protectorate was established. In 1871, after Moshoeshoe's death, Basutoland became part of Cape Colony without the consent of the Sotho, and then in 1884 was relinquished to British rule, becoming a High Commission Territory. During the 20th century there was increasing concern among the Sotho people about continued colonial rule, not least because the changes in status of Basutoland had not been subject to their agreement and were contrary to the original treaties. Also, there were serious fears about the possibility of the territory becoming part of the Union of South Africa, which became acute when the Republic of South Africa was due to be created at the time of the memorandum in 1961. The memorandum details these issues, and seeks UN aid in making the voice of the Basuto nation heard. It was written by Josiel Lefela, a member of the National Council since 1916. In the event, Basutoland remained outside the Republic of South Africa and became independent as Lesotho in 1966.
Not known
The Southern Rhodesia African National Congress was founded in 1957 under the leadership of Joshua Nkomo. It was banned by the Government in 1959, and several prominent members were arrested and detained. The detainees were released early in 1961. Their claim for compensation does not appear to have been successful.
On 10 February 1955 the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was incorporated by Royal Charter. In 1956 the College entered into a ' Scheme of Special Relation' with the University of London. An Academic Board of the College negotiated with the University of London the entrance requirements for the admission of students, syllabuses, examination procedures, the award of London degrees and other academic matters.
After the break up of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in 1963, Zambian and Malawian students were to be catered for by universities in their own countries but it was agreed that the College should continue as 'an independent institution of learning, open to all races, serving not only the higher education requirements of Rhodesia but also contributing to the advancement of knowledge, science and research in Central Africa and within the international community of Universities'.
In 1970 the 'Schemes of Special Relation' were phased out and in September that year the University of Rhodesia was established, to be governed by a Council and a Senate. At the end of 1973, the first students with University of Rhodesia degrees graduated from the Faculties of Arts, Science and Social Studies.
The College now forms part of the University of Zimbabwe.
Tim Matthews was expelled from the College in 1970.
In 1976 the Parti Québécois led by René Lévesque won the Québec provincial election, promising to hold a referendum on sovereignty-association. The referendum was held in May 1980 and federalists won with 60% of vote. Lévesque adopted a constitutional strategy known as the 'beau risque' based on the idea that a political reconciliation with the rest of Canada was possible.
T W Roberts joined the Ceylon Civil Service in 1902, having obtained a degree in Greats from Oxford University, and failed to find a job as a school master in the UK 'probably because of a colour bar in the teaching ranks of public schools'. He was initally appointed office assistant at Matara, and was later posted to Kurunegala and Chilaw. He became a Magistrate in 1904 and sat on the bench until 1916.
The Ceylon Light Infantry Volunteers, were established in 1881 by proclamation of the lieutenant governor. This new volunteer force was commanded by British officers, while the ranks were filled out largely with Burghers, a highly Westernized group that adapted well to the demands of volunteer service. A mounted infantry company was added in 1892, and in 1900 this contingent was called to South Africa to assist the British army in the Boer War.
In 1910 the volunteer corps was redesignated as the Ceylon Defence Force. Although Sri Lankan units were not deployed outside the island in either of the world wars, individual soldiers served in the British and British Indian armies. In World War II, the British crown took direct control of the island's armed forces from the colonial government. During this period, the Ceylon Light Infantry grew from 1 battalion to 5 battalions, while the total number of troops in uniform increased to 12,000. Most of these were engaged in maintenance and transport functions. Their most direct contact with the war came in April 1942 when the Japanese launched an air attack on Colombo.
The International Socialist League was founded in 1915, in opposition to World War One and the racist and conservative policies of the all-white South African Labour Party and the craft unions supporting it. It was initially rooted amongst white labour militants, but from the start it attracted black workers. The League argued in its weekly paper, the International, for a "new movement" to found One Big Union that would overcome the "bounds of Craft and race and sex," "recognise no bounds of craft, no exclusions of colour," and destroy capitalism through a "lockout of the capitalist class." From 1917 onwards, the International Socialist League began to organise amongst black and coloured workers. In March 1917, it founded an Indian Workers Industrial Union in Durban; in 1918, it founded a Clothing Workers Industrial Union (later spreading to Johannesburg) and horse drivers' union in the diamond mining town of Kimberly; in Cape Town, a sister organisation, the Industrial Socialist League, founded the Sweet and Jam Workers Industrial Union that same year. The International Workers of Africa was founded in 1917, the new general union's demands were simple, summed up in its slogan- "Sifuna Zonke!" ("We want everything!"). It was the first trade union for African workers ever formed in South Africa.
British settlement in the area began in the 1830s, and Cecil Rhodes' British South Africa Company assumed control in the 1890s. Britain took over administration from the Company in 1923 and granted self-government to white colonists. Southern Rhodesia federated in 1953 with Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland with a view to achieving independence as a unified country. The Federation dissolved in 1963, and the three constituent countries pursued separate paths to independence. Britain rejected independence for the white Southern Rhodesia regime in 1964, and the government unilaterally declared independence (UDI) in 1965 as Rhodesia. British colonial rule was briefly reimposed in 1979 in order to achieve a settlement, and independence was granted in 1980 under black majority rule as Zimbabwe.
John Ferguson was born in Tain, Easter Ross in 1842. He was educated at Tain Royal Academy, then trained as a journalist in Inverness and London before going to Ceylon om 1861 to take up a position as Assistant Editor of the Columbo Observer, under his uncle, the proprietor and Editor, Alastair Mackenzie (AM) Ferguson. He was to remain with the paper (renamed the Ceylon Observer) in 1867) for nearly 50 years, initially assisting his uncle, but gradually taking a more senior role, and becoming the proprietor and editor on his uncle's death in 1892.
Ferguson developed an active role in the political, commercial and cultural affairs of Ceylon. He took a particular interest in the development and expansion of the railway system, and became closely involved in the tea, coffee, coconut and other planting trades for which he compiled and published statistics in his annually issued Handbook and Directory of Ceylon. His interest in these trades also led to his founding and publishing the Tropical Agriculturalist, a journal covering planting in all tropical regions, which began in 1881 and continued under his control until 1904, when responsibility for it was assumed by the Agricultural Society. Ferguson was very active in the Cinnamon Gardens Baptist Church (as was his uncle), and lectured on many of his interests. He travelled overseas from Ceylon on several occasions, visiting Australia, New Zealand, Japan, China, North America and Britain.
In 1903 Ferguson was awarded the CMG, and in the same year was appointed as a member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon. In this role he continued to support his interests, such as extension of the railway system and supporting trade. He resigned in 1908, and in 1912 returned to Britain for the last time, and he died there in 1913. He was married twice: firstly in 1871 to Charlotte Haddon (died 1903), by whom he had two sons and two daughters; secondly in 1905 to Ella Smith, who survived him.
Alastair Mackenzie (AM) Ferguson, the uncle of John, was born in Wester Ross in 1816. He came to Ceylon in 1837 as one of the staff of JA Stewart Mackenzie, the newly appointed Governor. After holding various posts, he became assistant editor on the Ceylon Observer in 1846, under the then owner, Dr Elliott. In 1859 Dr Elliott sold the newspaper to Ferguson, who was himself joined by his nephew as assistant editor in 1861. From 1879 he took a lesser role in the production of the newspaper, but continued to contribute material, while in 1880-1 he was the Ceylon Commissioner to the Melboune Exhibition. He was awarded the CMG shortly after this event. He made return visits to Britain in the 1860s and 1870s but not thereafter for health reasons; however he continued to make visits abroad to India and Australia. He became a highly respected figure in Ceylon, and like his nephew was very supportive of the planting trades and railway development. He died in 1892.
Marjorie L Caygill had an extensive career at the British Museum, and is the author of several books on the Museum and its collections.
The British Medical Association was founded, as the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association, in Worcester in 1832 by Dr (later Sir) Charles Hastings. There was no regulation of the profession at this time and anyone, whetherqualified or not, could practise as a doctor. The Association lobbied for aregulatory body and this led to the setting up of the General Medical Council in 1858. The Association also campaigned on behalf of doctors providing medical care under the Poor Laws and on other issues.
The Association's membership grew rapidly. In 1853, it extended its membership to London doctors and became the British Medical Association in 1856.
The former Kingdom of Benin is situated in SW Nigeria. Ruled by the Oba and by a sophisticated bureaucracy, the African state flourished (14th-17th centuries). Benin sold slaves as well as ivory, pepper, and cloth to Europeans. After a period of decline, it revived in the 19th century with a trade in palm products. The modern Nigerian city of Benin (1987 est. pop. 183,000) served as the capital and was conquered and burned by the British in 1898. Iron work, carved ivory, and bronze busts made in Benin rank with the finest art of Africa.
The demand for a separate State or Region by the peoples of the Benin and Delta Provinces of Western Nigeria, the Edo, Urhobo, Isioko, Itsekiri, Western Ibo, Ishan and Afenmai dates back to 1938. After World War Two the demand began to gain momentum. The matter was discussed at the 1957 Conference on the Nigerian Constitution, and the British Colonial Secretary, Alan Lennox Boyd [later Lord Boyd of Merton] appointed a Commission of Inquiry, under Sir Henry Willink to ascertain the facts about the fears of minorities in Nigeria and to propose means of allaying those fears, and to make recommendations on the creation of new states.
The South African Institute of Race Relations was established in 1929.
The late 1960s and early 1970s in Australia saw the burgeoning of new movements which sought to influence the political process, often on single issues and from outside the established parties which were the conventional channels of political expression. The most popular of these included the anti-war movement, the anti-uranium movement, the land rights movement, the women's movement and the conservation movement, although as the list above indicates there was no shortage of other issues prompting the formation of new pressure groups. Some of these movements coalesced into mainstream political organisations, in the case of the Green Party with significant electoral success, whilst others remain on the margins or have been co-opted by the very forces and institutions they set out to challenge - an example of this being the deradicalizing of the agendas of many feminist groups. The materials held here reflect first-hand both the concerns and the struggles of these movements.
The two main issues arising in the pressure groups' materials held here are those of discrimination against scheduled castes and of inter-community violence and human rights abuses reported in the early 1990s.
The majority of the materials held here are concerned with the ethnic strife between Sri Lanka's Sinhalese majority and its Tamil minority. The latter considered itself discriminated against by language and university admisson policies introduced in the 1950s and 1970s respectively, as well as by the encouragement of Sinhalese settlement in the traditionally Tamil northern and eastern areas of the island, and in response a number of militant Tamil groups emerged, most notably the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Folowing the communal riots of 1981 and 1983 support for these groups increased, as the country degenerated into a state of civil war. Despite peace initiatives and intervention by India the situation continues to remain unstable, hence the continued issuance of material by the groups represented here, notably the National Peace Council of Sri Lanka.