Written in Italy, perhaps in Venice. The congregation of the canons regular of St George in Alga, Venice, to which the manuscript apparently relates, received its concession from Boniface IX in 1404, and confirmation from Gregory XII in 1407.
Antonio Milledonne: born, 1522; secretary of the Council of Ten in Venice; the Republic's observer at the Council of Trent (1545-1563), whose account of the Council was never published (although a French translation appeared in Paris in 1870); died, 1588.
Written in southern Germany for Dominican use.
Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini: born in Terranuova, Tuscany, Italy, 1380; humanist and calligrapher, who rediscovered classical Latin manuscripts in European monastic libraries; died in Florence, 1459. This manuscript may have been written in Germany.
Written in Italy.
Johannes De Sacro Bosco (John of Holywood, or Halifax) was probably born at Halifax, Yorkshire, and is said to have studied at Oxford and to have settled in Paris c1220, spending the remainder of his life there. He was a mathematician and astronomer. He wrote texts on arithmetic, astronomy and cosmography, including 'Algorismus' (a textbook on arithmetic) and 'Tractatus de Sphera', composed c1233 and forming a fundamental medieval text on astronomy, based on Ptolemy and comprising chapters on the terrestrial globe, on circles, on the rising and setting of the stars, and on the orbits and movements of the planets. De Sacro Bosco died either in 1244 or, more likely, in 1256.
Sarah, younger daughter of the solicitor Richard Ironmonger Troward and sister of Richard Troward, the author of this manuscript, married the classicist Thomas Hewitt Key (1799-1875) in 1824.
The Franciscan order, the largest religious order in the Roman Catholic church, was founded in the early 13th century by St Francis of Assisi (1181/82-1226), and comprises three orders: the First Order (priests and lay brothers who have sworn to lead a life of prayer, preaching, and penance), divided into three independent branches, the Friars Minor, the Friars Minor Conventual, and the Friars Minor Capuchin; the Second Order (cloistered nuns who belong to the Order of St Clare, known as Poor Clares); and the Third Order (religious and lay men and women who try to emulate Saint Francis' spirit in performing works of teaching, charity, and social service). This manuscript was written in Italy.
The Franciscan order, the largest religious order in the Roman Catholic church, was founded in the early 13th century by St Francis of Assisi (1181/82-1226), and comprises three orders: the First Order (priests and lay brothers who have sworn to lead a life of prayer, preaching, and penance), divided into three independent branches, the Friars Minor, the Friars Minor Conventual, and the Friars Minor Capuchin; the Second Order (cloistered nuns who belong to the Order of St Clare, known as Poor Clares); and the Third Order (religious and lay men and women who try to emulate Saint Francis' spirit in performing works of teaching, charity, and social service).
This manuscript was written in Italy, probably in the Veneto and probably between 1467 and 1474.
Written in Italy, perhaps by Franciscus de Arimino.
The manuscript was written by the Venetian scribe Marcus de Cribellariis (or Marco di Vicenza). Additions were made to the manuscript by Caleb W Wing, who produced a series of lithographical local views distributed by the Royal Marine Library, Brighton, 1826. He was living in London and producing portrait miniatures, c1836, and subsequently produced hundreds of 'medieval' and 'Renaissance' miniature illuminations. Originally employed to restore damaged items for John Boykett Jarman, c1846, he subsequently produced new work for insertion into genuine medieval and Renaissance books, most directly copied or adapted from genuine works; it is unclear whether his additions were intended to deceive, for although he was known as a professional facsimilist, his work was sometimes regarded subsequently as genuine. He died in 1875. John Boykett Jarman was a collector and dealer with premises off Bond Street; his illuminated manuscripts were seriously damaged by flood water in 1846. He died in 1864.
Luis De Molina: born at Cuenca, Spain, 1535; became a Jesuit at the University of Coimbra, Portugal, 1553; studied philosophy and theology at Coimbra, 1554-1562; taught at Coimbra, 1563-1567; taught at Évora, 1568-1583; spent his last years writing; devised the theological system of Molinism, which aimed to show that man's will remains free under the action of divine grace; died at Madrid, 1600.
John Peckham: educated at Oxford and Paris; a Franciscan; Archbishop of Canterbury, 1279; a prolific author of treatises on science and theology, including his work 'Perspectiva Communis' (on principles of optics, which was printed at Milan, 1482, and in many later editions) and of poetry; died, 1292. This manuscript was written in England.
Written in Italy, probably near Florence.
Both manuscripts were probably written in England.
Rabanus Maurus: born at Mainz, Franconia, in 776 or 784; also called Hrabanus Magnentius; sent to Tours, France, to study under the noted scholar-monk Alcuin, 802; Abbot of the Benedictine abbey of Fulda, 803; developed it into a leading European centre of learning, its manuscripts and works of art making it among the richest literary conservatories in western Europe; Archbishop of Mainz; theologian, scholar and poet, whose work so contributed to the development of German language and literature that he received the title Praeceptor Germaniae ('Teacher of Germany'); died at Winkel, 856.
Tundal (or Tundall) was an Irish nobleman who in 1149 experienced a vision. His account of it was translated into several European languages. This manuscript was written in France.
Sir William Jenner: born at Chatham, 1815; studied medicine at University College London; apprenticed to a surgeon in Upper Baker Street, Regent's Park; admitted a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries and a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1837; commenced general practice at 12 Albany Street, Regent's Park; graduated MD at the University of London, 1844; began a detailed study of the cases of continued fever admitted to the London Fever Hospital, 1847; by clinical and post mortem examination of thirty-six patients, substantiated the suspicion that under the name of continued fever English physicians had confounded two different diseases, typhus and typhoid, and published papers which were instrumental in ensuring that the error could not be maintained; elected a member of the Royal College of Physicians (RCP), 1848; appointed Professor of Pathological Anatomy at University College London and Assistant Physician to University College Hospital, 1849; elected Fellow of the RCP, 1852; Physician to the Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street, 1852-1862; delivered the Gulstonian lectures, on `Acute Specific Diseases', RCP, 1853; Physician to the London Fever Hospital, 1853-1861; full Physician at University College Hospital, 1854-1876; at University College London, substituted for Dr Edmund Alexander Parkes, Holme Professor of Clinical Medicine, 1855-1856; nominated Physician in charge of the skin department of University College Hospital, 1856; succeeded Parkes as Holme Professor, 1860; appointed physician extraordinary to Queen Victoria, 1861; attended the Prince Consort during the attack of typhoid which caused his death, 1861; physician in ordinary to the Queen, 1862; appointed physician in ordinary to Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (afterwards King Edward VII), 1863; Professor of the principles and practice of medicine, University College London, 1863-1872; elected a fellow of the Royal Society, 1864; councillor, RCP, 1865-1867; President of the Epidemiological Society, 1866-1868; created a baronet, 1868; Honorary DCL, Oxford, 1870; censor, RCP, 1870-1871, 1880; attended the Prince of Wales during an attack of typhoid fever, 1871; KCB, 1872; President of the Pathological Society of London, 1873-1875; President of the Clinical Society, 1875; Harveian orator, RCP, 1876; elected a Consulting Physician at University College London, 1879; Hon LLD, Cambridge, 1880; President, RCP, 1881-1888; Hon LLD, Edinburgh, 1884; GCB (civil), 1889; commander of the order of Leopold of Belgium; retired from practice owing to ill-health, 1890; died at Greenwood, near Bishop's Waltham, Hants, 1898; buried at Durley; having acquired a lucrative practice, he left a large fortune; not only a physician but a friend of Queen Victoria. Publications: papers on typhoid and typhus fevers, published in the Monthly Journal of Medical Science (Edinburgh and London) for 1849, and in the Transactions of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, vol xxxiii (1850); On the Identity and Non-identity of Typhoid Fever (London, 1850; translated into French and published in two parts, Brussels, 1852-1853); Diphtheria, its Symptoms and Treatment (London, 1861); Lectures and Essays on Fevers and Diphtheria, 1849-79 (London, 1893); Clinical Lectures and Essays on Rickets, Tuberculosis, Abdominal Tumours, and other Subjects (London, 1895).
Charles John Hare: born, 1818; educated at Caius College Cambridge; graduated MB, 1841; received professional training at University College Hospital and at Paris; MD (Cambridge), 1847; member of the Royal College of Physicians, 1850; appointed Assistant Physician at University College Hospital, 1850; friend of Sir William Jenner; Physician, University College Hospital, 1858; elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, 1859; Professor of Clinical Medicine, University College Hospital, 1863; resigned, 1867; Consulting Physician, University College Hospital; senior member of University College Hospital Council; Consulting Physician to several north London dispensaries; examiner in medicine to the University of Cambridge; Honorary Treasurer to the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society; President of the Harveian Society, Medical Society of London, North London Medical Society, and University College Medical Society; President of the Metropolitan Counties Branch of the British Medical Association, 1882-1883; died, 1898; buried at Highgate Cemetery, London. Publications: Too Hasty Generalization a hindrance to the progress of medicine as a science. An introductory address delivered before the North London Medical Society (London, 1855); Good remedies-out of fashion: Address ... delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Metropolitan Counties Branch of the British Medical Association (J & A Churchill, London, 1883).
Charles John Hare: born, 1818; educated at Caius College Cambridge; graduated MB, 1841; received professional training at University College Hospital and at Paris; MD (Cambridge), 1847; member of the Royal College of Physicians, 1850; appointed Assistant Physician at University College Hospital, 1850; friend of Sir William Jenner; Physician, University College Hospital, 1858; elected Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, 1859; Professor of Clinical Medicine, University College Hospital, 1863; resigned, 1867; Consulting Physician, University College Hospital; senior member of University College Hospital Council; Consulting Physician to several north London dispensaries; examiner in medicine to the University of Cambridge; Honorary Treasurer to the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society; President of the Harveian Society, Medical Society of London, North London Medical Society, and University College Medical Society; President of the Metropolitan Counties Branch of the British Medical Association, 1882-1883; died, 1898; buried at Highgate Cemetery, London. Publications: 'Too Hasty Generalization a hindrance to the progress of medicine as a science. An introductory address delivered before the North London Medical Society' (London, 1855); 'Good remedies-out of fashion: Address ... delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Metropolitan Counties Branch of the British Medical Association' (J & A Churchill, London, 1883).
This Haggadah is possibly of Castilian origin.
The author's name is given in a note at the foot of the title page. Possibly written in London.
Born in London, 1778; entered his uncles' firm, Mocatta & Goldsmid, bullion brokers to the Bank of England and to the East India Company; a member of the Stock Exchange, where until 1828 only twelve Jewish brokers were admitted; as a financier, rose to eminence and ultimately amassed a large fortune; his most extensive financial operations were connected with Portugal, Brazil, and Turkey; devoted much effort to Jewish emancipation and in working for unsectarian education and social reforms; closely allied with Utilitarian and radical opinion; prominent in the foundation of University College London, then called the University of London, and with John Smith and Benjamin Shaw acquired the desired site in Gower Street, 1825; member of its first Council, 1826; assisted in the establishment of the University College or North London Hospital, 1834; served as its treasurer, 1839-1857; with Elizabeth Fry and Peter Bedford worked for the reform of the penal code and the improvement of prisons; associated with Robert Owen and was interested in Owen's New Lanark; instrumental in the introduction of the Jewish Disabilities Bill by (Sir) Robert Grant, 1830; the bill was thrown out in the House of Commons on its second reading, but was passed by large majorities on its reintroduction in the reformed parliament, 1833; for many subsequent years the bill was rejected in the House of Lords, but Goldsmid's early exertions stimulated the interest of many prominent liberal members of both houses and a few conservatives; Goldsmid's public services and labours for the Disabilities Bill brought him into contact with liberal statesmen, including Henry Richard Vassall Fox, 3rd Baron Holland, who expressed a wish that Goldsmid be given a baronetcy; created a baronet by the outgoing ministry of William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, the first baronetcy to be conferred on a Jew, 1841; for his services in settling a monetary dispute between Portugal and Brazil, created by the Portuguese government Baron da Palmeira, 1846; died, 1859. See also Memoir of Sir Francis Henry Goldsmid (Kegan Paul, Trench, & Co, London, 1879, revised edition, 1882), including information on the subject's father, Sir Isaac Lyon Goldsmid.
Written in Vienna.
Written by the grandson of the author of the commentary.
Written in London.
An account of the Samaritan service book (known as Defter, an Arabic word for book) in its different forms was given by A Cowley, Jewish Quarterly Review (Oct 1894).
The manuscript is Italian.
The author of the text is presumably Nicolas Perron, a French writer who published various texts on Islamic culture, literature and law, 1825-1870, with the following published posthumously: L'Islamisme: son institution, son influence et son avenir, par le Dr Perron: ouvrage posthume, publié et annoté par son neveu Alfred Clerc (1877); Balance de la loi musulmane; ou, Esprit de la législation islamique et divergences de ses quatre rites jurisprudentiels ... Traduit de l'arabe par le Dr Perron, ed J D Luciani (Alger, 1898); Lettres du Dr Perron du Caire et d'Alexandrie à M Jules Mohl, à Paris, 1838-1854, ed Yacoub Artin (Le Caire, 1911); Maliki Law being a summary from French translations [by Perron, Seignette, & Zeys] of the Mukhtasar of Sidi Khalil, with notes and bibliography by F H Ruxton ... Published by order of Sir F D Lugard ... Governor-General of Nigeria (London, 1916).
Born, 1917; educated, Canford and Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital, -1943; House Surgeon, Senior House Surgeon and Chief Assistant to the Orthopaedic Unit, Hill End Hospital (St Bartholomew's Hospital), 1943-1946; Registrar to the Peripheral Nerve Injury Unit, Hill End Hospital, 1946-; demonstrator , Anatomy Department of the London School of Medicine for Women (now the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine), 1946; Visiting Professor at Iowa State University; Reader, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine; helped set up the Unit of Primatology at Royal Free Hospital; Director of the Primate Biology Program of the US National Museum, Smithsonian Institution; Director of a similar unit at Queen Elizabeth College, University of London; Visiting Professorship of Primate Biology at Birkbeck College, University of London; founder of the Primate Society of Great Britain; died, 1987.
Unknown.
Born in Motihari, Bengal, India, 25 June 1903; educated at Eton, 1917-1921; served in Burma in the Indian Imperial Police, 1922-1928; lived for several years in poverty, as a dish-washer in Paris, France, and as a tramp in England, 1928-1931; school teacher at the Hawthorns, Middlesex, 1932-1933; part-time assistant in a Hampstead bookshop, London, 1934-1935; wrote books and novels, 1933-1949; married Eileen Maud O'Shaughnessy (died 1945), 1936; reviewer of novels for the New English Weekly, until 1940; visited areas of mass unemployment in Lancashire and Yorkshire, 1936; wounded in Spain fighting for the Republicans, 1937; member of the Home Guard during World War Two; worked for the British Broadcasting Corporation Eastern Service, 1940-1943; Literary Editor of Tribune, 1943-1945; war correspondent for the Observer, 1945; regular contributor to the Manchester Evening News, 1943-1946; suffered from tuberculosis, often in hospital, 1947-1950; married Sonia Mary Brownell, 1949; died, 21 January 1950. Publications: Down and out in Paris and London (Victor Gollancz, London, 1933); Burmese days (Harper & Brothers, New York, 1934); The road to Wigan pier (Victor Gollancz, London, 1937); Homage to Catalonia (Secker & Warburg, London, 1938); Coming up for air (Victor Gollancz, London, 1939); The lion and the unicorn (Secker & Warburg, London, 1941); Animal farm (Secker & Warburg, London, 1945); Critical essays (Secker & Warburg, London, 1946); The English people (Collins, London, 1947); Nineteen eighty-four (Secker & Warburg, London, 1949); Shooting an elephant, and other essays (Secker & Warburg, London, 1950).
Paget was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1895. He was Secretary to the Patent Law Committee, 1900; Secretary to the University College Transfer Commission, 1905; Assistant Secretary to the Admiralty Board of Invention and Research, 1915-1918; and President of the British Deaf and Dumb Association, 1953. He published many writings on human speech and language.
John Parkes was a partner in the Warwick firm of Parkes, Brookhouse and Crompton, worsted manufacturers. Joseph Parkes (b 1796) was his youngest son. In 1817 he was articled to the London solicitors Amory and Coles of Throgmorton Street. From 1822 to 1823 he was a solicitor in Birmingham. In 1824 he married Elizabeth Rayner, eldest daugher of Joseph Priestley. He was a member of the Birmingham Political Union in 1832. In 1833 he became Secretary of the Commission on Municipal Corporations, and moved to Westminster. He was later a solictor to the Charity Commission Chancery Suits. He was a taxing-master in Chancery in 1847. Parkes supervised the publication of Thomas Gisborne's Essays on agriculture in 1854. He also collected material on Francis Place, and on Sir Philip Francis and the authorship of the Junius letters. This memoir was completed by Herman Merivale, and published in 1867 as Memoir of Sir Philip Francis KCB with correspondence and journals. Joseph Parkes died in 1865. Josiah Parkes (b 1793) was the third son of John Parkes. In 1823 he became an Associate of the Institute of Civil Engineers. In 1825 he went to work in Puteaux-sur-Seine, returning to England in 1830. He became engaged in the draining and attempted steam cultivation of Chat Moss. There he first evolved the principles of the deep drainage system. In 1844 a Birmingham manufacturer produced, at Parkes' instigation, the first set of drain-cutting tools. In 1846 Sir Robert Peel advanced £4 million to be used on drainage on the Parkesian principle. Josiah Parkes died in 1871.
Born in London, 27 March 1857; educated at University College School and King's College Cambridge; Third Wrangler in Mathematics Tripos, 1879; studied medieval and sixteenth-century German literature, Berlin and Heidelberg Universities, 1879-1880; read law, called to the Bar by Inner Temple, 1881; delivered lectures on mathematics, philosophy and German literature at societies and clubs devoted to adult education; deputised for the Professor of Mathematics, King's College London, 1881, and for the Professor of Mathematics at University College London, 1883; formed the Men and Women's Club, with some others, to discuss equality between the sexes; appointed to Goldsmid Chair of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, University College London, 1884; appointed Professor of Geometry, Gresham College, 1891; collaborated with Walter Frank Raphael Weldon, Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, in biometry and evolutionary theory, 1891-1906; elected Fellow of the Royal Society, 1896; founded journal Biometrika with Weldon and Francis Galton founder of the School of Eugenics at University College London, 1901; appointed first Galton Professor of Eugenics, University College London, 1911; formed Department of Applied Statistics incorporating the Biometric Laboratory and Galton Laboratory, University College London; founded journal Annals of Eugenics, 1925; retired, 1933, died at Coldharbour, Surrey, 27 April 1936. Publications: A first study of the inheritance of vision and of the relative influence of heredity and environment on sight (London, 1909); A preliminary study of extreme alcoholism in adults with A Barrington (London, 1910); editor of The common sense of the exact sciences (Kegan Paul & Co, London, 1885); On the correlation of fertility with social value: a cooperative study with others (1913); editor of Tables of the incomplete G-function: computed by the staff of the Department of Applied Statistics, University College (London, 1922); Study of the data provided by a baby-clinic in a large manufacturing town (Cambridge, 1922); editor of Tracts for computers (London, 1919); editor of Tables for statisticians and biometricians (London, 1914); A mathematical theory of random migration (1906); A monograph on albinism in man with E Nettleship and C H Usher (1911); Charles Darwin, 1809-1882, an appreciation (London, 1923); Darwinism, medical progress and eugenics The Cavendish lecture, 1912, an address to the medical profession (1912); Enthusiasm of the market place and of the study (1885); Eugenics and public health An address to public health officers (1912); Francis Galton, 1822-1922, a centenary appreciation (London, 1922); Home conditions and eyesight: some recent misinterpretations of the problem of nurture and nature; Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution (1904); Matter and soul (1886); Mendelism and the problem of mental defect (1914); National life from the stand-point of science An address delivered at Newcastle (A & C Black, London, 1901); Nature and nurture, the problem of the future A presidential address (1910); On a practical theory of elliptical and pseudo-elliptical arches, with special reference to the ideal masonry arch with W D Reynolds and W F Stanton (1909); On the construction of tables and on interpolation (London, 1920); On the handicapping of the first-born (1914); On the relationship of health to the psychial and physical characters in school children (Cambridge, 1923); On the skull and portraits of George Buchanan (Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, London, 1926); Reaction! A criticism of Mr Balfour's attack on rationalism (1895); Side lights on the evolution of man (London, 1921); Social problems, their treatment, past, present, and future A lecture (1912); Studies in national deterioration (1907); Supplement to the memoir (by Ethel M Elderton) entitled: The influence of parental alcoholism on the physique and ability of the offspring A reply to the Cambridge economists (1910); editor of Tables of the incomplete beta-function (The Proprietors of Biometrika, London, 1934); The academic aspect of the science of eugenics A lecture delivered to undergraduates (1911); The chances of death and other studies in evolution (E Arnold, London, 1897); The ethic of freethought: a selection of essays and lectures (T Fisher Unwin, London, 1888); The fight against tuberculosis and the death-rate from phthisis (1911); The grammar of science (1892); The groundwork of eugenics (1909); The life, letters and labours of Francis Galton (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1914); The moral basis of socialism (W Reeves, London, 1887); The new university for London: a guide to its history and a criticism of its defects (T F Unwin, London, 1892); The positive creed of freethought: with some remarks on the relation of freethought to socialism (W Reeves, London, 1888); The problem of practical eugenics (1909); The right of the unborn child (Cambridge University Press, London, 1927); The science of man: its needs and its prospects (London, 1920); The skull and portraits of Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, and their bearing on the tragedy of Mary, Queen of Scots (1928); editor of The treasury of human inheritance (Dulau & Co, London, 1909); Tuberculosis, heredity and environment (1912); A study of the long bones of the English skeleton (London, 1919); On the sesamoids of the knee-joint (Cambridge, 1922); A second study of the influence of parental alcoholism on the physique and ability of the offspring (1910); editor of A second study of the statistics of pulmonary tuberculosis: marital infection (London, 1908); editor of A history of the theory of elasticity and of the strength of materials from Galilei to the present time (University Press, Cambridge, 1886-1893); The Trinity: a nineteenth century passion-play (E Johnson, Cambridge, 1882); A statistical study of oral temperatures in school children, with special reference to parental, environmental, and class differences with M H Williams and Julia Bell (1914); On the torsion resulting from flexure in prisms with cross-sections of uni-axial symmetry only with A W Young, M A Ethel and M Elderton (1918).
Born in London, 11 June 1898; educated at the Downs School, Colwall and Leighton Park School, Reading; member of the Society of Friends; joined Friends' Ambulance Unit, 1917; served in France, 1918; read mathematics at St John's College, Cambridge, 1919; awarded degree of Moral Sciences Tripos, 1921; medical course at St Thomas's Hospital, London, 1928; MD, 1930; Research Director at the Royal Eastern Counties' Institution, Colchester, 1930; published the 'Colchester Survey', a detailed account of mentally defective patients and their families, 1938; Director of Psychiatric Research, Ontario, Canada, 1939-1945; returned to England, 1945; appointed to Francis Galton Chair of Eugenics (later renamed the Galton Chair of Human Genetics), University College London, 1945-1965; also appointed Consultant Geneticist, University College Hospital; edited Annals of Human Genetics, 1945-1965; Fellow of the Royal Society, 1953; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, 1962; set up the Kennedy-Galton Centre for Mental Deficiency Research and Diagnosis at Harperbury Hospital, near St Albans, on his retirement; Fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1971; died, 12 May 1972. Publications: Mental defect (Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1933); The influence of heredity on disease (H K Lewis & Co, London, 1934); A clinical and genetic study of 1280 cases of mental defect (HMSO, London, 1938); The biology of mental defect (Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1949); On the objective study of crowd behaviour (H K Lewis & Co, London, 1952); Heredity and environment in human affairs (National Children's Home, London, 1955); Outline of human genetics (Heinemann, London, 1959); editor of Recent advances in human genetics with Helen Lang Brown (J & A Churchill, London, 1961); Mathematical tables for research workers in human genetics with S Maynard-Smith and C A B Smith (J & A Churchill, London, 1961); Down's anomaly with G F Smith (J & A Churchill, London, 1966); various scientific articles.
On 20 March 1890 the Peruvian Corporation Ltd was registered under the Companies Act, with a Board of Directors of ten members under the Chairmanship of Sir Alfred Dent. G A Ollard, of Smiles and Co Solicitors, was Manager in London, and T E Webb was Secretary, with Clinton Dawkins as the first representative in Peru. The Corporation was founded to cancel the Peruvian external debt and to release the Government of Peru from loans it had taken out through bondholders in 1869, 1870 and 1872, to finance railway construction. On 20 June 1907 the Government made a new contract with the Corporation whereby the Corporation was to construct three railway lines by September 1908. In return, the life of the concession was extended for a further 17 years. After these lines had been built, the Peruvian Corporation practically ceased building additional mileage, and subsequent construction was undertaken almost entirely by the Peruvian Government. By an agreement of 1928 the railways became the absolute property of the Corporation, subject to the surrender by the Corporation of their right to export guano, and the remaining annual payments due from the Government, and to the Corporation's making a payment of £247,000. A new arrangement was prepared in 1955, whereby a company incorporated in Canada as the 'Peruvian Transport Corporation Ltd' would acquire and hold all the outstanding share capital of the Peruvian Corporation Ltd. The Peruvian National Railways (Empresa Nacional de Ferrocarriles del Peru - ENAFER) were formed in September 1972, and taken over by the Government in December of that year.
Max Plowman was born on 1 September 1883 at Northumberland Park, Tottenham, and was educated at various private schools. From 1937 to 1938 he was Secretary of the Peace Pledge Union. He was the Editor of The Adelphi from 1938. Plowman married Dorothy Lloyd Sulman in 1914 and had one son. Plowman died on 3 June 1941. Publications: four books of verse; War and the creative impulse (1919); Introduction to the study of Blake (1927); A subaltern on the Somme (by Mark VII) (1928); and The faith called pacifism (1936).
Born, 1920; educated: King William's College; University College London, 1939-1940 and 1945-1947; lecturer in English University College London, 1947-1954; Commonwealth Fund Harkness Fellow, at Yale and Michigan, 1951-1952; Reader at the University of Durham, 1954-1958; Professor, University of Durham, 1958-1960; Professor, University College London, 1960; one of the conductors of the Survey of English Usage; Quain Professor, University College London, 1968-1981.
Ramsay , Sir , William , 1852-1916 , Knight , chemist
Travers , Morris William , 1872-1961 , chemist
William Ramsay studied at Glasgow University from 1866 to 1869. In 1870 he went to Heidelberg intending to study under R W von Bunsen, but early in 1871 moved to Rudolf Fittig's laboratory in Tübingen, where he was awarded a PhD for research on Toluic and nitro-toluic acids. In 1872 Ramsay returned to Glasgow as an Assistant in Young's laboratory of technical chemistry. In 1880 he became Professor of Chemistry at University College Bristol and in the following year he was made Principal of the Unversity. He married Margaret Buchanan in 1881. In 1887 Ramsay succeeded Alexander William Williamson in the Chair of General Chemistry, University College London, which he held until his retirement in 1912. Ramsay discovered argon in 1894, helium in 1895 and krypton, neon and xenon (with Morris W Travers) in 1898. In 1900 he visited India to report on the proposed Indian University of Research. He worked with Dr Frederick Soddy on radium in 1903 and with Robert Whytlaw-Gray on radon in 1909-1912.
Morris W Travers was a demonstrator at University College London from 1894 (Assistant Professor from 1898). He assisted Ramsay in experiments on argon, and collaborated with him in work on krypton, neon and xenon. In 1904 Travers was appointed Professor of Chemistry at University College Bristol. From 1907 to 1914 he was Director of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. In 1927 he became Honorary Professor, Fellow and Nash lecturer in chemistry at Bristol. He became President of the Faraday Society in 1936, and in 1937 he retired from Bristol University. Morris W Travers was Ramsay's biographer, whose Life of Sir William Ramsay was published in London in 1956.
Born, 1900; educated at Eton and Trinity College Cambridge; BA, Historical Tripos, 1921; Honorary Attaché, Berlin Embassy, 1922; succeeded to his father's title as 2nd Baronet, 1922; Assistant Secretary, Cambridge University Press, 1923; Honorary Treasurer and Lecturer, London District, Workers' Educational Association, 1925-1927; editor of The Adelphi (which had been founded by John Middleton Murry), 1930-1936; left for hospital work in the Spanish Civil War, 1937; his friends during the 1930s included John Middleton Murry, Frieda Lawrence, and George Orwell; served in the British and French navies (including the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve), 1940-1945; French Croix de Guerre, 1944; became friends with Simone Weil in the 1940s; exhibited paintings at the Royal Academy and elsewhere; literary executor of George Orwell (d 1950) and R H Tawney (d 1962); died, 1970. Publications: Brave Men: a study of D H Lawrence and Simone Weil (Victor Gollancz, London, 1958); For Love or Money (Secker & Warburg, London, 1960); George Orwell: fugitive from the camp of victory (Secker & Warburg, London, 1961); A Theory of my Time (Secker & Warburg, London, 1963); Simone Weil: a Sketch for a Portrait (Oxford University Press, London, 1966). Edited: J Middleton Murry's Selected criticism (Oxford University Press, London, 1960); J Middleton Murry's Poets, Critics, Mystics (Carbondale & Edwardsville, Southern Illinois University Press; Feffer & Simons, London & Amsterdam, 1970). Translated: with Jane Degras, Jules Monnerot's Sociology of Communism (George Allen & Unwin, London, 1953); Alfred Grosser's Western Germany: from defeat to rearmament (George Allen & Unwin, London, 1955); Simone Weil's Selected Essays (Oxford University Press, London, 1962); Simone Weil's Seventy Letters (Oxford University Press, London, 1965); Simone Weil's On Science, Necessity, and the Love of God (Oxford University Press, London, 1968); Simone Weil's First and Last Notebooks (Oxford University Press, London, 1970).
The Company was formed in 1839 and was the principal British shipping company serving the Caribbean and the east coast of Latin America. For further details on its history, see T A Bushell, Royal Mail: a Centenary History of the Royal Mail Line 1839-1939 (London [1939]).
The River Plate Trust Loan and Agency Company Ltd (founded in 1881), which administered various companies in South America, was succeeded in 1961 by the River Plate and Mercantile Trust Ltd (later the River and Mercantile Trust PLC).
Philologist. Little more is known about Ross.
George Routledge set up in business as a retail bookseller with his brother-in-law W H Warne as assistant, and in 1836 published his first (unsuccessful) book, The Beauties of Gilsand (a guidebook), moving to no 36 Soho Square in 1843. W H Warne was taken into partnership and the Railway Library of cheap reprints of works of fiction begun in 1848. Frederick Warne, W H Warne's brother, was taken into partnership and the firm of George Routledge and Co was founded in 1851, removing to no 2 Farringdon Street in 1852, when the firm published Uncle Tom's Cabin. Founded on the success of cheap editions of works of fiction, the firm rapidly expanded into the reprint market, catering for the growing literate population of the Victorian age. Routledge and Co opened a New York branch in 1854. Robert Warne Routledge, George Routledge's son, entered the partnership in 1858 and the firm was restyled Routledge, Warne & Routledge. W H Warne died in 1859. In 1862 Every Boy's Magazine, edited by Edmund Routledge (George Routledge's son), was started. The firm entered a contract with Lord Tennyson in 1863. Frederick Warne left the firm, Edmund Routledge became a partner, and the firm was renamed George Routledge and Sons, removing to no 7 The Broadway, Ludgate, in 1865. Routledge and Sons' publications included Kate Greenaway's Under the Window (1878), her first Almanack (1883), and Morley's Universal Library (1883). George Routledge died in 1888. Routledge and Sons was reconstructed under Arthur E Franklin of Keyser & Co banking house, in collaboration with William Sonnenschein and Laurie Magnus, in 1902. The firm of J C Nimmo Ltd, founded in 1879 by John C Nimmo (d 1899) and publisher of fine scholarly editions, was taken over by Routledge & Sons in 1903. Cecil A Franklin, son of Arthur Franklin, entered Routledge & Sons in 1906.
The firm of H S King & Co was formed in 1868 and Henry S King introduced the International Scientific Series in 1871. His business was purchased by Charles Kegan Paul (King's literary adviser since 1874) in 1877, when Alfred Trench joined as a partner. Kegan Paul, Trench and Co, formed in 1878, continued to publish the list begun by King, who died in 1879. Kegan Paul published R L Stevenson's An Inland Voyage (1878), signed up George Meredith in 1879, and published Sir James Knowles' 19th Century Review the same year, its other publications including Henry George's Progress and Poverty (1880), Last Journals of General Gordon (1885), and The Silence of Dean Maitland by Maxwell Gray (Miss Tuttiett).
Nicholas Trübner started his business in 1851, its publications including Bibliographical Guide to American Literature (1855), the Record (started in 1865), Samuel Butler's Erewhon (1872), the Oriental Series (started in 1872), Catalogue of Dictionaries and Grammars of the Principal Languages of the World (1872), and Sir Edwin Arnold's Light of Asia (1879). Trübner died in 1884 and in 1889 Messrs Trübner & Co and also George Redway joined Kegan Paul, Trench & Co, amalgamated and converted by Horatio Bottomley into Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co Ltd, although Alfred Trench fell ill and resigned that same year. The firm removed to Paternoster House, Charing Cross Road, in 1891. In 1895 Kegan Paul's profits fell and its directors resigned, whereupon Arthur Waugh took over management of the firm. Charles Kegan Paul retired in 1899 and died in 1902.
Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co were incorporated with Routledge and Sons to form Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd, with Cecil Franklin and Sir William Crookes among the directors, in 1912.
Born, 1697; lexicographer; announced his Glossaire de l'ancienne langue françoise, 1756; died, 1781; his Glossaire finally appeared in its entirety, 1875-1882. Publications include: as editor, Les Amours du bon vieux tems (Vaucluse & Paris, 1756); Histoire littéraire des Troubadours, arranged and published by C F X Millot (Paris, 1774), and The Literary History of the Troubadours, collected and abridged from the French by [Susanna Dobson] (London, 1779); Memoires sur l'ancienne chevalerie (Paris, 1759-81), and Memoirs of Ancient Chivalry, translated by [Mrs S Dobson] (London, 1784); Memoirs of the Life of Froissart, translated by T Johnes (London, 1801); Dictionnaire historique de l'ancien langage françois: ou Glossaire de la langue françoise (Paris, Niort, 1875-1882). See Lionel Gossman, Medievalism and the ideologies of the Enlightenment: the world and work of La Curne de Sainte-Palaye (Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1968).
This British milling company in Chile was in existence from 1913 to 1971. It was at one time a subsidiary of Balfour Williamson & Company, and was later taken over by the Bank of London and South America. The Santa Rosa Milling Company took over some other milling companies during its lifetime. The company went into voluntary liquidation in 1971.
Solomon Marcus Schiller-Szinessy: born in Budapest, Hungary, 1820; educated for the rabbinical profession; PhD in mathematics and philosophy, University of Jena (Germany), 1845; on the failure of the 1848 revolution, fled Hungary and settled in England, 1850; rabbi of the Manchester Old Hebrew Congregation (later the United Hebrew Congregation of Manchester) from 1851; rabbi of the Manchester Congregation of British Jews, c1856-1860; married Georgiana Eleanor Herbert (1831-1901), who converted to Judaism and was baptised Sarah, 1863; moved to Cambridge, 1863; Teacher in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature, University of Cambridge, from 1866; first Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature, University of Cambridge, from 1876; had issue Alfred Solomon (b 1863), Theresa Antonia (1864-1865), Eleanor, Henrietta Georgiana (1869-1939), and Sydney Herbert (1876-1964); died in Cambridge, 1890; buried in Ipswich. Publications include: Der Bund Gottes mit Israel! Gottesdienstlicher Vortrag über Jes 59, 21 zur ersten Confirmationsfeier ... im Tempel der Israeliten zu Eperies gehalten (Leipzig, 1845); Die zweite Rabbinerversammlung zu Frankfurt a.M. Eine vollstandige Beleuchtung der Tendenz ... so wie insonders des Geistes, der bei und in derselben vorwaltend war. Zweite Auflage. Hefte 1, 2 (Leipzig, 1845-1846); The Feelings of the Israelite on beholding his Sovereign. An address delivered to the United Hebrew Congregation of Manchester, etc (Manchester, 1851); Harmony and Dis-harmony between Judaism and Christianity. Two sermons preached ... at the Manchester Synagogue of British Jews, etc (Manchester, [1859]); with William A Wright, appendix containing a catalogue of the Hebrew and Samaritan MSS in E H Palmer, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Arabic, Persian, and Turkish Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge (Deighton, Bell & Co, Cambridge, Bell & Daldy, London, 1870); Catalogue of the Hebrew Manuscripts preserved in the University Library, Cambridge ... Volume I. Containing, Section I. The Holy Scriptures. Section II. Commentaries on the Bible (Cambridge, 1876); An Exposition of Isaiah lii 13, 14, 15, and liii., etc (Deighton, Bell & Co, Cambridge, 1882); studies on Rabbinic literature in the Encylopaedia Britannica; contributions to the Journal of Philology and other periodicals. See also Raphael Loewe, 'Solomon Marcus Schiller-Szinessy', Jewish Historical Society of England Transactions Sessions 1962-1967, xxi (1968), pp 148-189, which includes a bibliography. Raphael Loewe: appointed temporary Lecturer in the Hebrew Department, University College London, 1961; Honorary Research Assistant, 1962; Lecturer, 1966; Senior Lecturer, 1969; Reader, 1970; Professor, 1981; retired, 1984. Publications include: Judaism, Privilege and Perspective (Parkes Library, Royston, 1962); The position of women in Judaism (SPCK, London, published in conjunction with the Hillel Foundation, 1966); edited Studies in Rationalism, Judaism & Universalism. In memory of Leon Roth (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, Humanities Press, New York, 1966); with Siegfried Stein, edited Studies in Jewish religious and intellectual history presented to Alexander Altmann on the occasion of his seventieth birthday (Institute of Jewish Studies, London, University of Alabama Press, 1979); The Spanish supplement to Nieto's 'Esh Dath (1981); Yahadut ve-shirah - metihut 'o yetsiyrah (Kenes, London, 1984); Jewish evidence for the history of the crossbow (Picard, Paris, 1985); Louis Loewe: aide and confidant (Oxford University Press, London, 1985); Lashon 'ivrit u-medabreyhah: 'eved we-rabo (London, 1987); The Rylands Haggadah (Abrams, New York, 1988); In memoriam Richard David Barnett (Jewish Historical Society of London, London, 1988); A mediaeval Latin-German magical text in Hebrew characters (Halban, London, 1988); Ibn Gabirol (Halban, London, 1989); Cambridge Jewry: the first hundred years (Harvey Miller publishers, London, 1989); translated Yosef Kaplan's From Christianity to Judaism: the story of Isaac Orobio de Castro (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1989); Jewish exegesis (SCM, London, 1990); The contribution of German-Jewish scholars to Jewish studies in the United Kingdom (1991); Israel's sovereign statehood and theological plumb-lines (E Mellen, Lewiston, 1991); Midrashic alchemy: exegesis, ethics, aesthetics in Judaism (KTAV Publishing House, Hoboken, NJ, 1992; offprint from "Open thou mine eyes": essays on Aggahdah and Judaica presented to Rabbi William G Braude); with Jeremy Schonfield, edited The Barcelona Haggadah (London, 1992); with Edward Fitzgerald, Khayyamidis Rubayat sive Quaternionum ... (London, 1993); Hebrew linguistics (Longman, London and New York, 1994); with others, Bevis Marks records Part VI, The burial register (1733-1918) of the Novo (New) cemetery of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation, London (with some later entries) (1997); Herbert of Bosham's Commentary on Jerome's Hebrew Psalter [undated?].
In 1804 Johann Heinrich Schroder (John Henry) became a partner in the London-based firm of his brother, Johann Friedrich (John Frederick). in 1818 the financial company, J. Henry Schroder & Co. was established. It is now a British multi-national asset management company - Schroders plc.
The Society was founded in 1826, largely at the instigation of Lord Brougham. The object of the new Society was 'the imparting useful information to all classes of the community, particularly to such as are unable to avail themselves of experienced teachers, or may prefer learning by themselves' (SDUK Prospectus, 1829). It sought to achieve this object by acting as the intermediary between authors and publishers in several different and often ambitious series of publications. The Society fixed the form and selling price of treatises, frequency of publication and payments to authors; the publisher made arrangement with the printer and organised the distribution and sale of publications. In charge of the Society's affairs was a General Committee of not less than 40 and not more than 60 members. Prominent on the Committee besides Lord Brougham were James Mill, Lord John Russell, Lord Althorp, Zachary Macaulay, Joseph Hume, Robert Aglionby Slaney and Augustus De Morgan. Sub-committees were appointed and their function handed over to a reconstituted Publication Committee, though even after this date, ad hoc sub-committees persisted. The Society was responsible for many series of publications including: Library of Useful Knowledge; British Almanac; Library of Entertaining Knowledge; Farmer's series; Maps; Working Man's Companion; Quarterly Journal of Education; Penny Magazine; Penny Cyclopedia; Gallery of Portraits; Library for the Young; Biographical Dictionary. In 1829 there were 515 annual subscribers to the Society but that number fell to 49 by 1842. Together with the fall in the number of subscribers went a general fall in the sale of publications. Perhaps the main reason for the fall in popularity of the publications was the fact that too many and too diverse sets of treatises ran concurrently, with an extremely cumbersome review procedure for each treatise. This led to the erratic appearance of treatises, with consequent delays in the completion of readers' sets. The publications were also felt to be of a miscellaneous and non-controversial nature and therefore aroused little interest. The Society's active life lasted until 1846 and its affairs were wound up in 1848. A very useful study on the Society is Monica C Grobel, 'The Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge 1826-1846 and its relation to adult education in the first half of the XIXth Century' (unpublished London University PhD thesis, 1932).